Earthworks

CUTS greater than

1.5 m
3m
10 m
20 m

FILLS greater than

1.5 m
2m
10 m
20 m

Drainage @ Benches:
0.5 %
0.3 m
0.75 m
0.075 m
*

MSE
Select Granular Backfill Material:
4" 100 mm
No. 40 0.425 mm
No. 200 0.075 mm
0 (Angle of internal friction) 34 degrees or higher
Cohesion 5 kPa or lower
Compaction 95% MDD (AASHTO T99)
90% MDD (ASTM D1557)
Plasticity Index 15
AASHTO T90 20

for MSE Retaining Walls with metallic reinforcements:

Resistivity (AASHTO T288) 3000 ohm-centimeter minimum
pH (AASHTO T289) 5 to 10
Sulfate Content (AASHTO T290) 200 ppm maximum
Chloride Content (AASHTO T291) 100 ppm maximum
 slope requirement
may be 90 degrees but with shoring, rock anchor, soil nail, geosynthetic or other ground improvement technique
1:xmin
1:xmin
1:xmin

slope requirement
may be 90 degrees but with shoring, rock anchor, soil nail, geosynthetic or other ground improvement technique
1:xmin
1:xmin
1:xmin

gradient minimum
depth minimum
width minimum
thickness of concrete or gunite
provide also @ top of slope if there is
12 m horizontal distance above the slope

100 % passing
0 - 60 % passing
0 - 15 % passing
34 degrees or higher
5 kPa or lower
95% MDD (AASHTO T99)
90% MDD (ASTM D1557)
for rigid faced MSE Structures
for flexible or ductile faced MSE Structures

c reinforcements:
3000 ohm-centimeter minimum

200 ppm maximum

100 ppm maximum
 xmin:
1 hard soil or intact rock (Sa, Sb, Sc, Sd) ; (Rock, GW, GP, SW, SP, GM, GC,
2 properly compacted fills
2 m bench at mid-height
4 m @ </= 10 m. interval Setbacks from existing structure:
Top of slope

Toe of slope
3 m bench at mid-height
3 m @ </= 10 m. interval

Building Pad:
1%
2%
t rock (Sa, Sb, Sc, Sd) ; (Rock, GW, GP, SW, SP, GM, GC, SM, SC)

H/5
0.6 m minimum
3 m maximum
H/2
0.6 m minimum
6 m maximum

for Building Pad to Drainage H </= 3 m

for Building Pad to Drainage H > 3 m
Foundation Investigation

Minimum depth required

5m
m Until suitable bearing layer is reached
0m (Depth of basement) + (2*least dimension of structure's footprint)
Db
B
30 m *if considering earthquake design
* Downhole and crosshole seismic survey preferred

Minimum number of boreholes

Area of structure's footprint

1 Required number of boreholes

Soil Classification (ASTM D2487)

Liquefaction Study (both conditions must be satisfied)

*for ground water above or within 1.5 meters below lowest floor level
*N < 15 (Se and Sf) ; (CL, ML, ML-CL, MH, CH, OL, OH)

Expansive Soils Design or Removal (all or last conditions must be satisfied)

*PI >/= 15 (ASTM D4318)
*10% passing No. 200 (ASTM D422) - SIEVE ANALYSIS
*10% passing 5 micrometer (ASTM D422) - HYDROMETER ANALYSIS
*Expansion index > 20 (ASTM D4829)
*Expansive may not be removed provided (DL fill and structure) >/= 1.2 Swell
*May be stabilized when using piles

Compressible Soils
*N < 6
*consider settlement

*Three conditions are undesirable

*Commonly used Laboratoty and Field Soil Tests and Geophysical Tests

Table 303-2 and 303-3

Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressures

425
425
ROUND
ROUND
300
150
10
1
0.141862543263664
0.141862543263664
0.141862543263664
0.200276531666349
0.400553063332699

Intact Tuffaceous Sandstone

Lightly Weathered Tuffaceous Sandstone
Sandy Gravel and/or Gravel
Well-graded sand, Poorly-graded sand, Silty Sand, Clayey Sand, Silty Gravel, Clayey Gravel
Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay, Clayey Silt (*not desirable)
mm Diameter or Diagonal Footing (Check minimum requirements)
mm Diameter or Diagonal Post
ROUND or SQUARE
ROUND or SQUARE
mm depth below natural grade
mm thickness of footing
kN Total Normal Force (D, L, Lr, R) (Dead Loads of post, footing and soil on top of footin
kN Total Lateral Force (E, W, H, F)
m2 Area of footing
m2 Area of post
m2 Contact area for Lateral Resistance
m2 Area for lateral bearing
m2 Area for frictional resistance (for uncased cast-in-place piles)

k=0.20 or 1/3 if alternate load combination with W & E

0.2
Parameters Allowable Foundation Pressure (kPa)
UCTmin = 3 MPa; RQD >/= 70 1000
UCTmin = 1 MPa; RQD >/= 50 500
GW and GP 100
SW, SP, SM, SC, GM, and GC 75
CL, ML, MH and CH, ML-CL, OL, OH 50
 Footing
Post

, footing and soil on top of footing included)

sum of Peff per storey set h per loading to hmin then convert P per storey to Peffe

k=1 or 2 if signs and poles

1
Frictional Resistance if uncased cast-in-place pile (kPa) Lateral Bearing Pressure (kPa/m)
25 300
25 150
16.6666666666667 30
12.5 25
8.33333333333333 15
hen convert P per storey to Peffective accordingly

Lateral Sliding Pressure (kN)

0
0
3.5
2.5
0.993037802845648
Foundation Depth

YES Is there a slab on grade?

1 kN Total Lateral Force (E, W, H, F)

10 kN Total Normal Force (D, L, Lr, R) (Dead Loads of post, footing and soil on top of fo
100 kPa Allowable Foundation Pressure
16.67 kPa Frictional Resistance Value (for uncased cast-in-place piles)
30 kPa/m Allowable Lateral Soil Bearing Pressure
0.3 m Initial depth (Check minimum requirements)
3 kPa s1 (based on one-third depth)
9 kPa s3 (based on depth)
3.5 kN Lateral Sliding Pressure
0.425 m Diameter or Diagonal of Post or Footing (Check minimum requirements)
0.14186254326 m2 Area of foundation
0.425 m b foundation
0.425 m L foundation
0.20027653167 m2 Area for lateral bearing
0.40055306333 m2 Area for frictional resistance (for uncased cast-in-place piles)
0.425 m b pile
0.425 m L pile
1 c foundation
1 I foundation
1 c post
1 I post

0m OK (Check with initial depth)

14.1862543264 kN OK (Check also Allowable Foundation Pressure, )
3.8004147975 kN OK (Check also Safety from Sliding = 1.5)
0.03004147975 kN.m. OK (Check also Safety from Overturning = 1.5)
m (Moment arm of Total Normal Force about footing)
kN.m. (Applied moment at NGL due to lateral forces)
sum of 4.3h/A (summation of 4.3h/A)

Minimum requirements for foundation:

Wall (Concrete or Masonry) Footing
No. of Storeys
width depth width depth
1 150 300 300 150
2 200 450 375 175
3 250 600 450 200

Footings shall have ties in Seismic Zone 4

Piers and Piles have ties in Seismic Zone 4; f'c >/= 3000 psi @ 28D (20.68 MPa)
*Exception: Piers not subject to lateral load
Lightly loaded exterior decks and patios
Two stories or less of light-frame construction in Occupancy Category IV and V
Anchorage of Pile to Pile Cap: Least of the following
Ft of Longitudinal Reinforcement in a Concrete Pile
 Ft of Steel Pile
1.3 * Soil Uplift
Axial Tension Load
Assume short column action for connection of piers and piles to grade beams and pile caps
In Soil Profile Type Se and Sf, Piers and Piles are considered as columns and grade beams and pile caps are considered as b

Foundation for wood shall extend at least 150 mm above grade

Plates and sills shall be connected to concrete or masonry foundation by:
12 mm steel bolts in seismic zone 2, embedded at least 180 mm, spaced not more than 2 meters, minimum of 2 bolts per p
16 mm steel bolts in seismic zone 4, embedded at least 180 mm, spaced not more than 2 meters, minimum of 2 bolts per p

Setbacks from Exiting Slopes: Assume an imaginary slope from toe of slope equal to 100% (1v:1h) for slopes steeper than 1

Slope on same elevation as top of footing:

H/3
3m minimum
9m maximum

Slope on same elevation as pool wall foundation:

H/6
1.5 m minimum
4.5 m maximum
*portion of pool wall within 2 m from top of slope should be able to support pool water without soil support

Foundation Elevation: 2% gradient from street gutter or drainage + 300 mm for exterior foundation

Backfilling: Space extending 100 mm from the outer surface of the column shall be concrete of 15 MPa @28D or clean san

Grillage Footing: Concrete cover = 150 mm bottom, 100 mm all other sides

Bleacher Footing: Comply with this design

Exception:

*One storey wood or metal frame building not for human occupancy and not over 40 m2

*When resulting soil pressure does not exceed 50 kPa, bleachers may be supported upon wood sills and steel plates placed
post, footing and soil on top of footing included)

n-place piles)

k minimum requirements)

-in-place piles)

e Foundation Pressure, ) INCLUDE MOMENT P/A + Mc/I

om Sliding = 1.5)
om Overturning = 1.5)
al Normal Force about footing)
NGL due to lateral forces)

in Occupancy Category IV and V

 and pile caps are considered as beams

meters, minimum of 2 bolts per piece located not more than 300 mm and not less than 84 mm from edge
meters, minimum of 2 bolts per piece located not more than 300 mm and not less than 112 mm from edge

% (1v:1h) for slopes steeper than 1v to 1h

without soil support

ete of 15 MPa @28D or clean sand compacted @ every 200 mm

wood sills and steel plates placed directly upon the ground surface
Allowable Stresses in Piles

Round Wood Piles

Uncased Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles

*Applicable to:
uncased cast-in-place drilled concrete piles
uncased cast-in-place augered concrete piles
piers
caissons

Metal Cased Concrete Piles

Precast Concrete Piles
Precast Prestressed Pretensioned Concrete Piles
Structural Steel Piles

Concrete-filled Steel Pipe Piles

Material Requirement
Pressure treated wood if bottom of pile if cutoff is above lowest grondwater level
Untreated wood permitted if cutoff is below lowest groundwater level
L </= 30 * diameter
f'c >/= 17.5 MPa
Seismic Zone 4 Special Consideration:
The following applies beyond the 3*pile diameter below pile cap; whole length for Sa, Sb, and
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:
Minimum of 4 longitudinal bars within 3 * pile dimension below pile cap
Minimum longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio shall be 0.005 within the larger of Lflexural or 3.048 m (10 ft.) *Lflexura
10 mm min (3/8 in) longitudinal reinforcement
No unsupported longitudinal reinforcement shall be further than 150 mm from a laterally supported longitudinal reinfor
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT:
The top tie shall be located a distance of the lesser of 75 mm or 1/2 of the spacing of the next ties
The top of a spiral shall be extended to the level of the lowest horizontal reinforcement of pile cap
10 mm for 32 mm or smaller longitudinal; 12 mm for 36 mm or larger longitudinal
10 mm for piles with least dimension of 20 inches; 12 mm for larger piles
Spirals or Hoops Spacing: (within 3 * pile dimension below pile cap)
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be (0.225*((Agross-Acore)-1)*(f'c/fyh)) where fyh sha
Clear spacing of spirals shall be 25 mm minimum 75 mm maximum
Ties Spacing: (beyond 3 * pile dimension below pile cap)
12 * diameter of longitudinal bar
1/2 smallest dimension of member
12 inches
Anchorage of spirals shall be 1 full turn (better 1 1/2 turn)
Overlapping of ties shall be 150 mm
Lap splicing of spirals shall be the larger of:

72 db for plain uncoated, plain zinc-coated bar, def

OR FULL MECHANICAL OR WELD SPLICE (1.25 fyh for 16 mm and above)
No lap splicing for fyh > 60000 psi
Tie hooks shall be:

CROSSTIES:
Distance between crossties shall not exceed 14 in. on center
NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE shall be the least of:

3/4 of clear spacing individual reinforcing b

Metal casing tip diameter >/= 200 mm
f'c >/= 17.5 MPa
Piling sequence: Distance from less than 24 hrs. concrete = 4.5 * pile diameter
f'c >/= 20 MPa at driving
Steel Ties or Wire Spiral spacing:
75 mm max 600 mm from the ends
200 mm max elsewhere
Wire Spiral size:
5.5 mm min (Gage 5 Birmingham Wire) for piles with d </= 400 mm
6 mm min (Gage 4 Birmingham Wire) for piles with 500 mm > d > 400 mm
6.5 mm min (Gage 3 Birmingham Wire) for piles with d >/= 500 mm
Seismic Zone 4 Special Consideration:
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:
Minimum of 4 longitudinal bars within 3 * pile dimension below pile cap
Minimum longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio shall be 0.01
10 mm min (3/8 in) longitudinal reinforcement
8 * diameter longitudinal minimum; 152 mm (6 in) max transverse spacing within 3 * pile diameters below pile cap
16 * diameter longitudinal minimum; 200 mm (8 in) max transverse spacing elsewhere
No unsupported longitudinal reinforcement shall be further than 150 mm from a laterally supported longitudinal reinfor
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTS:
(*For Sd the following applies beyond the 3*pile dimension below pile cap; whole length for Sa
The top tie shall be located a distance of the lesser of 75 mm or 1/2 of the spacing of the next ties
The top of a spiral shall be extended to the level of the lowest horizontal reinforcement of pile cap
10 mm for 32 mm or smaller longitudinal; 12 mm for 36 mm or larger longitudinal
10 mm for piles with least dimension of 20 inches; 12 mm for larger piles
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be (0.225*((Agross-Acore)-1)*(f'c/fyh)) where fyh sha
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be (0.06 f'c/fyh)
Minimum cross sectional area of rectangular hoop shall be the greater of:
0.15*((spacing of trans

Clear spacing of spirals shall be 25 mm minimum 75 mm maximum

Anchorage of spirals shall be 1 1/2 turns
Overlapping of ties shall be 150 mm
Lap splicing of spirals shall be the larger of:

72 db for plain uncoated, plain zinc-coated bar, def

OR FULL MECHANICAL OR WELD SPLICE (1.25 fyh for 16 mm and above)
No lap splicing for fyh > 60000 psi
Tie hooks shall be:

CROSSTIES:
Distance between crossties shall not exceed 14 in. on center
NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE shall be the least of:
 3/4 of clear spacing individual reinforcing b
(*For Sd the following applies up to 3*pile dimension below pile cap; whole length for Se and S
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be (0.45*((Agross-Acore)-1)*(f'c/fyh)) where fyh shal
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be (0.12 f'c/fyh)
Minimum cross sectional area of rectangular hoop shall be the greater of:
0.30*((spacing of trans

Transverse spacing within the larger of Length/6 or 18 in shall be the least of: *but not less than 4 inches

f'c >/= 35 MPa

f'c >/= 27 MPa at driving
Longitudinal Reinforcement shall be high tensile seven-wire strand
Steel Ties or Wire Spiral spacing:
25 mm max first five ties at the end
75 mm max 600 mm from the ends
200 mm max elsewhere
Wire Spiral size:
5.5 mm min (Gage 5 Birmingham Wire) for piles with d </= 600 mm
6 mm min (Gage 4 Birmingham Wire) for piles with 900 mm > d > 600 mm
6.5 mm min (Gage 3 Birmingham Wire) for piles with d >/= 900 mm
Seismic Zone 4 Special Consideration:
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:
Minimum of 4 longitudinal bars within 3 * pile dimension below pile cap
Minimum longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio shall be 0.01
10 mm min (3/8 in) longitudinal reinforcement
8 * diameter longitudinal minimum; 152 mm (6 in) max transverse spacing within 3 * pile diameters below pile cap
16 * diameter longitudinal minimum; 200 mm (8 in) max transverse spacing elsewhere
No unsupported longitudinal reinforcement shall be further than 150 mm from a laterally supported longitudinal reinfor
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTS:
(*For Sd the following applies beyond the larger of 10.668 m or 3*pile dimension below pile ca
The top tie shall be located a distance of the lesser of 75 mm or 1/2 of the spacing of the next ties
The top of a spiral shall be extended to the level of the lowest horizontal reinforcement of pile cap
10 mm for 32 mm or smaller longitudinal; 12 mm for 36 mm or larger longitudinal
10 mm for piles with least dimension of 20 inches; 12 mm for larger piles
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be (0.225*((Agross-Acore)-1)*(f'c/fyh)) where fyh sha
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be the greater of: *but need not exceed 0.0105
(0.125*((Agross-Acore)-1)*(f'c/fyh)*(0.
(0.06*(f'c/fyh)*(0

Minimum cross sectional area of rectangular hoop shall be the greater of:
0.15*((spacing of transverse reinforcement)*(dimension of pile core)*(f'c/fyh))*((Agross/Acore)-1)*(
0.06*((spacing of transverse reinforcement)*(dimension of pile core)*(f'c/fyh))*(
Clear spacing of spirals shall be 25 mm minimum 75 mm maximum
Anchorage of spirals shall be 1 full turn (better 1 1/2 turn)
Overlapping of ties shall be 150 mm
Lap splicing of spirals shall be the larger of:

72 db for plain uncoated, plain zinc-coated bar, def

OR FULL MECHANICAL OR WELD SPLICE (1.25 fyh for 16 mm and above)
No lap splicing for fyh > 60000 psi
Tie hooks shall be:

CROSSTIES:
Distance between crossties shall not exceed 14 in. on center
NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE shall be the least of:

3/4 of clear spacing individual reinforcing b

(*For Sd the following applies up to the larger of 10.668 m or 3*pile dimension below pile cap;
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be (0.12*((Agross-Acore)-1)*(f'c/fyh)) where fyh shal
Minimum volume spiral or circular hoop to volume core ratio shall be the greater of: *but need not exceed 0.021
(0.25*((Agross-Acore)-1)*(f'c/fyh)*(0.
(0.12*(f'c/fyh)*(0

Minimum cross sectional area of rectangular hoop shall be the greater of:
0.30*((spacing of transverse reinforcement)*(dimension of pile core)*(f'c/fyh))*((Agross/Acore)-1)*(
0.12*((spacing of transverse reinforcement)*(dimension of pile core)*(f'c/fyh))*(
Transverse spacing within the larger of Length/6 or 18 in shall be the least of: *but not less than 4 inches

Check Section 501.3

H-piles:
Flange projection </= 14 * minimum thickness of metal
Nominal depth of web >/= 200 mm
Minimum thickness of flange and web shall be 10 mm
Pipe piles:
OD >/= 250 mm
Minimum thickness of metal shall be 6 mm
Check Section 501.3
f'c >/= 17.5 MPa
Fy </= 250 MPa
OD >/= 200 mm
Allowable Stresses
Fc/1.25 (Compression Parallel to Grain) - Chapter 6
Fb/1.3 (Bending) - Chapter 6
0.33 f'c (Compression in concrete)
0.34 Fy or 175 MPa (Compression in Steel)

0.33 f'c (Compression in concrete)

0.34 Fy or 175 MPa (Compression in Steel)
OR
0.40 f'c (Compression in concrete)
IF
Metal casing thickness >/= 1.7 mm (Gage 14 Carbon steel sheet)
f'c < 35 Mpa
Fy/f'c >/= 6
Pile diameter </= 400 mm
0.33 f'c (Compression in concrete)
0.34 Fy or 175 MPa (Compression in Steel)
0.33 f'c - 0.27 fpc (Compression in concrete)
fpc:
2.5 MPa min for piles with </= 10 m
4 MPa min for piles with 15 m = d > 10 m
5 MPa min for piles with d > 15 m
fps = 200 Mpa (loss of stress in steel)
Pile splicing may be:
Embedded and anchored steel plates at ends to be joined fully welded
Dowel rods plus steel receiving sleeves joined by structural epoxy
0.5 Fy (Axial Stress)
*0.35 Fy or 85 MPa

0.5 Fy (Axial Stress)

*0.35 Fy
*0.33 f'c