Analyze the Plane Truss by Direct Stiffness Matrix Method.

E and A are constant

E= 70 GPa 40 kN
A= 4000 mm^2
F 4x = 80 kN 3
F 4y = -40 kN E 4
x1 = 3 m
x2 = 4.5 m
y1 = 5 m

A
supports 1 & 2 are hinges
support 3 is a roller B

*See also considerations made beside problem illustration

x1 x2

Member i j x y L A (m^2) E (kPa)

A 1 3 0.0000 5.0000 5.00000 0.0040 70000000
B 1 4 3.0000 5.0000 5.83095 0.0040 70000000
C 2 4 4.5000 5.0000 6.72681 0.0040 70000000
D 2 3 7.5000 5.0000 9.01388 0.0040 70000000
E 3 4 3.0000 0.0000 3.00000 0.0040 70000000

ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX

i j
ix iy jx jy
(λx)^2 (λx)(λy) -(λx)^2 -(λx)(λy) ix
k = AE (λx)(λy) (λy)^2 -(λx)(λy) -(λy)^2 iy
L -(λx)^2 -(λx)(λy) (λx)^2 (λx)(λy) jx
-(λx)(λy) -(λy)^2 (λx)(λy) (λy)^2 jy

Member A

1 3
1x 1y 3x 3y
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1x
kA = 56000.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 -1.0000 1y
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3x
0.0000 -1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 3y

Member B

1 4
1x 1y 4x 4y
 0.2647 0.4412 -0.2647 -0.4412 1x
kB = 48019.6038 0.4412 0.7353 -0.4412 -0.7353 1y
-0.2647 -0.4412 0.2647 0.4412 4x
-0.4412 -0.7353 0.4412 0.7353 4y

Member C

2 4
2x 2y 4x 4y
0.4475 -0.4972 -0.4475 0.4972 2x
kC = 41624.4722 -0.4972 0.5525 0.4972 -0.5525 2y
-0.4475 0.4972 0.4475 -0.4972 4x
0.4972 -0.5525 -0.4972 0.5525 4y

Member D

2 3
2x 2y 3x 3y
0.6923 -0.4615 -0.6923 0.4615 2x
kD = 31063.2110 -0.4615 0.3077 0.4615 -0.3077 2y
-0.6923 0.4615 0.6923 -0.4615 3x
0.4615 -0.3077 -0.4615 0.3077 3y

Member E

3 4
3x 3y 4x 4y
1.0000 0.0000 -1.0000 0.0000 3x
kE = 93333.3333 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3y
-1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 4x
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4y

→(INSERT ADDITIONAL MEMBERS HERE)

GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX

1 2 3
1x 1y 2x 2y 3x 3y
12711.07 21185.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
21185.12 91308.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 -56000.00
0.00 0.00 40132.83 -35034.12 -21505.30 14336.87
K = 0.00 0.00 -35034.12 32554.86 14336.87 -9557.91
0.00 0.00 -21505.30 14336.87 114838.63 -14336.87
0.00 -56000.00 14336.87 -9557.91 -14336.87 65557.91
-12711.07 -21185.12 -18627.53 20697.25 -93333.33 0.00
-21185.12 -35308.53 20697.25 -22996.95 0.00 0.00

SOLVE FOR DISPLACEMENTS AND NODAL REACTIONS

[F] = [K] [u]; [K]^-1 [F] = [u]

F 1x 12711.07 21185.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

F 1y 21185.12 91308.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 -56000.00
F 2x 0.00 0.00 40132.83 -35034.12 -21505.30 14336.87
F 2y = 0.00 0.00 -35034.12 32554.86 14336.87 -9557.91
F 3x 0.00 0.00 -21505.30 14336.87 114838.63 -14336.87
F 3y 0.00 -56000.00 14336.87 -9557.91 -14336.87 65557.91
F 4x -12711.07 -21185.12 -18627.53 20697.25 -93333.33 0.00
F 4y -21185.12 -35308.53 20697.25 -22996.95 0.00 0.00

F 1x 12711.07 21185.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

F 1y 21185.12 91308.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 -56000.00
F 2x 0.00 0.00 40132.83 -35034.12 -21505.30 14336.87
F 2y = 0.00 0.00 -35034.12 32554.86 14336.87 -9557.91
F 3x 0.00 0.00 -21505.30 14336.87 114838.63 -14336.87
0 0.00 -56000.00 14336.87 -9557.91 -14336.87 65557.91
80 -12711.07 -21185.12 -18627.53 20697.25 -93333.33 0.00
-40 -21185.12 -35308.53 20697.25 -22996.95 0.00 0.00

[K]^-1 [F] = [u] *where [K}^-1 is the inverse of the reduced global stiffness matrix (highlighted part of the global stiffness

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 u 3y

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 x 80 = u 4x
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -40 u 4y

NODAL DISPLACEMENTS
u 1x 0.0000 *check formula of answer for other problems since we
u 1y 0.0000
u 2x 0.0000
u 2y = 0.0000
u 3x 0.0000
u 3y 0.0000
u 4x 0.0006
u 4y -0.0007

F 1x 12711.07 21185.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

F 1y 21185.12 91308.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 -56000.00
F 2x 0.00 0.00 40132.83 -35034.12 -21505.30 14336.87
F 2y = 0.00 0.00 -35034.12 32554.86 14336.87 -9557.91
F 3x 0.00 0.00 -21505.30 14336.87 114838.63 -14336.87
0 0.00 -56000.00 14336.87 -9557.91 -14336.87 65557.91
80 -12711.07 -21185.12 -18627.53 20697.25 -93333.33 0.00
-40 -21185.12 -35308.53 20697.25 -22996.95 0.00 0.00

[F] = [K] [u] *where [K] is the global stiffness matrix (total); [F] is the nodal reaction matrix; and [u] is the displacemen
 NODAL REACTIONS
F 1x 6.4572 kN
F 1y 10.7620 kN
F 2x -26.3142 kN
F 2y = 29.2380 kN
F 3x -60.1431 kN
F 3y 0.0000 kN
F 4x 80.0000 kN
F 4y -40.0000 kN

SOLVE FOR MEMBER FORCES, we recall the given and computed values
and we use the equation:

ujx
ujy
F' = (AE/L) { λx λy -λx -λx} { }
uix
uiy

Member i j x y L A E

A 1 3 0.0000 5.0000 5.0000 0.0040 70000000

B 1 4 3.0000 5.0000 5.8310 0.0040 70000000

C 2 4 4.5000 5.0000 6.7268 0.0040 70000000

D 2 3 7.5000 5.0000 9.0139 0.0040 70000000

E 3 4 3.0000 0.0000 3.0000 0.0040 70000000

 *Upward and rightward forces are considered positive
*The angle to be considered is dependent on how the i and j (nodes)
*The angle is to be measured counterclockwise from the horizontal
Say for example for Element D (2-3), we like to set 2 to pe a starting p
80 kN
Whilst if we set Element D as (3-2), we like to set 3 to pe a starting po

y1

x2 ILLUSTRATION A

AE/L θ in deg θ in rad λx λy (λx)^2 (λy)^2 (λx)(λy)

56000.0000 90.0000 1.5708 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
48019.6038 59.0362 1.0304 0.5145 0.8575 0.2647 0.7353 0.4412
41624.4722 131.9872 2.3036 -0.6690 0.7433 0.4475 0.5525 -0.4972
31063.2110 146.3099 2.5536 -0.8321 0.5547 0.6923 0.3077 -0.4615
93333.3333 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1 3
1x 1y 3x 3y
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1x
1 1
= 0.0000 56000.0000 0.0000 -56000.0000 1y
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3x
3 3
0.0000 -56000.0000 0.0000 56000.0000 3y

1 4
1x 1y 4x 4y
 12711.0716 21185.1193 -12711.0716 -21185.1193 1x
1 1
= 21185.1193 35308.5322 -21185.1193 -35308.5322 1y
-12711.0716 -21185.1193 12711.0716 21185.1193 4x
4 4
-21185.1193 -35308.5322 21185.1193 35308.5322 4y

2 4
2x 2y 4x 4y
18627.5262 -20697.2514 -18627.5262 20697.2514 2x
2 2
= -20697.2514 22996.9460 20697.2514 -22996.9460 2y
-18627.5262 20697.2514 18627.5262 -20697.2514 4x
4 4
20697.2514 -22996.9460 -20697.2514 22996.9460 4y

2 3
2x 2y 3x 3y
21505.2999 -14336.8666 -21505.2999 14336.8666 2x
2 2
= -14336.8666 9557.9111 14336.8666 -9557.9111 2y
-21505.2999 14336.8666 21505.2999 -14336.8666 3x
3 3
14336.8666 -9557.9111 -14336.8666 9557.9111 3y

3 4
3x 3y 4x 4y
93333.3333 0.0000 -93333.3333 0.0000 3x
3 3
= 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3y
-93333.3333 0.0000 93333.3333 0.0000 4x
4 4
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4y

4
4x 4y
-12711.07 -21185.12 1x
1
-21185.12 -35308.53 1y
-18627.53 20697.25 2x
2
20697.25 -22996.95 2y
-93333.33 0.00 3x
3
0.00 0.00 3y
124671.93 487.87 4x
4
487.87 58305.48 4y
 -12711.07 -21185.12 u 1x input displacements for restrained nodal reactions as ze
-21185.12 -35308.53 u 1y input given loads as known nodal reactions
-18627.53 20697.25 u 2x set displacements for unrestrained nodal reactions as u
20697.25 -22996.95 x u 2y set restrained nodal reactions as unknown nodal reactio
-93333.33 0.00 u 3x
0.00 0.00 u 3y
124671.93 487.87 u 4x
487.87 58305.48 u 4y

-12711.07 -21185.12 0
-21185.12 -35308.53 0
-18627.53 20697.25 0
20697.25 -22996.95 x 0
-93333.33 0.00 0
0.00 0.00 u 3y
124671.93 487.87 u 4x
487.87 58305.48 u 4y

ted part of the global stiffness matrix); [F] is the nodal reaction matrix; and [u] is the displacement matrix

1 0 0 *one way to cross-check the matrix inverse is to multiply the original matrix to the
0 1 0 *this should yield to an identity matrix
0 0 1

or other problems since we have selected a reduced matrix specific to thsi problem

-12711.07 -21185.12 0.0000

-21185.12 -35308.53 0.0000
-18627.53 20697.25 0.0000
20697.25 -22996.95 x 0.0000
-93333.33 0.00 0.0000
0.00 0.00 0.0000
124671.93 487.87 0.0006
487.87 58305.48 -0.0007

trix; and [u] is the displacement matrix

 6.4572 *conversely the unknown nodal reactions may be solved by multiplying the highlighted part of t
10.7620
-26.3142
29.2380
-60.1431

ujx - uix
AE/L θ in deg θ in rad λx λy
ujy-uiy
0.0000 1.0000 u 3x u 1x 0.0000
56000.0000 90.0000 1.5708
u 3y u 1y 0.0000
0.5145 0.8575 u 4x u 1x 0.0006
48019.6038 59.0362 1.0304
u 4y u 1y -0.0007
-0.6690 0.7433 u 4x u 2x 0.0006
41624.4722 131.9872 2.3036
u 4y u 2y -0.0007
-0.8321 0.5547 u 3x u 2x 0.0000
31063.2110 146.3099 2.5536
u 3y u 2y 0.0000
1.0000 0.0000 u 4x u 3x 0.0006
93333.3333 0.0000 0.0000
u 4y u 3y -0.0007
ered positive
t on how the i and j (nodes) are considered
kwise from the horizontal
ke to set 2 to pe a starting point while we set 3 to be an arrow indicating the direction considered (illustration A)
e to set 3 to pe a starting point while we set 2 to be an arrow indicating the direction considered (illustration A)

TION A ILLUSTRATION B

-(λx)^2 -(λy)^2 -(λx)(λy)

0.0000 -1.0000 0.0000
-0.2647 -0.7353 -0.4412
-0.4475 -0.5525 0.4972
-0.6923 -0.3077 0.4615
-1.0000 0.0000 0.0000

*I have used the contribution matrix signifying the contribution of each element sti

12711.0716 21185.1193 0.0000

CONTRIBUTION MATRICES: When adding elements or joint forces, Copy from near

1x
1 2
1x 1y 2x
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12711.0716 21185.1193 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

rained nodal reactions as zero
nodal reactions
rained nodal reactions as unknown
ns as unknown nodal reactions

ly the original matrix to the inverse

ing the highlighted part of the global matrix with the highlighted part of the displacement matrix as shown above

ujx - uix Member MEMBER FORCES

ujy-uiy Force
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 kN
0.0000 0.0000 kN
0.0000 0.0006 -12.5506 12.5506 kN
0.0000 -0.0007 kN
0.0000 0.0006 -39.3357 39.3357 kN
0.0000 -0.0007 kN
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 kN
0.0000 0.0000 kN
0.0000 0.0006 60.1431 60.1431 kN
0.0000 -0.0007 kN
(illustration A)
llustration A)

the contribution of each element stiffness matrix to the global stiffness to simplify the completion of the global stiffness matrix by a se

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -12711.0716 -21185.1193

ents or joint forces, Copy from nearest Ax then paste to corresponding location, Check formula then edit indices
1
1x
2 3 4
2y 3x 3y 4x 4y
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -12711.0716 -21185.1193

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

s shown above

COMPRESSION

COMPRESSION

TENSION
 of the global stiffness matrix by a series of summing up, indexing and matching

21185.1193 91308.5322 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

en edit indices
1
1y
1 2 3
1x 1y 2x 2y 3x
0.0000 56000.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
21185.1193 35308.5322 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

 -56000.0000 -21185.1193 -35308.5322 0.0000 0.0000

3 4 1
3y 4x 4y 1x 1y
-56000.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 -21185.1193 -35308.5322 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

40132.8261 -35034.1180 -21505.2999 14336.8666 -18627.5262

2
2x
2 3 4
2x 2y 3x 3y 4x
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

18627.5262 -20697.2514 0.0000 0.0000 -18627.5262

21505.2999 -14336.8666 -21505.2999 14336.8666 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

 20697.2514 0.0000 0.0000 -35034.1180 32554.8570

2
2y
4 1 2
4y 1x 1y 2x 2y
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

20697.2514 0.0000 0.0000 -20697.2514 22996.9460

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -14336.8666 9557.9111

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

 14336.8666 -9557.9111 20697.2514 -22996.9460 0.0000

2y
3 4 1
3x 3y 4x 4y 1x
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 20697.2514 -22996.9460 0.0000

14336.8666 -9557.9111 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

 0.0000 -21505.2999 14336.8666 114838.6332 -14336.8666

3x
1 2 3
1y 2x 2y 3x 3y
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 -21505.2999 14336.8666 21505.2999 -14336.8666

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 93333.3333 0.0000

-93333.3333 0.0000 0.0000 -56000.0000 14336.8666

3
3y
4 1 2
4x 4y 1x 1y 2x
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -56000.0000 0.0000
 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 14336.8666

-93333.3333 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

 -9557.9111 -14336.8666 65557.9111 0.0000 0.0000

3y
2 3 4
2y 3x 3y 4x 4y
0.0000 0.0000 56000.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

-9557.9111 -14336.8666 9557.9111 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

-12711.0716 -21185.1193 -18627.5262 20697.2514 -93333.3333

4x
1 2 3
1x 1y 2x 2y 3x
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-12711.0716 -21185.1193 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 -18627.5262 20697.2514 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -93333.3333

 0.0000 124671.9312 487.8680 -21185.1193 -35308.5322

3 4 1
3y 4x 4y 1x 1y
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 12711.0716 21185.1193 -21185.1193 -35308.5322

0.0000 18627.5262 -20697.2514 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 93333.3333 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

20697.2514 -22996.9460 0.0000 0.0000 487.8680

4y
2 3 4
2x 2y 3x 3y 4x
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 21185.1193

20697.2514 -22996.9460 0.0000 0.0000 -20697.2514

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

 58305.4782

→(INSERT ADDITIONAL NODES HERE)

4
4y
0.0000
35308.5322

22996.9460

0.0000

0.0000
 1
40 Det.
R
FDB Equations =
3 E 4
F3x 80 Fy:

Fx:
C
M 1:
5
A B

D M 2:

F1x 1 2 F2x

M 3:
3 4.5
F1y F2y

2
40

3 E 4
F3x 80

C
5
A B

F2x 1 2

3 4.5
F1y F2y

3
40 Fx:

M A:
3 E 4
F3x 80

5
 Fy:
C
5
A B

1 2

3 4.5
F1y F2y
 m R j
= 2 5 5 4
= 5 EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE
FDB Equations = 3 REMOVE REDUNDANT REACTIONS 2

F1y + F2y = 40

F3x - F1x + F2x = 80

5 F3x + 7.5 F2y = 40 3 + 80

5 F3x + 7.5 F2y = 520
1 F3x + 1.5 F2y = 104

5 F3x - 7.5 F1y = 80 5 - 40

5 F3x - 7.5 F1y = 220
1 F3x - 1.5 F1y = 44

5 F1x + 7.5 F2y - 5 F2x = 40

5 F1x + 7.5 F2y - 5 F2x = 120
1 F1x + 1.5 F2y - 1 F2x = 24

FBD EQUATIONS

JOINT EQUATIONS (member forces towards joint)

F Ay + F By = 0 5 =
F Bx = 0 3
F Cy + F Dy = 0
F Cx + F Dx = 0
- F Bx + F Cx - F Ex = 80 4.5 =
F By + F Cy = 40 5
F Ay + F Dy = 0
F Dx + F Ex = 0

FBD EQUATIONS
F3x = 80

7.5 F2y + 5 F3x = 40 3 + 80

7.5 F2y + 400 = 120 + 400
F2y = 16
F1y + F2y = 40
F1y = 24

JOINT EQUATIONS (member forces towards joint)

F Ay + F By = 24 5 =
F Bx = 0 3
F Cy + F Dy = 16
F Cx + F Dx = 0
- F Bx + F Cx - F Ex = 80 4.5 =
F By + F Cy = 40 5
F Ay + F Dy = 0
F Dx + F Ex = -80
 5

4.5

P (kN) x (m)
F By F By = 0 A = 40 0
F Bx F Bx = 0 B = 0 3
F Dy = -40 C = 53.8145 4.5
F Dx = -36 D = -53.8145 7.5
F Cx F Cx = 36 E = 36 3
F Cy F Cy = 40
F Ay = 40
F Ex = 36

5
 P (kN) x (m)
F By F By = 0 A = 24 0
F Bx F Bx = 0 B = 0 3
F Dy = -24 C = 53.8145 4.5
F Dx = -36 D = -43.26662 7.5
F Cx F Cx = 36 E = -44 3
F Cy F Cy = 40
F Ay = 24
F Ex = -44
y (m) L (m) A (m^2) E (kPa) Δ (m) Δ (m) P (kN) Δ (U)
5 5 0.004 70000000 0.000714 0.000714 24 0.017143
5 5.830952 0.004 70000000 0 0 0 0
5 6.726812 0.004 70000000 0.001293 0.001293 53.8145 0.069574
5 9.013878 0.004 70000000 -0.001732 -0.001732 -43.26662 0.074956
0 3 0.004 70000000 0.000386 0.000386 -44 -0.016971
0.144702 =
y (m) L (m) A (m^2) E (kPa) Δ (m) Δ (m) 0 Δ (U)
5 5 0.004 70000000 0.000429 0.000429 0 0
5 5.830952 0.004 70000000 0 0 0 0
5 6.726812 0.004 70000000 0.001293 0.001293 0 0
5 9.013878 0.004 70000000 -0.001393 -0.001393 0 0
0 3 0.004 70000000 -0.000471 -0.000471 0 0
0 =
Δx
Δx