94 Chapter 5

Solution: Using Pascal’s Identity

n 
X
          
k+m 0+m 0+m 1+m 2+m 3+m
= + + + +
k −1 0 1 2 3
k=0    
n−1+m n+m
+··· + +
  n − 1   n  
1+m 1+m 2+m 3+m
= + + +
0  1  2  3
n−1+m n+m
+··· + +
  n − 1   n
2+m 2+m 3+m
= + +
1  2  3 
n−1+m n+m
+··· + +
  n − 1  n
3+m 3+m
= +
2  3   
n−1+m n+m
+··· + +
n−1 n
..
.    
n+m n+m
= +
n − 1  n
n+m+1
= ,
n
which is what we wanted.

621 Example Find a closed formula for

  −1
X m n
n ≥ m ≥ 0.
k k
0≤k≤m

Solution: Using Newton’s Identity,

  −1  −1  
X m n n X n−k
= .
k k m m−k
0≤k≤m 0≤k≤m

Re-indexing,      
X n−k X n−m+k n+1
= = ,
m−k k m
0≤k≤m k≤m
by the preceding problem. Thus
  −1    
X m n n+1 n n+1
= / = .
k k m m n+1−m
0≤k≤m

622 Example Simplify  

X 100
.
2k
0≤k≤50

Solution: By the Binomial Theorem

         
100 100 100 100 100 100
(1 + 1) = + + + ...+ +
 0   1   2   99  100
100 100 100 100 100
(1 − 1)100 = − + − ...− + ,
0 1 2 99 100