EE 220: Signals, Systems & Networks

Tutorial-6
Q. 1 Fourier series coefficients of a signal that is periodic with period 8, are given. Determine
the signal x[n].

  
kπ
 sin 3

 :0≤k≤6
ak = 

(1)
:k=7

 0


Q. 2 Determine the Fourier series coefficients for the following periodic discrete-time signal.
Plot the magnitude and phase of coefficients ak .

π(n − 1)
!
x[n] = sin
4
Q. 3 Compute the DTFS of the following discrete time signal

+∞
X
x[n] = (−1)m (δ[n − 2m] + δ[n + 3m])
 
m=−∞

Also plot magnitude response

Hint: Compute period using graphical method

Q.4 Let x[n] be a periodic signal with fundamental period N and Fourier series coefficients ak .
In this problem, we derive the time-scaling property

 h i
n
n = 0, ±m, ±2m, ...

x m



x(m) [n] = 

 (2)

0,

 elsewhere

(a) Show that x(m) [n] has a period mN.

(b) Show that if x[n] = v[n] + w[n], then x(m) [n] = v(m) [n] + w(m) [n].
(c) Assuming that x[n] = e j2πk0 n/N for some integer k0 , verify that x(m) [n] = e j2π(k0 +lN)n/(mN)
1 Pm−1
m l=0

That is, one complex exponential in x[n] becomes a linear combination of m complex exponen-
tials in x(m) [n].
(d) Using the results of parts (a), (b), and (c), show that if x[n] has the Fourier coefficients
ak , then x(m) [n] must have the Fourier coefficients m1 ak
 SOLUTION

Sol.1 x[n] can be expressed in terms of Fourier coefficients as follows:

N−1
X 2π
x[n] = ak e jk N n
k=0

Therefore,
7 7
π
X X
jk 2π
x[n] = ak e 8 n = ak e jk 4 n (3)
k=0 k=0
We are given;

kπ
 sin( 3 ) : 0 ≤ k ≤ 6


ak = 

(4)
:k=7

 0


Therefore, equation 3 become:

6 " #
X 1 j kπ 1 − j kπ j kπ n
x[n] = e − e
3 3 e 4 (5)
k=0
2 j 2 j
6 6
1 X jkπh( 13 )+( n4 )i 1 X − jkπh( 13 )−( n4 )i
= e − e (6)
2 j k=0 2 j k=0
h i h i
1  1 − e j ( 4 )+( 3 )
7πn 7π 7πn 7π

1 − e j ( 4 )−( 3 ) 
= − (7)
2 j  1 − e j[( πn4 )+( π3 )] πn π
 
1 − e j[( 4 )−( 3 )]
Sol.2 To find the period, we set x[n] = x[n + N]. Thus,
π(n − 1) π(n + N − 1) π(n − 1) πN
! ! !
sin = sin = sin + (8)
4 4 4 4

Let πN
 
4 = 2πi , where i is an integer. Then N = 8 and by using Euler’s expression, x[n] can be

decompose as following:
1 jh π(n−1) i
1 h π(n−1) i
x[n] = e 4 − e− j 4
2j 2j

1 − j( π ) j( πn ) 1 j( π ) − j( πn )
x[n] = e 4 e 4 − e 4 e 4 (9)
2j 2j
1 j( π ) − j( πn ) 1 − j( π ) j( πn )
=− e 4 e 4 + e 4 e 4 (10)
2j 2j
The synthesis equation is written as
4
X kπn
x[n] = ak e j( 4 )
k=−4
−4πn
=a−4 e j( ) + a e j( −3πn
4 ) + a j( −2πn
4 ) + a j( −1πn 1πn 2πn 3πn 4πn
4 ) + a + a e j( 4 ) + a e j( 4 ) + a e j( 4 ) + a e j( 4 )
4
−3 −2 e −1 e 0 1 2 3 4

(11)
 π
By comparing equation 10 and equation 11 we can declare that a−1 = − 21j e j( 4 ) and
1 − j( π4 )
a1 = 2je

The magnitude and phase of ak are plotted in 1.

0.5

0.4

0.3
|a k|

0.2

0.1

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
k

2
3 /4
1
ak

-1
-3 /4
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
k

Figure 1: Magnitude and Phase plot of ak

Sol 3:
x[n] can be written as, x[n] = x1 [n] + x2 [n],
where, x1 [n] = +∞
P+∞
m=−∞ [(−1) (δ[n − 2m])] and x2 [n] = m=−∞ [(−1) (δ[n + 3m])]
P m m

x1 [n], x2 [n], and x[n] are plotted as shown in Fig. 2

Here, N1 = 4, N2 = 6 and N = LCM(N1 , N2 ) = 12

1
x1[n]

−1

−15 −14 −13 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1
x2[n]

−1

−15 −14 −13 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1
x[n]

−1
−15 −14 −13 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
sample index n

Figure 2: Signal x[n]

We have DTFS equation,

 2πkn
ak = 1
x[n]e− j , x[n] = ....0, 1, −1, −1, 0, 2↑ , 0, −1, −1, 1, 0, 0.......
P
N
N n=<N>

"
1 πk πk πk πk πk
ak = x[−4]e− j(−4) 6 + x[−3]e− j(−3) 6 + x[−2]e− j(−2) 6 + x[0] + x[2]e− j(2) 6 + x[3]e− j(3) 6
12
#
− j(4) πk
+ x[4]e 6

" #
1 − j(−4) πk − j(−3) πk − j(−2) πk − j(2) πk − j(3) πk − j(4) πk
ak = 1e 6 + −1e 6 + −1e 6 + 2 + −1e 6 + −1e 6 + 1e 6
12
π π
     
ak = 16 cos 2π 3 k + 1
6 cos 2 k − 1
6 cos 3k + 6
1

Its magnitude response is shown in the Figure 3.

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

−0.1
−20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20

Figure 3: DTFS ak
 h i
n
+ , n = 0, ±m, ±2m, ...

x N



 m
Sol (4a) Note that xm [n + mN] = 

 or

0,

 elsewhere
 h i
x m , n = 0, ±m, ±2m, ...
n




xm [n + mN] = 



0,

 elsewhere

= xm [n]

Sol (4b) The time-scaling operation discussed in this problem is a linear operation.
Therefore, if x[n] = v[n] + w[n], then, xm [n] = vm [n] + wm [n].
2π
)(k0 +lN)n 2π
Sol (4c)Let us consider y[n] = m1 m−1 j( mN
= m1 e j( mN )k0 n m−1 j(2π/m)ln
P P
l=0 e l=0 e

and let n = pm where p ∈ I

Pm−1 j(2π/m)ln
Consider l=0 e
Hence for n = pm
= l=0 e = l=0 1 = m
Pm−1 j(2π/m)lpm Pm−1 j(2π)lp Pm−1
l=0 e

and
 1−e j2πn
e j(2π/m)ln = = 0, if n , pm, p ∈ I
Pm−1
l=0 2π
1−e j m n
This may
 be written as
j(2π/mN)k0 n , n = 0, ±m, ±2m, ...

e



y[n] = 



0,

 otherwise
Now, also note that by applying time-scaling on x[n], we get
j(2π/mN)k0 n , n = 0, ±m, ±2m, ...

e



xm [n] = 



0,

 otherwise
Hence y[n] = x(m) [n].
Sol.(4d) We have bk = mN 1 PmN−1
n=0 x(m) [n]e
− j(2π/mN)kn

We know that only every mth value in the above summation is nonzero. Therefore,
bk = mN
1 PN−1
n=0 x(m) [nm]e
− j(2π/N)kn

Note that x(m) [nm] = x[n]. Therefore,

bk = mN
1 PN−1
n=0 x[n]e
− j(2π/N)kn = ak .
m