e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

RECUPERATION OF KINETIC ENERGY –REGENERATIVE BRAKING

Anmol Raj*1, Abhishek Kumar*2, Dr JP. Kesari*3
*1,2Undergraduate Student, Department Of Information Technology, Delhi Technological University,
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042, India.
*3Professor, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bwana Road,
Delhi-110042, India.
ABSTRACT
Commonly in the traditional brakes Kinetic energy of the moving object is transferred into the heat energy via
friction due to rubbing between two surfaces. The system which we will be discussing will transform huge
amount of Kinetic energy into electrical and mechanical energy which can be preserved for later use. And it
would also result in higher potential savings. We will also come to know that regenerative Braking-system has
tremendously increased the efficiency of vehicles by increasing the energy output for a certain amount of
energy input. The load of engine of the vehicles is drastically reduced which enhances the engine efficiency and
also decreases the energy input for that vehicle. The main purpose of this entire research paper is to know
about the braking system which can restore one form of energy and convert to other forms by decreasing its
wastage. So regenerative Braking will definitely contribute in saving the non-renewable sources of energy.
Keywords: Regenerative Braking, Potential Savings, Kinetic Energy, Non-Renewable.
I. INTRODUCTION
When a traditional car applies its brakes, kinetic energy is transformed to heat due to friction among the brake
pads and wheels. This warmness is consisting of away within side the airstream and the power is effectively
wasted. The general quantity of power misplaced in this manner relies upon how often, how difficult, and for
how long the brakes are applied.
Regenerative braking refers to a manner wherein a part of the kinetic power of the car is saved with the aid of
using a quick-time garage machine. Energy commonly dissipated within side the brakes is directed with the aid
of using an energy transmission machine to the power saves during deceleration. That power is held till
required again with the aid of using the car, wherein its miles transformed lower back into kinetic power and
used to boost up the car. The significance of the element to be had for power garage varies in keeping with the
kind of garage, power education performance, power cycle and, inertia weight. A lorry at the manway may want
to journey one hundred miles among stops. This represents little saving even supposing the performance of the
machine is one hundred percent. City center using includes many extra braking activities representing a far
better power loss with greater ability savings. With buses, taxis, transport trucks and so forth there's even extra
ability for the economy.
Since regenerative braking outcomes in growth in power output for a given power enter to a car, the
performance is progressed the quantity of labor completed with the aid of using the engine of the car is
reduced, in flip decreasing the quantity of top power required to propel the car. For a regenerative braking
machine to be fee powerful the top power stored over a distinctive lifetime should offset the preliminary fee,
length, and weight consequences of the machine. The energy storage unit should be compact, durable, and able
to dealing with excessive energy degrees efficiently, and any auxiliary power switch or power conversion
gadget should be efficient, compact, and of an affordable fee.
To achieve success a regenerative braking machine, have to preferably have the subsequent properties:
Efficient power conversion
 The energy saves with an excessive potential for each unit’s weight and volume.
 An excessive energy score so massive quantities of power can flow in a quick area of time.
 Not require over-complex manipulation structures to hyperlink it with the car transmission.
 Smooth transport of energy from the regenerative machine.
 Absorb and save braking power in direct proportion to braking, with the least put off and loss over.

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
 An extensive variety of street speeds and wheel torques.
II. METHODOLOGY
CONVERSION OF KINETIC ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY WITH THE HELP OF A MOTOR.
The most common form of regenerative brake includes the use of an electric-powered motor as an electric-
powered generator. The operating of the regenerative braking machine relies upon the operating principle of
an electric-powered motor, which's the vital element of the machine.
The electric motor receives activated whilst some electric powered modern is handed through it. But whilst
some outside pressure is implemented to set off the motor (while braking), it acts like as a generator and
creates strength. This way that every time motor runs in a single direction, the electrical strength receives
transformed into mechanical strength, that's then used to boost up the automobile and every time the motor
runs in a contrary direction, it plays features of a generator, which then converts mechanical strength into
electric strength, which makes it viable to make use of the rotational pressure of the riding axle to show the
electrical motors, which leads to regenerating electric powered strength for garage withinside the battery and
concurrently reducing the velocity of the automobile with the regenerative resistance of the electrical motors.
This strength is then used for recharging the battery.
FLYWHEEL RBS
A flywheel is a component that is used to store mechanical energy after which release the saved energy When
required for acceleration. The flywheel is a heavy, high-velocity rotating disc that builds up kinetic energy
because it spins. The quantity of energy saved relies upon how heavier its miles and the way speedy it rotates.
Heavier and quicker rotation results in better energy storage. One can correlate this with the game of discus
throw in Olympics. The discus is flied in air as the thrower winds up and he draws up a growing store of
pressure and energy as he spins and releases the disc. The technique of transmission of electricity without
delay to the automobile is extra green in preference to first storing it withinside the battery because it does
now no longer includes the conversion of energies. As, for the duration of the recharging of the battery,
mechanical energy is transformed into electric energy and, for the duration of discharging vice-versa. So,
because of those conversions' transmission losses arise and the performance reduces. As, withinside the
different cases, there aren't any transmission losses given that mechanical energy saved withinside the
flywheel is without delay transferred to the automobile in its unique form. As the electricity is provided right
away and performance is high, those styles of structures are utilized in F-1 cars.
HYDRAULIC ASSISTED RBS
Hydraulic Assisted RBs is completely nee model of Regenerative Braking machine which has been evolved by
the Ford Motor Company and the Eaton Corporation. The Kinetic Energy of vehicle helps in powering up of the
reversible pump after which the pump sends a fluid known as hydraulic fluid from a garage tank present inside
the automobile into the excessive strain accumulator. The Nitrogen fuel helps in creating the strain inside the
accumulator as the fuel line which was occupied earlier is compressed by the pumping of fuel into it. This
further stops the automobile by slowing it down. The fluid stays below strain inside the accumulator for the
time being the driving force pushes the acceleration once more due to which factor the reversion of pump
occurs and booting is done with the help of the pressurized fluid which helps in translating the Kinetic Energy
which was present with automobile earlier into Mechanical energy which helps to get the automobile return to
as much as possible speed. It is anticipated that the equipment will grab approx 80% of the pace lost with the
help of taking the use of automobile at some of the stages in decreasing the acceleration and use it for
automobile transferring once more. One can definitely say that this system has given us a huge benefit as it can
be observed from the percentage mentioned.
III. MODELLING AND ANALYSIS
ADVANTAGES:
 Improved Fuel Economy
 It has helped to reduce the cost of replacements of brakes linings, labor cost for initializations, and also
vehicle downtime.

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
 It prolongs the charging of the battery.
 The traditional friction braking system is also built with a regenerative system to make sure a vehicle can
stop in time.
Following is the result of the regenerative braking setup coupled with ultra-capacitors in the Skoda Fabia.

Fig-1 RBS ON SKODA FABIA

PARAMETER FREQUENCY (%) AVG.POWER WITHOUT AVG.POWER WITH RBS
RBS

ACCELERATION 28.3 24.7 15.8

DECELERATION 28.2 1.4 0.0
STATIONARY 3.9 0.0 0.0
CONSTANT 39.5 11.5 10.0
Fig-2 RBS ON URBAN MODEL
Increase in efficiency of 29.4%. Is obtained .
PARAMETER FREQUENCY (%) AVG.POWER WITHOUT AVG.POWER WITH RBS
RBS
ACCELERATION 15.8 21.8 19.5
DECELERATION 0.0 25.2 0.0
STATIONARY 0.0 8.0 0.0
CONSTANT 10.0 45 2.9
Fig-3 RBS ON RURAL MODEL
Increase in efficiency of 51.7% is obtained .
A very good amount of efficiency has been achieved with the help of regenerative braking.
DISADVANTAGES: ---
 A regenerative braking system gives a different feel to drivers who are used to traditional systems.
 The need for friction-based brakes while in low-speed situations.
 The total weight of vehicles is increased by 25-30kgs.
 Regenerative braking is certainly limited when the batteries are completely charged. This is due to the extra
charge from regenerative braking would lead the voltage of a full battery to grow above a safe level, the
motor controller will limit the regenerative braking torque in this scenario.

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
The following manufacturers have also produced electric vehicles featuring regenerative braking.
PEUGEOT - 205, lead-acid battery, range of 75 miles at 45 mph, top speed is 62 mph and achieves 0-30 mph in
12 sec. J% Electriques also uses a lead-acid battery.
GM - Impact, lead-acid battery, range 120 miles, acceleration 0-60 mph in 9 S, top speed 100 mph. 1-ton G-van,
range 50-60 miles, top speed 50 mph, acceleration 0-30 mph in 12 S
Chrysler - Tevan, lead-acid battery, testing nickel-iron batteries, range 120 miles, 0-30 mph in 9s, top speed 65
mph.
Fiat Uno, lead-acid battery, similar characteristics to Peugeot 205
Toyota Motorcaravan and a bus, 2-seater car, zinc-bromide batteries.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the years following the energy crisis of the early 70s, several researchers have studied the feasibility and
practicality of implementing hybrid power trains incorporating regenerative braking that have the capability to
enhance the fuel economy of cars working beneath urban city riding conditions. The price growth of petroleum
primarily based gasoline withinside the beyond few years has additionally given upward push to numerous
studies and improvement efforts for energy conservation.
However, decreased gasoline intake and consequently working fee and decreased gaseous emissions together
with mostly carbon dioxide (for this reason worldwide warming) are the fundamental riding forces in the back
of business concerns of such structures.
Regenerative braking only guarantees big profits on the town riding considering that 62.5% of energy is
dissipated withinside the Metropolitan cycle because of common braking. If all braking energy will be
regenerated and not using a loss withinside the regenerative system, gasoline intake could be stepped forward
with the aid of using 33 %. Alternative sources state that the addition of regenerative energy storage to motor
cars can obtain theoretical gasoline savings of as much as 23% in a 1600 kg car on a level road urban city riding
schedule. This relative saving is decreased because the weight of the car reduces. A one thousand kg car can
obtain theoretical financial savings of 15%. Research with the aid of using Volkswagen has proven that a hybrid
power with each electric powered power and ICE gives capability gasoline saving of over 20% in comparison
with simply 5-6% from in simple terms electric powered.
Concerns over gasoline financial system, pollutants, and authorities' rules preserve the hobby of the car
technical network in those opportunity powertrain configurations. Interest in nonpolluting cars multiplied
appreciably while the Californian Air Resources Board mandated that 2% of all cars lighter than 1700 kg
offered by every producer would be zero-emission cars. This should increase to 5% by 2001, and 10% by 2003.
The term non-polluting is relative, electric-powered cars do now no longer pollute however the unique supply
of the energy does motivate pollutants for the duration of its generation. However, centrally generated
pollution may be managed and decreased greater effortlessly than the dispensed pollutants reassess of
character cars.
Most American motor car producers accept as true that hybrid structures are the manner to obtain greater
flexibility and variety out of electrical cars till higher batteries are available. This could permit them to satisfy
the stringent Californian exhaust emission requirements being phased in for passenger motors over the
following couple of years. Ultra-Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV) standards are anticipated to offer a niche for
hybrid power cars that's why producers' hobby is heightened at present.
It is widely believed that the maximum of the electric hybrid cars offered is in all likelihood to be second or
third cars used mainly for neighborhood commuting and now no longer desiring to offer the equal all-spherical
overall performance as traditional motors.
European manufacturer of cars in a manner to obtain excessive gasoline performance and really low emissions
from liquid-fueled cars. This differing view is because of the truth that withinside the LA basin the air pollutants
trouble extends over a big vicinity requiring a car with precise variety and zero-emission capability. In Europe
pollutants tend to be a localized occasion focused in city areas, this is mixed with the truth that fewer European

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
households have or greater motors way producers want to offer a vehicle which can address neighborhood air
pleasant however additionally journey at better velocity for interurban and lengthy-distance riding.
V. CONCLUSION
This study of regenerative braking systems delivers information about their principles and properties. Many
automation methods, electromechanical, and constructive studies have been administered during this field so
as to spice up recovered energy efficiency and reduce operating costs. Considering that the economic losses
globally are majorly caused by mechanical wear and tear, the significance of regenerative braking systems has
become better realized. This new technology often increases the safety, comfort, and economic aspects of
vehicles. Regenerative braking systems, currently in limited use in electric vehicles, also can be adopted in
traditional braking or other motion control systems. When they are widely used, economic input is often
retrenched by the reduction of mechanical losses, and energy savings are often gained as a result of the
recovered electricity. In addition, vehicle emissions caused by traditional brake wear are often minimized, thus
contributing to the preservation of the environment and human health. As a result, these systems highlight the
recovery of energy, reduction of energy dissipation, reduction of costs, and scope of unpolluted air. For this
reason, more exhaustive studies within the field of regenerative braking systems should be carried out and
their discovery extended to researchers and policymakers.
VI. REFRENCES
[1] Allen E. Fuhs, Hybrid Vehicles – The future of personal transportation
[2] Mehrdad Ehsani,Yimin Gao and Sebastien E. Gay., Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell
Vehicles.
[3] Ranjan Kumar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, “Regenerative
Brake: To Harness the Kinetic Energy of Braking” JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162) January 2015, Volume 2,
Issue 1.
[4] https://www.tesla.com/blog/magic-tesla-roadster-regenerative-braking
[5] http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Regenerative_braking
[6] Automotive Engineering, 1991,99(7), 17-19
[7] Rajashekar, R.Martin. Journal of Circuits, Systems and computers, 1995,5(1), 109-129

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