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Abstract: Zero emissions producing and propel the vehicle ending onwards brake system developing starts and endures
wheels with own battery energy possible only by Electric vehicles. present day. [1] Different types of braking systems used to
Energy conversion progression completes with little amount of different automobiles over the centuries embrace. As the
heat lost only. These advantages influences internationally made past of brakes evolved, every innovative system was
the electrical vehicle as the new generation transport for the
automobile engineering. Electric vehicles incorporated with
manufactured by means of the impressions rummage sale to
regenerative braking system. However, electrical automobile on a project its prototype. It does not take a rocket scientist to
solitary charge assortment meaningfully less than the motorized know that it takes a lot of energy to get a vehicle gather
automobile. By this system, reuse energy about on fifth of the momentum. However, what happens to all that energy when
energy generally lost through put on the brakes. Lack of a you step on the brake? Well, for most conventional vehicles,
serious impact on the development and popularization of electric the majority of the kinetic energy converted during friction
vehicle, to overcome this hurdle by involving principle of energy breaking, between the brake pads and wheels, into the form
regaining method in design of electric mobility operative manner. of heat. Heat in essence gets emitted unused into the
The mechanism of electric motor’s braking method environment as waste, but not if you're driving a hybrid or
encompassing converts parts of kinetic dynamisms of automobile
as electric power while braking. This electric power passes to the
electrical vehicle, which can use the electric motor to
battery for further battery charges and electric mobility mileage recuperate at least a portion of the kinetic energy for reuse.
increases compared to conventional engines. When driving in All that kinetic energy that would have been lost otherwise,
decelerating the inertia of the vehicle wheels through the can partially be put right back into the battery using
transmission of energy to pass through to the motor, to control regenerative braking system. The process of recovery of
electrical engineering with the generating electricity a way work kinetic energy during breaking and its storage called
refreshes for power battery and achieve the regeneration of regenerative braking. While decelerating and breaking, the
braking energy. The power developed in the course of the motor vehicles motion drives the electric motor, which switches
braking torque remain used over transmission of the steering itself to a generator mode. [2] The wheels transfer the
wheel brake, consequential in braking power. The innovative
regenerative braking with kinetic energy regenerative system
kinetic energy via the drive train to the generator. Through
(KERS) saved more energy than normal regenerative braking. its rotation, the generator converts a portion of the kinetic
The life of the KERS more than the steering wheel brake system. energy into electrical energy. The electricity generated is
The KERS and normal regenerative pressure is 11.94% and stored in a high voltage battery. The generative braking
4.95% respectively, Hence, KERS system more efficient than torque of the electric motor, which is the result of energy
normal regenerative system. generation, decelerates the vehicle. The power transmission
Index Terms: KERS, braking system, regenerative system, system directs the energy normally dissipated in the brakes
electric power vehicles. and kinetic energy regenerative system. to the energy stored during deceleration. The same
converted back into kinetic energy to accelerate the vehicle.
I. INTRODUCTION For a given energy input to a vehicle, regenerative braking
The automobile researchers have developed brake system engenders an increase in energy output, work done by the
by including the advanced technologies. The primary motto vehicle engine is reduced, sequentially reducing the amount
of vehicle safety and comfortable. From the 18th century, of prime energy required to propel the vehicle, bringing
about an overall improvement in efficiency. For the system
to be cost effective the prime energy saved over the period
of efficacy must countervail the initial cost, size and weight
Manuscript published on 30 September 2019. penalties of the system. The auxiliary energy transfer or
*Correspondence Author(s)
P. Suresh Kumar, Mechanical Engineering Department, Name, University
energy conversion equipment along with the energy storage
of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. unit must be compact, durable and capable of handling high
Swapnil Joshi, Automotive Design Engineering Student Mechanical power levels efficiently, and of reasonable cost. High
Engineering Department, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, capacity per unit weight and volume energy storage,
Dehradun, India.
N. Prasanthi Kumari, Electronics and communications Engineering efficient energy conversion, effortless delivery of power,
Department, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. proportionate absorption and storage of braking energy with
Sathyajit Nair, M. Tech Rotating Equipment, Student Mechanical minimal delay and loss over, comprehensive wheel torques
Engineering Department, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Dehradun, India. and road speeds, high power rating, unadorned control
Suman Chatterjee, M. Tech Rotating Equipment, Student Mechanical systems linked with the vehicle transmission are some of the
Engineering Department, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, salient features of a regenerative braking system. [3]
Dehradun, India.
RBS process has to address two major issues: applying works on metropolitan cities because more traffic and
brakes which restraints the vehicles speed, maximum signals due to this the automobile moves in press- and-
recovery of braking energy to increase the efficiency of the depress manner.
battery. [6 and12] Electric automobiles and hybrid vehicles maintains
friction brakes. These friction brakes acts as standby system
II. REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM where proper power not supplied by the regenerative
The pure electrical automobiles is fundamentally braking system [16]. These situations overcome by giving
functioned with regenerative braking system. Electrically training to automobile drivers to avoid dread situations. That
operated motor necessary for this system. Here motor acts as means furthermore pressure applied on the brakes.
a generator and a battery charger while applying brakes. The
frictional heat energy converted into useful energy on IV. KINETIC ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM (KERS)
braking. It produced electricity when this motor High cruising speed automobiles equipped with kinetic
“performance in opposite”.Generally friction involved in energy recovery systems (KERS) are systems. Automobile
braking system the automobile moves with low speed. decelerates at that movement these kinetic energy recovery
systems comes to the picture and converts the power of
III. NEED OF REGENERATIVE SYSTEM FOR BRAKING motion into electrical power. This power recharges the
Brakes convert mechanical into thermal energy only when batteries - capacitors provided in the automobile. Trained
applied otherwise they do nothing. Driving on a highway at cab drivers press the button available on the dash - board
constant speed, they waste no energy at all. Driving in a clearing the battery to motion of the energy shaft and
city, they convert kinetic into thermal energy at each traffic philanthropically their automobile a improvement of
light. Taking the foot off the gas pedal farther away from the electrical energy power. [Ref 8]
traffic lights, if possible, helps reducing the waste of energy. Three main parts of kinetic energy recovery systems
The mechanical brakes replaced by electric motors to slow A Motor/Generator Unit (MGU): Mechanical power to
down the cars, the kinetic energy would be converted into Current power and vice versa.
electrical, is tead of thermal energy, and stored in batteries Power Control Unit (PCU): Regulatory device between
or capacitors, and could be used to accelerate the car after battery-operated unit and Motor/Generator Unit
the light turned green again - that is what hybrid cars do Storage stratagem: Chargeable battery, High capacity
[13]. Mostly braking system in automobiles convert whirl capacitor and flywheel.
motion into heat energy while pushing the brakes towards Automobile in deceleration phase - to store the kinetic
inside. Else, brake system sort out nonentity. Automobile power “charge cycle” used in kinetic energy recovery
moves at higher cruising speeds on main road, all the energy systems.
utilizing no wastage of energy. Metropolitan city driving The "boost cycle"— used driver pushes the KERS button on
conditions are different form high ways maximum energy is dash - board in kinetic energy recovery systems.
wasting due to frequently stops and starts vehicle due to
traffic and signal lights. Now the time to introducing the V. METHODOLOGY
new technique of regenerative braking system and replace Experimental set-up:
the conventional braking system. In this system the motors
converts heat energy in to electrical energy and charges the Case 1(Regenerative braking without Kinetic Energy
batteries and capacitors available in the automobiles. In Regenerative System )
addition, might be recycled to speed up the automobile A) Parts Used / Apparatus
subsequently the light signal changes to green again – same
principle keep an eye on in hybrid automobiles also. [13]. 1. Power Supply – 220V, 2. Transformer – Stepdown
The conventional brakes have low complexity and cheap (220V to 12V), 3. Rectifier (AC to DC) Voltage/RPM
when compared to regenerative braking Regulator, 4. Switches, 5. Motor (300 RPM), 6. Pulley and
system.Regenerative braking system works all the way of Belt, 7. Bearings and Shaft, 8. Tires and Wheels, 9.
vehicle propels. Depress the brake plate on a hybrid vehicle Generator Indicating Bulb, 10. Battery (8V), 11. Voltage
or electric mobility, these brakes change the vehicle's Controller, 12. USB Cable and 13. Tin Wires.
electric motor into opposite which creates it track recessive, B) Mechanism of Regenerative braking without Kinetic
in order decelerating the automobile steering wheel. Energy Regenerative System
Hence, on the trot retrograde, the mechanical device like
motor performances as an electric device like originator by The circuit starts when current of 220V flows from source
creating current power that's transported into the hybrid (in our case source is normal power supply) to the
electric vehicle batteries [14]. All automobiles equipped Transformer. A two pin socket is provided for easy and safe
with steering system with all the wheels while turning in connections. Then the current flows to Transformer
confined space follow the four wheel steering and careless (Stepdown) which helps to lower down the voltage of
for parallel lane parking and guiding the automobile current to 12V. This is done to ensure the safe working of
reasonably through not at all misfortune taking place main model as the parts are designed to work
and public road [15]. on low voltages.
At higher cruising speeds, this regenerative braking
system gives results that are more fruitful. It effectively
w1 = {(2*3.14*4.25*300)/60}*1/4.25
w1 = 31.4/sec
KE1 = ½*(270.94)*(31.4)^2
Law of gears,
This power supply will provide rpm of 300 when load is T1/T2=N2/N1
connected to it.
28/7=N2/300
Stall Current at 12V will be 8.4A according to table 1.
N2= 1200 rpm.
Power = V*I = 12*8.4
This lead to Induced kinetic energy KE2.
Power = 100.8W.
KE2 = 1/2[Iw^2]
energy consumed in 1 hour = P*Time
Where I = moment of inertia
Energy consumed = 100.8*3600
E.C. = 3,62,880 Whr w = angular velocity.
I= 1\2[m2r2^2]
I = ½*10*(1.5)^2
I =11.25g cm^2.