LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 SIDHHARTH K. PATIL“REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM IN

AUTOMOBILE”

The energy (mechanical) stored in the flywheel is directly givento the vehicle so as to
boost its acceleration instantaneously, whenever needed. Generally, the method of
transmission of energy directly to the vehicle is more efficient rather than storing it in
the battery, as it does not consists of the conversion of energies. As during the
recharging of battery, mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy and
during discharging electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy. So, due to
these conversions transmission loses occur and the efficiency reduces. As, in the
other case, there are no transmission loses since mechanical energystored in the
flywheel is directly transferred to the vehicle in its original form.

The regenerative braking system used in the vehicles satisfies the purpose of saving
a part of the energy lost during braking. Also it can be operated at high temperature
range and are efficient as compared to NORMAL braking system. The results from
some of the test conducted show that around 30% of the energy delivered can be
recovered by the system. Regenerative braking system has a wide scope for further
development and the energy savings. As in regenerative braking system about 30%
of the energy is recovered.

2.2 PROF. GIACOMO MANTRIOTA “KERS (KINETIC ENERGY RECOVERY

SYSTEM) FOR PASSENGER CAR AND URBAN BUSES”

The basic principle of a mechanical-hybrid system is simple: as the vehicle

decelerates, the Flywheel is accelerated. The energy transfer between the vehicle
and the flywheel is obtained via a variable drive of which the rate of ratio change
determines the amount of braking (or accelerating) torque into the driveline. For this
reason, the variable drive is a key point for a profitable design of mechanical KERS.
2.3 RADHIKA C. KAPOOR “COMPARATIVE STUDY ON VARIOUS KERS”

A type of Regenerative braking is called KERS. KERS is an automotive system for

recovering a moving vehicle's kinetic energy under braking. The recovered energy is
stored in a reservoir (for example a flywheel or a battery or super capacitor) for later
use under acceleration. Electrical systems use a motor-generator incorporated in the
car’s transmission which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice
versa. Once the energy has been harnessed, it is stored in a battery and released
when required.

KERS is an effective type of regenerative braking which can fulfill the main purpose
of hybrid vehicles i.e., storing and re-using energy lost while braking. The various
types of KERS show different ways of storing and converting energy from one form
to another. As per the analysis, flywheels have proven to be the best type of KERS
so far in terms of voltage stability, temperature range and efficiency.

2.4 THOMAS MATHEWS “FLYWHEEL BASED KINETIC ENERGY RECOVERY

SYSTEM (KERS) INTEGRATEDIN VEHICLES”

The flywheel KERS system promises to be a technology of the future. It makes every
car “more powerful and at the same time improves fuel efficiency. Better fuel
efficiency directly translates to a cleaner, greener environment. It reduces the
negative impact on the environment by decreasing harmful CO2 emissions. It has
been found that the amount of CO2 emitted during the manufacturing of one flywheel
KERS is made up for within the first 12,000 km of driving. In addition, as opposed to
a hybrid electric vehicle, a flywheel-based mechanical hybrid does not have the
harmful chemicals to dispose of that are found in batteries.

2.5 SISDHU SURESH et al. “DESIGN OF EFFIBIKE – HYBRID TRIBIKE WITH

INBUILT KERS”
The effibike was not only designed for the competition but also for the benefit of the
humanity. The robust design of the regenerative braking incorporated could be
modified and improved to harness kinetic energy at higher efficiencies and can be
integrated into most of the bike rickshaws that we have today. Such light weight
tricycle can be modified and can be used for transporting goods and can even be
used for disaster management. India, being a land of multi lingual and multicultural
festivals, such tribike becomes a useful element for carrying out cleaning and
sanitation activities in public places during such festivals.
References:
1. R.S.Khurmi, “A Textbook of Machine Design”.
2. Siddharth K. Patil., “Regenerative Braking System in Automobiles”,
International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering &Technology
vol.2, pp.45-46, 2012.
3. Prof. Giacomo Montriota , “Kinetic energy recovery system for passenger car
and urban buses”
4. Radhika Kapoor, Member IAENG, “Comparative Study on Various KERS”
5. THOMAS MATHEWS, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sir MVIT,
“Flywheel Based Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) Integrated In
Vehicles”
6. Sidhu Suresh a, Dr. Vinod Kumar Gopal b, Balagovind N K Kartha c, N
Akilesh d, Nikhil Unnikrishnane and VinayakJayaprakash,”Design of Effibike –
Hybrid tribike with inbuilt KERS”
7. Chibulka.J. “Kinetic Energy Recovery System by means of Flywheel Energy
Storage”, Advanced Engineering Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 27-38, 1998.
8. S.J.Clegg, “A Review of Regenerative Braking System”, Institute of Transport
Studies, University of Leeds, Working paper of 471, 1996.
9. Dr.Iqbal Husain, “Electric and hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals”, CRC
press, Taylor and Francis Group, USA, 2012. 561-568.