CEGEP ST.

LAWRENCE - Champlain Problem Sheet #23

201-NYB-05: Integral Calculus
Patrice Camiré

Power Series
1. Find the radius of convergence and the interval of convergence of the power series.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X X n!(x − 3)n X (−2)n (x + 2)n X (2x − 5)n n!
(a) 3n xn (e) (i) (m)
n=0 n=0
2n
n=1
n3
n=0
en2
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X xn X (−1)n n(x + 5)n X (x − 3)n X (x + 1)n
(b) √ n (f) (j) (n)
n2 9n n3n n ln n
n=1 n=0 n=1 n=2
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X (−1)n x2n X (x +1)n X (−1)n n2 (x + 4)n X (3x + 1)n
(c) (g) (k) (o) √
(2n)! n(2n − 1) n! 4
n
n=0 n=1 n=0 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X nxn X (x − 3)n X n(x + 2)n X x2n
(d) (h) (l) (p)
5n (n + 1)! (n + 1)2n 3n + 1
n=1 n=0 n=0 n=1

∞
X n!
2. Find the radius of convergence of the power series (x − 9)n .
nn
n=1
∞
1 X
3. Recall that = 1 + r + r2 + r3 + r4 + · · · = rn , for −1 < r < 1.
1−r
n=0

1
(a) Express as a power series centered about zero and provide the interval of convergence.
6−x
Use your answer to part (a) and term-by-term differentiation to express the following functions as
power series centered about zero.
1 1 1
(b) (c) (d)
(6 − x)2 (6 − x)3 (6 − x)4
Z
1
4. (a) Express dx as a power series.
1 + x9
Z 1/10
1
(b) Use part (a) to express dx as an infinite series.
0 1 + x9
Z 1/10
1
(c) Add the first two terms of the series you obtained in (b) to yield an approximation of dx.
0 1 + x9
(d) Use the Alternating Series Theorem to give an upper bound on the size of the error of your approx-
imation.

5. (a) Use term-by-term differentiation and integration to find a power series representation of ln(1 − x)
centered at 0. Express your answer concisely using sigma notation and also in expanded form.
Provide the interval of convergence.
(b) By choosing an appropriate value of x, express ln(1.25) as a series. Sum the first five terms of the
series to estimate ln(1.25) and provide an upper bound for the error of your approximation.
(c) Use the power series obtained in part (a) to express x ln(1 + x3 ) as a power series. Provide the
interval of convergence.
 Z 2/5
(d) Use the power series obtained in part (c) to express x ln(1 + x3 ) dx as an infinite series. Sum
0
the first two terms of the series to estimate the definite integral and provide an upper bound for the
error of your approximation.

6. (a) Use term-by-term differentiation and integration to find a power series representation of arctan(x)
centered at 0. Express your answer concisely using sigma notation and also in expanded form.
Provide the interval of convergence.
∞
√ X (−1)n
(b) Choose an appropriate value of x to show that π = 2 3 . Expand the first few terms
(2n + 1)3n
n=0
of the series to get a feel for it.
(c) Sum the first five terms of the series you obtained in part (b) to estimate π. Provide an upper bound
for the error of your approximation.
(d) Use the power series obtained in part (a) to express x2 arctan(x5 ) as a power series. Provide the
interval of convergence.
Z 1/3
(e) Use the power series obtained in part (d) to express x2 arctan(x5 ) dx as an infinite series. Sum
0
the first two terms of the series to estimate the definite integral and provide an upper bound for the
error of your approximation.
∞
π X (−1)n
(f) Choose an appropriate value of x to show that = . Expand the first few terms of the
4 (2n + 1)
n=0
series to get a feel for it. Why is this a little bit of a cheat?

7. (Optional) In each case, your power series should be centered at 0 and you should provide the interval of
convergence.

(a) Use term-by-term differentiation and integration to find a power series representation of ln(1 − x).
Express your answer concisely using sigma notation and also in expanded form.
(b) Use term-by-term differentiation and integration to find a power series representation of ln(1 + x).
Express your answer concisely using sigma notation and also in expanded form.
 
1+x
(c) Combine you work from (a) and (b) to find a power series representation of ln . Express
1−x
your answer concisely using sigma notation and also in expanded form.
(d) Use your answer to (c) to express ln(5) as an infinite series.
(e) Use your answer to (c) to express ln(k) as an infinite series, for any k > 0.
(f) Are you now able to estimate any value of the natural logarithm by hand?
 Answers
 
1 1 1 (f) R = 9, I = (−14, 4) (l) R = 2, I = (−4, 0)
1. (a) R = , I = − ,
3 3 3
(g) - R = 1, I = [−2, 0] (m) R = ∞, I = (−∞, ∞)
(b) - R = 2, I = [−2, 2) (h) R = ∞, I = (−∞, ∞)
  (n) R = 1, I = [−2, 0)
1 5 3
(c) R = ∞, I = (−∞, ∞) (i) R = , I = − , − 1

2


(d) R = 5, I = (−5, 5)
2 2 2 (o) -R = , I = − ,0
3 3
(j) R = 3, I = [0, 6)
√  √ √ 
(e) - R = 0, I = {3} (k) - R = ∞, I = (−∞, ∞) (p) R = 3, I = − 3, 3

2. R = e

3. The interval of convergence is −6 < x < 6 in each case. You should try to obtain the final answer
provided.

For a general explanation of translating a summation, click on ·. -

∞
1 1 1 X xn
(a) = x =
6−x 61− 6 6n+1
n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
- (6 −1 x) n n n−1 X (n + 1) n
X X
(b) · 2
= xn−1 = x = x
6n+1 6n+1 6n+2
n=0 n=1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
1 X n(n + 1) n−1 X n(n + 1) n−1 X (n + 1)(n + 2) n
(c) = x = x = x
(6 − x)3 2 · 6n+2 2 · 6n+2 2 · 6n+3
n=0 n=1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
1 X n(n + 1)(n + 2) n−1 X n(n + 1)(n + 2) n−1
X (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
(d) = x = x = xn
(6 − x)4 6n+4 6n+4 6n+5
n=0 n=1 n=0

X (−1)n ∞ Z 1/10
1
Z
1
4. (a) - 1+x9
dx =
9n + 1
x9n+1 + C (c)
0 1 + x9
dx ≈ 0.099 999 999.
n=0
1/10 ∞
(−1)n
Z
1 X 1
(b) dx = · 1
0 1 + x9 9n + 1 109n+1 (d) |error| ≤ ≈ 5.3 × 10−21
n=0 19 · 1019
∞
xn x2 x3 x4
- ln(1 − x) = −
X
5. (a) = −x − − − − · · · , for −1 < x < 1.
n 2 3 4
n=1
∞
X (−1)n+1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) Let x = −1/4. ln(1.25) = ≈ − + − + ≈ 0.223177083 and
n· 4n 4 32 192 1024 5120
n=1
1
|Error| ≤ ≈ 0.00004069.
24 576
∞
3
X (−1)n+1 3n+1
(c) x ln(1 + x ) = x , for −1 < x < 1.
n
n=1
∞
(−1)n+1 2 3n+2 0.45 0.48
Z 2/5 X  
3
(d) x ln(1 + x ) dx = ≈ − ≈ 0.00200704 and
0 n(3n + 2) 5 5 16
n=1
0.411
|Error| ≤ ≈ 0.000001271.
33
 ∞
X (−1)n 2n+1 x3 x5 x7
6. (a) arctan(x) = x =x− + − + · · · , for −1 < x < 1.
2n + 1 3 5 7
n=0

(b) · - Take x = √13 .

∞
√ X (−1)n √
 
1 1 1 1
π=2 3 =2 3 1− + − + − ··· .
(2n + 1)3n 9 45 189 729
n=0
√
√
 
1 1 1 1 2 3
(c) π ≈2 3 1− + − + ≈ 3.142604746 and |Error| ≤ ≈ 0.00129596.
9 45 189 729 11 · 35
∞
2 5
X (−1)n 10n+7
(d) x arctan(x ) = x , −1 < x < 1.
2n + 1
n=0
Z 1/3 ∞
2 5
X (−1)n 1 1
(e) x arctan(x ) dx = 10n+8
≈ 8
− ≈ 0.000019051 and
0 (2n + 1)(10n + 8)3 8·3 3 · 18 · 318
n=0
1
|Error| ≤ ≈ 3.12 × 10−16 .
5 · 28 · 328
(f) Take x = 1.
∞
π X (−1)n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= =1− + − + − + − + ···.
4 (2n + 1) 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
n=0
This is a little bit of a cheat as we have not proved that the expansion is valid for x = 1.
∞
X xn+1 x2 x3 x4 x5
7. (a) ln(1 − x) = − = −x − − − − − · · · , for −1 < x < 1.
n+1 2 3 4 5
n=0
∞
X xn+1 x2 x3 x4 x5
(b) ln(1 + x) = (−1)n =x− + − + − · · · , for −1 < x < 1.
n+1 2 3 4 5
n=0
∞
x2n+1 x3 x5 x7 x9
   
1+x X
(c) ln =2 =2 x+ + + + + · · · , for −1 < x < 1.
1−x 2n + 1 3 5 7 9
n=0
∞  2n+1
X 1 2
(d) ln(5) = 2
2n + 1 3
n=0
∞
k − 1 2n+1
 
X 1
(e) ln(k) = 2 , for any k > 0.
2n + 1 k + 1
n=0
(f) Yes, with the help of the series expansion obtained in (e)!
Additional Solutions