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Dyes or dyestuffs are colored substances capable of imparting their colors,

fast to light, water, soap etc., to the fibers, foodstuff, etc. Since most of the
synthetic dyestuffs are synthesized from a few starting materials, such as
benzene, naphthalene, phenol, aniline, etc, which are obtained from coal-
tar, the synthetic dye is also known as coal-tar dye.

There is hardly any walk of life where we do not need the organic
compound. Further, synthetic chemistry (especially organic) has improved
almost every aspect of life, viz. food, clothing, fuel, medicines, luxuries, etc.

What are dyes made of

A dye is made up of two kinds of parts, chromophores, and auxochromes.

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 1. Presence of chromophores (Greek chroma-color, phoros-bearer).
These are unsaturated groups the presence of which make the
compound colored. The important chromophores are : — NO2, —
N = N — , >C=C<, etc. Compounds having chromophores are
known as chromogens.
2. Presence of auxochromes (Greek Auxo- increase, chroma-color).
As described earlier a dye should be fast to light, water, and soap
so it must be attached to the fibers by means of stable chemical
bonds.

These chemical bonds are formed by some groups which may be either
acidic basic in nature. Such groups are known as auxochromes, some of
which are: -OH, -COOH, — SO3H (acidic); —NH2, —NHR, —NR2 (basic). These
groups also serve to deepen or intensify the color even though they may
impart no color in the absence of chromophore, and hence they are known
as auxochromes (color intensifying groups). A chromogen without an
autochrome (color intensifying groups) can never act as a dye, e.g.
azobenzene although red colored yet is not a dye; on the other hand,
p-amino azobenzene (aniline yellow) is a dye.

Uses of dyes
The most important use is of course, in coloring the fibers. Other more
important uses of dye are also technically important. Some of them are
mentioned below.

◾ Certain dye is used as indicators, e.g. phenolphthalein, methyl

orange, etc.
◾ Some dyes, e.g. cyanine dye are used in color photography.
◾ These are also used for differentiating staining in histology and
bacteriology and thus aid in the cell morphology under the
microscope.
◾ Certain dye is used as bactericidal and antiseptics.

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Classification of dyes &
Types
The classification of can be done on two basis

◾ On the basis of Application

◾ On the basis of Structure.

Let’s first discuss on the basis of application

Ice Tie Dyes

DIY Natural Fabric Dyes

Blue Dyes

Organic Powdered Dye

Petroleum Dyes

Acid dyes
These are salts, usually the sodium salts of color acids which usually
contain sulphonic acid or phenolic groups. The color of an acid dye is in its
negative ion. These are applied in the presence of acidic solutions. They
are usually applied to wool, silk, nylon. Common examples are orange I,
orange II, methyl red, methyl orange, Martius yellow etc.

Basic dyes
These are salts usually the hydrochloride or the zinc chloride complexes, of
color bases. The color of these dyes are in their positive ions. These are
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generally applied to wood, cotton, leather, paper, nylon, polyester, etc.
Examples are azo and the triphenylmethane dye.

Direct dyes or substantive

These dyes are salts of color acids and are generally azo dyes. These are
used to dye the fabric directly by placing it in a hot aqueous solution of the
dye. These stick to the fiber through hydrogen bonding. Typical examples
are congo red and direct black EW.

Mordant dyes or adjective 

These dyes require a mordant which depends upon the nature of the dye.
If the dye is acidic, the mordant must be basic (the most common basic
mordants are the salts of Cr, Al, Sn and Fe); on the other hand, if the dye is
basic, the mordant must be acidic (the most common acidic mordant is
tannin or tannic acid containing some amount of tartar emetic). Examples
are alizarin and azo dye. Mordant impart different colors in presence of
different mordants. For example, Alizarin imparts rose red color, blue
color, and violet color when mordanted with aluminum, barium and ferric
salt solutions respectively. 

Ingrain developed or azo dyes

These are synthesized thus produced within the fibers. This method of
dyeing is used particularly with azo dyes. The color obtained by this type of
dyeing is sometimes also known as ice-colors since diazotization and
coupling reactions are always carried out at low temperatures. Para red is
an important example of ingrain dyes. 

Vat dyes
These are insoluble in water but their reduced forms are soluble; hence
these are applied in their reduced forms which are obtained by treating
the compound with some reducing agent, commonly alkaline sodium
hyposulphite (hydrosulfite) in a large vat. Vat dye are exceptionally fast and
obtained in various attractive shades. Typical examples of vat are indigo
and anthraquinone.

Classification of Dyes According to Structure

Dyes are classified into various groups on the basis of their chemical
constitution.

1. Nitro dyes. These are poly nitrophenols, e.g. picric acid.

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 2. Azo dyes. This is the largest and most important class of organic
dyes. These have an azo group (-N = N-) as the chromophore and
the acidic or basic group as auxochromes. Important examples
are methyl orange, orange I and II, Bismarck brown, congo red,
etc.
3. Triphenylmethane dye, e.g. malachite green, rosaniline,
pararosaniline, crystal violet, etc.
4. Phthalein dye, e.g. phenolphthalein, fluorescein, eosin,
mercurochrome, erythrosin, etc
5. Anthraquinone dye, e.g. alizarin.
6. Indigo dye, e.g. indigo.

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