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Test 1 2017, questions

Human Physiology (The University of Western Ontario)

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WESTERN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY (ONLINE)
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1) Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop?

A) Increased frequency of action potentials from the sensory receptors in a person’s hand as
they are holding a bucket as it is being filled with water.
B) An EPSP.
C) Excitation-contraction coupling.
D) None of the above.

2) Which of the following systems is considered ‘outside’ the body?

A) The respiratory system
B) The digestive system
C) The autonomic nervous system
D) A and B

3) If a person were cold, and shivered to maintain homeostasis, which part of their body would be
considered the effector in a negative feedback loop?
A) Their muscles.
B) Their nervous system.
C) Their hypothalamus.
D) The heat they generated while shivering.

4) Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Receptor proteins in the cell membrane are involved in the enzymatic breakdown of
molecules.
B) Ion channels allow proteins into the cell.
C) The Na+ voltage gated channel is a cell identity marker, as it is only found on nerve cells.
D) Membrane transport carriers may require ATP to function.

5) Which of the following molecules, when added to the interstitial fluid, will maintain the tonicity
of the interstitial fluid?
A) Na+
B) Fatty-acids
C) Ca++
D) K+

6) If the interstitial fluid had higher levels of Na+ than normal, what would happen to nearby cells?
A) Nothing, the interstitial fluid is found in the plasma and does not come into contact with
the cells.
B) The cells would shrink as K+ would leave the cell to counteract the higher Na+
concentration.
C) The cells would swell as water would rush into the cell to help maintain the correct cellular
osmolarity.
D) The cells would shrink as water would leave the cell and enter the interstitial compartment.
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7) Blood Plasma:
A) Is part of the extracellular fluid compartment.
B) Is part of the cell membrane.
C) Is composed of white blood cells and platelets.
D) Has the highest concentration of proteins of all the fluid compartments.

8) If the cell membrane of a neuron was damaged, which of the following would be affected?
A) Separation between the interstitial fluid from the extracellular fluid.
B) The selective permeability of nutrients and waste in and out of the cell.
C) The establishment of a chemical gradient for oxygen across the cell membrane.
D) The prevention of carbon dioxide diffusion across the cell membrane.

9) Which of these membrane proteins fits the following criteria: Requires a ligand to activate it;
allows the passive movement of ions along their concentration gradient; is located in the cell
membrane:
A) Na+/K+-pump
B) Voltage gated Ca++ channel
C) Acetylcholine gated Na+ channel
D) Inactivation gate on the voltage-gated Na+ channel.

10) What causes the Na+ voltage gated channels to open?

A) Increased levels of Na+ in the interstitial fluid.
B) A presynaptic action potential.
C) Depolarization to threshold.
D) B and C

11) A voltmeter is used to measure the membrane potential of a nerve cell and it reads -90
millivolts. What might be occurring on the cell?
A) The cell membrane has increased permeability to Na+.
B) The cell membrane is at rest.
C) The cell membrane is hyperpolarized.
D) The cell membrane has just hit threshold and is about to depolarize.

12) Ion ‘X+’ is located inside a cell. Which of the following scenarios will most likely cause ion ‘X+’ to
remain inside the cell?
A) High levels of ‘X+’ inside the cell; the cell has a membrane potential of +35mV.
B) Low levels of ‘X+’ outside the cell; a high concentration of negative ions inside the cell.
C) Low levels of ‘X+’ outside the cell; a cell at the resting membrane potential.
D) Low levels of ‘X+’ inside the cell; a hyperpolarized cell.
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13) What would occur to the cell if the Na+/K+ pump was not functioning?
A) The cell would have difficulty maintaining the proper osmolarity.
B) The cell would have difficulty maintaining the proper resting potential.
C) The cell would have difficulty maintaining proper levels of Na+ outside the cell.
D) All the above.

14) Which of the following is TRUE?

A) An excitable cell must be myelinated to generate an impulse.
B) Neurons are the only excitable cell type.
C) The membrane potential can change on both the dendrites and the axon of a neuron.
D) Action potentials can only occur on the axon of a neuron.

15) What contributes to the unidirectionality of the action potential?

A) The voltage gated K+ gates.
B) The absolute refractory period.
C) The voltage gated Na+ channel inactivation gate.
D) B and C

16) Put the events at the NMJ in the correct order:

i) ACH is released into the synaptic cleft.
ii) The EPP is triggered.
iii) Choline is taken to the axon terminal to be recycled.
iv) Ca++ triggers the fusing of the synaptic vesicles to the membrane
v) Ca++ voltage gated channels open.
vi) Voltage gated channels on the muscle cell are open.
A) i, v, vi, ii, iii, iv
B) v, iv, i, ii, vi, iii
C) iv, v, i, vi, ii, iii
D) v, iv, ii, vi, i, iii

17) What causes the voltage-gated K+ channels to open?

A) Closing of the voltage gated Na+ channel inactivation gate.
B) Decreased intracellular Na+ concentration.
C) Depolarization of the membrane.
D) Membrane hyperpolarization.

18) What would be affected if the presynapting neuron became unmyelinated?

A) Membrane depolarization.
B) The rate at which Ca++ enters the cells in the terminal boutons.
C) Temporal summation of EPSPs on the post synaptic neuron.
D) All of the above.
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19) What does acetylcholine esterase do?

A) Prevents rigor mortis
B) Promotes maximal tetanic contraction
C) Causes synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitter.
D) Clears acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.

20) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it causes to contract.
B) The number of muscle cells that are innervated by more than one motor neuron changes
depending on the size of the muscle.
C) Motor units do not vary in size.
D) The recruitment of motor neuron distributes the load across many muscles cell, which
allows each muscle cell to do less work and creates a weaker contraction overall.

21) Which of the following occurs during excitation contraction coupling?

A) The thick-myofilament become shorter.
B) The thin-myofilament move towards the M-line.
C) The A band gets smaller.
D) The Z-disk move further apart.

22) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Thin myofilaments are composed of globular actin.
B) Thick myofilaments bind directly to troponin T.
C) The sarcolemma releases Ca++ into the muscle cell to cause a contraction.
D) The myofibril is composed of fascicles.

23) Which of the following events require the splitting of ATP?

A) Formation of the cross bridge between actin and myosin.
B) Binding of Ca++ to Troponin C.
C) Preparing the myosin head for activity.
D) All of the above.

24) What would occur if the Ca++-pump in the muscle cell could clear Ca++ from the muscle cell at a
much faster rate?
A) Summation of twitches would be more difficult.
B) Rigor mortis would never set in.
C) The sarcomere would remain shortened.
D) Tropomyosin would be prevented from uncovering the ATP binding site on the myosin head.

25) What role does the terminal cisternae play?

A) Ca++ storage.
B) Production of Troponin C
C) Storage of neurotransmitters.
D) A and C.
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26) If a patient suffered damage to the medulla of their brain, what might occur?
A) Involuntary actions such as breathing might become difficult.
B) Eye movement control would be lost.
C) Loss of hormonal control.
D) Loss of hearing.

27) If a person has low levels of glutamate, what would occur?

A) Fewer action potentials.
B) Greater number of action potentials.
C) Increased number of EPSPs.
D) Increased number of IPSPs.

28) What is the difference between an IPSP and an Action Potential?

A) An action potential cannot be summed, while an IPSP can be summed.
B) An action potential does not diminish over time, while an IPSP does diminish.
C) An action potential is caused by a change in the concentration of ion across the membrane,
while an IPSP is caused by a change in neurotransmitter concentration across the
membrane.
D) A and B.

29) Which of the following describes a unipolar neuron?

A) They are myelinated by Schwann cells and generally transmit sensory information.
B) They have two processes that extend from the cell body.
C) They are most common in the CNS.
D) The dendrites branch off directly from the cell body.

30) If a patient had a brain injury that resulted in the loss of the Corpus Callosum what might occur?
A) Loss of hearing.
B) Loss of communication between left and right hemispheres.
C) Loss of hormonal control.
D) None of the above.