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Staadpro 2007 International Codes 2007 Complete PDF
Staadpro 2007 International Codes 2007 Complete PDF
Pro 2007
www.reiworld.com
www.bentley.com/staad
STAAD.Pro 2007 is a suite of proprietary computer programs of Research Engineers,
a Bentley Solutions Center . Although every effort has been made to ensure the
correctness of these programs, REI will not accept responsibility for any mistake,
error or misrepresentation in or as a result of the usage of these programs.
RELEASE 2007
1. Graphical model generation utilities as well as text editor based commands for
creating the mathematical model. Beam and column members are represented
using lines. Walls, slabs and panel type entities are represented using triangular
and quadrilateral finite elements. Solid blocks are represented using brick
elements. These utilities allow the user to create the geometry, assign properties,
orient cross sections as desired, assign materials like steel, concrete, timber,
aluminum, specify supports, apply loads explicitly as well as have the program
generate loads, design parameters etc.
2. Analysis engines for performing linear elastic and pdelta analysis, finite element
analysis, frequency extraction, and dynamic response (spectrum, time history,
steady state, etc.).
3. Design engines for code checking and optimization of steel, aluminum a nd timber
members. Reinforcement calculations for concrete beams, columns, slabs and
shear walls. Design of shear and moment connections for steel members.
4. Result viewing, result verification and report generation tools for examining
displacement diagrams, bending moment and shear force diagrams, beam, plate
and solid stress contours, etc.
5. Peripheral tools for activities like import and export of data from and to other
widely accepted formats, links with other popular softwares for ni che areas like
reinforced and prestressed concrete slab design, footing design, steel connection
design, etc.
6. A library of exposed functions called OpenSTAAD which allows users to access
STAAD.Pro’s internal functions and routines as well as its graphical commands to
tap into STAAD’s database and link input and output data to third -party software
written using languages like C, C++, VB, VBA, FORTRAN, Java, Delphi, etc.
Thus, OpenSTAAD allows users to link in-house or third-party applications with
STAAD.Pro.
About the STAAD.Pro Documentation
The documentation for STAAD.Pro consists of a set of manuals as described below.
These manuals are normally provided only in the electronic format, with perhaps some
exceptions such as the Getting Started Manual which may be supplied as a printed
book to first time and new-version buyers.
All the manuals can be accessed from the Help facilities of STAAD.Pro. Users who
wish to obtain a printed copy of the books may contact Research Engineers. REI also
supplies the manuals in the PDF format at no cost for those who wish to print them on
their own. See the back cover of this book for addresses and phone numbers.
Getting Started and Tutorials : This manual contains information on the contents of
the STAAD.Pro package, computer system requirements, installation process, copy
protection issues and a description on how to run the programs in the package.
Tutorials that provide detailed and step-by-step explanation on using the programs are
also provided.
Examples Manual
This book offers examples of various problems that can be solved using the STAAD
engine. The examples represent various structural analyses and design problems
commonly encountered by structural engineers.
Graphical Environment
This document contains a detailed description of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of
STAAD.Pro. The topics covered include model generation, structural analysis and
design, result verification, and report generation.
Introduction i
Section 1A
1A.1 Design Operations
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450
mm depth and 250mm width) and the second set of members, with
only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular
with 350 mm diameter. It is absolutely imperative that the user not
provide the cross section area (AX) as an input.
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. For all these
forces, all active beam loadings are prescanned to identify the
critical load cases at different sections of the beams. The total
number of sections considered is 13( e.g. 0.,.1,.2,.25,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.
75,.8,.9 and 1). All of these sections are scanned to determine the
design force envelopes.
Concrete Design Per AS 3600
1-4 Section 1A
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the
ends. All active load cases are tested to calculate reinforcement.
The loading which yields maximum reinforcement is called the
critical load. Column design is done for square, rectangular and
circular sections. By default, square and rectangular columns are
designed with reinforcement distributed on each side equally. That
means the total number of bars will always be a multiple of four
(4). This may cause slightly conservative results in some cases.
All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement as stipulated by AS 3600 have been taken care of in
the column design of STAAD.
CLEAR 25 MEMB 2 TO 6
MAXMAIN 40 MEMB 2 TO 6
DESIGN COLUMN 2 TO 6
END CONCRETE DESIGN
Z
Y
My
X
Mx
TRANS.
Mx
My
LONG.
Section 1A 1-7
* - applicable values are 250, 400, 450 and 500 as per Table 6.2.1 of
the AS 3600-2001 code.
** - applicable values are 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, and 65 as per Clause
6.1.1.1 of the AS 3600-2001 code.
1-9
Section 1B
1B.1 General
The following information is provided for use when the built -in
steel tables are to be referenced for member property specification.
These properties are stored in a database file. If called for, the
properties are also used for member design. Since the shear areas
are built into these tables, shear deformation is always considered
during the analysis of these members. An example of the member
property specification in an input file is provided at the end of this
section.
Section 1B 1-11
A complete listing of the sections available in the built-in steel
section library may be obtained by using the tools of the graphical
user interface.
UB Shapes
These shapes are designated in the following way.
20 TO 30 TA ST UB150X14.0
36 TO 46 TA ST UB180X16.1
UC Shapes
The designation for the UC shapes is similar to that for the UB
shapes.
25 TO 35 TA ST UC100X14.8
23 56 TA ST UC310X96.8
Welded Beams
Welded Beams are designated in the following way.
25 TO 35 TA ST WB700X115
23 56 TA ST WB1200X455
Welded Columns
Welded Columns are designated in the following way.
25 TO 35 TA ST WC400X114
23 56 TA ST WC400X303
Steel Design Per AS 4100-1998
1-12 Section 1B
1 TO 5 TA ST PFC75
6 TO 10 TA ST PFC380
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without a spacing between
them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name will
specify a double channel.
11 TA D PFC230
17 TA D C230X75X25 SP 0.5
Angles
Two types of specification may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle section is specified as follows:
16 20 TA ST A30X30X6
The above section signifies an angle with legs of length 30mm and
a leg thickness of 6 mm. This specification may be used when the
local Z axis corresponds to the z-z axis specified in Chapter 2. If
the local Y axis corresponds to the z-z axis, type specification
"RA" (reverse angle) may be used.
17 21 TA RA A150X150X16
Section 1B 1-13
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by means of input of the words SD or LD,
respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle,
either SD or LD will serve the purpose.
33 35 TA SD A65X50X5 SP 0.6
37 39 TA LD A75X50X6
43 TO 47 TA LD A100X75X10 SP 0.75
1 TO 5 TA ST TUB20202.5
6 TO 10 TA ST TUB100503.0
1 TO 5 TA ST PIP180X5
6 TO 10 TA ST PIP273X6.5
STAAD SPACE
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORD
1 0 0 0 11 100 0 0
MEMB INCI
1 1 2 10
UNIT CM
MEMBER PROPERTIES AUSTRALIAN
* UB SHAPES
1 TA ST UB200X25.4
* UC SHAPES
2 TA ST UC250X89.5
* CHANNELS
3 TA ST PFC125
Section 1B 1-15
* DOUBLE CHANNELS
4 TA D PFC200
* ANGLES
5 TA ST A30X30X6
* REVERSE ANGLES
6 TA RA A150X150X16
* DOUBLE ANGLES - SHORT LEGS BACK TO BACK
7 TA SD A65X50X5 SP 0.6
* DOUBLE ANGLES - LONG LEGS BACK TO BACK
8 TA LD A100X75X10 SP 0.75
* TUBES (RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE HOLLOW SECTIONS)
9 TA ST TUBE DT 8.0 WT 6.0 TH 0.5
* PIPES (CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)
10 TA ST PIPE OD 25.0 ID 20.0
PRINT MEMB PROP
FINI
Axial Tension
The criteria governing the capacity of tension members are based
on two limit states. Limit State of yielding of the gross section is
intended to prevent excessive elongation of the member. The
second limit state involves fracture at the section with the
minimum effective net area. The user through the use of the
parameter NSF (see Table 1B.1) may specify the net section area.
STAAD calculates the tension capacity of a member based on
these two limit states per Cl.7.1 and Cl.7.2 respectively of AS
4100. Parameters FYLD, FU, Kt and NSF are applicable for these
calculations.
Axial Compression
The compressive strength of members is determined based on
Clause 6.1 of the code. It is taken as the lesser of nominal section
capacity and nominal member capacity. Nominal section capacity
is a function of form factor (Cl.6.2.2), net area of the cross section
and yield stress of the material. The user through the use of the
parameter NSC (see Table 1B.1) may specify the net section area.
Note here, that this parameter is different from that corresponding
to tension. The program automatically calculates form factor.
Nominal member capacity is a function of nominal section
capacity and member slenderness reduction factor (Cl.6.3.3). Here
user is required to supply the value of b (Cl.6.3.3). Table 1B.1
gives the default value of this parameter (named ALB). The
effective length for the calculation of compressive strength may be
provided through the use of the parameters KY, KZ, LY and LZ
(see Table 1B.1).
Bending
The allowable bending moment of members is determined as the
lesser of nominal section capacity and nominal member capacity
(ref. Cl.5.1). The nominal section moment capacity is the capacity
to resist cross-section yielding or local buckling and is expressed
as the product of yield stress of material and effective section
modulus (ref. Cl.5.2). The effective section modulus is a function
of section type i.e. compact, non -compact or slender. The nominal
Section 1B 1-17
member capacity depends on overall flexural -torsional buckling of
the member (ref.Cl.5.3).
Shear
Shear capacity of cross section is taken as the shear yield capacity.
User may refer to Cl.5.11 in this context. Once the capacity is
obtained, the ratio of the shear force acting on the cross section to
the shear capacity of the section is calculated. If any of the ratios
(for both local Y & Z-axes) exceed 1.0 or the allowable value
provided using the RATIO parameter (see Table 1B.1), the section
is considered to have failed under sh ear.
The default parameter values have been selected such that they are
frequently used numbers for conventional design. Depending on
the particular design requirements, some or all of these parameter
values may be changed to exactly model the physical structure.
Steel Design Per AS 4100-1998
1-18 Section 1B
Section 2A
2A.1 Design Operations
STAAD provides the user with two methods of accounting for the
slenderness effects in the analysis and design of concrete
members. The first method is equivalent to the procedure
presented in BS8110 Part 1 1985 Section 3.8.2.2 In this section,
the code recognizes that additional moments induced by deflection
are present and states that these 'secondary' moments are
accounted for by the design formula in Section 3.8.3. This is the
method used in the design for concrete in STAAD.
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTIES
*RECTANGULAR COLUMN 300mm WIDE X 450mm DEEP
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 300.
*CIRCULAR COLUMN 300mm diameter
11 13 PR YD 300.
* T-SECTION - FLANGE 1000.X 200.(YD-YB)
* - STEM 250(THICK) X 350.(DEEP)
Section 2A 2-5
Beam design includes both flexure and shear. For both typ es of
beam action, all active beam loadings are scanned to create
moment and shear envelopes and locate the critical sections. The
total number of sections considered is ten, unless that number is
redefined with the NSECTION parameter. From the critical
moment values, the required positive and negative bar pattern is
developed with cut-off lengths calculated to include required
development length.
Shear design as per BS8110 clause 3.4.5 has been followed and the
procedure includes critical shear values plus torsional moments.
From these values, stirrup sizes are calculated with proper spacing.
The program will scan from each end of the member and provide a
total of two shear regions at each, depending on the change of
shear distribution along the beam. If torsion is present, the
program will also consider the provisions of BS8110 - Part 2 -
section 2.4. A table of shear and/or combined torsion is then
provided with critical shear.
Stirrups not bent up bars are assumed in the design. Table 2A.2
shows a sample output of an actual reinforcement pattern
developed by STAAD. The following annotations apply to Table
2A.2
Concrete Design Per BS8110
2-6 Section 2A
Columns are designed for axial force and biaxial bending at the
ends. All active loadings are tested to calculate reinforcement. The
loading which produces maximum reinforcement is called the
critical load and is displayed. The requirement s of BS8110 Part 1 -
section 3.8 are followed, with the user having control on the
effective length in each direction by using the ELZ and ELY
parameters as described in table 2A.1. Bracing conditions are
controlled by using the BRACE parameter. The program will then
decide whether or not the column is short or slender and whether it
requires additional moment calculations. For biaxial bending, the
recommendations of 3.8.4.5 of the code are considered.
If the default value of zero is used for the parameter SRA, the
design will be based on the Mx and My moments which are the
direct results of STAAD analysis. The SRA parameter (Set
Reinforcement Angle) can be manipulated to introduce WOOD &
ARMER moments into the design replacing the pure Mx, My
moments. These new design moments allow the Mxy moment to be
considered when designing the section. Orthogonal or skew
reinforcement may be considered. SRA set to -500 will assume an
orthogonal layout. If however a skew is to be considered, an angle
is given in degrees measured anticlockwise (positive) from the
element local x-axis to the reinforcement bar. The resulting Mx*
and My* moments are calculated and shown in the design format.
The design of the slab considers a fixed bar size of 16mm in both
directions with the longitudinal bar being the layer closest to the
slab exterior face. Typical output is as follows:
Concrete Design Per BS8110
2-10 Section 2A
Description
General format:
The next table explains parameters used in the shear wall design
command block above. Note: Once a parameter is specified, its
value stays at that specified number till it is specified again.
This is the way STAAD works for all codes.
Concrete Design Per BS8110
2-12 Section 2A
The following example starts from the definition of shear wall and
ends at the shear wall design.
Example
.
.
SET DIVISION 12
SURFACE INCIDENCES
2 5 37 34 SUR 1
19 16 65 68 SUR 2
11 15 186 165 SUR 3
10 6 138 159 SUR 4
.
.
.
SURFACE PROPERTY
1 TO 4 THI 18
SUPPORTS
1 7 14 20 PINNED
2 TO 5 GEN PIN
6 TO 10 GEN PIN
11 TO 15 GEN PIN
19 TO 16 GEN PIN
.
.
Concrete Design Per BS8110
2-14 Section 2A
.
SURFACE CONSTANTS
E 3150
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 8.68e-005
ALPHA 5.5e-006
.
.
START SHEARWALL DES
CODE BRITISH
UNIT NEW MMS
FC 25
FYMAIN 460
TWO 1
VMIN 12
HMIN 12
EMIN 12
DESIGN SHEA LIST 1 TO 4
END
Notes
Technical Overview
The Surface element has been enhan ced to allow design of shear
walls with rectangular openings. The automatic meshing algorithm
has been improved to allow variable divisions along wall and
opening(s) edges. Design and output are available for user selected
locations.
Description
Shear walls modeled in STAAD.Pro may include an unlimited
number of openings. Due to the presence of openings, the wall
may comprise up with different wall panels.
where:
Note:
If the sd1, ..., sdj or the od1, ..., odk list does not include all node-
to-node segments, or if any of the numbers listed equals zero, then
the corresponding division number is set to the default value (=10,
or as previously input by the SET DIVISION command).
SURFACE DIVISION X xd
SURFACE DIVISION Y yd
where:
Values of internal forces may be printed out for any user -defined
section of the wall. The general format of the command is as
follows:
where:
Note:
where:
Note:
If the command AT is omitted, the design proceeds for all cross
sections of the wall or panels, as applicable, defined by the
SURFACE DIVISION X or SURFACE DIVISION Y input
values.
a. No panel definition.
Section 2B
2B.1 General
The complete B.S.C. steel tables for both hot rolled and hollow
sections are built into the program for use in specifying member
properties as well as for the actual design process. See section
2B.4 for information regarding the referencing of these sections.
In addition to universal beams, columns, joists, piles, channels,
tees, composite sections, beams with cover plates, pipes, tubes and
angles, there is a provision for user provided tables.
Steel Design Per BS5950:2000
2-24 Section 2B
The following diagram shows the axes for angles which have been
defined with either an ST or RA specification and is connected by
its longer leg, i.e. a-a axis is parallel to the longer leg.
Local Y Local Y
(u-u) (v-v)
b a
a
b
Local Z Local Z
(v-v) (u-u)
b
b
ST angle RA angle
and USER table angles
Section 2B 2-25
The following information is provided for use when the built -in
steel tables are to be referenced for member property specificati on.
These properties are stored in a database file. If called for, the
properties are also used for member design. Since the shear areas
are built into these tables, shear deformation is always considered
during the analysis of these members.
Almost all BSI steel sections are available for input. A complete
listing of the sections available in the built -in steel section library
may be obtained by using the tools of the graphical user interface.
Steel Design Per BS5950:2000
2-26 Section 2B
20 TO 30 TA ST UB305X165X54
33 36 TA ST UC356X406X287
100 102 106 TA ST UP305X305X186
10 TO 20 TA ST JO152X127
1 2 TA ST JO127X114A
Channel Sections
All rolled steel channel sections from the BSI table have been
incorporated in STAAD. The designation is similar to that of the
joists. The same designation scheme as in BSI tables may be used
with the weight omitted.
10 TO 15 TA ST CH305X102
55 57 59 61 TA ST CH178X76
Section 2B 2-27
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between them,
are available. The letter "D" in front of the section name will specify
a double channel, e.g. D CH102X51, D CH203X89 etc.
51 52 53 TA D CH152X89
70 TO 80 TA D CH305X102 SP 5.
(specifies a double channel with a spacing of 5 length units)
Tee Sections
Tee sections are not input by their actual designations, but instead
by referring to the universal beam shapes from which they are cut.
For example,
54 55 56 TA T UB254X102X22
(tee cut from UB254X102X22)
Angles
All equal and unequal angles are available for analysis. Two types
of specifications may be used to describe an angle section, either a
standard, ST specification or reversed angle, RA specification.
Note, however, that only angles specified with an RA specification
can be designed.
15 20 25 TA ST UA200X150X18
Steel Design Per BS5950:2000
2-28 Section 2B
35 TO 45 TA RA UA200X150X18
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by inputting the word SD or LD, respectively, in front
of the angle size. In case of an equal angle, either LD or SD will
serve the purpose. For example,
14 TO 20 TA LD UA200X200X16 SP 1.5
23 27 TA SD UA80X60X6
"SP" denotes spacing between the individual angle
sections.
10 15 TA ST PIP213.2
(specifies a 21.3 mm dia. pipe with 3.2 mm wall thickness)
Section 2B 2-29
Circular hollow sections may also be provided by specifying the
outside and inside diameters of the section. For example,
Example: 15 TO 25 TA ST TUB160808.0
Axial Tension
In members with axial tension, the tensile load must not exceed the
tension capacity of the member. The tension capacity of the
member is calculated on the basis of the effective area as outlined
in Section 4.6 of the code. STAAD calculates the tension ca pacity
of a given member per this procedure, based on a user supplied net
section factor (NSF-a default value of 1.0 is present but may be
altered by changing the input value - see Table 2B.1), proceeding
with member selection or code check accordingly. BS 5950 does
not have any slenderness limitations for tension members.
Compression
Compression members must be designed so that the compression
resistance of the member is greater than the axial compressive
load. Compression resistance is determined accordin g to the
compressive strength, which is a function of the slenderness of the
Section 2B 2-31
gross section, the appropriate design strength and the relevant
strut characteristics. Strut characteristics take into account the
considerable influence residual rolling and weld ing stresses have
on column behaviour. Based on data collected from extensive
research, it has been determined that sections such as tubes with
low residual stresses and Universal Beams and Columns are of
intermediate performance. It has been found that I -shaped sections
are less sensitive to imperfections when constrained to fail about
an axis parallel to the flanges. These research observations are
incorporated in BS5950 through the use of four strut curves
together with a selection of tables to indicate which curve to use
for a particular case. Compression strength for a particular section
is calculated in STAAD according to the procedure outlined in
Annex C of BS5950 where compression strength is seen to be a
function of the appropriate Robertson constan t ( representing Strut
Curve) corresponding Perry factor, limiting slenderness of the
member and appropriate design strength.
Shear Load
A member subjected to shear is considered adequate if the shear
capacity of the section is greater than the shear load on the
member. Shear capacity is calculated in STAAD using the
procedure outlined in section 4.2.3, also 4.4.5 and Annex H3 if
appropriate, considering the appropriate shear area for the section
specified.
Section 2B 2-33
Lateral Torsional Buckling
Since plastic moment capacity is the basic moment capacity used
in BS5950, members are likely to experience relatively large
deflections. This effect, coupled with lateral torsional buckling,
may result in severe serviceability limit state. Hence, lateral
torsional buckling must be considered carefully.
MEMBER TABLE
RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/ LOADING/
FX MY MZ LOCATION
=================================================================
1 ST UB686X254X170 PASS BS-4.8.3.2 0.036 3
86.72 C 0.00 -22.02 4.50
===================================================================
1 ST UB533X210X92 PASS BS-4.3.6 0.902 100
0.00 0.00 585.41 0.00
===================================================================
MATERIAL DATA
Grade of steel = S 275
Modulus of elasticity = 205 kN/mm2
Design Strength (py) = 275 N/mm2
LTB Moment Capacity (kNm) and LTB Length (m): 649.00, 0.001
LTB Coefficients & Associated Moments (kNm):
Section 2B 2-37
mLT = 1.00 : mx = 1.00 : my = 1.00 : myx = 1.00
Mlt = 585.41 : Mx = 585.41 : My = 0.00 : My = 0.00
Note that this can be done in the GUI by selecting the beams and
clicking on the menu option:
Joint 1 = Node 3
Joint 2 = Node 1
Joint 3 = Node 33
Section 2B 2-39
Joint 4 = Node 14
Joint 5 = Node 7
Joint 6 = Node 2
Say that this member has been restrained in its‟ major axis
(local Y) only at the ends. In the minor axis (local Z) it has
been restrained at the ends and also at node number 33 (joint
3). For local flexural buckling, it has only been restrained at
its ends. Hence:-
b. Consider MLT
Say that this member has been restrained at its‟ ends against
lateral torsional buckling and the top flange has been
restrained at node number 33 (joint 3) and only the lower
flange at node number 7, (joint 5). Hence: -
MLT _MainBeam J1 T3 L5 J6
MY _groupname J1 J4 J6
Steel Design Per BS5950:2000
2-40 Section 2B
Clause LEG
4.7.10.2 (a) - 2 bolts short leg 1.0
Single Angle long leg 3.0
(b) - 1 bolt short leg 0.0
long leg 2.0
La = KY * KY
Lb = KZ * LZ
Section 2B 2-41
The slenderness calculated for the v-v axis is then used to
calculate the compression strength p c for the weaker principal
axis (z-z for ST angles or y-y for RA specified angles). The
maximum slenderness of the a-a and b-b axes is used to
calculate the compression strength p c for the stronger principal
axis.
Note that the load case specified with this parameter will not be
designed as a separate load case. The following is the correct
syntax for the parameter:-
ALL
SWAY (load case number) MEMBER (member list)
_(group name)
e.g.
SWAY 5 MEM 1 to 10
SWAY 6 _MainBeams
Steel Design Per BS5950:2000
2-42 Section 2B
NOTES:
1) When performing the deflection check, the user can choose
between two methods. The first method, defined by a value 0 for
the CAN parameter, is based on the local displacement. Local
displacement is described in section 5.43 of this manual.
Compute Length = distance between DJ1 & DJ2 or, between start
node and end node, as the case may be.
3) If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" will default to
the member length and local deflections will be measured from
original member line.
Code checking can be done with any type of steel section listed in
Section 2B.4 of the STAAD Technical Reference Manual or any of
the user defined sections in section 5.19 with two exceptions;
GENERAL and ISECTION. In BS5950, these will not be considered
for design along with PRISMATIC sections, which are also not
acceptable.
Steel Design Per BS5950:2000
2-48 Section 2B
Sections will be considered for the Plate Girder checks (BS 5950
Section 4.4) if d/t > 70 for „rolled sections‟ or d/t >62 for
„welded sections‟. The parameter SBLT should be used to identify
sections as rolled or welded; see the parameter list for more
information.
Design Procedure
UNIT CM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 TO 5 TAPERED 100 2.5 75 25 4 25 4
or from a USER table, e.g.
Design Equations
M xi M bi (1 Fc / Pc )
Where
Fc is the longitudinal compression at the check location ;
M bi is the buckling resistance moment M b from 4.3.6 for an
equivalent slenderness TB , see G.2.4.2, based on the
appropriate modulus S, S eff, Z or Z e ff of the cross-section
at the point i considered;
M xi is the moment about the major axis acting at the point i
considered;
Section 2B 2-53
Pc is the compression resistance from 4.7.4 for a slenderness
TC , see G.2.3, based on the properties of the minimum
depth of cross-section within the segment length L y .
TC = y
In which:
0.5
1 ( 2 a / hs ) 2
y 2
1 (2a / hs ) 0.05( / x)
2
= Ly/ry
Where
a is the distance between the reference axis and the axis of
restraint,
hs is the distance between the shear centers of the flanges;
Ly is the length of the segment;
ry is the radius of gyration for buckling about the minor axis;
x torsional index
TB = cntt
0.5
4 a / hs
t 2
1 (2a / hs ) 0.05( / x)
2
Where
C is the taper factor, see G.2.5;
Steel Design Per BS5950:2000
2-54 Section 2B
2/3
3 Dmax
c=1+ 1
x 9 Dmin
D max is the maximum depth of cross -section within the
length Ly, see Figure G.3;
D min is the minimum depth of cross-section within the
length Ly, see Figure G.3;
x is the torsional index of the minimum depth cross -
section, see 4.3.6.8
Section 2B1
2B1.1 General
This code has been withdrawn by the British Stand ards, but has
been retained in STAAD.Pro for comparative purposes only.
The complete B.S.C. steel tables for both hot rolled and hollow
sections are built into the program for use in specifying member
properties as well as for the actual design process. See section
2B.4 for information regarding the referencing of these sections.
In addition to universal beams, columns, joists, piles, channels,
Steel Design Per BS5950:1990
2-56 Section 2B1
tees, composite sections, beams with cover plates, pipes, tubes and
angles, there is a provision for user provided tables.
The following information is provided for use when the built -in
steel tables are to be referenced for member property specification.
These properties are stored in a database file. If called for, the
properties are also used for member design. Since the shear areas
are built into these tables, shear deformation is always considered
during the analysis of these members.
Almost all BSI steel sections are available for input. A complete
listing of the sections available in the built -in steel section library
may be obtained by using the tools of the graphical user interface.
Section 2B1 2-57
Following are the descriptions of different types of sections
available:
20 TO 30 TA ST UB305X165X54
33 36 TA ST UC356X406X287
100 102 106 TA ST UP305X305X186
10 TO 20 TA ST JO152X127
1 2 TA ST JO127X114A
Channel Sections
All rolled steel channel sections from the BSI table have been
incorporated in STAAD. The designation is similar to that of the
joists. The same designation scheme as in BSI tables may be used
with the weight omitted.
10 TO 15 TA ST CH305X102
55 57 59 61 TA ST CH178X76
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between them,
are available. The letter "D" in front of the section name will specify
a double channel, e.g. D CH102X51, D CH203X89 etc.
Steel Design Per BS5950:1990
2-58 Section 2B1
51 52 53 TA D CH152X89
70 TO 80 TA D CH305X102 SP 5.
(specifies a double channel with a spacing of 5 length units)
Tee Sections
Tee sections are not input by their actual designations, but instead
by referring to the universal beam shapes from which they are cut.
For example,
Angles
All equal and unequal angles are available for input. Two types of
specifications may be used to describe an angle. The standard
angle section is specified as follows:
15 20 25 TA ST UA200X150X18
35 TO 45 TA RA UA200X150X18
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by inputting the word SD or LD, respectively, in front
of the angle size. In case of an equal angle, either LD or SD will
serve the purpose. For example,
Section 2B1 2-59
14 TO 20 TA LD UA200X200X16 SP 1.5
23 27 TA SD UA80X60X6
"SP" denotes spacing between the individual angle
sections.
Example: 15 TO 25 TA ST TUB160808.0
Axial Tension
In members with axial tension, the tensile load must not exceed the
tension capacity of the member. The tension capacity of the
member is calculated on the basis of the effective area as outlined
Section 2B1 2-61
in Section 4.6 of the code. STAAD calculates the tension capacity
of a given member per this procedure, based on a user supplied net
section factor (NSF-a default value of 1.0 is present but may be
altered by changing the input value - see Table 2B.1 ), proceeding
with member selection or code check accordingly. BS5950 does
not have any slenderness limitations for tension members.
Compression
Compression members must be designed so that the compression
resistance of the member is greater than the axial compressive
load. Compression resistance is determined according to the
compressive strength which is a function of the slenderness of the
gross section, the appropriate design strength and the relevant strut
characteristics. Strut characteristics take into account the
considerable influence residual rolling and welding stresses have
on column behaviour. Based on data collected from extensive
research, it has been determined that sections such as tubes with
low residual stresses and Universal Beams and Columns are of
intermediate performance. It has been found that I -shaped sections
are less sensitive to imperfections when constrained to fail about
an axis parallel to the flanges. These research observations are
incorporated in BS5950 through the use of four strut curves
together with a selection of tables to indicate which curve to use
for a particular case. Compression strength for a particular section
is calculated in STAAD according to the procedure outlined in
Appendix C of BS5950 where compression strength is seen to be a
function of the appropriate Robertson constant (representing Strut
Curve) corresponding Perry factor, limiting slenderness of the
member and appropriate design strength.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
---------------------------------
Section 2B1 2-67
MEMBER TABLE
RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/ LOADING/
FX MY MZ LOCATION
=================================================================
MATERIAL DATA
Grade of steel = 43
Modulus of elasticity = 205 kN/mm2
Design Strength (py) = 265 N/mm2 Reduced = 232N/mm2
z-axis y-axis
Moment of inertia : 170147.000 6621.000
Plastic modulus : 5624.000 810.000
Elastic modulus : 4911.156 517.670
Shear Area : 109.122 100.470
Radius of gyration : 28.027 5.529
Effective Length : 450.000 450.000
Steel Design Per BS5950:1990
2-68 Section 2B1
z-axis y-axis
Slenderness ratio (KL/r) : 16.1 81.4
Compression Capacity : 5036.2 3451.5
Tension Capacity : 5739.9 5739.9
Moment Capacity : 1141.9 120.4
Reduced Moment Capacity : 1141.9 120.4
Shear Capacity : 1561.5 1597.5
NOTES:
1 2 3 4 EXAMPLE : PARAMETERS
1 2 3
D DFF 300. ALL
DJ1 1 ALL
D = Maximum local deflection for members DJ2 4 ALL
1, 2 and 3.
2) If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" will default
to the member length and local deflections will be measured
from original member line.
Code checking can be done with any type of steel section listed in
Section 2B.4 of the STAAD Technical Reference Manual or any of
the user defined sections in section 5.19 with two exceptions ;
GENERAL and ISECTION. In BS5950, these will not be considered
for design along with PRISMATIC sections which are also not
acceptable.
2. ISECTION:
The same is true for ISECTION definition in user table.
3. EXAMPLE INPUT:
UNIT CM
WIDE FLANGE
C45752
-66.5 44.98 .76 15.24 1.09 21345 645 21.3 34.185 33.223
150 150 30 10
ISECTION
PG9144
-92.05 2.15 92.05 42.05 3.66 42.05 3.66 197.9 153.9 1730
40 40 12 1
Section 2C
2C.1 General Comments
2. ISECTION:
The same is true for ISECTION definition in user table.
3. EXAMPLE INPUT:
UNIT CM
WIDE FLANGE
C45752
-66.5 44.98 .76 15.24 1.09 21345 645 21.3 34.185 33.223
150 150 30 10
ISECTION
PG9144
-92.05 2.15 92.05 42.05 3.66 42.05 3.66 197.9 153.9 173 0
40 40 12 1
Section 2D
2D.1 General Comments
cases for both hogging and sagging moments are also printed.
Minimum reinforcement is in any case checked and provided in
each direction. WOOD & ARMER moments may also be included
in the design.
Surface zone depths are determined based on the type of slab and
critical areas of reinforcements are calculat ed and printed in a
tabulated form.
Four bar sizes are considered and for each, max crack spacing,
Smax and crack widths are calculated for the critical
reinforcements and printed under each bar size.
UNIT MM
ELEMENT PROPERTIES
1 TO 10 THI 300.0
Section 2E
2E.1 General
1. Code Checking
The program compares the resistance of members with the applied
load effects, in accordance with BS 5950-5:1998. Code checking is
carried out for locations specified by the user vi a the SECTION
command or the BEAM parameter. The results are presented in a
form of a PASS/FAIL identifier and a RATIO of load effect to
resistance for each member checked. The user may choose the
degree of detail in the output data by setting the TRACK
parameter.
2. Member Selection
The user may request that the program search the cold formed steel
shapes database (BS standard sections) for alternative members
that pass the code check and meet the least weight criterion. In
addition, a minimum and/or maximum acceptable depth of the
member may be specified. The program will then evaluate all
database sections of the type initially specified (i.e., channel,
angle, etc.) and, if a suitable replacement is found, presents design
results for that section. If no section satisfying the depth
restrictions or lighter than the initial one can be found, the
program leaves the member unchanged, regardless of whether it
passes the code check or not.
Section 2E 2-93
The program calculates effective section properties in accordance
with Section 4 of the subject code. Cross-sectional properties and
overall slenderness of members are checked for compliance with
Tensile Strength
Pt Ae p y
Where
Ft M z My
1
Pt M cz M cy
And
Mz
1
M cz
Design Per British Cold Formed Steel Code
2-94 Section 2E
and
My
1
M cy
Where
Compressive Strength
PE Pcs
Pc
2 PE Pcs
For Sections symmetrical about a single axis and which are not
subject to torsional flexural buckling, the buckling resistance
under axial load, Pc, may be obtained from the following equation
as per clause 6.2.4 of the subject code
M c Pc
P'c
( M c Pc e s )
Where
1/ 2
P
E when PE > PTF
PTF
= 1 , otherwise
Fc M z My
1
Pcs M cz M cy
Fc M z My
1
Pc M b F
C by M cy 1 c
P
Ey
Fc is the applied axial load
P cs is the short strut capacity as per clause 6.2.3
Mz is the applied bending moment about z axis
My is the applied bending moment about y axis
M cz is the moment capacity in bending about the local Z axis in
the absence of F c and M y , as per clause 5.2.2 and 5.6
M cy is the moment capacity in bending about the local Y axis,
in the absence of F c and M z,as per clause 5.2.2 and 5.6
The Mcz, Mcy and Mb are calculated from clause numbers 5.2.2 and
5.6 in the manner described herein below.
Mcz = Szz po
Mcy = Syy po
D Y
1/ 2
po 1.13 0.0019 w
s
py
t 280
Where
M cz is the Moment resistance of the section in z axis
M cz is the Moment resistance of the section in z axis
po is the limiting stress for bending elements under stress
gradient and should not greater then design strength p y
Section 2E 2-97
For unrestrained beams the applied moment based on factored
loads should not be greater than the smaller of the bending
moment resistance of the section , M c , and the buckling resistance
moment of the beam, M b
M EMY
Mb Mc
B B2 M E M Y
Where
M Y (1 ) M E
B
2
MY is the yield moment of the section , product of design
strength p y and elastic modules of the gross section with
respect to the compression flange Zc
ME is the elastic lateral buckling resistance as per clause
5.6.2.2
Please refer clause numbers 5.2.2 and 5.6 of the subject code for a
detailed discussion regarding the parameters used in the
abovementioned equations.
Shear Strength
The average shear stress should not exceed the lesser of the shear
yield strength, p v or the shear buckling strength, q cr as stipulated in
clause 5.4.3 of the subject code.
Design Per British Cold Formed Steel Code
2-98 Section 2E
pv = 0.6 p y
2
1000t
qcr N / mm
2
D
Pv = A*Min(pv,qcr)
Where
For beam webs subjected to both bending and shear stresses the
member should be designed to satisfy the following relationship as
per the stipulations of clause 5.5.2 of the subject code
2 2
Fv M
1
Pv c M
Where
The next table contains the input parameters for specifying values
of design variables and selection of design options.
Section 2E 2-99
Note: Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that
specified number till it is specified again. This is the way
STAAD works for all codes.
BEAM 1.0 When this parameter is set to 1.0 (default), the adequacy of
the member is determined by checking a total of 13 equally
spaced locations along the length of the member. If the
BEAM value is 0.0, the 13 location check is not conducted,
and instead, checking is done only at the locations
specified by the SECTION command (See STAAD manual
for details. For TRUSS members only start and end
locations are designed.
CMZ 1.0 Coefficient of equivalent uniform bending Cb. See BS:5950-
5:1998,5.6. Used for Combined axial load and bending
design.
CMY 1.0 Coefficient of equivalent uniform bending Cb. See BS:5950-
5:1998,5.6. Used for Combined axial load and bending
design.
CWY 1.0 Specifies whether the cold work of forming strengthening
effect should be included in resistance computation. See
BS:5950-5:1998,3.4
Values:
0 – Section not subject to torsional flexural buckling
1 – Section subject to torsional flexural buckling
FU 430 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of steel in current units.
Design Per British Cold Formed Steel Code
2-100 Section 2E
Verification Problem-1
The excerpts from the design output for member number 1 are
given herein below.
Section 2E 2-103
1) Bending Check
D Y
1/ 2
po 1.13 0.0019 w s p y
t 280
And
170 279.212
1/ 2
= 332.727 N/mm 2
M Y (1 ) M E
B
And, 2 , so that
9.19 10 6 (1 0.0)4.649 10 6
B
2 = 2.325 X 10 10
Which gives
4.649 10 6 9.19 10 6
Mb
2.325 1010 (2.325 1010 ) 2 4.649 10 6 9.19 10 6
= 9.98 X 10 6 N-mm
2) Compression Check
PE Pcs
Pc
2 PE Pcs
Buckling resistance = 153782 N
Section 2E 2-105
For Channel section(being singly symmetric) as per clause 6.2.4
M c Pc
P'c
Buckling resistance
( M c Pc e s )
Where
So that,
9.19 10 6 153782
Pc = 9.19 10 6 153782 38.24
= 93788.7 N
3436.75
0.0366
Compression ratio = 93788.7 ……hence verified
Fc M z My
1
Pcs M cz M cy
D
1000 1.8
2
qcr
170 = 112.11 N/mm 2
P v = A*Min(p v,q cr ) = 112.11 N/mm 2
5627.72
0.1675
Shear Ratio Y = 33579.4 ……hence verified
67.114
0.0031
Shear Ratio Z = 21148 .6 ……hence verified
2 2
Fv Mz
1
Shear with bending on Z = v M cz
P
2
5627.72 2.15 10
2 6
33579.4 9.19 10
6
= =
0.08327 …… hence verified
2
Fv M y
2
1
M
Shear with bending on Y = v
P cy
2 2
67.114 19755.3
= 21148.6 3.46 10 =
6
STAAD SPACE
SET ECHO OFF
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT FEET KIP
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 5 0; 2 0 5 10; 3 10 5 0; 4 10 5 10; 5 5 5 0; 6 5 5 10; 7 0 5 2; 8 0 5 4;
9 0 5 6; 10 0 5 8; 11 10 5 2; 12 10 5 4; 13 10 5 6; 14 10 5 8; 15 5 5 2;
16 5 5 4; 17 5 5 6; 18 5 5 8; 19 10 0 0; 20 10 0 10; 21 0 0 10; 22 0 0 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 7; 2 3 11; 3 1 5; 4 2 6; 5 5 3; 6 6 4; 7 7 8; 8 8 9; 9 9 10; 10 10 2;
11 11 12; 12 12 13; 13 13 14; 14 14 4; 15 5 15; 16 15 16; 17 16 17; 18 17 18;
19 18 6; 20 7 15; 21 15 11; 22 8 16; 23 16 12; 24 9 17; 25 17 13; 26 10 18;
27 18 14; 28 1 22; 29 2 21; 30 3 19; 31 4 20; 32 1 21; 33 21 4; 34 4 19;
35 19 1; 36 2 20; 37 20 3; 38 3 22; 39 22 2;
MEMBER PROPERTY COLDFORMED AMERICAN
32 TO 39 TABLE ST 3LU3X060
20 TO 27 TABLE ST 3HU3X075
MEMBER PROPERTY COLDFORMED BRITISH
28 TO 31 TABLE ST 230CLHS66X16
3 TO 6 15 TO 19 TABLE ST 230CLMIL70X30
1 2 7 TO 14 TABLE ST 170CLHS56X18
UNIT MMS
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES LIST 32 20 28 3 1
SUPPORTS
19 TO 22 PINNED
UNIT FEET
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 4.176e+006
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 0.489024
ALPHA 6.5e-006
DAMP 0.03
END DEFINE MATERIAL
Design Per British Cold Formed Steel Code
2-108 Section 2E
CONSTANTS
BETA 90 MEMB 20 TO 27
MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1 TO 39
MEMBER TENSION
32 TO 39
UNIT FEET KIP
LOAD 1 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
MEMBER LOAD
3 TO 6 20 TO 27 UNI GY -0.3 0 5
JOINT LOAD
1 2 FX 0.6
2 4 FZ -0.6
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT STATICS CHECK
UNIT KGS CM
PRINT JOINT DISP LIST 1 4 16
PRINT SUPPORT REACTIONS
PRINT MEMBER FORCES LIST 3 24 28
****************************************************
* *
* STAAD.Pro *
* Version Bld *
* Proprietary Program of *
* *
* Date= *
* Time= *
* *
* USER ID: *
****************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE
2. SET ECHO OFF
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| MEMBER# 20 SECTION: 3HU3X075 LEN: 60.00 GOV.LOC: 60.00 |
| STATUS: PASS RATIO = 0.285 GOV.MODE: Bend + Compress GOV.LOAD: 1 |
| |
| RESISTANCES: AX.TENS: 0.00 ECC.TENS: 0.00 COMPRESS: 7.51 |
| BEND. Z: 28.21 BEND. Y: 30.98 SHEAR Z: 11.76 SHEAR Y: 5.88 |
| |
| FYLD: 55.00 COLD WORK FYLD: 55.71 FU: 58.00 A: 0.76 AE: 0.76 |
| IZ: 1.5173E+00 IZE: 1.5173E+00 IY: 9.7684E-01 IYE: 9.7684E-01 |
| SZE_T: 6.4841E-01 SZE_C: 6.4841E-01 SYE_T: 5.8539E-01 SYE_C: 7.3374E-01 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| MEMBER# 21 SECTION: 3HU3X075 LEN: 60.00 GOV.LOC: 0.00 |
| STATUS: PASS RATIO = 0.285 GOV.MODE: Bend + Compress GOV.LOAD: 1 |
| |
| RESISTANCES: AX.TENS: 0.00 ECC.TENS: 0.00 COMPRESS: 7.51 |
| BEND. Z: 28.21 BEND. Y: 30.98 SHEAR Z: 11.76 SHEAR Y: 5.88 |
| |
| FYLD: 55.00 COLD WORK FYLD: 55.71 FU: 58.00 A: 0.76 AE: 0.76 |
| IZ: 1.5173E+00 IZE: 1.5173E+00 IY: 9.7684E-01 IYE: 9.7684E-01 |
| SZE_T: 1.0115E+00 SZE_C: 1.0115E+00 SYE_T: 7.3374E-01 SYE_C: 5.8539E-01 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
Section 2E 2-111
MATERIAL DATA:
Yield strength of steel: 379.21 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength: 430.00 N/mm2
DESIGN DATA:
z-z axis y-y axis
Tension Capacity (Pt): 0.00
Compression Capacity (Pc): 93.79
Moment Capacity (Mc): 9.19 3.46
Shear Capacity (Pc): 21.15 33.58
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| MEMBER# 2 SECTION: 170CLHS56X18 LEN: 609.60 LOCATION: 609.60 |
| STATUS: PASS RATIO = 0.282 GOV.MODE: Bend + Compress GOV.LOAD: 1 |
|------------------------------------------------ --------------------------|
MATERIAL DATA:
Yield strength of steel: 379.21 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength: 430.00 N/mm2
DESIGN DATA:
z-z axis y-y axis
Tension Capacity (Pt): 0.00
Compression Capacity (Pc): 93.79
Moment Capacity (Mc): 9.19 1.81
Shear Capacity (Pc): 21.15 33.58
Concrete Design
Per CSA Standard A23.3-94
Section 3A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 300.
11 14 PR YD 300.
STAAD provides the user with two methods of accounting for the
slenderness effect in the analysis and design of concrete members.
The first method is equivalent to the procedure presented in CSA
STANDARD A23.3-94 Clause 10.13. STAAD accounts for the
secondary moments, due to axial loads and deflections, when the
PDELTA ANALYSIS command is used. After solving for the joint
displacements of the structure, the program calculates the
additional moments induced in the structure due to the P-Delta
effect. Therefore, by performing a PDELTA ANALYSIS, member
forces are calculated which will require no user modification
before beginning member design.
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. For all these
forces, all active beam loadings are scanned to create moment a nd
shear envelopes, and locate critical sections. The total number of
sections considered is thirteen (start, end and 11 intermediate),
unless that number is redefined with the NSECTION parameter.
Elements are designed for the moments Mx and My using the same
principles as those for beams in flexure. The width of the beam is
assumed to be unity for this purpose. These moments are obtained
from the element force output (see the relevant sections of the
Concrete Design Per CSA Standard A23.3-94
3-8 Section 3A
Technical Reference Manual). The reinforcement required to resist
Mx moment is denoted as longitudinal reinforcement and the
reinforcement required to resist My moment is denoted as
transverse reinforcement. The effective depth is calculated
assuming #10 bars are provided. The parameters FYMAIN, FC,
CLT and CLB listed in Table 3A.1 are relevant to sla b design.
Other parameters mentioned in Table 3A.1 are not applicable to
slab design. The output consists only of area of steel required.
Actual bar arrangement is not calculated because an element most
likely represents just a fraction of the total slab area.
Z
Y
My
X
Mx
TRANS.
Mx
My
LONG.
Section 3B
3B.1 General Comments
The following information is provided for use when the built -in
steel tables are to be referenced for member property specification.
These properties are stored in a database file. If called for, the
properties are also used for member design. Since the shear areas
are built into these tables, shear deformation is always considered
during the analysis of these members.
Section 3B 3-11
Almost all Canadian steel sections are available for input. A
complete listing of the sections available in the built -in steel
section library may be obtained by using the tools of the graphical
user interface.
10 TO 75 95 TO 105 TA ST W460X106
100 TO 200 TA ST W610X101
S, M, HP shapes
In addition to welded wide flanges and regular wide flanges, other
I shaped sections like S, M and HP shapes are also available. The
designation scheme is identical to that listed in the CSA tables.
While specifying the sections, it should be remembered that the
portion after the decimal point should be omitted. Thus,
M310X17.6 should be specified as M310X17 and S180X22.8
should be specified as S180X22. Examples illustrating
specifications of these shapes are provided below.
Steel Design Per CSA Standard CAN/CSA-S16-01
3-12 Section 3B
10 TO 20 BY 2 TA ST S510X98
45 TO 55 TA ST M150X6
88 90 96 TA ST HP310X79
55 TO 90 TA ST C250X30
30 TO 45 TA ST MC200X33
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between
them, are specified by preceding the section designation by the
letter D. For example, a back to back double channel section
C200X28 without any spacing in between should be specified as:
75 TO 95 TA ST L100X100X8
33 34 35 TA ST L200X100X20
10 TO 15 TA RA L55X35X4
Double Angles
To specify double angles, the specification ST should be
substituted with LD (for long leg back to back) or SD (short leg
back to back). For equal angles, either SD or LD will serve the
purpose. Spacing between angles may be provided by using the
word SP followed by the value of spacing (in current length unit)
after section designation.
25 35 45 TA LD L150X100X16
80 TO 90 TA SD L125X75X6 SP 2.5
Steel Design Per CSA Standard CAN/CSA-S16-01
3-14 Section 3B
Tees
Tee sections obtained by cutting W sections may be specified by
using the T specification instead of ST before the name of the W
shape. For example:
55 TO 75 TA ST TUB80X60X4
TUB 80 X 60 X 4
will describe a tube with a depth of 8 in., width of 6 in. and a wall
thickness of 0.5 inches. Note that the values of depth, width and
thickness must be provided in current length unit.
15 TO 25 TA ST PIP33X2.5
PIP 33 X 2.5
Diameter (mm)
without decimal point
STAAD SPACE
UNIT METER KNS
JOINT COORD
1 0 0 0 17 160 0 0
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2 16
UNIT CM
MEMBER PROPERTIES CANADIAN
* W SHAPES
1 TA ST W250X18
* WW SHAPES
2 TA ST WW700X185
* S SHAPES
3 TA ST S200X27
* M SHAPES
4 TA ST M130X28
* HP SHAPES
5 TA ST HP310X132
* MC CHANNELS
6 TA ST MC150X17
* C CHANNELS
7 TA ST C180X18
* DOUBLE CHANNELS
8 TA D C250X37 SP 1.0
* ANGLES
9 TA ST L55X35X5
* REVERSE ANGLES
10 TA RA L90X75X5
* DOUBLE ANGLES, LONG LEG BACK TO BACK
11 TA LD L100X90X6 SP 2.0
* DOUBLE ANGLES, SHORT LEG BACK TO BACK
12 TA SD L125X75X6 SP 2.5
* TUBES
13 TA ST TUB120807
Section 3B 3-17
* TUBES
14 TA ST TUBE DT 16.0 WT 8.0 TH 0.8
* PIPES
15 TA ST PIP273X6.3
* PIPES
16 TA ST PIPE OD 16.0 ID 13.0
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES
FINISH
Axial Tension
The criteria governing the capacity of tension members is based on
two limit states. The limit state of yielding in the gross section is
intended to prevent excessive elongation of the member. The
second limit state involves fracture at the section with the
minimum effective net area. The net section area may be specified
by the user through the use of the parameter NSF (see Table 3B.1).
STAAD calculates the tension capacity of a member based on
these two limits states per Cl.13.2 of CAN/CSA-S16-01.
Parameters FYLD, FU and NSF are applicable for these
calculations.
Axial Compression
The compressive resistance of columns is determined based on
Clause 13.3 of the code. The equations presented in th is section of
the code assume that the compressive resistance is a function of
the compressive strength of the gross section (Gross section Area
times the Yield Strength) as well as the slenderness factor (KL/r
ratios). The effective length for the calcula tion of compression
resistance may be provided through the use of the parameters KX,
KY, KZ, LX, LY and LZ (see Table 3B.1). Some of the aspects of
the axial compression capacity calculations are :
1) For frame members not subjected to any bending, and for truss
members, the axial compression capacity in general column
flexural buckling is calculated from Cl.13.3.1 using the
slenderness ratios for the local Y-Y and Z-Z axis. The
parameters KY, LY, KZ and LZ are applicable for this.
2) For single angles, which ar e frame members not subjected to
any bending or truss members, the axial compression capacity
in general column flexural buckling and local buckling of thin
legs is calculated using the rules of the AISC - LRFD code, 2 nd
ed., 1994. The reason for this is that the Canadian code doesn‟t
provide any clear guidelines for calculating this value. The
parameters KY, LY, KZ and LZ are applicable for this.
3) The axial compression capacity is also calculated by taking
flexural-torsional buckling into account. The rules of
Appendix D, page 1-109 of CAN/CSA-S16-01are used for this
Section 3B 3-19
purpose. Parameters KX and LX may be used to provide the
effective length factor and effective length value for flexural -
torsional buckling. Flexural-torsional buckling capacity is
computed for single channels, single angles, Tees and Double
angles.
4) The variable “n” in Cl.13.3.1 is assumed as 2.24 for WWF
shapes and 1.34 for all other shapes.
5) While computing the general column flexural buckling
capacity of sections with axial compression + bendin g, the
special provisions of 13.8.1(a), 13.8.1(b) and 13.8.1(c) are
applied. For example, Lambda = 0 for 13.8.1(a), K=1 for
13.8.1(b), etc.)
Bending
The laterally unsupported length of the compression flange for the
purpose of computing the factored momen t resistance is specified
in STAAD with the help of the parameter UNL. If UNL is less
than one tenth the member length (member length is the distance
between the joints of the member), the member is treated as being
continuously laterally supported. In this case, the moment
resistance is computed from Clause 13.5 of the code. If UNL is
greater than or equal to one tenth the member length, its value is
used as the laterally unsupported length. The equations of Clause
13.6 of the code are used to arrive at th e moment of resistance of
laterally unsupported members. Some of the aspects of the bending
capacity calculations are :
2) For single angles, the bending capacities are calculated for the
principal axes. The specifications of Section 5, page 6-283 of
AISC-LRFD 1994, 2 nd ed., are used for this purpose because
the Canadian code doesn‟t provide any clear guidelines for
calculating this value.
3) For calculating the bending capacity about the Z-Z axis of
singly symmetric shapes such as Tees and Double angles,
CAN/CSA-S16-01 stipulates in Clause 13.6(d), page 1-31, that
a rational method, such as that given in SSRC‟s Guide to
Stability Design Criteria of Metal Structures, be used. Instead,
STAAD uses the rules of Section 2c, page 6-55 of AISC-LRFD
1994, 2 nd ed.
Shear
The shear resistance of the cross section is determined using the
equations of Clause 13.4 of the code. Once this is obtained, the
ratio of the shear force acting on the cross section to the shear
resistance of the section is calculated. If any of the ratios (for both
local Y & Z axes) exceed 1.0 or the allowable value provided
using the RATIO parameter (see Table 3B.1), the section is
Section 3B 3-21
considered to have failed under shear. The code also requires that
the slenderness ratio of the web be within a certain limit (See
Cl.13.4.1.3, page 1-29 of CAN/CSA-S16-01). Checks for safety in
shear are performed only if this value is within the allowable limit.
Users may by-pass this limitation by specifying a value of 2.0 for
the MAIN parameter.
The default parameter values have been selected such that they are
frequently used numbers for conventional design. Depending on
the particular design requirements, some or all of these parameter
values may be changed to exactly model the physical structure.
Note: Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that
specified number till it is specified again. This is the way
STAAD works for all codes.
SOLUTION COMPARISON:
CAN/CSA-S16
****************************************************
* *
* STAAD.Pro *
* Version Bld *
* Proprietary Program of *
* Research Engineers, Intl. *
* Date= *
* Time= *
* *
* USER ID: *
****************************************************
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 2/ 1/ 2
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= 1/ 1/ 5 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 2, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 5
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.0/ 19641.6 MB
MEMB LOAD GLOBAL X,Y,Z DISPL FROM START TO END JOINTS AT 1/12TH PTS
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
--------------------------
STEEL TAKE-OFF
--------------
In Steel Takeoff the density of steel is assumed for members with no density.
ST W410X54 8.00 4.203
PRISMATIC STEEL 0.00 0.000
----------------
TOTAL = 4.203
49. FINISH
Section 3B 3-31
SOLUTION COMPARISON:
CAN/CSA-S16
****************************************************
* *
* STAAD.Pro *
* Version Bld *
* Proprietary Program of *
* Research Engineers, Intl. *
* Date= *
* Time= *
* *
* USER ID: *
****************************************************
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 2/ 1/ 2
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= 1/ 1/ 5 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 5
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.0/ 19641.2 MB
33. PARAMETER
34. CODE CANADIAN
35. TRACK 2 ALL
36. FYLD 300000 ALL
37. LY 3.7 ALL
38. LZ 3.7 ALL
39. CHECK CODE ALL
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
--------------------------
In Steel Takeoff the density of steel is assumed for members with no density.
42. FINISH
Steel Design Per CSA Standard CAN/CSA-S16-01
3-36 Section 3B
SOLUTION COMPARISON:
CAN/CSA-S16
****************************************************
* *
* STAAD.Pro *
* Version Bld *
* Proprietary Program of *
* Research Engineers, Intl. *
* Date= *
* Time= *
* *
* USER ID: *
****************************************************
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 2/ 1/ 2
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= 1/ 1/ 6 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 6
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.0/ 19641.2 MB
Section 3B 3-39
33. PARAMETER
34. CODE CANADIAN
35. CMY 2 ALL
36. CMZ 2 ALL
37. CB 1 ALL
38. TRACK 2 ALL
39. FYLD 300000 ALL
40. CHECK CODE ALL
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
--------------------------
STEEL TAKE-OFF
--------------
In Steel Takeoff the density of steel is assumed for members with no density.
ST W310X143 3.70 5.171
PRISMATIC STEEL 0.00 0.000
----------------
TOTAL = 5.171
42. FINISH
3-41
Section 3C
3C.1 General
1. Code Checking
The program compares the resistance of members with the applied
load effects, in accordance with CSA 136. Code checking is
carried out for locations specified by the user via the SECTION
command or the BEAM parameter. The results are presented in a
form of a PASS/FAIL identifier and a RATIO of load effect to
resistance for each member checked. The user may choose the
degree of detail in the output data by setting the TRACK
parameter.
2. Member Selection
The user may request that the program search the cold formed steel
shapes database (AISI standard sections) for alternative members
that pass the code check and meet the least weight criterion. In
addition, a minimum and/or maximum acceptable depth of the
member may be specified. The program will then evaluate all
database sections of the type initially specified (i.e., channel,
angle, etc.) and, if a suitable replacement is found, present design
results for that section. If no section satisfying the d epth
restrictions or lighter than the initial one can be found, the
program leaves the member unchanged, regardless of whether it
passes the code check or not.
Section 3C 3-43
The program calculates effective section properties in accordance
with Clauses 5.6.2.1 through 3 and 5.6.2.6 through 8. Cross-
sectional properties and overall slenderness of members are
checked for compliance with
Clause 5.3, Maximum Effective Slenderness Ratio for
members in Compression
Clause 5.4, Maximum Flat Width Ratios for Elements in
Compression
Clause 5.5, Maximum Section Depths.
a. Resistance factors listed in Clauses 6.2 (a), (b), and (e) are used,
as applicable.
b. Members in tension
Resistance is calculated in accordance with Clauses 6.3.1 and
6.3.2.
a. 6.4.1 General,
b. 6.4.2 and 6.4.2.1 Laterally Supported Members, compressive
limit stress based on Initiation of Yielding,
c. 6.4.3 Laterally Unsupported Members,
d. 6.4.4 Channels and Z-Shaped Members with Unstiffened
Flanges - additional limitations,
e. 6.4.5 Shear in Webs,
f. 6.4.6 Combined Bending and Shear in Webs.
Design Per Canadian Cold Fomed Steel Code
3-44 Section 3C
a. Members in compression
Values:
0 – Section subject to torsional flexural buckling and
restraint not provided
1 – restraint provided or unnecessary
FU 450 MPa Ultimate tensile strength of steel in current units.
FYLD 350 MPa Yield strength of steel in current units.
Design Per Canadian Cold Fomed Steel Code
3-46 Section 3C
Values:
Section 3D
3D.1 General Comments
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Section Library
Member Resistances
Design Per Canadian Timber Code
3-50 Section 3D
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Timber Design
Verification Examples
The following information is provided for use when the built -in
timber tables are to be referenced for member property
specification. These properties are stored in a database file. If
called for, the properties are also used for m ember design.
Section 3D 3-51
Following are the description of the different types of species
combination available:
Douglas Fir-Larch
DFL_SelStr_2X2_BM
Species
Combination Size classification
Grade Nominal size
Hem-Fir
Designation of Hem-Fir species combination in STAAD is as
follows.
Northern Species
Designation of Northern species combination in STAAD is as
follows.
Spruce-Pine-Fir
Designation of Spruce-Pine-Fir species combination in STAAD is
as follows.
UNIT CM KN
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC GLT_D.Fir-L-24f-EX
E 51611.7
POISSON 0.15
DENSITY 2.5e-005
ALPHA 1.2e-011
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY TIMBER CANADIAN
1 PRIS YD 12 ZD 6
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL GLT_D.Fir-L-24f-EX MEMB 1
GLT_D.Fir-L-24f-EX
The user has to give all these factors a s input according to the
classification of timber and stress grade.
Axial Tension
Axial Compression
Bending
The default parameter values have been selected such that they are
frequently used numbers for conventional design. Depending on
the particular design requirements, some or all of these parameter
values may be changed to exactly model the physical structure.
PARAMETER
CODE TIMBER CAN
KD 0.99 ALL
KH 0.99 ALL
K_T 0.99 ALL
KSB 0.99 ALL
KSV 0.99 ALL
KSC 0.99 ALL
KSE 0.99 ALL
KST 0.99 ALL
KZB 0.99 ALL
KZV 0.99 ALL
KZT 0.99 ALL
KZCP 0.99 ALL
K_ZC 0.99 ALL
CV 0.99 ALL
KN 0.99 ALL
K_SCP 0.99 ALL
CHIX 0.99 ALL
RATIO 0.99 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
Verification Problem: 1
Objective: - To determine the Canadian Glulam section column in
axial compression. Column is effectively pinned at
both ends and braced at mid-height in all direction..
Comparison: -
Input: -
37. FINISH
Design Per Canadian Timber Code
3-64 Section 3D
Verification Problem: 2
Comparison: -
Input: -
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ = 7500.000 LEY = 7500.000 LUZ = 7500.000 LUY = 7500.000mm |
| |
| KD = 1.000 KH = 1.000 KT = 1.000 KSB = 1.000 KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 1.000 K_SCP = 1.000 KSE = 1.000 KST = 1.000 KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000 KZT = 1.000 KZCP = 1.000 K_ZC = 1.000 CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000 KN = 1.000 |
| |
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m) |
| Pu = 0.000 |
| Tu = 0.000 |
| Muy = 0.000 |
| Muz = 0.000 |
| V = 101.625 |
| SLENDERNESS_Y = 16.932 |
| SLENDERNESS_Z = 1.529 |
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m) |
| PY = 0.000 |
| PZ = 0.000 |
| T = 0.000 |
| MY = 41.923 |
| MZ = 208.323 |
| V = 100.776 |
| SLENDERNESS = 50.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
46. FINISH
Section 3D 3-67
Verification Problem: 3
Comparison: -
Input: -
ALPHA 5.5E-006
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 3150
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 8.68E-005
ALPHA 5.5E-006
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
UNIT FEET POUND
MEMBER PROPERTY TIMBER CANADIAN
1 PRIS YD 0.872702 ZD 0.262467
UNIT INCHES KIP
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL GLT_SPRUCE-PINE-14T-E MEMB 1
SUPPORTS
1 PINNED
UNIT METER KN
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
JOINT LOAD
2 FY 250
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT STATICS CHECK
PARAMETER
CODE TIMBER CANADIAN
KY 0.5 ALL
KZ 0.5 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
Section 3D 3-69
Relevant portion of Output:-
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ = 4500.000 LEY = 4500.000 LUZ = 9000.000 LUY = 9000.000mm |
| |
| KD = 1.000 KH = 1.000 KT = 1.000 KSB = 1.000 KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 1.000 K_SCP = 1.000 KSE = 1.000 KST = 1.000 KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000 KZT = 1.000 KZCP = 1.000 K_ZC = 1.000 CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000 KN = 1.000 |
| |
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m) |
| Pu = 0.000 |
| Tu = -250.000 |
| Muy = 0.000 |
| Muz = 0.000 |
| V = 0.000 |
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m) |
| PY = 0.000 |
| PZ = 0.000 |
| T = 256.636 |
| MY = 0.000 |
| MZ = 0.000 |
| V = 0.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
Design Per Canadian Timber Code
3-70 Section 3D
Verification Problem: 4
Comparison: -
Input: -
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ = 5000.000 LEY = 5000.000 LUZ = 5000.000 LUY = 5000.000mm |
| |
| KD = 1.000 KH = 1.000 KT = 1.000 KSB = 1.000 KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 0.910 K_SCP = 1.000 KSE = 1.000 KST = 1.000 KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000 KZT = 1.000 KZCP = 1.000 K_ZC = 1.050 CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000 KN = 1.000 |
| |
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m) |
| Pu = 114.000 |
| Tu = 0.000 |
| Muy = 0.000 |
| Muz = 0.000 |
| V = 0.000 |
| SLENDERNESS_Y = 26.178 |
| SLENDERNESS_Z = 26.178 |
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m) |
| PY = 129.223 |
| PZ = 129.223 |
| T = 0.000 |
| MY = 0.000 |
| MZ = 0.000 |
| V = 0.000 |
| SLENDERNESS = 50.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
Design Per Canadian Timber Code
3-72 Section 3D
Verification Problem: 5
Comparison: -
Input: -
Verification Problem: 6
Comparison: -
Input: -
1 ST DFL_NO1_6X8_BM
PASS CL.5.5.10/6.5.12 0.781 1
144.00 T 0.00 0.00 0.0000
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ = 5000.000 LEY = 5000.000 LUZ = 5000.000 LUY = 5000.000mm |
| |
| KD = 1.000 KH = 1.100 KT = 1.000 KSB = 1.000 KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 0.910 K_SCP = 1.000 KSE = 1.000 KST = 1.000 KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000 KZT = 1.000 KZCP = 1.000 K_ZC = 1.050 CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000 KN = 1.000 |
| |
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m) |
| Pu = 0.000 |
| Tu = -144.000 |
| Muy = 0.000 |
| Muz = 0.000 |
| V = 0.000 |
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m) |
| PY = 0.000 |
| PZ = 0.000 |
| T = 184.338 |
| MY = 0.000 |
| MZ = 0.000 |
| V = 0.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
Design Per Canadian Timber Code
3-76 Section 3D
Section 4
Chinese Codes
Kjahds;akh
4-1
Section 4A
4A.1 Design Operations
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
14 TO 16 PRIS YD 400. ZD 750. YB 300. ZB 200 .
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the
effect the axial force may be taken into consideration. For all
Section 4A 4-3
============================================================================
B E A M N O. 12 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
C20 HRB400 (Main) HRB400 (Sec.)
LENGTH: 4000.0 mm SIZE: 250.0 mm X 350.0 mm COVER: 30.0 mm
============================================================================
Concrete Design Per GB50010-2002
4-6 Section 4A
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the
ends. All active load cases are tested to calculate reinforcement.
The loading which yield maximum reinforcement is called the
critical load. Column design is done for square, rectangular and
circular sections. By default, square and rectangular columns and
designed with reinforcement distributed on each side equally for
the sections under biaxial moments and with reinforcement
distributed equally in two faces for sections under uniaxial
moment. User may change the default arrangement of the
reinforcement with the help of the parameter RFACE (see Table
4A.1). Depending upon the member lengths, section dimensions
and effective length coefficients specified by the user STAAD
automatically determine the criterion (short or long) of the column
design. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement as stipulated by GB50010-2002 have been taken
care of in the column design of STAAD.
============================================================================
C O L U M N No. 1 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
C20 HRB400 (Main) HRB400 (Sec.)
About Z About Y
INITIAL MOMENTS : 2.21 32.29
MOMENTS DUE TO MINIMUM ECC. : 1.24 1.24
SLENDERNESS RATIOS : 12.00 12.00
MOMENTS DUE TO SLENDERNESS EFFECT : 1.12 1.12
MOMENT REDUCTION FACTORS : 1.00 1.00
ADDITION MOMENTS (Maz and May) : 1.12 1.12
============================================================================
Concrete Design Per GB50010-2002
4-8 Section 4A
Section 4B
4B.1 General
The following information is provided for use when the built -in
steel tables are to be referenced for member property specification.
These properties are stored in a database file. If called for, the
properties are also used for member design. Since the shear areas
are built into these tables, shear deformation is always considered
for these members. An example of the member property
specification in an input file is provided at the end of this section.
I Shapes
I shaped sections are designated in the following way.
1 TO 5 15 16 TABLE ST I22B
H Shapes
H shaped sections are designated in the following way.
6 TO 8 TABLE ST HW250X250
T Shapes
T shaped sections are designated in the following way.
24 25 33 to 36 TABLE ST TM244X300
Channels
Channels are specified in the following way.
29 30 TABLE ST CH25A
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without a spacing between
them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name will
specify a double channel.
11 TABLE D CH22B
17 TABLE D CH40C SP 0.15
Steel Design Per GBJ 50017-33
4-14 Section 4B
Angles
Two types of specifications may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle section is specified as follows:
19 TABLE ST L100X100X7
27 TABLE RA L40X25X3
The above section signifies an angle with legs of length 40mm and
25mm and a leg thickness of 3 mm. This specification may be used
when the local Z axis corresponds to the z -z axis specified in
Chapter 2. If the local Y axis corresponds to the z -z axis, type
specification "RA" (reverse angle) may be used.
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by means of input of the words SD or LD,
respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle,
either SD or LD will serve the purpose.
22 TABLE LD L56X36X3
32 TABLE SD L45X28X4
20 TABLE LD L56X36X3 SP 0.15
28 TABLE SD L56X36X4 SP 0.15
Section 4B 4-15
Tubes (Rectangular or Square Hollow Sections)
Tubes can be assigned in 2 ways. In the first method, the
designation for the tube is as shown below. This method is meant
for tubes whose property name is available in the steel table. In
these examples, member 12 consist of a 10X6X0.3 cm size tube
section,
12 TABLE ST TUB100603.0
is a tube that has a height of 0.6 length units, width of 0.6 length
units, and a wall thickness of 0.15 length un its.
21 31 TABLE ST PIP203X6.5
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 04-Aug-05
END JOB INFORMATION
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 4 0 0; 3 9 0 0; 4 0 0 4; 5 4 0 4; 6 0 0 8; 7 4 0 8; 8 9 0 8;
9 0 3.5 0; 10 4 3.5 0; 11 9 3.5 0; 12 0 3.5 4; 13 4 3.5 4; 14 0 3.5 8;
15 4 3.5 8; 16 9 3.5 8; 17 0 7 0; 18 4 7 0; 19 9 7 0; 20 0 7 4;
21 4 7 4; 22 0 7 8; 23 4 7 8; 24 9 7 8;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 9; 2 2 10; 3 3 11; 4 4 12; 5 5 13; 6 6 14; 7 7 15; 8 8 16; 9 9 17;
10 10 18; 11 11 19; 12 12 20; 13 13 21; 14 14 22; 15 15 23; 16 16 24;
17 9 10; 18 10 11; 19 12 13; 20 14 15; 21 15 16; 22 17 18; 23 18 19;
24 20 21; 25 22 23; 26 23 24; 27 9 12; 28 12 14; 29 10 13; 30 13 15;
31 11 16; 32 17 20; 33 20 22; 34 18 21; 35 21 23; 36 19 24;
MEMBER PROPERTY CHINESE
*I SHAPES
1 TO 5 15 16 TABLE ST I22B
*H SHAPES
6 TO 8 TABLE ST HW250X250
*T SHAPES
24 25 33 to 36 TABLE ST TM244X300
*CHANNELS
29 30 TABLE ST CH25A
*DOUBLE CHANNELS
11 TABLE D CH22B
17 TABLE D CH40C SP 0.15
*ANGLES
19 TABLE ST L100X100X7
*DOUBLE ANGLES
27 TABLE RA L40X25X3
22 TABLE LD L56X36X3
32 TABLE SD L45X28X4
20 TABLE LD L56X36X3 SP 0.15
Section 4B 4-17
KY, LY, KZ and LZ. The provisions of Section 5 are used to check
the adequacy of sections in compression.
UNIT METER
PARAMETER
CODE CHINESE
NSF 0.85 ALL
GRADE 3.0 MEMBER 7
KY 1.2 MEMBER 3 4
RATIO 0.9 ALL
TRACK 1.0 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
Section 5
European Codes
5-1
Section 5A
5A.1 Design Operations
5A.5 Columns
Please note that sway type structures are not directly covered in
the current implementation of EC2. This effect, however, can be
catered for by the P-DELTA analysis option.
5A.6 Beams
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. For all these
actions active load cases are scanned to create appropriate
envelopes for the design process. Maximum torsional moment is
also identified and incorporated in the design.
Concrete Design Per Eurocode EC2
5-4 Section 5A
The maximum shear force that can be carried without crushing the
concrete is also checked and if exceeded, a message to revise the
section size is given in the output file.
5A.7 Slabs
Note: Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that speci fied
number till it is specified again. This is the way STAAD works for
all codes.
Section 5B
5B.1 General Description
Introduction
PARAMETERS
CODE
EC3
Or
PARAMETERS
CODE
EURO
PARAMETERS
CODE
EC3 BS
Steel Design Per Eurocode EC3
5-10 Section 5B
Eurocode (EC3)
Eurocode 3, Design of steel structures, Part 1.1 General rules and
rules for buildings (EC3) provides design rules applicable to
structural steel used in buildings and civil engineering works. It is
based on the limit states philosophy common to modern standards.
The objective of this method of design is to ensure that possibility
of failure is reduced to a negligible level. This is achieved through
application of factors to both the applied loads and the material
properties.
Users must bear this difference in mind when examining the code -
check output from STAAD.
STAAD EC3
Section Classification
The occurrence of local buckling of the compression elements of a
cross-section prevents the development of full section capacity. It
is therefore imperative to establish this possibility prior to
determining the section capacities. Cross sections are classified in
accordance with their geometrical properties and the stress pattern
on the compression elements. For each load case considered in the
design process, STAAD determines the section class and calculate s
the capacities accordingly.
Beams
The main requirement for a beam is to have sufficient cross -
section resistance to the applied bending moment and shear force.
Also the possibility of lateral-torsional buckling must be taken
into consideration when the full length of the member is not
laterally restrained.
Introduction
Clause LEG
4.7.10.2 (a) - 2 bolts short leg 1.0
Single Angle long leg 3.0
(b) - 1 bolt short leg 0.0
long leg 2.0
La = KY * KY
Lb = KZ * LZ
2. BEAM
Unfactored Loading
Permanent Load:
UDL including selfweight assume 20 KN/m
Variable Load:
UDL load assume 25 KN/m
Section Classification
Section is class 1
Steel Design Per Eurocode EC3
5-22 Section 5B
Shear Resistance
Moment Resistance
5m
Unfactored Loading
Permanent Load:
UDL including selfweight assume 15 KN/m
Variable Load:
UDL load assume 20 KN/m
50.3 KN/m
5m
Steel Design Per Eurocode EC3
5-24 Section 5B
Section Classification
Outstand Flanges in compression, limit for rolled section
c/t = 10e = 9.2
c/t ratio for the selected section is 95.65/16 = 5.9 < 9.2
Flange is therefore a class 1 element.
Section is class 1
Shear Resistance
1
X LT =
f LT [f 2
LT l 2 LT ]0.5
f LT = 0.5 [1 + a LT ( l LT – 0.2 ) + l 2 LT ]
l LT = [ l LT / l 1 ] [bw ] 0.5
l1 = 93.9e
L/i LT
l LT =
(C1 ) 0.5
[1 (L/a LT ) 2 /25.66]
0.5
a LT = ( I w / l t )
Steel Design Per Eurocode EC3
5-26 Section 5B
lw = l zh s 2 / 4
hs = h - tf
i LT = [l z I w / W pl.y 2 ] 0.25
0.5
a LT = ( 922934.6 / 69.2 ) = 115.4 cm
500/4.76
l LT = = 86.06
1.132 [1 (500/115.4) 2 /25.66]0.25
0.5
3500 KN
5m
3500 KN
Section Classification
Section is class 1
Compressive resistance
N c.Rd = 5255 KN
Buckling resistance
1
X =
_2
f [f l ]0.5
2
_ _2
f = 0.5 [ 1 + a ( l – 0.2) + l ]
a is an imperfection factor.
_
l = [ l / l 1 ] [ bA ] 0.5
l 1 = 93.9 e
l y = 500 / 13.9
l y = 35.97
lz = 500 / 7.89
lz = 63.37
_
l y = [ l y / l 1 ] [bA ] 0.5
_
l y = [35.9 / 86.8 ] = 0.41
_
f y = 0.5 [1 + a y ( l y – 0.2) + l 2 y ]
f y = 0.62
1 1
Xy = =
_2 0.62 [0.622 0.412 ]0.5
f y [f 2
y l 0.5
y]
_
l z = [ l z / l 1 ] [bA ] 0.5
_
l z = [63.37 / 86.8 ] = 0.73
_ _2
fz = 0.5 [1 + a z ( l z – 0.2) + l z ]
fz = 0.89
1 1
Xz = =
_2 0.89 [0.892 0.732 ]0.5
f z [f 2 z l z]
0 .5
Section classification
Shear Resistance
Moment Resistance
n = N sd / Npl.Rd
a = 0.232
N sd K y M y.sd
+ 1
X min Af y /gM1 Wpl.y f y /gM1
m y N sd
Ky = 1 - but K y 1.5
X y Af y
_ Wpl.y Wel.y
m y = l y (2bMy – 4) + but m y 0.90
Wel.y
bMy = 1.8
Steel Design Per Eurocode EC3
5-34 Section 5B
_
l y = [ l y / l 1 ] [bA ] 0.5 b A = 1.0 for class 1 sections.
_
l y = [36.5 / 86.8 ] = 0.42
_
f y = 0.5 [1 + a y ( l y – 0.2) + l 2 y ]
f y = 0.62
1 1
Xy = =
f y [f y l y ]
2 2 0.5
0.62 [0.622 0.422 ]0.5
_
l z = [ l z / l 1 ] [bA ] 0.5 b A = 1.0 for class 1 sections.
_
l z = [63.9 / 86.8] = 0.73
_ _
fz = 0.5 [1 + a z ( l z – 0.2) + l 2 z ]
fz = 0.89
Section 5B 5-35
1 1
Xz = =
_2 0.89 [0.892 0.732 ]0.5
f z [f 2 z l z ]0.5
_
l y = 0.42
2298 2049
m y = 0.42 (2 X 1.8 – 4) + = - 0.046
2049
0.046X1500
Ky = 1 - = 1.015 1.5
0.93X17.46X275
N sd K y M y.sd
+ 1
X min Af y /gM1 Wpl.y f y /gM1
1500 1.015X250
+ = 0.92 1
0.71X17.46X275/1.1 2.298X275/1.1
N sd K LT M y.sd
+ 1
X z Af y /gM1 X LT Wpl.y f y /gM1
m LT N sd
K LT = 1 - but K LT 1
X z Af y
i LT = 8.33 cm
a LT = 97.6 cm
500/8.33
l LT = = 36.71
1.879 [1 (500/97.6)2 /25.66]0.25
0.5
bM LT = 1.8
lz = 0.73
0.047X1500
K LT = 1 - = 0.98
0.71X17.46X275
N sd K LT M y.sd
+ 1
X z Af y /gM1 X LT Wpl.y f y /gM1
1500 0.98X250
+ = 0.932
0.71X17.46X275/1.1 0.95X2.298X275/1.1
Example 1.
The following input file is for the single beam in example 1. Only
code check related output is enclosed.
Section 5C
5C.1 General Comments
y z
z z y y
y z
STAAD EC5
Determination of Factors
Symbols Description
Symbols Description
Wood Type
Sl.
Property Symbol Softwood
No. Hardwood (D)
(C)
Tensile Strength
1. ft,0,k 0.6 * fm, k
parallel to grain
Tensile Strength
2. ft,90,k Minimum of {0.6 and (0.0015*k )}
perpendicular to grain
Compressive Strength
3. fc,0,k 5 * (fm,k ) 0.45
parallel to grain
Compressive Strength
4. fc,90,k 0.007*k 0.0015*k
perpendicular to grain
5. Shear Strength f v, k Minimum of {3.8 and (0.2*f m, k 0.8 )}
Modulus of Elasticity
6. E 0,05 0.67* E 0,mean 0.84* E 0,mean
parallel to grain
Mean Modulus of
7. Elasticity E 90,mean E 0,mean /30 E 0,mean /15
perpendicular to grain
8. Mean Shear Modulus G me an E 0,mean /16
X d K mod X k m
Timber Design Per EC 5: Part 1-1.
5-52 Section 5C
S mzd S
Km myd RATIO .(cf: Equation 6.11 of EC-5-2004)
F
Fmzd myd
S S myd
Km mzd RATIO .(cf: Equation 6.12 of EC-5-2004)
Fmzd Fmyd
S vd
RATIO …….( cf: Equation 6.13 of EC-5-2004)
vd
F
S tor_d
RATIO .( cf: Equation 6.14 of EC-5-2004)
Kshape F
tor_d
Timber Design Per EC 5: Part 1-1.
5-54 Section 5C
S t0d S mzd S
Km myd RATIO
F
Ft0d Fmzd myd
…. (cf: Equation 6.17 of EC-5-2004)
S t0d S S
Km mzd myd RATIO
Ft0d Fmzd Fmyd
…. ( cf: Equation 6.18 of EC-5-2004)
S
2
S c0d S mzd
Km my d RATIO
F
Fc0d Fmzd my d
…. ( cf: Equation 6.19 of EC-5-2004)
S S
2
S c0d
Km mzd my d RATIO
Fc0d Fmzd Fmy d
…. ( cf: Equation 6.20 of EC-5-2004)
Section 5C 5-55
Stability check
z S
rel,z c0k …….( Equation 6.21 of EC-5-2004)
E 0,05
y S c0k
rel, y …….( Equation 6.22 of EC-5-2004)
E 0,05
If both rel,z and rel,y are less than or equal to 0.3 the
following conditions should be satisfied:
S
2
S c0d S mzd
Km my d RATIO
F
Fc0d Fmzd my d
S S
2
S c0d
Km mzd my d RATIO
Fc0d Fmzd Fmy d
Sc0d S mzd S
Km myd RATIO
F
Kcz Fc0d Fmzd myd
… ( cf: Equation 6.23 of EC-5-2004)
Timber Design Per EC 5: Part 1-1.
5-56 Section 5C
Sc0d S S
Km mzd myd RATIO
Kcy Fc0d Fmzd Fmyd
... ( cf: Equation 6.24 of EC-5-2004)
Where the symbols Kcz and Kcy are defined as follows.
1
Kcz ...( Equation 6.25 of EC-5-2004)
Kz Kz 2 rel,z 2
1
Kcy …( Equation 6.26 of EC-5-2004)
Ky Kz
2
rel, y
2
Kz 0.5 1 c rel,z 0.3 rel,z
2
( Equation 6.27 of EC-5-2004)
Ky 0.5 1 c rel, y 0.3 rel, y
2
.( Equation 6.28 of EC-5-2004)
The value of c incorporated in the software is the one for
solid timber ,i.e. 0.2.
S mzd
RATIO .( cf: Equation 6.33 of EC-5-2004)
Kcrit Fmzd
Section 5C 5-57
Where a combination of moment about the strong z -axis and
compressive force exists, the stresses should satisfy the
following equation:
2
S mzd Sc0d
RATIO
Kcrit Fmzd Kcz Fc0d
…… ( cf: Equation 6.35 of EC-5-2004)
Where,
1 for rel,m 0.75
Kcrit 1.56 0.75 rel,m for 0.75 rel,m 1.4
1
for 1.4 rel,m
rel,m 2
….. ( Equation 6.34 of EC-5-2004)
f mk
rel,m ……..( Equation 6.30 of EC-5-2004)
S m ,crit
For hardwood:
For softwood:
0.78 b 2
S m ,crit E 0, 05 ….( Equation 6.32 of EC-5-2004)
h l ef
Timber Design Per EC 5: Part 1-1.
5-58 Section 5C
1 - Permanent action
2 - Long term action
3 - Medium term action
4 - Short term action
5 - Instantaneous action
Section 5C 5-59
Parameter Default Description
Name Value
TSC 6 (C24) Timber Strength Class (Ref. Reference
EN338 – 2003)
Material properties:
F x = 50.000 kN
y f c0k
rel, y = 0.809
E 0, 05
f c0k
rel,z z = 0.298
E 0, 05
Since, rel,y is greater than 0.3, following conditions should be
satisfied:
Sc0d Smyd
Km Smzd RATIO
K F F F [Cl.
c, y c0d myd mzd
6.3.2.(3)]
Timber Design Per EC 5: Part 1-1.
5-64 Section 5C
Sc0d Smzd S
Km myd RATIO [Cl.
F
Kcz Fc0d Fmzd myd
6.3.2.(3)]
K y .5 1 rel, y .3 rel, y = 0.878
2
.5 1 .3 = 0.541
2
Kz rel,z rel,z
1
K c,y = 0.82
K y K 2y 2rel,y
1
K c ,z = 1.0
K z K 2z 2rel,z
Sc0d Smyd
Km Smzd = 0.326 + 0.0 + 0.0
K F F F
c, y c0d myd mzd
= 0.326
Sc0d Smzd S
Km myd = 0.268 + 0.0 + 0.0
F
Kcz Fc0d Fmzd myd
= 0.268
Hence the critical ratio is 0.326 < 1.0 and the section is safe.
Section 5C 5-65
The Input File:
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 1.0 0 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC WOOD
E 1.10316e+007
POISSON 0.15
DENSITY 0.00231749
ALPHA 5.5e-006
END DEFINE MATERIAL
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL WOOD MEMB 1
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 PRIS YD 0.198 ZD 0.073
SUPPORTS
1 FIXED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
JOINT LOAD
2 FX -50
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PARAMETER
CODE TIMBER EC5
ALPHA 0 ALL
LDC 3 ALL
SCL 2 ALL
TSC 6 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
Timber Design Per EC 5: Part 1-1.
5-66 Section 5C
Material properties:
y f c0k
rel, y = 0.809
E 0 , 05
f c0k
rel,z z = 0.298
E 0, 05
Since, rel,y is greater than 0.3, following conditions should be
satisfied:
Sc0d Smyd
Km Smzd RATIO [Cl. 6.3.2.(3)]
K F F F
c, y c0d myd mzd
Sc0d Smzd S
Km myd RATIO [Cl. 6.3.2.(3)]
F
Kcz Fc0d Fmzd myd
K y .5 1 rel,y .3 rel,y = 0.878
2
.5 1 .3 = 0.541
2
Kz rel,z rel,z
1
K c,y = 0.82
K y K 2y 2rel,y
1
K c ,z = 1.0
K z K 2z 2rel,z
Section 5C 5-69
Sc0d Smyd
Km Smzd
K F F F
c, y c0d myd mzd
= 0.033 + 0.385 + 0.198 = 0.616
Sc0d Smzd S
Km myd
F
Kcz Fc0d Fmzd myd
= 0.027 + 0.283 + 0.269 = 0.579
Hence the critical ratio is 0.616 < 1.0 and the section is safe.
Timber Design Per EC 5: Part 1-1.
5-70 Section 5C
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 08-Jun-05
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 0 1 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC WOOD
E 1.10316e+007
POISSON 0.15
DENSITY 0.00231749
ALPHA 5.5e-006
END DEFINE MATERIAL
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL WOOD MEMB 1
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 PRIS YD 0.198 ZD 0.073
SUPPORTS
1 FIXED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
JOINT LOAD
2 FY -5.0 MX 1.0 MZ 2.0
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PARAMETER
CODE TIMBER EC5
ALPHA 0 ALL
LDC 3 ALL
SCL 2 ALL
TSC 6 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
Section 5C 5-71
The member checking part of the output file:
Timber Design Per EC 5: Part 1-1.
5-72 Section 5C
Section 6
Egyptian Codes
A‟lkjdfl‟akjsfd
6-1
Section 6A
6A.1 Design Operations
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
Concrete Design Per Egyptian Code ECC S205
6-2 Section 6A
STAAD provides the user with two methods of accounting for the
slenderness effects in the analysis and design of concrete
members. The first method is equivalent to the procedure
presented in ECCS203-2004 equation 4-11. In this section, the
code recognizes that additional moments induced by deflection are
present and states that these 'secondary' moments are accounted for
by the design formula in equation 6-38, 6-37 etc. This is the
method used in the design for concrete in STAAD.
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. For all these
forces, all active beam loadings are pre scanned to identify the
critical load cases at different sections of the beams. The total
number of sections considered is 13( e.g. 0.,.1,.2,.25,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.
75,.8,.9 and 1). All of these sections are scanned to determine the
design force envelopes.
Concrete Design Per Egyptian Code ECC S205
6-4 Section 6A
Columns are designed for axial force and biaxial bending at the
ends. All active loadings are tested to calculate reinforcement. The
loading which produces maximum reinforcement is called the
critical load and is displayed. The requirements of ECCS203 -2004
equation 6-37,6-38,6-41 etc are followed, with the user having
control on the effective length parameters. Bracing conditions are
controlled by using the BRACE parameter. The program will then
decide whether or not the column is short or slender and whether it
requires additional moment calculations.
Section 6A 6-7
Column Design output
Concrete Design Per Egyptian Code ECC S205
6-8 Section 6A
Section 6B
6B.1 General Comments
The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon
the allowable stress design method as per Egyptian Code No. 205,
It is a method for proportioning structural members using design
loads and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the
appropriate material under service conditions. It would not be
possible to describe every aspect of Egyptian Code: 205 in this
Steel Design Per Egyptian Code # 205
6-10 Section 6B
F t = 0.58 f y
where,
Compressive Stress
(0.58F y 0.75)
F c = 0.58F y 4
2
10
For all grade of steel:
For = kl/r 100
F c = 7500/ 2
where,
Section 6B 6-11
Fc = Permissible stress in axial compression, in Mpa
fy = Yield stress of steel, in Mpa
=l/r = Slenderness ratio of the member, ratio of the effective
length to appropriate radius of gyration
F bt = 0.58 F y
Cb
a. When Lu / rT 84 then
Fy
F ltb2 = 0.58 Fy
Cb Cb
b. When 84 Lu / rT 188 then
Fy Fy
Lu / rT 2 F y
F ltb2 = 0.64 F y 0.58F y
1.176 105C b
Cb
c. When Lu / rT 188 then
Fy
1200
F ltb2 C b 0.58F y
Lu / rT 2
where,
where,
f ca f f bcy
bcx A1 A2 1.0
Fc Fbcx Fbcy
where,
C mx C my
A1 , A2
f
1 ca 1 f ca
f Ex f Ey
f ca = Actual compression stress
Fc = Allowable compressive stress, clause 2.6.4.
f
f bcx bcy = Actual Bending stress about x and y-axes respectively.
Fbcx,Fbcy = Allowable compressive bending stress, clause 2.6.5.
FEx,FEy = Euler stress in t/cm2
Cm = Moment modification factor
Steel Design Per Egyptian Code # 205
6-14 Section 6B
All the members subject to bending and axial tension are required to satisfy
the equation of section 2.6.7.2
f ta f f bty
btx 1.0
Ft Fbtx Fbty
Section 7A
7A.1 Design Operations
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1 3 to 7 9 PRISM YD 450 ZD 300.
11 13 PR YD 300.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450
mm depth and 300 mm width) and the second set of members, with
only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular
with a 300 mm diameter. Note that area (AX) is not provided for
these members. If shear areas (AY & AZ) are to be considered in
analysis, the user may provide them along with YD and ZD. Also
note that moments of inertia may be provi ded, but if not provided,
the program will calculate values from YD and ZD.
Section 7A 7-3
Beam design includes both flexure and shear. For both types of
beam action, all active beam loadings are scanned to create
moment and shear envelopes, and locate critical sections. The total
number of sections considered is twelve, unless that number is
redefined with the NSECTION parameter. From the critical
moment values, the required positive and negative bar pattern is
developed, with cut-off lengths calculated to include required
development length.
Columns are designed for axial force and biaxial moments at the
ends. All active loadings are tested to calculate reinforcement. The
loading which produces maximum reinforcement i s called the
critical load. Column design is done for square, rectangular and
circular sections. For rectangular and square sections, the
reinforcement is always assumed to be equally distributed on each
side. That means the total number of bars will always be a multiple
of four (4). This may cause slightly conservative results in some
cases.
Z
Y
My
X
Mx
TRANS.
Mx
My
LONG.
Section 7B
7B.1 General Comments
UNIT METER
PARAMETER
CODE FRENCH
NSF 0.85 ALL
UNL 10.0 MEMBER 7
KY 1.2 MEMBER 3 4
RATIO 0.9 ALL
TRACK 1.0 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
IPE Shapes
These shapes are designated in the following way.
10 15 TA ST IPE140
20 TO 30 TA ST IPEA120
33 36 TO 46 BY 2 TA ST IPER180
HE shapes
HE shapes are specified as follows.
3 5 TA ST HEA120A
7 10 TA ST HEM140
13 14 TA ST HEB100
IPN Shapes
The designation for the IPN shapes is similar to that for the IPE
shapes.
25 TO 35 TA ST IPN200
23 56 TA ST IPN380
T Shapes
Tee sections are not input by their actual designations, but instead
by referring to the I beam shapes from which they are cut. For
example,
1 5 TA T IPE140
2 8 TA T HEM120
Steel Design per the French Code
7-14 Section 7B
U Channels
Shown below is the syntax for assigning 4 different names of channel
sections.
1 TO 5 TA ST UAP100
6 TO 10 TA ST UPN220
11 TO 15 TA ST UPN240A
16 TO 20 TA ST UAP250A
Double U Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without a spacing between
them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name will
specify a double channel.
11 TA D UAP150
17 TA D UAP250A SP 0.5
Angles
Two types of specification may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle section is specified as follows:
16 20 TA ST L30X30X2.7
The above section signifies an angle with legs of length 30mm and
a leg thickness of 2.7mm. This specification may be used when the
local Z axis corresponds to the z-z axis specified in Chapter 2. If
the local Y axis corresponds to the z-z axis, type specification
"RA" (reverse angle) should be used instead of ST.
17 21 TA RA L25X25X4
Section 7B 7-15
22 24 TA RA L100X100X6.5
Note that if the leg thickness is a round number such as 4.0, only
the number 4 appears in the section name, the decimal part is not
part of the section name.
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by means of input of the words SD or LD,
respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle,
either SD or LD will serve the purpose.
33 35 TA SD L30X20X4 SP 0.6
37 39 TA LD L80X40X6
43 TO 47 TA LD L80X80X6.5 SP 0.75
64 78 TA ST TUB50252.7
66 73 TA ST TUB2001008.0
8 TO 28 TA ST PIP422.6
3 64 78 TA ST PIP21912.5
specifies a pipe with outside dia. of 25 length units and inside dia.
of 20 length units. Only code checking, no member selection will
be performed if this type of specification is used.
STAAD SPACE
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORD
1 0 0 0 15 140 0 0
MEMB INCI
1 1 2 14
Section 7B 7-17
UNIT CM
MEMBER PROPERTIES FRENCH
* IPE SHAPES
1 TA ST IPEA120
* IPN SHAPES
2 TA ST IPN380
*HE SHAPES
3 TA ST HEA200
* T SHAPES
4 TA T HEM120
* U CHANNELS
5 TA ST UAP100
* DOUBLE U CHANNELS
6 TA D UAP150 SP 0.5
* ANGLES
7 TA ST L30X30X2.7
* REVERSE ANGLES
8 TA RA L25X25X4
* DOUBLE ANGLES - SHORT LEGS BACK
* TO BACK
9 TA SD L30X20X4 SP 0.25
* DOUBLE ANGLES - LONG LEGS BACK
* TO BACK
10 TA LD L80X40X6 SP 0.75
* TUBES (RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE
* HOLLOW SECTIONS)
11 TA ST TUB50252.7
* TUBES (RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE
* HOLLOW SECTIONS)
12 TA ST TUBE DT 8.0 WT 6.0 TH 0.5
* PIPES (CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)
13 TA ST PIP422.6
* PIPES (CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)
14 TA ST PIPE OD 25.0 ID 20.0
PRINT MEMB PROP
FINI
Steel Design per the French Code
7-18 Section 7B
Section 8
German Codes
Aslkdfj;alskjdf‟
8-1
Section 8A
8A.1 Design Operations
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450
mm depth and 250mm width) and the second set of members, with
only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular
with 350mm diameter. It is absolutely imperative that the user not
provide the cross section area (AX) as an input.
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. For all these
forces, all active beam loadings are prescanned to identify the
critical load cases at differen t sections of the beams. The total
number of sections considered is 13 (e.g. 0., .1, .2, .25, .3, .4, .5,
.6, .7, .75, .8, .9 and 1). All of these sections are scanned to
determine the design force envelopes.
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxi al moments at the
ends. All active load cases are tested to calculate reinforcement.
The loading which yields maximum reinforcement is called the
critical load. The requirements of DIN 1045-figure 13, for
calculating the equilibrium equations for rectangular and circular
sections from first principles, is implemented in the design. The
user has control of the effective length (sk) in each direction by
using the ELZ and ELY parameters as described on Table 8A.1.
This means that the slenderness will be evalua ted along with e/d to
meet the requirements of DIN 1045 section 17.4.3 and 17.4.4.
BAUMANN equations
If the default value of zero is used, the design will be based on Mx
and My forces which are obtained from the ST AAD analysis. The
SRA parameter (Set Reinforcement Angle) can be manipulated to
introduce resolved BAUMANN forces into the design replacing
the pure Mx and My moments. These new design moments allow
the Mxy moment to be considered when designing the section,
resolved as an axial force. Orthogonal or skew reinforcement may
Section 8A 8-7
be considered. If SRA is set to -500, an orthogonal layout will be
assumed. If however a skew is to be considered, an angle is given
in degrees measured from the local element X axis anticlockwise
(positive). The resulting Mx* and My* moments are calculated and
shown in the design format.
The design of the slab considers a fixed bar size of 10mm in the
longitudinal direction and 8mm in the transverse. The longitudinal
bar is the layer closest to the slab exterior face.
Section 8B
8B.1 General
IPE Shapes
These shapes are designated in the following way:
20 TO 30 TA ST IPEA120
33 36 TO 46 BY 2 TA ST IPER140
HE Shapes
The designation for HE shapes is similar to that for IPE shapes.
25 TO 35 TA ST HEB300
23 56 TA ST HEA160
I Shapes
I shapes are identified by the depth of the section. The following
example illustrates the designation.
T Shapes
Tee sections are not input by their actual designations, but instead
by referring to the I beam shapes from which they are cut. For
example,
1 5 TA T HEA220
2 8 TA T IPE120
Steel Design per the DIN Code
8-14 Section 8B
U Channels
The example below provides the command for identifying two
channel sections. The former (U70X40) has a depth of 70mm and a
flange width of 40mm. The latter (U260) has a depth of 260mm.
11 TA D U70X40
27 TA D U260
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between
them, are available. The letter “D” in front of the section name
will specify a double channel, e.g. D U180. The spacing between
the double channels is provided following the expression “SP”.
11 TA D U180
27 TA D U280 SP 0.5 (Indicates 2 channels back to back
spaced at 0.5 length units)
Angles
Two types of specifications may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle section is specified as follows:
16 20 TA ST L20X20X2.5
The above section signifies an angle with legs of length 20mm and
a leg thickness of 2.5mm. The above specification may be used
when the local z-axis corresponds to the Z-Z axis specified in
Chapter 2. If the local y-axis corresponds to the Z-Z axis, type
specification "RA" (reverse angle) may be used.
17 21 TA RA L40X20X5
Section 8B 8-15
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by using the word SD or LD, respectively, in front of
the angle size. In case of an equal angle, either SD or LD will
serve the purpose. Spacing between the angles is provided by
using the word SP and the spacing value following the section
name.
14 TO 20 TA SD L40X20X4 SP 0.5
21 TO 27 TA LD L40X20X4 SP 0.5
15 TO 25 TA ST TUB100603.6
STAAD SPACE
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0 15 140 0 0
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2 14
UNIT CM
MEMBER PROPERTIES GERMAN
* IPE SHAPES
1 TA ST IPEA120
* HE SHAPES
2 TA ST HEB300
* I SHAPES
3 TA ST I200
* T SHAPES
4 TA T HEA220
Section 8B 8-17
* U CHANNELS
5 TA ST U70X40
* DOUBLE U CHANNELS
6 TA D U260
* ANGLES
7 TA ST L20X20X2.5
* REVERSE ANGLES
8 TA RA L40X20X5
* DOUBLE ANGLES - LONG LEGS BACK TO BACK
9 TA LD L40X20X4 SP 0.5
* DOUBLE ANGLES - SHORT LEGS BACK TO BACK
10 TA SD L40X20X4 SP 0.5
* PIPES
11 TA ST PIP602.9
* PIPES
12 TA ST PIPE OD 25.0 ID 20.0
* TUBES
13 TA ST TUB100603.6
* TUBES
14 TA ST TUBE DT 8.0 WT 6.0 WT 0.5
*
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES
FINISH
UNIT METER
PARAMETER
CODE GERMAN
NSF 0.85 ALL
UNL 10.0 MEMBER 7
KY 1.2 MEMBER 3 4
RATIO 0.9 ALL
TRACK 1.0 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
Section 9
Indian Codes
Ad;flaksd;lfka
9-1
Section 9A
9A.1 Design Operations
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
14 TO 16 PRIS YD 400. ZD 750. YB 300. ZB 200.
STAAD has been written to allow the use of the first options. To
perform this type of analysis, use the command PDELTA
ANALYSIS instead of PERFORM ANALYSIS. The PDELTA
ANALYSIS will accommodate all requirements of the second-
order analysis described by IS:456, except for the effects of the
duration of the loads. It is felt that this effect may be safely
ignored because experts believe that the effects of the duration of
loads are negligible in a normal structural configuration.
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the
effect the axial force may be taken into consideration. For all
Concrete Design Per IS456
9-4 Section 9A
The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear
reinforcement provided at 5 equally spaced (0,.25,.5,.75 and 1.)
sections along the length of the beam. User has option to get a
more detail output. All beam design outputs are given in IS units.
An example of rectangular beam design output with the default
output option (TRACK 0.0) is presented below:
Concrete Design Per IS456
9-6 Section 9A
============================================================================
B E A M N O. 12 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)
LENGTH: 4000.0 mm SIZE: 250.0 mm X 350.0 mm COVER: 30.0 mm
============================================================================
Section 9A 9-7
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the
ends. All active load cases are tested to calculate reinforcement.
The loading which yield maximum reinforcement is called the
critical load. Column design is done for square, rectangular and
circular sections. By default, square and rectangular columns and
designed with reinforcement distributed on each side equally for
the sections under biaxial moments and with reinforcement
distributed equally in two faces for sections under uniaxial
moment. User may change the default arrangement of the
reinforcement with the help of the parameter RFACE (see Table
8A.1). Depending upon the member lengths, section dimensions
and effective length coefficients specified by the user STAAD
automatically determine the criterion (short or long) of the column
design. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement as stipulated by IS:456 have been taken care of in
the column design of STAAD. Default clear spacing between main
reinforcing bars is taken to be 25 mm while arrangement of
longitudinal bars.
============================================================================
C O L U M N N O. 1 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)
About Z About Y
INITIAL MOMENTS : 2.21 32.29
MOMENTS DUE TO MINIMUM ECC. : 1.24 1.24
SLENDERNESS RATIOS : 12.00 12.00
MOMENTS DUE TO SLENDERNESS EFFECT : 1.12 1.12
MOMENT REDUCTION FACTORS : 1.00 1.00
ADDITION MOMENTS (Maz and May) : 1.12 1.12
============================================================================
Section 9A 9-9
Steps:
Initially the program selects only one bar to calculate the number
of bars required and area of steel provided at each section along
the length of the beam. Now, two bar diameters can be specified to
calculate a combination of each bar to be provided at each section.
The syntax for bar combination is given below.
--------------------------------------------------------------
| M A I N R E I N F O R C E M E N T |
--------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION | 0.0- 2166.7 | 2166.7- 6500.0 | 6500.0- 8666.7 |
| mm | mm | mm |
--------------------------------------------------------------
TOP | 6-20í + 1-25í| 2-20í + 1-25í | 2-20í |
| in 2 layer(s)| in 1 layer(s) | in 1 layer(s) |
Ast Reqd| 2330.22 | 1029.90 | 582.55 |
Prov| 2376.79 | 1119.64 | 628.57 |
Ld (mm) | 940.2 | 940.2 | 940.2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------
BOTTOM | 4-20í | 2-20í | 2-20í |
|in 1 layer(s) | in 1 layer(s) | in 1 layer(s) |
Ast Reqd| 1165.11 | 582.55 | 582.55 |
Prov| 1257.14 | 628.57 | 628.57 |
Ld (mm) | 940.2 | 940.2 | 940.2 |
-------------------------------------------------------------
The beam length is divided into three parts, two at its ends and one at span.
Ld gives the development length to be provided at the two ends of each
section.
The program reports shear wall design results for each load
case/combination for user specified number of sections given by
SURFACE DIVISION (default value is 10) command. The shear
wall is designed at these horizontal sections. The output includes
the required horizontal and vertical distributed reinforcing, the
concentrated (in-plane bending) edge reinforcing and the link
required for out-of-plane shear.
General format:
Example
.
.
SET DIVISION 12
SURFACE INCIDENCES
2 5 37 34 SUR 1
19 16 65 68 SUR 2
11 15 186 165 SUR 3
10 6 138 159 SUR 4
.
.
.
SURFACE PROPERTY
1 TO 4 THI 18
SUPPORTS
1 7 14 20 PINNED
2 TO 5 GEN PIN
6 TO 10 GEN PIN
Section 9A 9-19
11 TO 15 GEN PIN
19 TO 16 GEN PIN
.
.
.
SURFACE CONSTANTS
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
.
.
START SHEARWALL DES
CODE INDIAN
UNIT NEW MMS
FC 25
FYMAIN 415
TWO 1
VMIN 12
HMIN 12
EMIN 12
DESIGN SHEA LIST 1 TO 4
END
Notes
Technical Overview
By default, the program does not design only at the critical section
but at all the horizontal sections. By suitable use of the surface
division command, design at critical section as per clause no.
32.4.1 can be performed.
The design for in-plane shear is done as per clause no. 32.4. The
nominal shear stress is calculated as per clause no. 32.4.2 and it is
checked with the maximum allowable shear stress as per clause no.
32.4.2.1. The design shear strength of concrete is calculated as per
clause no. 32.4.3. Design of shear reinforcement is done as per
clause no. 32.4.4. Minimum reinforcements are as per clause no.
32.5.
Apart from the in-plane bending and horizontal shear force, the
wall is also subjected to out-of-plane bending in the vertical and
horizontal directions. The part of the wall which is not having
edge reinforcements (i.e. a zone of depth 0.6 x Length of the wall),
is designed again as column under axial load (i.e. vertical load)
and out-of-plane vertical bending. The minimum reinforcements
and maximum allowable spacings of reinforcements are as per
clause no. 32.5
Concrete Design Per IS456
9-22 Section 9A
Description
where,
Note:
If the sd1, ..., sdj or the od1, ..., odk list does not include all node-
to-node segments, or if any of the numbers listed equals zero, then
the corresponding division number is set to the default value (=10,
or as previously input by the SET DIVISION command).
SURFACE DIVISION X xd
SURFACE DIVISION Y yd
Concrete Design Per IS456
9-24 Section 9A
where,
Note:
Values of internal forces may be printed out for any user -defined
section of the wall. The general format of the command is as
follows:
where,
where,
Note:
a. No panel definition.
Section 9A1
9A1.1 Design Operations
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the
effect of the axial force may be taken into consideration. For all
these forces, all active beam loadings are prescanned to identify
the critical load cases at different sections of the beams. The total
number of sections considered is 13. All of these sections are
scanned to determine the design force envelopes.
The factored axial stress on the member should not exceed 0.1fck
(Clause 6.1.1) for all active load cases. If it exceeds allowable
axial stress no design will be performed.
Section 9A1 9-29
Design for Flexure
Design procedure is same as that for IS 456. However while
designing following criteria are satisfied as per IS-13920:
4. The positive steel ratio at a joint face must be at least equal to half
the negative steel at that face. (Clause 6.2.3)
5. The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face, at any
section, shall at least be equal to one-fourth of the maximum
negative moment steel provided at the face of either joint. (Clause
6.2.4)
a) d/4
The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear
reinforcement provided at 5 equally spaced sections along the
length of the beam. User has option to get a more detail output. All
beam design outputs are given in IS units. An example of
rectangular beam design output with the default output option
(TRACK 1.0) is presented below:
Section 9A1 9-31
============================================================================
B E A M N O. 11 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
============================================================================
Concrete Design Per IS13920
9-32 Section 9A1
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments per IS
456:2000. Columns are also designed for shear forces as per
Clause 7.3.4. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement as stipulated by IS:456 have been taken
care of in the column design of STAAD. However following
clauses have been satisfied to incorporate provisions of IS 13920:
C O L U M N N O. 3 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
SLENDERNESS RATIOS : - -
MOMENTS DUE TO SLENDERNESS EFFECT : - -
MOMENT REDUCTION FACTORS : - -
ADDITION MOMENTS (Maz and May) : - -
COLUMN DESIGN
A value of 1.0 means the column is unbraced
about major axis.
A value of 2.0 means the column is unbraced
about minor axis.
A value of 3.0 means the column is unbraced
about both axis.
Sectional forces and critical load for combined member output will
only be available when all the members combined are successfully
designed in both flexure and shear.
STAAD SPACE
UNIT METER MTON
JOINT COORDINATES
…………………………………..
MEMBER INCIDENCES
…………………………………..
MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN
…………………………………..
CONSTANTS
…………………….
SUPPORTS
…………………….
DEFINE 1893 LOAD
ZONE 0.05 I 1 K 1 B 1
SELFWEIGHT
JOINT WEIGHT
……………………….
LOAD 1 SEISMIC LOAD IN X DIR
1893 LOAD X 1
LOAD 2 SEISMIC LOAD IN Z DIR
1893 LOAD Z 1
LOAD 3 DL
MEMBER LOAD
…… UNI GY -5
LOAD 4 LL
Concrete Design Per IS13920
9-42 Section 9A1
MEMBER LOAD
……. UNI GY -3
LOAD COMB 5 1.5(DL+LL)
3 1.5 4 1.5
LOAD COMB 6 1.2(DL+LL+SLX)
1 1.2 3 1.2 4 1.2
LOAD COMB 7 1.2(DL+LL-SLX)
1 1.2 3 1.2 4 -1.2
LOAD COMB 8 1.2(DL+LL+SLZ)
2 1.2 3 1.2 4 1.2
LOAD COMB 9 1.2(DL+LL-SLZ)
2 1.2 3 1.2 4 -1.2
PDELTA ANALYSIS
LOAD LIST 5 TO 9
START CONCRETE DESIGN
CODE IS13920
UNIT MMS NEWTON
FYMAIN 415 ALL
FC 20 ALL
MINMAIN 12 ALL
MAXMAIN 25 ALL
TRACK 2.0 ALL
*** Unfactored gravity load on members 110 to 112 is 8 t/m
(DL+LL) i.e. 78.46 New/mm
EUDL 78.46 MEMB 110 TO 112
** Members to be combined into one physical member
COMBINE 3.0 MEMB 110 TO 112
Initially the program selects only one bar to calculate the number
of bars required and area of steel provided at each section along
the length of the beam. Now two bar diameters can be specified to
calculate a combination of each bar to be provided at each section.
The syntax for bar combination is given below.
MD2 bar diameter should be greater than MD1 bar diameter. The
typical output for bar combination is shown below:
| M A I N R E I N F O R C E M E N T |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION | 0.0- 2166.7 | 2166.7- 6500.0 | 6500.0- 8666.7 |
| mm | mm | mm |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP | 6-20í + 1-25í | 2-20í + 1-25í | 2-20í |
| in 2 layer(s) | in 1 layer(s) | in 1 layer(s) |
Ast Reqd| 2330.22 | 1029.90 | 582.55 |
Prov| 2376.79 | 1119.64 | 628.57 |
Ld (mm) | 940.2 | 940.2 | 940.2 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOTTOM | 4-20í | 2-20í | 2-20í |
| in 1 layer(s) | in 1 layer(s) | in 1 layer(s) |
Ast Reqd| 1165.11 | 582.55 | 582.55 |
Prov| 1257.14 | 628.57 | 628.57 |
Ld (mm) | 940.2 | 940.2 | 940.2 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The beam length is divided into three parts, two at its ends and one
at span. Ld gives the development length to be provided at the two
ends of each section.
Concrete Design Per IS13920
9-44 Section 9A1
Design Shear Force At End A, Vu,a = Max ( Va,anl, Vur,a, Vul,a) = 53402.14022 N
Design Shear Force At End B, Vu,b = Max ( Vb,anl, Vur,b, Vul,b) = 41337.69104 N
Design Shear Force At End A, Vu,a = Max ( Va,anl, Vur,a, Vul,a) = 42444.3402 N
Design Shear Force At End B, Vu,b = Max ( Vb,anl, Vur,b, Vul,b) = 63863.862 N
9-49
Section 9B
9B.1 Design Operations
The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon
the allowable stress design method as per IS:800 (1984). It is a
method for proportioning structural members using design loads
and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the
appropriate material under service conditions. It would not be
possible to describe every aspect of IS:800 in this manual. This
section, however, will discuss the salient features of the allowable
stresses specified by IS:800 and implemented in STAAD.
Appropriate sections of IS:800 will be referenced during the
discussion of various types of allowable stresses.
Section 9B 9-51
at = 0.6 f y
where,
Compressive Stress
f f
0.6
[(f cc)n (f y)n]
where,
bt or bc = 0.66 fy
where,
For an I-beam or channel with equal flanges bent about the axis of
maximum strength (z-z axis), the maximum bending compressive
stress on the extreme fibre calculated on the effective section shall
not exceed the values of maximum permissible bending compressive
stress. The maximum permissible bending compressive stress shall be
obtained by the following formula: (Clause: 6.2.2)
f cb f y
σbc 0.66 (Clause : 6.2.3)
1/n
n n
[(f cb) (f y) ]
where,
c
f k [ X k Y]
c
Section 9B 9-53
where,
1 IT 26.5x10
X Y 1 MP Y=
20 r D (1/ r y)
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Y PROPERTIES |
|************* | IN CM UNIT |
| * |=============================| ===|=== ------------ |
|MEMBER 7 * | | | AX = 72.4 |
| * | ST ISLB400 | | --Z AY = 32.0 |
|DESIGN CODE * | | | AZ = 27.5 |
| IS-800 * =============================== ===|=== SY = 86.8 |
| * SZ = 965.3 |
| * |<---LENGTH (ME= 3.00 --->| RY = 3.1 |
|************* RZ = 16.3 |
| |
| 104.6( KN-METR) |
|PARAMETER |L1 STRESSES |
|IN NEWT MM | IN NEWT MM|
|--------------- + -------------|
| KL/R-Y= 95.4 | FA = 84.8 |
| KL/R-Z= 18.4 + fa = 1.6 |
| UNL = 3000.0 | FCZ = 116.6 |
| C = 400.0 + FTZ = 165.0 |
| CMY = 0.85 | FCY = 165.0 |
| CMZ = 0.85 + FTY = 165.0 |
| FYLD = 249.9 | L3 fbz = 108.4 |
| NSF = 0.9 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| fby = 0.0 |
| DFF = 325.0 92.7 FV = 100.0 |
| dff = 4383.0 ABSOLUTE MZ ENVELOPE |
| (WITH LOAD NO.) |
| |
| MAX FORCE/ MOMENT SUMMARY ( KN-METR) |
| ------------------------- |
| |
| AXIAL SHEAR-Y SHEAR-Z MOMENT-Y MOMENT-Z |
| |
| VALUE -23.7 61.3 0.0 0.0 104.6 |
| LOCATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
| LOADING 3 1 0 0 1 |
| |
|***************************************************************************|
|* *|
|* DESIGN SUMMARY ( KN-METR) *|
|* -------------- *|
|* *|
|* RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/ LOADING/ *|
| FX MY MZ LOCATION |
| ====================================================== |
| PASS IS-7.1.2 0.667 1 |
| 9.62 T 0.0 -104.6 0.00 |
| |
| DEFLECTION * PASS |
| RATIO: 0.074 LOADING: 3 LOCATION: 0.67 |
|* *|
|***************************************************************************|
Section 9B 9-59
Almost all ISI steel tables are available for input. A complete
listing of the sections available in the built -in steel section library
may be obtained using the tools of the graphical user interface.
All rolled steel beam sections are available the way they are
designated in the ISI handbook., e.g. ISJB225, ISWB400, etc.
20 TO 30 TA ST ISLB325
NOTE:
In case of two identical beams, the heavier beam is designated
with an „A” on the end., e.g. ISHB400 A, etc.
1 TO 5 TA ST ISHB400A
Steel Design Per IS800
9-60 Section 9B
10 TO 20 BY 2 TA ST ISMC125
12 TA ST ISLC300
Double Channels
21 22 24 TA D ISLC225
Both rolled steel equal angles and unequal angles are available for
use in the STAAD implementation of ISI steel tables. The
following example with explanations will be helpful in
understanding the input procedure:
ISA 150 X 75 X 8
51 52 53 TA ST ISA60X60X6
Section 9B 9-61
This specification has the local z-axis ( i.e., the minor axis
corresponding to the V-V axis specified in the steel tables. Many
engineers are familiar with a convention used by some other
programs in which the local y-axis is the minor axis. STAAD
provides for this convention by accepting the command:
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by inputting the word SD or LD, respectively, in front
of the angle size. In case of an equal angle either LD or SD will
serve the purpose. For example,
14 TO 20 TA LD ISA50X30X5 SP 1.5
23 27 TA SD ISA75X50X6
All the rolled tee sections are available for input as they are
specified in the ISI handbook. Following example illustrates the
designated method.
1 2 5 8 TA ST ISNT100
67 68 TA ST ISST250
10 15 TA ST PIP 213.2
(Specifies a 213 mm dia. pipe with 3.2 mm wall thickness)
Height in mm Width in mm
Example:
15 TO 25 TA ST TUB 160808
All plate and angle grinders (with flange plates) are available as
listed in ISI section handbook. The following example with
explanations will be helpful in understanding the input procedure.
I 1000 12 A 400 12
A F
B E
C D
A 150X150X18
B 200X100X15
C 200X150X18
E 200X200X18
Steel Design Per IS800
9-64 Section 9B
All single joist with channel and plates on the flanges to be used
as girders are available as listed in ISI section handbook. The
following example with explanations will be helpful in
understanding the input procedure.
IW 450 350 X 10 20
A E
B D
C
NOTE:
NOTES:
1 2 3 4 EXAMPLE : PARAMETERS
1 2 3
D DFF 300. ALL
DJ1 1 ALL
D = Maximum local deflection for members DJ2 4 ALL
1 2 and 3.
2) If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" will default
to the member length and local deflections will be measured
from original member line.
Table 8B.2 gives the parameters that are required for Lacing or
batten design. These parameters will have to be provided in unit
NEW MMS along with parameters defined in Table 9B.1.
Steel Design Per IS800
9-68 Section 9B
Section 9C
9C.1 General Comments
The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon
the allowable stress design method as per IS:802 (1995). It is a
method for proportioning structural members using design loads
and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the
appropriate material under service conditions.
at = fy
where,
Compressive Stress
The estimated compressive stresses in various members multiplied
by the appropriate factor of safety shall not exceed the value given
by the formulae described below.
b b 210
Condition 1: If
t t lim
Fy
KL / r CC
1 KL / r 2
Stress F a = 1 Fy N/mm 2
2 Cc
KL / r CC
Section 9C 9-73
E
2
Stress F a = N/mm 2
KL / r 2
b b 378
Condition 2: If when F y is the N/mm 2
t lim t Fy
formulae given in condition 1 shall be used substituting for F y the
value F cr given by:
b
0.677
F cr = 1.677 t F
b y
t lim
b 378
Condition 3: > when F y is the N/mm 2 formulae given in
t Fy
condition 1 shall be used substituting for F y the value F cr given by
65550
F cr = 2
b
t
In which C C = 2E
Fy
where,
KL
= largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment
r
of the member,
b = distance from edge of the fillet to the extreme fibre in mm, and
t = thickness of flange in mm.
Note : The maximum permissible value of b/t for any type of steel
shall not exceed 25.
Compression Members:
Slenderness
Members
value
Leg Members, ground wire peak member and lower
120
members of cross arms in compression
Other members carrying computed stress 200
Redundant members and those carrying nominal
250
stresses
Section 9C 9-75
Slenderness ratios of compression members are determined as
follows:
Tension Members:
Slenderness ratio KL/r of a member carrying axial tension only,
shall not exceed 400.
Minimum Thickness, mm
Members
Galvanized Painted
Leg Members, ground wire peak
member and lower members of
5 6
cross arms in compression
Other members
4 5
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
DETAILS OF CALCULATION
----------------------
TYPE : GALVANISED
RESULT : PASS
Steel Design Per IS802
9-80 Section 9C
RESULT : PASS
(b/t)cal : 12.90
RESULT : PASS
BOLTING
-------
BOLT DIA : 16 MM
The procedure for calculating net section factor for angle section is
described below.
A net = A 1 + A 2 x K 1
A net = A 1 + A 2 x K 1
For angle section it is the ratio of the net effective area, A net to the
gross area.
STAAD TRUSS
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 3 0 3; 2 1.2 27 1.2; 3 2.8 3 2.8; 4 2.6 6 2.6; 5 2.4 9 2.4; 6 2.2 12 2.2;
7 2 15 2; 8 1.8 18 1.8; 9 1.6 21 1.6; 10 1.4 24 1.4; 11 -3 0 3; 12 -1.2 27 1.2;
13 -2.8 3 2.8; 14 -2.6 6 2.6; 15 -2.4 9 2.4; 16 -2.2 12 2.2; 17 -2 15 2;
18 -1.8 18 1.8; 19 -1.6 21 1.6; 20 -1.4 24 1.4; 21 3 0 -3; 22 1.2 27 -1.2;
23 2.8 3 -2.8; 24 2.6 6 -2.6; 25 2.4 9 -2.4; 26 2.2 12 -2.2; 27 2 15 -2;
28 1.8 18 -1.8; 29 1.6 21 -1.6; 30 1.4 24 -1.4; 31 -3 0 -3; 32 -1.2 27 -1.2;
33 -2.8 3 -2.8; 34 -2.6 6 -2.6; 35 -2.4 9 -2.4; 36 -2.2 12 -2.2; 37 -2 15 -2;
38 -1.8 18 -1.8; 39 -1.6 21 -1.6; 40 -1.4 24 -1.4; 41 1.2 30 1.2;
42 -1.2 30 1.2; 43 1.2 30 -1.2; 44 -1.2 30 -1.2; 45 4.2 27 1.2; 46 7.2 27 1.2;
47 4.2 30 1.2; 48 4.2 27 -1.2; 49 7.2 27 -1.2; 50 4.2 30 -1.2; 51 -4.2 27 1.2;
52 -7.2 27 1.2; 53 -4.2 30 1.2; 54 -4.2 27 -1.2; 55 -7.2 27 -1.2;
56 -4.2 30 -1.2; 57 1.2 33 1.2; 58 -1.2 33 1.2; 59 1.2 33 -1.2;
60 -1.2 33 -1.2; 61 0 35 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 3; 2 3 4; 3 4 5; 4 5 6; 5 6 7; 6 7 8; 7 8 9; 8 9 10; 9 10 2; 10 11 13;
11 13 14; 12 14 15; 13 15 16; 14 16 17; 15 17 18; 16 18 19; 17 19 20; 18 20 12;
19 13 3; 20 14 4; 21 15 5; 22 16 6; 23 17 7; 24 18 8; 25 19 9; 26 20 10;
27 12 2; 28 11 3; 29 1 13; 30 13 4; 31 3 14; 32 14 5; 33 15 4; 34 15 6;
35 16 5; 36 16 7; 37 17 6; 38 17 8; 39 18 7; 40 18 9; 41 19 8; 42 19 10;
43 20 9; 44 20 2; 45 12 10; 46 21 23; 47 23 24; 48 24 25; 49 25 26; 50 26 27;
51 27 28; 52 28 29; 53 29 30; 54 30 22; 55 3 23; 56 4 24; 57 5 25; 58 6 26;
59 7 27; 60 8 28; 61 9 29; 62 10 30; 63 2 22; 64 1 23; 65 21 3; 66 3 24;
67 23 4; 68 4 25; 69 5 24; 70 5 26; 71 6 25; 72 6 27; 73 7 26; 74 7 28;
75 8 27; 76 8 29; 77 9 28; 78 9 30; 79 10 29; 80 10 22; 81 2 30; 82 31 33;
83 33 34; 84 34 35; 85 35 36; 86 36 37; 87 37 38; 88 38 39; 89 39 40; 90 40 32;
91 23 33; 92 24 34; 93 25 35; 94 26 36; 95 27 37; 96 28 38; 97 29 39; 98 30 40;
99 22 32; 100 21 33; 101 31 23; 102 23 34; 103 33 24; 104 24 35; 105 25 34;
106 25 36; 107 26 35; 108 26 37; 109 27 36; 110 27 38; 111 28 37; 112 28 39;
113 29 38; 114 29 40; 115 30 39; 116 30 32; 117 22 40; 118 33 13; 119 34 14;
120 35 15; 121 36 16; 122 37 17; 123 38 18; 124 39 19; 125 40 20; 126 32 12;
127 31 13; 128 11 33; 129 33 14; 130 13 34; 131 34 15; 132 35 14; 133 35 16;
134 36 15; 135 36 17; 136 37 16; 137 37 18; 138 38 17; 139 38 19; 140 39 18;
141 39 20; 142 40 19; 143 40 12; 144 32 20; 145 32 44; 146 12 42; 147 2 41;
148 22 43; 149 42 41; 150 41 43; 151 43 44; 152 44 42; 153 12 41; 154 42 2;
155 22 41; 156 43 2; 157 43 32; 158 44 22; 159 12 44; 160 32 42; 161 41 47;
162 47 45; 163 45 2; 164 47 46; 165 46 45; 166 41 45; 167 43 50; 168 50 48;
169 48 22; 170 50 49; 171 49 48; 172 43 48; 173 47 50; 174 46 49; 175 45 48;
176 41 50; 177 50 46; 178 43 47; 179 47 49; 180 22 50; 181 2 47; 182 22 45;
183 2 48; 184 47 48; 185 50 45; 186 45 49; 187 48 46; 188 42 53; 189 53 51;
190 51 12; 191 53 52; 192 52 51; 193 42 51; 194 44 56; 195 56 54; 196 54 32;
197 56 55; 198 55 54; 199 44 54; 200 53 56; 201 52 55; 202 51 54; 203 42 56;
204 56 52; 205 44 53; 206 53 55; 207 32 56; 208 12 53; 209 32 51; 210 12 54;
211 53 54; 212 56 51; 213 51 55; 214 54 52; 215 44 60; 216 42 58; 217 41 57;
218 43 59; 219 60 59; 220 59 57; 221 57 58; 222 58 60; 223 44 58; 224 42 60;
225 42 57; 226 41 58; 227 44 59; 228 43 60; 229 43 57; 230 41 59; 231 60 57;
232 59 58; 235 33 3; 236 13 23; 237 34 4; 238 14 24; 239 35 5; 240 15 25;
241 36 6; 242 16 26; 243 37 7; 244 17 27; 245 38 8; 246 18 28; 247 39 9;
248 19 29; 249 40 10; 250 20 30; 251 32 2; 252 22 12; 253 44 41; 254 43 42;
Section 9C 9-87
TYPE : PAINTED
RESULT : PASS
RESULT : PASS
(b/t)cal : 9.36
LOAD NO. : 1
RESULT : PASS
Steel Design Per IS802
9-90 Section 9C
BOLTING
-------
BOLT DIA : 16 MM
RESULT : PASS
RESULT : PASS
LOAD NO. : 3
RESULT : PASS
BOLTING
-------
BOLT DIA : 16 MM
Section 9D
9D.1 General
1. Code Checking
The program compares the resistance of members with the applied
load effects, in accordance with IS:801-1975. Code checking is
carried out for locations specified by the user via the SECTION
command or the BEAM parameter. The results are presented in a
form of a PASS/FAIL identifier and a RATIO of load effect to
resistance for each member checked. The user may choose the
degree of detail in the output data by setting the TRACK
parameter.
2. Member Selection
The user may request that the program search the cold formed steel
shapes database (IS standard sections) for alternative members that
pass the code check and meet the least weight criterion. In
addition, a minimum and/or maximum acceptable dep th of the
member may be specified. The program will then evaluate all
database sections of the type initially specified (i.e., channel,
angle, etc.) and, if a suitable replacement is found, presents design
results for that section. If no section satisfying the depth
restrictions or lighter than the initial one can be found, the
program leaves the member unchanged, regardless of whether it
passes the code check or not.
Members in tension
Members in compression
&
BEAM 1.0 When this parameter is set to 1.0 (default), the adequacy of
the member is determined by checking a total of 13 equally
spaced locations along the length of the member. If the BEAM
value is 0.0, the 13 location check is not conducted, and
instead, checking is done only at the locations specified by
the SECTION command (See STAAD manual for details. For
TRUSS members only start and end locations are designed.
CMZ 1.0 Coefficient of equivalent uniform bending z. See IS:801-
1975, 6.7. Used for Combined axial load and bending design.
Values range from 0.4 to 1.0.
CMY 0.85 Coefficient of equivalent uniform bending y. See IS:801-
1975, 6.7. Used for Combined axial load and bending design.
Values range from 0.4 to 1.0.
CWY 0.85 Specifies whether the cold work of forming strengthening
effect should be included in resistance computation. See
IS:801-1975, 6.1.1
Values:
0 – Section not subject to torsional flexural buckling
1 – Section subject to torsional flexural buckling
Design Per Indian Cold Formed Steel Code
9-98 Section 9D
Values:
Section 10A
10A.1 Design Operations
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450
mm depth and 250mm width) and the second set of members, with
only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular
with 350mm diameter. It is absolutely imperative that the user not
provide the cross section area (AX) as an input.
input file. The user must note that to take advantage of this
analysis, all the combinations of loading must be provided as
primary load cases and not as load combinations. This is due to the
fact that load combinations are just algebraic combinations of
forces and moments, whereas a primary load case is revised during
the P-delta analysis based on the deflections. Also, note that the
proper factored loads (like 1.5 for dead load etc.) should be
provided by the user. STAAD does not factor the loads
automatically. The second method mentioned above is utilized by
providing the magnification factor as a concrete design parameter
(See the parameter MMAG in Table 9A.1). The column is designed
for the axial load and total of primary and secondary biaxial
moments if the first method is used and for the axial load and
magnified biaxial moments if the second method is used.
Notes:
Beams are designed for MZ only. The moment MY is not
considered in flexure design
MMAG parameter can be used to increase design moment
1.4 cm. is added to the clear cover to take stirrup size into
consideration for flexure design.
STAAD beam design procedure is based on the local practice
and considering the fact that Japan is a high seismic zone area.
For seismic load it is needed to increase shear force 1.5 times the
actual value and this can be done utilizing SMAG parameter.
Notes:
SMAG parameter can be used if its needed to increase the
Design Shear Force without changing Design Moment.
Stirrups are always assumed to be 2-legged
Governing density to determine Light weight or Normal
Weight Concrete is 2.3 kg/sq. cm
Section 10A 10-5
UNIT KG CM
START CONCRETE DESIGN
CODE JAPAN
FYMAIN SRR295 ALL
FYSEC SRR295 ALL
FC 350 ALL
CLEAR 2.5 MEM 2 TO 6
TRACK 1.0 MEMB 2 TO 9
DESIGN BEAM 2 TO 9
END CONCRETE DESIGN
Steps involved :
My Mz
1.0
Mycap Mzcap
The longitudinal bar is the layer closest to the exterior face of the
slab or wall. The following parameters are those applicable to slab
and wall design:
Z
Y
My
X
Mx
TRANS.
Mx
My
LONG.
Section 10B
10B.1 General
I shapes
I shapes are specified in the following way:
I 250 X 125 X 10
Note : While specifying the web thickness, the portion after the
decimal point should be excluded.
Example: 1 TO 9 TA ST I300X150X11
12 TO 15 TA ST I350X150X9
H shapes
H shapes are specified as follows:
H 600 X 200 X 11
Note: While specifying the web thickness, the portion after the decimal
point should be excluded.
Example: 1 TO 8 TA ST H200X100X4
13 TO 17 TA ST H350X350X12
Steel Design Per AIJ
10-14 Section 10B
T shapes
T shapes are specified as follows:
T 250 X 16
Section-type (T)
Nominal width of flange (mm) Flange thickness (mm)
Note : While specifying the web thickness, the portion after the
decimal point should be excluded
Example: 20 TO 25 TA ST T250X19
Channels
Channel sections are specified as follows.
C 300 X 90 X 10
Example: 25 TO 34 TA ST C125X65X6
46 TO 49 TA ST C200X90X8
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without a spacing in
between them, are available. The letter D in front of the section
name is used to specify a double channel.
17 TO 27 TA D C300X90X10
45 TO 76 TA D C250X90X11 SP 2.0
Angles
Two types of specification may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle specification is as follows.
L 125 X 90 X 10
Example: 1 4 TA ST L150X90X9
7 TO 23 TA RA L90X75X9
Double angles
Short leg back to back and long leg back to back double angles
may be specified by using the words SD or LD in front of the
angle size. In the case of an equal angle, either SD or LD will
serve the purpose. The spacing between the angles may be
specified by using the word SP after the angle size followed by the
value of the spacing.
Steel Design Per AIJ
10-16 Section 10B
8 TO 25 TA SD L100X65X7 SP 2.0
36 TO 45 TA LD L300X90X11 SP 3.0
The first example indicates a short legs back to back double angle
comprised of 100X65X7 angles separated by 2 length units. The
latter is a long legs back to back double angle comprised of
300X90X11 angles separated by 3 length units.
Tubes
Tube names are input by their dimensions. For example,
STAAD SPACE
UNIT KIP FEET
JOINT COORD
1 0 0 0 12 11 0 0
MEMB INCIDENCE
1 1 2 11
UNIT INCH
MEMBER PROPERTY JAPANESE
* H-SHAPE
1 TA ST H200X100X4
* I SHAPE
2 TA ST I250X125X10
* T SHAPE
3 TA ST T200X19
* CHANNEL
4 TA ST C125X65X6
* DOUBLE CHANNEL
5 TA D C200X90X8
* REGULAR ANGLE
6 TA ST L100X75X7
* REVERSE ANGLE
7 TA RA L90X75X9
* DOUBLE ANGLE - LONG LEG BACK TO BACK
8 TA LD L125X75X7 SP 2.0
* DOUBLE ANGLE - SHORT LEG BACK TO BACK
9 TA SD L300X90X11 SP 1.5
* TUBE
10 TA ST TUBE DT 3.0 WT 2.5 TH 0.25
* PIPE
11 TA ST PIPE OD 3.0 ID 2.5
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES
FINISH
Steel Design Per AIJ
10-18 Section 10B
Design Capabilities
All types of available shapes like H-Shape, I-Shape, L-Shapes,
CHANNEL, PIPE, TUBE, Prismatic section etc. can be used as
member property and STAAD will automatically adopt the design
procedure for that particular shape if Steel Design is requested.
STEEL TABLE available within STAAD or UPTABLE facility can
be used for member property.
Methodology
For steel design, STAAD compares the actual stresses with the
allowable stresses as required by AIJ specifications. The design
procedure consist of following three steps.
Ii
i
Ai
i) Axial Stress:
Actual tensile stresses ( FT ) = Force / ( A NSF ),
NSF = Net Section Factor for tension
Actual compressive stress ( FC ) = Force / A
Conditions:
i) Axial tensile stress ratio = FT / ft
ii) Axial compressive stress ratio = FC / fc
iii) Combined compression &
bending ratio = FC/fc+Fbcz/fbcz+Fbcy/fbcy
Section 10B 10-21
Please note, that this output format is available only when Beam
parameter value is 0 and Track parameter value is 3. If section
command is not used design information will be printed for two
ends only. If Member Truss option is used no Shear Design
information will be printed.
Example:
NOTE:
1) "Deflection Length" is defined as the length that is used for
calculation of local deflections within a member. It may be
noted that for most cases the "Deflection Length" will be equal
to the length of the member. However, in some situations, the
"Deflection Length" may be different. For example, refer to
the figure below where a beam has been modeled using four
joints and three members. Note that the "Deflection Length"
Section 10B 10-25
for all three members will be equal to the total length of the
beam in this case. The parameters DJ1 and DJ2 should be used
to model this situation. Also the straight line joining DJ1 and
DJ2 is used as the reference line from which local deflections
are measured. Thus, for all three members here, DJ1 should be
"1" and DJ2 should be "4".
1 2 3 4 EXAMPLE : PARAMETERS
1 2 3
D DFF 300. ALL
DJ1 1 ALL
D = Maximum local deflection for members DJ2 4 ALL
1, 2 and 3.
2) If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" wil l default
to the member length and local deflections will be measured
from original member line.
3) The above parameters may be used in conjunction with other
available parameters for steel design.
UNIT METER
PARAMETER
CODE JAPAN
NSF 0.85 ALL
UNL 10.0 MEMBER 7
KY 1.2 MEMBER 3 4
RATIO 0.9 ALL
TRACK 1.0 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
SELECT ALL
Section 11
Mexican Codes
11-1
Section 11A
11A.1 Design Operations
STAAD has the capabilities for per forming concrete design. It will
calculate the reinforcement needed for the specified concrete
section. All the concrete design calculations are based on the
current: Complementary Technical Standards for the Design and
Construction of Concrete Structures – Nov. 1987. (Normas
Técnicas Complementarias para Diseño y construcción de
Estructuras de Concreto) of the Mexican Construction Code for the
Federal District –Aug. 1993 (Reglamento de Construcciones para
el Distrito Federal).
UNIT CM
MEMBER PROPERTY
13 TO 79 PRISM YD 40. ZD 20. IZ 53333 IY 13333
11 13 PR YD 20.
14 TO 16 PRIS YD 24. ZD 48. YB 18. ZB 12.
17 TO 19 PR YD 24. ZD 18. ZB 12.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (40 cm
depth and 20 cm width) and the second set of members, with only
depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular with 20
cm diameter. Note that no area (AX) is provided for these members.
For concrete design, this property must not be provided. If shear areas
and moments of inertias are not provided, the program calculates
these values from YD and ZD. Notice that in the above example the
IZ and IY values provided are actually 50% of the values calculated
using YD and ZD. This is a conventional practice which takes int o
consideration revised section parameters due to cracking of section.
Section 11A 11-3
Note that the third and the fourth set of members in the above
example represent a T-shape and a TRAPEZOIDAL shape
respectively. Depending on the properties (YD, ZD, YB, ZB, etc.)
provided, the program will determine whether the section is
rectangular, trapezoidal or T-shaped and the BEAM design will be
done accordingly.
TRACK 0
Column Design
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. For all these
forces, all active beam loadings are prescanned to locate the
possible critical sections. The total number of sections considered
is 12 (twelve) unless this number is redefined with an NSECTION
parameter. All of these equally spaced sections are scanned to
determine moment and shear envelopes.
In the output for flexural design, the anchorage details are also
provided. At any particular level, the START and END coordinates
of the layout of the main rein forcement is described along with the
information whether anchorage in the form of a hook or
continuation is required or not at these START and END points.
Note that the coordinates of these START and END points are
obtained after taking into account the anchorage requirements.
Concrete Design Per Mexican Code
11-8 Section 11A
Output
Section 11A 11-9
B E A M N O. 1 D E S I G N R E S U L T S – SHEAR
AT START SUPPORT - Vu=41850.00 Kg Vc= 6074.49 Kg Vs=44719.39 Kg
Tu= 0.00 Kg cm Tc= 0.00 Kg cm Ts= 0.00 Kg cm LOAD 0
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR SHEAR.
PROVIDE NUM. 2.5 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 7.(cm) C/C FOR 176.(cm)
ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL STEEL REQD. FOR TORSIONAL RESISTANCE = 0.00 (cm2)
AT END SUPPORT - Vu=37450.00 Kg Vc= 6074.49 Kg Vs=39219.39 Kg
Tu= 0.00 Kg cm Tc= 0.00 Kg cm Ts= 0.00 Kg cm LOAD 0
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR SHEAR.
PROVIDE NUM. 2.5 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 8.(cm) C/C FOR 176.(cm)
ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL STEEL REQD. FOR TORSIONAL RESISTANCE = 0.00 (cm2)
Concrete Design Per Mexican Code
11-10 Section 11A
Steps involved :
Mny Mnz
+
Mycap Mycap
By the moment to check shear and torsion for columns the sections
have to be checked as beams and the most strict of both shear and
torsion reinforcement adopted.
Mu = (Mux.Mmagx)²+ (Muy.Mmagy)²
====================================================================
Section 11B
11B.1 General
Yi Qi < Rn FR
Member end forces and moments in the member result from loads
applied to the structure. These forces are in the local member
coordinate system. the following figures show the member end
actions with their directions.
Steel Design Per Mexican Code
11-18 Section 11B
For the sections where the web and flange are slender the LRDF
USA specification was used.
Section 11B 11-21
Notes: the local X axis goes into the page; the Global Y axis is
vertical upwards; the shaded area indicates area under
compression; the area not shaded indicates area under tension.
The default parameter values have been selected such that they are
frequently used numbers for conventional design. Depending on
the particular design requirements, some or all of these parameter
values may be changed to exactly model the physical structure.
The parameters DMAX and DMIN may only be used for member
selection only.
Section 12A
12A.1 General
Example:
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTIES
* Columns of rectangular cross-section
1 TO 16 PRI YD 350. ZD 350.
* Columns of circular cross-section
17 TO 22 PRI YD 350.
* Beams of T cross-section
23 TO 40 PRI YD 450. ZD 550. YB 230. ZB 200.
UNIT METER
ELEMENT PROPERTY
41 TO 100 THICKNESS 0.14
101 TO 252 THICKNESS 0.16
* Flange of T beams is located at the bottom zone of
cross-section
BETA 180. MEMB 23 TO 40
Example:
* Command of analysis
PERFORM ANALYSIS
.
.* Output command to print results of calculation
(according to user’s judgment)
.
Concrete Design Per Russian Code
12-4 Section 12A
Parameter Default
No. Description
name value
1 NLT 1 Number of long-term loading case
Class of longitudinal reinforcement:
RCL = 1, if class of reinforcement is A-I;
RCL = 2, if class of reinforcement is A-II;
RCL = 3, if class of reinforcement is A-III;
RCL = 33, if class of reinforcement is A-IIIb;
RCL = 4, if class of reinforcement is A-IV;
RCL = 5, if class of reinforcement is A-V;
2 RCL 3
RCL = 6, if class of reinforcement is A-VI;
RCL = 7, if class of reinforcement is A-VII;
RCL = 77, if class of reinforcement is K-7;
RCL = 8, if class of reinforcement is B-II;
RCL = 9, if class of reinforcement is Bp-II;
RCL = 10, if class of reinforcement is Bp-I;
RCL = 19, if class of reinforcement is K-19
Total product of service conditions coefficients for
3 USM 1.
longitudinal reinforcement ( s )
Specific service conditions coefficient for concrete
4 UB2 0.9
( b2 )
Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bars in
5 DD1 16.
beam tension zone
6 DD2 16. Diameter of shear reinforcement bars for beam;
7 BCL 15. Compression class of concrete
Product of service conditions coefficients for
8 UBM 1.
concrete, except UB2 ( b )
Parameter of concrete hardening conditions:
9 TEM 0. TEM=0, for natural hardening conditions;
TEM=1, for steam hardening conditions
10 CL1 0.05 Distance from top/bottom fiber of beam cross
Concrete Design Per Russian Code
12-6 Section 12A
Parameter Default
No. Description
name value
section to the center of longitudi nal reinforcement
bar;
Distance from left/right side of beam cross section
11 CL2 0.05
to the center of longitudinal reinforcement bar
12 WST 0.4 Ultimate width of short-term crack
13 WLT 0.3 Ultimate width of long-term crack
Limit state parameter for beam design
SSE=0, if calculation of reinforcement
amount must be carried out according to the
requirements of load carrying capacity (the
14 SSE 0 first limit state);
SSE=1, if calculation of reinforcement
amount must be carried out according to the
cracking requirements (the second limit
state)
Class of shear reinforcement:
RSH = 1, if class of reinforcement is A-I;
RSH = 2, if class of reinforcement is A-II;
RSH = 3, if class of reinforcement is A-III;
RSH = 33, if class of reinforcement is A-
IIIb;
RSH = 4, if class of reinforcement is A-IV;
15 RSH 1 RSH = 5, if class of reinforcement is A-V;
RSH = 6, if class of reinforcement is A-VI;
RSH = 7, if class of reinforcement is A-VII;
RSH = 77, if class of reinforcement is K-7;
RSH = 8, if class of reinforcement is B-II;
RSH = 9, if class of reinforcement is Bp-II;
RSH = 10, if class of reinforcement is Bp -I;
RSH = 19, if class of reinforcement is K-19
Design width of beam top flange. Use for beam
16 FWT ZD design only with default value provided as ZD in
member properties.
Design width of beam bottom flange. Use for beam
17 FWB ZB design only with default value provided as ZB in
member properties.
Section 12A 12-7
Parameter Default
No. Description
name value
Design depth of beam section. Use for beam
18 DEP YD design only with default value provided as YD in
member properties.
Face of support location at the start of the beam.
19 SFA 0.
Use for beam design only.
Face of support location at the end of the beam.
20 EFA 0.
Use for beam design only.
Number of equally-spaced sections for beam
21 NSE 13 design. Use for beam design only. Upper limit is
equal to 20.
Parameter Default
No. Description
name value
1 NLT 1 Number of long-term loading case
Class of longitudinal reinforcement:
RCL = 1, if class of reinforcement is A-I;
RCL = 2, if class of reinforcement is A-II;
RCL = 3, if class of reinforcement is A-III;
RCL = 33, if class of reinforcement is A-IIIb;
RCL = 4, if class of reinforcement is A-IV;
RCL = 5, if class of reinforcement is A-V;
2 RCL 3
RCL = 6, if class of reinforcement is A-VI;
RCL = 7, if class of reinforcement is A-VII;
RCL = 77, if class of reinforcement is K-7;
RCL = 8, if class of reinforcement is B-II;
RCL = 9, if class of reinforcement is Bp-II;
RCL = 10, if class of reinforcement is Bp-I;
RCL = 19, if class of reinforcement is K-19
Total product of service conditions coefficients for
3 USM 1.
longitudinal reinforcement ( s )
4 UB2 0.9 Specific service conditions coefficient for concrete
( b2 )
5 DD1 16. Minimum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement
Concrete Design Per Russian Code
12-8 Section 12A
Parameter Default
No. Description
name value
bars for column
Maximum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement
6 DD2 16.
bars for column
7 BCL 15. Compression class of concrete
Product of service conditions coefficients for
8 UBM 1.
concrete, except UB2 ( b )
Parameter of concrete hardening conditions:
9 TEM 0. TEM=0, for natural hardening conditions;
TEM=1, for steam hardening conditions
Distance from edge of column cross section to the
10 CL1 0.05
center of longitudinal reinforcement bar
Column's length coefficient to evaluate
11 ELY 1.
slenderness effect in local Y axis
Column's length coefficient to evaluate
12 ELZ 1.
slenderness effect in local Z axis
Parameter Default
No. Description
name value
1 NLT 1 Number of long-term loading case
Class of longitudinal reinforcement:
RCL = 1, if class of reinforcement is A-I;
RCL = 2, if class of reinforcement is A-II;
RCL = 3, if class of reinforcement is A-III;
RCL = 33, if class of reinforcement is A-
IIIb;
RCL = 4, if class of reinforcement is A-IV;
2 RCL 3
RCL = 5, if class of reinforcement i s A-V;
RCL = 6, if class of reinforcement is A-VI;
RCL = 7, if class of reinforcement is A-VII;
RCL = 77, if class of reinforcement is K-7;
RCL = 8, if class of reinforcement is B-II;
RCL = 9, if class of reinforcement is Bp-II;
RCL = 10, if class of reinforcement is Bp-I;
Section 12A 12-9
Parameter Default
No. Description
name value
RCL = 19, if class of reinforcement is K-19
Total product of service conditions coefficients
3 USM 1.
for longitudinal reinforcement ( s )
Specific service conditions coefficient for
4 UB2 0.9
concrete ( b2 )
Diameter of reinforcing bars located in the first
5 SDX 16.
local (X) direction of slab/wall
Diameter of reinforcing bars located in the
6 SDY 16.
second local (Y) direction of slab/wall
7 BCL 15. Compression class of concrete
Product of service conditions coefficients for
8 UBM 1.
concrete, except UB2 ( b )
Parameter of concrete hardening conditions:
9 TEM 0. TEM=0, for natural hardening conditions;
TEM=1, for steam hardening conditions
Distance from top/bottom face of slab/wall
element to the center of longitudinal reinforcing
10 CL 0.05 bars located in first local (X) direction. (Main
thickness of top/bottom concrete cover for
slab/wall element)
Distance from top/bottom face of slab/wall
element to the center of transverse reinforcing
11 CRA 0.05 bars located in second local (Y) direction
(Secondary thickness of top/bottom concrete
cover for slab/wall)
12 WST 0.4 Ultimate width of short-term crack
13 WLT 0.3 Ultimate width of long-term crack
Parameter of limit state for slab/wall design:
STA=0, if calculation of nons ymmetrical
reinforcement must be carried out according
to the requirements of load carrying capacity
14 STA 0 (the first limit state);
STA=1, if calculation of symmetrical
reinforcement must be carried out according
to the requirements of load carrying capacity
(the first limit state);
Concrete Design Per Russian Code
12-10 Section 12A
Parameter Default
No. Description
name value
STA=2, if calculation of nonsymmetrical
reinforcement must be carried according to
the cracking requirements (the second limit
state);
STA=3, if calculation of symmetrical
reinforcement must be carried according to
the cracking requirements (the second limit
state)
Design length of wall member to evaluate
15 SELX 0.
slenderness effect in local X axis
Design length of wall member to evaluate
16 SELY 0.
slenderness effect in local Y axis
Design parameter of slab/wall reinforcement:
MMA=0, if reinforcement calculation must
17 MMA 0 be applied by stresses in local axis;
MMA=1, if reinforcement calculation must
be applied by principal stresses
Design parameter of slab/wall reinforcement:
MMB=0, if the effect of additional
18 MMB 1 eccentricity is not taken into account;
MMB=1, if the effect of additional
eccentricity is taken into account
12A.3 Beams
MEMBER OFFSET
1 START 0.3 0 0
1 END -0.2 0 0
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
0.
10.92 0.41 152. / 2. 6 / 4 0.237 0.121
500.
4.74 0.41 60. / 0. 5 / 0 0.294 0.157
1000.
1.13 1.13 5. / 17. 4 / 6 0.000 0.000
1500.
1.13 6.41 8. / 75. 4 / 6 0.295 0.147
2000.
1.13 9.24 11. / 115. 4 / 6 0.298 0.149
2500.
1.13 11.53 14. / 139. 4 / 6 0.271 0.134
3500.
1.41 10.86 21. / 132. 4 / 6 0.277 0.130
4000.
1.63 8.28 24. / 103. 4 / 6 0.296 0.129
5000.
3.23 0.58 39. / 9. 5 / 3 0.293 0.157
5500.
0.74 0.41 124. / 0. 5 / 0 0.271 0.142
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
122A.4 Columns
column number;
column length and cross-sectional dimensions;
distance of centroid of each longitudinal bar from the
nearest edge of the cross-section;
concrete class;
longitudinal reinforcement class;
range of longitudinal reinforcement bar diameters assumed
in calculation;
diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bars obtained in
calculation;
total quantity of longitudinal bars;
quantity of longitudinal bars at each cross-section edge,
directed parallel to the local axis Yloc ;
quantity of longitudinal bars at each cross-section edge,
directed parallel to the local axis Z loc .
of longitudinal reinforcement
Load.N. number of loading version, determining cross-
sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
or
column number;
column length and diameter of cross-section;
distance of centroid of each longitudinal bar to the edge of
cross-section;
longitudinal reinforcement class;
assumed in calculation range of diameters of longitudinal
reinforcement bars;
diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bars obtained from
calculation;
quantity of longitudinal bars.
Concrete Design Per Russian Code
12-20 Section 12A
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Here:
Section 12B
12B.1 General
In this version of the program only members from rolled, tube and
roll-formed assortment sections and also from compound such as
double angles of T-type sections, double channels are presented.
Design of other members of compound section will be presented in
other versions of the program.
ST L100x100x7
Equal legs angle (GOST 8509-
6
89)
RA L100x100x7
ST L125x80x10
Unequal legs angle (GOST
7
8510-89)
RA L125x80x10
ST PIP102x5.5
Pipes (welded and for gas or
8
piping) ST PIPE OD 0.102 ID
0.055
ST TUB160x120x3
Roll-formed square and or
9
rectangular tubes ST TUBE TH 0.003
WT 0.12 DT 0.16
Section 12B 12-31
D C14 SP 0.01
1 Double channels (SP – clear distance
between channel walls)
LD L100x100x7 SP
0.01
2 Double equal legs angles
(SP – clear distance
between angle walls)
LD L125x80x10 SP
Double unequal legs angles with 0.01
5
long legs back to back (SP – clear distance
between angle walls)
SD L125x80x10 SP
Double unequal legs angles with 0.01
6
short legs back to back (SP – clear distance
between angle walls)
T I12
T B1-10
7 Tee with flange at the top
T SH1-23
T K1-20
Example
UNITS METER
MEMBER PROPERTY RUSSIAN
* I-beam
1 TO 6 TABLE ST B1-10
* Channel
7 TO 11 TABLE ST C14
* Unequal legs angle
12 TO 30 TABLE RA L125x80x10
* Round assortment pipe
31 TO 46 TABLE ST PIP102x5.5
* Round pipe of cross-sectional dimensions defined by
client
47 TO 60 TABLE ST PIPE OD 0.102 ID 0.055
* Square tube from assortment
61 TO 68 TABLE ST TUB120x120x3
* Rectangular tube of cross-sectional dimension defined
by client
69 TO 95 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0.003 WT 0.12 DT 0.16
* Double channel (distance between walls 10 мм)
96 TO 103 TABLE D C14 SP 0.01
* Double unequal legs angles with short legs back to
back (distance between walls 10 мм)
104 TO 105 TABLE SD L125x80x10 SP 0.01
* Member of Tee section
106 TO 126 TABLE T SH1-23
* Flange of T-beams at the bottom of cross-section
BETA 180. MEMB 116 TO 126
* Orientation of the local angle axes in relation to the
global axes of the structure
BETA RANGLE MEMB 12 TO 30
Example
* Command of analysis
PERFORM ANALYSIS
* Command of loadings and their combinations
considered in design
LOAD LIST 1 5 TO 9
* Command to start design according to Russian Code
PARAMETER
CODE RUSSIAN
* List of parameters used in checking and selecting
.
BEAM 1. ALL (obligatory parameter)
.
LY 4. MEMB 1 TO 4
LZ 4. MEM 1 TO 4
MAIN 1. ALL
SGR 3. ALL
SBLT 0 ALL
DMIN
18 Minimum allowable secti on depth 0.
[m]
Member design parameter:
BEAM = 0, Design
members for forces at
their ends or at the
sections defined by
SECTION command;
BEAM = 1, Calculate the
major axis moment Mz at
13 points along the beam
and design beam at the
19 BEAM location of maximum Mz; 1
BEAM = 2, Same as
BEAM=1, but additional
checks are carried out at
beam ends and at critical
inter mediate section;
BEAM = 3, Calculate
forces at 13 points and
perform design checks at
all locations including the
ends
Specific service condition
20 GAMC1 1.0
coefficient for buckling design
Specific service condition
21 GAMC2 1.0
coefficient for strength design
Design steel strength (yield
PY strength):
22 0
[MPa] If parameters MAIN according to
Standard of steel grade (GOST)
Section 12B 12-43
number of member;
Material characteristics:
Steel;
Design resistance;
Elasticity modulus;
Section characteristics:
Length of member;
Section area;
Net area;
Inertia moment (second moment of area) (I);
Section modulus (W);
First moment of area (S);
Radius of gyration;
Effective length;
Slenderness;
Results are presented in two columns, Z and Y respectively.
Design forces:
Longitudinal force;
Moments;
Shear force.
MATERIAL DATA
Steel = C285
Modulus of elasticity = 206.E+06 KPA
Design Strength (Ry) = 280.E+03 KPA
Section 13A
13A.1 Design Operations
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTIES
*RECTANGULAR COLUMN 300mm WIDE X 450mm DEEP
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 300.
*CIRCULAR COLUMN 300mm diameter
11 13 PR YD 300.
* T-SECTION - FLANGE 1000.X 200.(YD-YB)
* - STEM 250(THICK) X 350.(DEEP)
14 PRISM YD 550. ZD 1000. YB 350. ZB 250.
South African Concrete Code Per SABS 0100-1
13-4 Section 13A
Beam design includes flexure, shear and torsion. For all types of
beam action, all active beam loadings are scanned to create
moment and shear envelopes and locate the critical sections. The
total number of sections considered is thirteen. From the critical
moment values, the required positive and negative bar pattern is
developed. Design for flexure is carried out as per clause no.
4.3.3.4.
Shear design as per SABS 0100 clause 4.3.4 has been followed and
the procedure includes computation of critical shear values. From
these values, stirrup sizes are calculated with proper spacing. If
torsion is present, the program will also consider the provisions of
SABS 0100 clause 4.3.5. Torsional reinforcement is separately
reported.
Section 13A 13-5
B E A M N O. 4 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
--------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION | TOP | BOTTOM | STIRRUPS
(in mm) | Reqd./Provided reinf. | Reqd./Provided reinf. | (2 legged)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0 | 1232.70/1256.64( 4-20í )| 543.40/ 565.50( 5-12í )| 8í @ 425 mm
625.0 | 960.90/ 981.74( 2-25í )| 754.32/ 791.70( 7-12í )| 8í @ 510 mm
1250.0 | 751.24/ 791.70( 7-12í )| 937.49/ 942.48( 3-20í )| 8í @ 510 mm
1875.0 | 596.52/ 603.18( 3-16í )| 1075.72/1206.36( 6-16í )| 8í @ 510 mm
2500.0 | 543.40/ 565.50( 5-12í )| 1165.13/1206.36( 6-16í )| 8í @ 510 mm
3125.0 | 543.40/ 565.50( 5-12í )| 1203.00/1206.36( 6-16í )| 8í @ 220 mm
3750.0 | 543.40/ 565.50( 5-12í )| 1188.08/1206.36( 6-16í )| 8í @ 220 mm
4375.0 | 543.40/ 565.50( 5-12í )| 1120.87/1206.36( 6-16í )| 8í @ 220 mm
5000.0 | 543.40/ 565.50( 5-12í )| 1003.50/1005.30( 5-16í )| 8í @ 220 mm
5625.0 | 668.18/ 678.60( 6-12í )| 839.38/ 904.80( 8-12í )| 8í @ 220 mm
6250.0 | 849.99/ 904.80( 8-12í )| 632.84/ 678.60( 6-12í )| 8í @ 220 mm
6875.0 | 1089.94/1206.36( 6-16í )| 543.40/ 565.50( 5-12í )| 8í @ 220 mm
7500.0 | 1397.16/1407.42( 7-16í )| 543.40/ 565.50( 5-12í )| 8í @ 220 mm
--------------------------------------------------------------------
TORSION REINFORCEMENT: Not required
South African Concrete Code Per SABS 0100-1
13-6 Section 13A
Columns are designed for axial force and biaxial bending at the
ends. All active loadings are tested to calculate reinforcement. The
loading which produces maximum reinforcement is called the
critical load and is displayed. The requirements of SABS 0100 -1
clause 4.7 are followed, with the user having control on the
effective length in each direction by using the ELZ and ELY
parameters as described in table 12A.1. Bracing conditions are
controlled by using the BRACE parameter. The program will then
decide whether or not the column is short or slender and whether it
requires additional moment calculations. For biaxial bending, the
recommendations of 4.7.4.4 of the code are considered.
=======================================================================
C O L U M N N O. 1 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
About Z About Y
INITIAL MOMENTS : 0.00 0.00
MOMENTS DUE TO MINIMUM ECC. : 18.31 18.31
Section 13B
13B.1 General
The following information is provided for use when the built -in
steel tables are to be referenced for member property specification.
These properties are stored in a database file. If called for, the
properties are also used for member design. Since the shear areas
are built into these tables, shear deformation is always considered
during the analysis of these members.
Section 13B 13-11
I Shapes
1 TO 15 TABLE ST IPE-AA100
H shapes
For example,
18 TO 20 TABLE ST 152X37UC
PG shapes
3 TABLE ST 127X64X15C
Double Channels
Angles
The local axis systems for STANDARD and REVERSE angles are
shown in Fig. 2.6 of the STAAD Technical Reference manual.
Section 13B 13-13
Double Angles
Tees
TUB60X30X2.5
PIP34X3.0
Thickness
Pipe symbol Diameter
For example:
STAAD PLANE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 30-Mar-05
END JOB INFORMATION
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 9 0 0; 3 0 6 0; 4 3 6 0; 5 6 6 0; 6 9 6 0; 7 0 10.5 0;
8 9 10.5 0; 9 2.25 10.5 0; 10 6.75 10.5 0; 11 4.5 10.5 0; 12 1.5 11.4
0;
13 7.5 11.4 0; 14 3 12.3 0; 15 6 12.3 0; 16 4.5 13.2 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 3; 2 3 7; 3 2 6; 4 6 8; 5 3 4; 6 4 5; 7 5 6; 8 7 12; 9 12 14;
10 14 16; 11 15 16; 12 13 15; 13 8 13; 14 9 12; 15 9 14; 16 11 14;
17 11 15; 18 10 15; 19 10 13; 20 7 9; 21 9 11; 22 10 11; 23 8 10;
MEMBER PROPERTY SAFRICAN
1 TABLE ST IPE-AA100
2 TABLE T IPE120
3 TABLE ST 152X23UC
4 TABLE T 152X23UC
5 TABLE ST 812X200PG
6 TABLE T 812X200PG
7 TABLE ST 178X54X15C
8 TABLE D 178X54X15C
9 TABLE D 178X54X15C SP 0.1
10 TABLE ST 25X25X5L
11 TABLE RA 25X25X5L
12 TABLE LD 25X25X5L
13 TABLE SD 25X25X5L
14 TABLE LD 25X25X5L SP 0.1
15 TABLE SD 25X25X5L SP 0.1
South African Steel Code Per SAB Standard SAB0162–1: 1993
13-16 Section 13B
16 TABLE ST TUB40X2.5SHS
17 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0 WT 0 DT 50
18 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0.02 WT 100 DT 50
20 TABLE ST PIP48X2.0CHS
21 TABLE ST PIPE OD 0.5 ID 0.48
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES
FINISH
Axial Tension
Axial Compression
1. For frame members not subjected to any bending, and for truss
members, the axial compression capacity in general column
flexural buckling is calculated from Cl.13.3.1 using the
slenderness ratios for the local Y-Y and Z-Z axis. The
parameters KY, LY, KZ and LZ are applicable for this.
2. For single angles, asymmetric or cruciform sections are
checked as to whether torsional-flexural buckling is critical.
But for KL/r ratio exceeding 50,as torsional flexural buckling
is not critical, the axial compression capacities are calculated
by using Cl.13.3. The reason for this is that the South African
code doesn‟t provide any clear guidelines for calculating this
value. The parameters KY, LY, KZ and LZ are applicable for
this.
South African Steel Code Per SAB Standard SAB0162–1: 1993
13-18 Section 13B
Bending
Shear
The default parameter values have been selected such that they are
frequently used numbers for conventional design. Depending on
the particular design requirements, some or all of these parameter
values may be changed to exactly model the physical structure.
Note: Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that
specified number till it is specified again. This is the way
STAAD works for all codes.
PARAMETER
CODE SAB0162
MAIN 1 all
LY 4 MEMB 1
LZ 4 MEMB 1
UNL 4 MEMB 1
CB 0 MEMB 1 TO 23
CMZ MEMB 2 1 TO 23
CMY MEMB 2 1 TO 23
SSY 0 MEMB 1 TO 23
SSZ 0 MEMB 1 TO 23
FU 450000 MEMB 1 TO 23
BEAM 1 ALL
NSF 0.85 ALL
KY 1.2 MEMB 3 4
RATIO 1.0 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
FYLD 300000 1 TO 23
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
South African Steel Code Per SAB Standard SAB0162–1: 1993
13-24 Section 13B
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
--------------------------
Comparison: -
****************************************************
* *
* STAAD.Pro *
* Version Bld *
* Proprietary Program of *
* Research Engineers, Intl. *
* Date= *
* Time= *
* *
* USER ID: *
****************************************************
1. STAAD PLANE
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. ***********************************************
7. * STAAD.PRO GENERATED COMMENT *
8. ***********************************************
9. *1 0 0 0,2 0 6 0
10. ***********************************************
11. UNIT METER KN
12. JOINT COORDINATES
13. 1 0 0 0; 2 0 6 0
14. MEMBER INCIDENCES
15. 1 1 2
16. MEMBER PROPERTY SAFRICAN
17. 1 TABLE ST 356X67UB
18. DEFINE MATERIAL START
19. ISOTROPIC MATERIAL1
20. E 2.0E+008
21. POISSON 0.3
22. DENSITY 76.977
23. ISOTROPIC STEEL
24. E 2.00E+008
25. POISSON 0.3
26. DENSITY 76.8195
27. ALPHA 1.2E-005
28. DAMP 0.03
29. END DEFINE MATERIAL
30. UNIT MMS KN
31. CONSTANTS
32. MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1
33. UNIT METER KN
34. SUPPORTS
35. 1 FIXED
36. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
37. JOINT LOAD
38. 2 FY -1500
39. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 2/ 1/ 1
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= 1/ 1/ 3 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 3
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 0 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.0/ 3978.5 MB
40. PARAMETER
41. CODE SAB0162
42. LZ 6 ALL
43. LY 3 ALL
44. FU 450000 ALL
45. BEAM 1 ALL
46. NSF 0.85 ALL
47. TRACK 2 ALL
48. FYLD 300000 ALL
49. CHECK CODE ALL
Section 13B 13-29
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
--------------------------
50. FINISH
South African Steel Code Per SAB Standard SAB0162–1: 1993
13-30 Section 13B
Comparison: -
****************************************************
* *
* STAAD.Pro *
* Version Bld *
* Proprietary Program of *
* Research Engineers, Intl. *
* Date= *
* Time= *
* *
* USER ID: *
****************************************************
1. STAAD PLANE
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. UNIT METER KN
7. JOINT COORDINATES
8. 1 0 0 0; 2 10 0 0; 3 7 0 0
9. MEMBER INCIDENCES
10. 1 1 3; 2 3 2
11. MEMBER PROPERTY SAFRICAN
12. 1 2 TABLE ST 406X67UB
13. DEFINE MATERIAL START
14. ISOTROPIC MATERIAL1
15. E 2.0E+008
16. POISSON 0.3
17. DENSITY 76.977
18. ISOTROPIC STEEL
19. E 2.00E+008
20. POISSON 0.3
21. DENSITY 76.8195
22. ALPHA 1.2E-005
23. DAMP 0.03
24. END DEFINE MATERIAL
25. UNIT MMS KN
26. CONSTANTS
27. MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1 2
28. UNIT METER KN
29. SUPPORTS
30. 1 3 PINNED
31. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
32. MEMBER LOAD
33. 1 CON GY -104 4
34. 1 UNI GY -26.4
35. 2 UNI GY -7.2
36. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 3/ 2/ 2
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= 2/ 2/ 5 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 5
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.0/ 3978.5 MB
37. PARAMETER
38. CODE SABS0162
39. CB 0 ALL
40. UNL 4 MEMB 1
41. FU 450000 ALL
42. BEAM 1 ALL
43. NSF 0.85 ALL
44. FYLD 300000 ALL
45. TRACK 2 ALL
46. CHECK CODE MEMB 1
South African Steel Code Per SAB Standard SAB0162–1: 1993
13-32 Section 13B
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
--------------------------
47. FINISH
Section 13B 13-33
Comparison: -
****************************************************
* *
* STAAD.Pro *
* Version Bld *
* Proprietary Program of *
* Research Engineers, Intl. *
* Date= *
* Time= *
* *
* USER ID: *
****************************************************
1. STAAD PLANE
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. UNIT METER KN
7. JOINT COORDINATES
8. 1 0 0 0; 2 8 0 0
9. MEMBER INCIDENCES
10. 1 1 2
11. MEMBER PROPERTY SAFRICAN
12. 1 TABLE ST 457X67UB
13. DEFINE MATERIAL START
14. ISOTROPIC MATERIAL1
15. E 2E+008
16. POISSON 0.3
17. DENSITY 76.977
18. ISOTROPIC STEEL
19. E 2E+008
20. POISSON 0.3
21. DENSITY 76.8195
22. ALPHA 1.2E-005
23. DAMP 0.03
24. END DEFINE MATERIAL
25. UNIT MMS KN
26. CONSTANTS
27. MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1
28. UNIT METER KN
29. SUPPORTS
30. 1 2 PINNED
31. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
32. MEMBER LOAD
33. 1 UNI GY -70
34. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 2/ 1/ 2
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= 1/ 1/ 2 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 2
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 0 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.0/ 3978.4 MB
35. PARAMETER
36. CODE SABS0162
37. FU 450000 ALL
38. BEAM 1 ALL
39. FYLD 300000 ALL
40. TRACK 2 ALL
41. CHECK CODE ALL
Section 13B 13-35
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KNS MET (UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED)
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
--------------------------
42. FINISH
South African Steel Code Per SAB Standard SAB0162–1: 1993
13-36 Section 13B
Section 14
American Aluminum
Code
14-1
Section 14
14.1 General
memb-list TA ST section-name
Design Per American Aluminum Code
14-2 Section 14
Example
1 TO 5 TA ST CS12X11.8
9 TA ST I8.00X13.1
11 33 45 67 TA ST LS8.00X8.00X0.625
18 TA ST 1.50PipeX160
15 TA ST T(A-N)6.00X8.00X11.2
23 25 29 TA ST 20X12RectX.500Wall
Example
Example
Example
14 TA LD LS4.00X3.00X0.375 SP 1.5
Example
12 TA SD L3.5X3X0.5 SP 0.25
13 TA SD L8X6X0.75 SP 1.0
The check for torsion per Clause 4.3 for open sections is currently
not done.
The following are the parameters for specifying the values for
variables associated with the design. Note: Once a parameter is
specified, its value stays at that specified number till it is
specified again. This is the way STAAD works for all codes.
1 - All 2 - Extrusions
3 - Drawn Tube 4 - Pipe
PARAMETER
CODE ALUMIMUM
BEAM 1 ALL
KY 1.2 MEMB 3 4
ALLOY 35 ALL
PRODUCT 2 ALL
TRACK 3 ALL
SELECT ALL
ALCLAD 1 ALL
STRUCT 1 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
Design Per American Aluminum Code
14-10 Section 14
1 1100-H12
2 1100-H14
3 2014-T6
4 2014-T6510
5 2014-T6511
6 2014-T651
7 3003-H12
8 3003-H14
9 3003-H16
10 3003-H18
11 3004-H32
12 3004-H34
13 3004-H36
14 3004-H38
15 5005-H12
16 5005-H14
17 5005-H32
18 5005-H34
19 5050-H32
20 5050-H34
21 5052-H32
22 5052-H34
23 5083-H111
24 5086-H111
25 5086-H116
26 5086-H32
27 5086-H34
28 5454-H111
29 5454-H112
30 5456-H111
31 5456-H112
32 6005-T5
33 6105-T5
Section 14 14-11
34 6061-T6
35 6061-T6510
36 6061-T6511
37 6061-T651
38 6063-T5
39 6063-T6
40 6351-T5
Design Per American Aluminum Code
14-12 Section 14
Section 15
American Transmission
Tower Code
15-1
Section 15A
15A.1 General Comments
PARAMETER
CODE ASCE 52
PARAMETER
CODE ASCE
These are Clause 3.4 for slenderness limits, Clause 3.12 for Axial
Compression and Bending, Clause 3.13 for Axial Tension and
Bending, Clause 3.9.2 for Maximum w/t ratios and Clause 3.15 for
Shear.
Notes:
Section 15B
15B.1 General Comments
Table 15B.1 - Steel Design Parameters for ASCE (PUB. 52) Based Design
Parameter Default Description
Name Value
KY 1.0 Effective length factor (K) for compression buckling
about the Y-axis (minor axis)
KZ 1.0 Effective length factor (K) for compression buckling
about the Z-axis (major axis)
KT 1.0 Effective length coefficient for warping restraint
(clause 4.14.4, pg 36)
LY Member Length to calculate slenderness ratio for buckling
Length about the Y-axis (minor axis)
LZ Member Length to calculate slenderness ratio for buckling
Length about the Z-axis (major axis)
LT Member Effective length for warping.
Length
FYLD 36.0 KSI Yield Strength of steel
NSF 1.0 Net section factor for tension members
UNL Member Unsupported length of member for calculation of
Length allowable bending stress
UNF 1.0 Same as UNL, but provided as a fraction of the
member length
TRACK 0.0 1.0 = Suppresses printing of allowable stresses
1.0 = Prints all allowable stresses
DMAX 45.0 in. Maximum allowable depth for member selection
DMIN 0.0 in. Minimum allowable depth for member selection
RATIO 1.0 Permissible ratio that determines the cut off point for
pass/fail status. A value below this quantity
indicates PASS while a value greater than this
quantity indicates FAILURE.
Section 15B 15-11
Table 15B.1 - Steel Design Parameters for ASCE (PUB. 52) Based Design
Parameter Default Description
Name Value
BEAM 0.0 2.0 = Perform design using the section locations
specified according to the SECTION
command
3.0 = Perform design at the ends and eleven
intermediate sections of the beam
MAIN 2 Parameter that indicates the member type for the purpose
of calculating the KL/R ratio
(SEE CLAUSE 4.4, PAGE 25)
Table 15B.1 - Steel Design Parameters for ASCE (PUB. 52) Based Design
Parameter Default Description
Name Value
LEG 0.0 This parameter is meant for plain angles.
Notes:
Section 16
16.1 Design Operations
e. Reset the LEG parameter to 2.0 and re-run the analysis to read
the modified Geometry file for the final design results.
For steel design, STAAD compares the actual stresses with the
allowable stresses as defined by the American Petroleum Institute
(API-RP2A) Code. The 20th edition of API Code, as published in
1993, is used as the basis of this design (except for tension stress).
F t = 0.60F y
F v = 0.4 F y
f v = V / 0.5 A (3.2.4-1)
F vt = 0.4 F y (3.2.4-4)
Section 16 16-3
D
For > 60 the lesser of F xe or F xc are substituted for F xy .
t
F xe = the elastic local buckling stress calculated with C, the critical
elastic buckling coefficient = 0.3 (3.2.2-3)
F xc = the inelastic local buckling stress, (3.2.2-4)
a) F b = 0.75 F y
D 1500
provided (Imperial Units)
t Fy
Fy D
F b = 0.84 1.74
Et
b) Fy
Steel Design Per A.P.I.
16-4 Section 16
1500 D 3000
where < < (Imperial Units)
Fy t Fy
Fy D
F b = 0.72 0.58
Et
c) Fy
3000 D
where < 300 (Imperial Units)
Fy t
The default parameter values have been selected such that they are
frequently used numbers for conventional design. Depending on
the particular design requirements for an analysis, some or all of
these parameter values may have to be changed to exactly model
the physical structure. For example, by default the KZ value (k
value in local z-axis) of a member is set to 1.0, wile in the real
Section 16 16-5
Notes: The parameter names DMAX and DMIN are only used for
member selection. Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at
that specified number till it is specified again. This is the way
STAAD works for all codes.
Code checking can be done with any type of steel section listed in
Section 2.2, American Steel Design, of the Technical Reference
manual.
K (overlap) 1.0
K (gap) 2.0
T&Y 3.0
CROSS 4.0
CROSS (with/diaphragms) 5.0
Section 16 16-9
This external output data file can be edited and used as an external
input file to re-perform the check using the parameter PUNCH 1.0
to 5.0.
The parameter LEG 2.0 must be used to read an external input file
where the default name is APIPUN.
1
Ref I: Boone, TJ, Yura, JA and Hoadley, PW, Ultimate Strength if Tubular Joints – Chord
Stress Effects, OTC 4828, 1984
Section 16 16-11
The user should confirm that the chord either be assigned by the
program or the user is representative of the local chord moment for
the brace in question.
209 211 3 17.992 0.984 12.752 0.787 0.000 50.00 0.00 0.000 0
209 210 3 17.992 0.984 12.752 0.787 0.000 50.00 0.00 0.000 0
212 202 3 17.992 0.787 12.752 0.787 0.000 50.00 0.00 0.000 0
Notes:
16.14 Limitations
The parameter SELECT 1.0 should not be used while carrying out
punching shear checks. It can be used in initial runs for member
selection.
The overall procedure for performing the code check per the API
code is as follows:
After ensuring that your STAAD input file contains the above
data, run the analysis. Once the analysis is completed, you will
find that a file by the name GEOM1 has been created and is
located in the same folder as the one where your .std file is
located. (In case you did not specify a file name - GEOM1 shown
in the earlier example - STAAD will create the file named
APIPUN.
Section 16 16-15