GRAMMAR I

FINAL REVISION
FUTURE. WILL and GOING TO

BE GOING TO
SE FORMA CON EL VERB TO BE + GOING TO + INFINITIVE VERB (verbo sin conjugar)
(am/is/are)
 Se usa para describir eventos futuros que fueron planeados o organizados antes de hablar.
Example: He is going to join the Army next month. ( ya lo tenía decidido con anterioridad)
 Se usa para realizar predicciones basadas en evidencia presente, evidencia que puedo ver.
Example: Look! That vessel is listing heavily. It is going to capsize

WILL
SE FORMA CON WILL + EL VERBO EN INFINITIVO (verbo sin conjugar)
 Se usa para cuando tomamos una decisión en el momento de hablar.
Example: It is hot, I will open the window
 Se usa para realizar predicciones de las cuales no tenemos certezas que van a ocurrir o no.
Example: I think in the future there will be autonomous vessels.
 Se usa para realizar ofrecimientos, amenazas, pedidos, advertencias, etc
Examples:
 I’ll help you fill in the application.
 Tomorrow, it will be cold and rainy.
 Put your hands up or I’ll shoot.
 Will you take the garbage out, please?
LA FORMA CORTA DE I will → I’ll
LA FORMA NEGATIVA DE will not → won’t:

EXERCISE
A) Some seafarers are talking about their future careers. Complete the sentences with WILL or GOING
TO.

After finishing the course in the Academy we

I have already decided that, I
………………………………….(travel) for a few years
………………………..(try) to take
until we……………(get) our Certificates of
on a job with the Hellenic
Competency as Chiefs Officers. Then,
Coastguard.
we…………….(look) for a job in the port,
perhaps working in a pilot boat or a tug boat.
Tom-First Officer
Peter and Mike-Deck Cadets
 After she gets her Captain Class A’ Certificate, in
her early thirties, she……………….(apply) for a
postgraduate degree. She heard that shipping
companies sometimes fund such courses. She
……………………(perfect) her English and make sure
she meets all the necessary entry requirements.
With a postgraduate degree she………….…( be
ready) to find a good shore-based job, perhaps as
marine superintendent.

Maria. Third Mate said that…..

MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT

LA FORMA GRAMATICAL ES QUE LUEGO DEL VERBO MODAL ESCRIBIMOS EL VERBO EN
INFINITIVO, O SEA SIN CONJUGAR.
Examples: I MUST GO
SHE CAN SWIM
THEY SHOULD WEAR LIFEJACKETS

DIFERENCIA ENTRE MUST Y HAVE TO

MUST se usa para una obligación personal, una obligación impuesta por el hablante. Si digo I must es algo que
siento, no algo que tengo que hacer.
Y si digo you must no es una regla o la ley, sino algo que quiero (fuertemente) que tu hagas. Una obligación personal,
no institucional.
Examples: I must go to bed. I’m exhausted.
When you go to Barcelona, you must visit the cathedral. It’s beautiful!

HAVE TO se refiere a una obligación externa… las reglas, la ley, algo que tienes que hacer y punto. Es decir, se usa
para algo que, si no lo haces, hay consecuencias.
Example: You have to get a visa if you want to work in Australia.

CAN=PODER
COULD=PODRIA
SHOULD=DEBERIA
MAY and MIGHT= QUIZAS, TAL VEZ

EXERCISE.
B) The Bosun has been badly injured and Dr. Moore writes this letter to the Master of the Ocean Truce
vessel giving him his advice on what to do. Complete the sentences with the correct MODAL VERB in
the present simple tense in the positive or negative form.

The Master, Ocean Truce

18/01/2015
Dear sir,
Thank you for your telex regarding the Bosun which I received today. After careful consideration, I
think you ………………………. alter course for Piraeus as soon as possible.
You ……………. get the injured man ashore as soon as possible. He needs to have an X-ray and be
examined by a doctor. In the meantime, In my opinion, you ……………………..make the patient comfortable. He
…………………………move. You …………………..use a splint to immobilize the injured leg. You ………………………also
continue to give him painkillers until we see him.
I ………………….meet you when the vessel is alongside in Piraeus. I will arrange for an ambulance to
meet us for transfer to the nearest hospital.
Please, the agent in Piraeus…………………. contact me with the estimated time of arrival.
Best regards,
Dr. Moore

PAST SIMPLE

 Se usa para acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado y que ya terminaron. Example: Yesterday I boarded the
ship.
 Generalmente tenemos una referencia de tiempo como: Yesterday, Last Week, An hour ago, Two days
ago, Last Sunday, etc.
 Están los verbos regulares que son a los que se le agrega “ED” al final: Departed, Visited, Cooked, etc
 Están los verbos irregulares que son aquellos que cambian toda la palabra: Write-Wrote, Go-Went, Find-
Found, etc
 El auxiliar “DID” nos ayuda a formar las oraciones negativas y las preguntas. SIEMPRE QUE ESTE
DID EL VERBO VA EN INFINITIVO, SIN CONJUGAR. Examples:

I DIDN’T GO to the cinema last week.

DID you VISIT your parents yesterday?

 WAS/WERE es el pasado simple del VERB TO BE (am, is, are).

I, HE, SHE, IT___________________WAS/ WASN’T

WE, YOU, THEY__________________WERE/ WEREN’T
 C) Read the report on the sea passage of MV Cannibal and complete the sentences with the correct verb in
the Past Simple form.

VOYAGE REPORT: MV CANNIBAL

SAIL DEPART REPAIR LOAD NOTICE CARRY STOP

DISCHARGE

Last April the MV Cannibal ………...…from Esperance to Hong Kong. It.............… two times: at Perth and Port

Hedland. From Esperance to Perth, the vessel ………… ballast. The vessel remained anchored at the roadstead for 10

days. On 22 April we ………..… 10,000 tonnes of iron ore in Perth. We ………..…… a malfunction in ship’s

communication systems. We …………………… 5,000 tonnes of iron ore in Port Hedland. A technician ……….…

the satellite telephone. The vessel ……………. for Hong Kong on 28 April.

D) Read the text. Then read the answers and make questions using the Past Simple tense

FATALITY. Very serious marine casualty: Entry of an enclosed space .What happened?

The crew of a 9,000 GT bulk carrier with a cargo of sawn timber was practising a weekly emergency drill. When the
chief officer did not appear at his muster station, a search was conducted. During the search, two junior ratings
discovered that the access hatch cover to Cargo Hold No.3 was open and, looking inside, noticed the chief officer
lying at the base of the stairway on platform No.2.

The chief engineer then entered the enclosed space without taking adequate safety precautions, and subsequently
collapsed on top of the chief officer on platform No.2. On hearing calls for help from the chief engineer, the second
officer then also entered the enclosed space without taking adequate safety precautions, and collapsed on top of the
chief engineer. Four crew members wearing breathing apparatus sets entered the space to retrieve the three officers,
taking with them equipment to assist the injured officers with their breathing. The three officers were lifted out of the
cargo hold and given CPR. The second officer was taken to a local hospital. However, the chief officer and chief
engineer died.

1. What………………………………………………………..? Two junior ratings discovered that the access

hatch cover to Cargo Hold No.3 was open.

2. What………………………………………………………..? The chief engineer entered the enclosed space

3. Why……………………………………………………? The second officer entered the enclosed space

because he heard calls for help.

4. Where…………………………………………………? They took the second officer to a local hospital

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

 Se usa para acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente

 Se forma con HAVE/HAS + El pasado perfecto (la tercera columna de verbos)
 HAVE________________I, YOU, WE, THEY
 HAS____________________HE, SHE, IT

We HAVE WORKED a lot these days

She HAS EATEN a lot of chocolate today

 En las preguntas y en las oraciones negativas SI SE CONJUGAN LOS VERBOS

Have you WORKED a lot?

She hasn’t GONE to Paris yet.

E) Read this article about a ship incident. Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect Simple tense.

A tanker carrying jet fuel…………………… (collide) with a container ship, causing fuel to briefly spill into the

North Sea. The Cypriot vessel Jork Ranger tore a 20ft hole in the hull of the Greek tanker Mindoro around 20 miles

off the Dutch coast at Scheveningen. Some highly inflammable kerosene……………………….. (leak) from a hole

above the water line before the crew managed to pump the remaining fuel into an undamaged part of the ship. Peter

van Oorschot, a spokesman for the Dutch Coast Guard, ………………….(confirm) that no one was hurt in the

collision. Mr Oorschot ………………………(say) the jet fuel quickly vaporised and posed no public health risk, and

it is not expected to reach the Dutch coast. He could not say how much jet fuel the 25-man tanker was carrying but

added that the situation was under control. Offshore winds are blowing the slick away from the coast. The container

ship has a crew of 12 and ………………………………(ask) permission to sail on to Rotterdam, its original

destination after leaving St Petersburg.

 F) MAINTENANCE CHECK LIST. Read the Bosun ‘s daily maintenance list and make and answer

the questions using the Present Perfect simple tense.

Examples:
1. Have they cleaned the windows on the bridge? Yes, they have
2. Have they secured the pipes? No, they haven’t.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
PREGUNTAS INDIRECTAS
 Se utilizan sobre todo cuando queremos preguntar algo de una forma más amable. Empezamos con una
frase introductoria, por ejemplo “Could you tell me….” seguida del orden normal de una frase afirmativa,
por lo que no debes utilizar auxiliares.
Entonces después de la frase introductoria utilizarías la estructura SUJECT+VERB
Existen frases introductorias que requieren del signo de interrogación al final de la pregunta indirecta, pero hay
otras que no. Veamos:
Con signo de interrogación
1. Do you know….?
2. Do you think you could tell me…?
3. Can you tell me…?
Sin signo de interrogación al final
1. I wonder if you can tell me…
2. I wonder if you know…
3. I would like to know…
Examples:
Direct Question: Who is that woman?
Indirect Question: “Do you know who that woman IS?” —> como verás no decimos Do you know who is that
woman?, esta sería una pregunta directa, recuerda que en las preguntas indirectas la estructura es SUJECT+VERB

 Despues de where, what, who, etc el orden de las palabras es igual que en una oración afirmativa.
La forma correcta es:
What time is it? Can you tell me what time IT IS?
Where does she live? Do you know where SHE LIVES?
 Los VERBOS AUXILIARES COMO DO, DOES, DID NO SE COLOCAN en las preguntas indirectas.
SINO QUE DIRECTAMENTE EL VERBO SE CONJUGA.
Examples:
What do they want? CAN YOU TELL ME WHAT THEY WANT?
When did he leave? DO YOU KNOW WHEN HE LEFT?

G) Transform these direct questions into indirect questions.

Example: What is the turbocharger? I would like to know what the turbocharger is.

1. How many nationalities were there on board? Can you tell me…………………………………….?

2. What language did they use to inform the passengers of the situation? Do you know………………………..?

3. What was the problem with the VHF distress call? I was wondering…………………….
4. How long did it take before salvage assistance arrived at the scene? I would like to know……………….

5.What are the main parts of a steam turbine? Would you mind telling me……………………..?

6.How many tons of cargo do you carry on board? Could you tell me…………………………………..?

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLAVE AJECTVES

H) Complete the sentences with the comparatives or superlative forms

1.Starboard side is ……………………………….(fast) port side. However, it’s …………………..(dangerous)

walking on the starboard side than on the port side.

2.American movies are fun. Let’s watch light, entertaining ones rather than serious

3.The …………………………..(dangerous) problem with the tanks is static electricity.

4.The…………………………(important) thing is to always be on time. Real seamen follow the “five minutes

ahead” rule. You should never be late!

5.Japanese seamen are ………………………….(rich) Filipino seafarers. Because prices are much……………….

(high) in Japan than in the Philippines

6.Casualties this year has been ……………………….(small) than last year.

7.Clear communication on board is …………………………..(essential) procedure for a safe and secure vessel.