Q6.

Explain different types of dumping

Sporadic dumping,

Predatory dumping,

Persistent dumping; and

Reverse dumping.

1. Sporadic dumping: Manufactures practice sporadic dumping to get rid of excess merchandise. A
manufacturer with unsold inventories avoids starting a price war in the home market to preserve his
competitive position. Excess supplies are destroyed. Example, Asian farmers dumped small chickens
into the sea. Another method is to have the excess supply dumped in a foreign market where the
product is normally not sold. Thus, sporadic dumping is aimed at liquidating excess stocks that may
arise occasionally.

2. Predatory dumping (Intermittent dumping): While sporadic dumping is occasional, predatory

dumping is permanent. Predatory dumping is also known as intermittent dumping. It involves sale of
goods in overseas markets at a price lower than the home market price. This is selling at a loss to
gain access to a market and eliminate competition. After the competition is eliminated, the company
becomes a monopolist. Monopoly position is then used to increase the price. Anyway, there is a
disadvantage that former competitors may rejoin the market because of high profit margins.

Example,

Hitachi was accused of following predatory dumping for its EPROM (electrically programmable read
only memory) chips.

Zenith in USA accused Japanese Television manufacturers of using predatory dumping. A charge was
leveled against Japanese manufacturers for false billing and secret rebates to set low predatory
prices on T.V. sets in U.S markets. It was argued that they tried to drive U.S firms out of business in
order to gain a monopoly.
3. Persistent dumping (Long period dumping): Persistent dumping as the name itself implies is the
most permanent type of dumping. It involves consistent selling at lower prices in one market than in
the rest of the market. This practice is based on the fact that markets vary in terms of overhead
costs and demand characteristics. In persistent dumping, the firm may use marginal cost pricing
abroad while using full cost pricing (covering fixed costs at home) in domestic market.

Japan, for example, sold consumer electronics at high prices in its own country. This is because it has
no foreign competition. But it lowered prices in the U.S market in order to maintain market share.

4. Reverse dumping: Reverse dumping is followed in the overseas markets where the demand is less
elastic. Such markets tolerate a higher price. Thus, dumping is done in the manufacturer’s home
market by selling locally at a lower price.

Q7.Explain insta online account facility.

It's a completely online and Paperless Investment Account. It provides convenience of managing
your investments from the comforts at your home or office.

The main Benefits are

1. A completely paperless Investment Account opening

2. Dedicated Mutual Fund (MF) Research team that will help you make your
Investment
3. Online Research views on your holdings
4. Get instant MF capital gain statement
5. Get Monthly MF update

We can invest in Mutual Funds with this account

The eligibility Criteria for this account is

1. Customer should be Individual Resident Indian

2. Customer should not hold ICICI Direct account
3. Customer should have PAN and Aadhaar Number
Features & Benefits of Insta Save Account

• pen a Savings Account with a Fixed Deposit instantly online using Aadhaar
• Open FD of min Rs.10,000 for 12 months and the benefits of a Savings Account
with no balance commitment is applicable
• An assured complimentary Credit Card with a limit of up to 90% on the FD
created
• Get 24x7 access to banking services
• Offers on Amazon, Flipkart, Bigbasket, Swiggy, Eros Now, PharmEasy and
more brands**
 • Virtual Debit Card facility
• Complete your verification through Video KYC and get a full-fledged Digital
Account

Q8.How cultural factors do influences international business?

In a globalised economy, cultural sensitivity is essential. As more companies grow,

and the global marketplace becomes more accessible for small businesses,
multinational and cross-cultural teams are becoming more common. This means that
it is crucial, now more than ever, for businesses to understand the culture of their
foreign market if they wish to succeed internationally.

Culture is the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular person or society.
But how does culture affect international business?
In a business context, culture relates to what behaviour is common and accepted
professionally in one location, compared to another. What may be acceptable
business practice in one country, may be very different from the approach that is
used by businesses overseas. Therefore, recognising how culture can affect
international business is something that should be understood in order to avoid
misunderstandings between colleagues and clients, and also to make sure that
businesses are presenting themselves to their new market in the best way they can.
Communication plays an important role in international business

Communication
Communication plays an important role in international business, and sometimes
effective communication can be the difference between succeeding or failing in a
new market. Effective communication is particularly important for international
businesses as there is a risk of your messages getting ‘lost in translation’. There are
several things that need to be considered when looking at how effective your
business’ communication is at an international level.

The first thing that should be considered when looking into communication is any
language barriers that may hinder the communication between you and your new
market. However, this goes deeper than just the language that is used to
communicate, it’s how the messages are conveyed that’s important. Language
barriers not only relate to people speaking different languages, but also to the tone
used in those languages. For example, in countries like the US or Germany, it is
common for people to speak loudly and be more assertive when sharing ideas
amongst colleagues. However, in countries like Japan people typically speak more
softly and have a more passive tone when making suggestions to colleagues.
Another thing to consider are the basic customs, mannerisms and gestures that are
commonly accepted in that culture. Behaviour that might be commonplace in one
culture could be unusual or potentially offensive to a client or colleague
overseas. For example in some cultures, handshakes must involve the right hand
only as the left hand is seen to be less hygienic.
Businesses who are looking to operate internationally need to be aware of language
barriers, tone and body language. Cross-cultural communication can be a challenge,
but approaching cultural differences with sensitivity, openness, and curiosity can
help businesses succeed internationally.

Different cultures have different attitudes to organisational structure

Attitude
Businesses also need to be aware that different cultures have different attitudes
towards business.

Scandinavian countries such as Sweden emphasise social equality and therefore

they tend to have a relatively flat organisational hierarchy. This relates to their
informal approach to communication and cooperation normally at the heart of their
organisations. In Japan, their traditional values of relative status and respect for
seniority are reflected in their organisations and there is a very clear organisational
structure. This means that senior management command respect at all times and
expect a level of formality from junior members of their teams.

These different cultural attitudes towards management can, therefore, make it

difficult to define roles in multinational teams. Therefore, it is important for
businesses to be aware of their target market’s cultural approach towards the
organisational structure.

Businesses need to be aware of workplace etiquette when working internationally

Etiquette
Workplace etiquette is something else that businesses need to be aware of if they
are working internationally.
The formality of address is another key thing to consider within international
businesses when communicating with colleagues and clients from different cultures.
Are they comfortable with being approached on a first-name basis or do they prefer
titles and surnames? Asian countries such as China seem to prefer the latter,
whereas Americans usually use first names. Things such as formality of address
may not seem that important, but if you get off on the wrong foot with a potential
foreign client then that could ruin your chances of ever working with them in the
future. Therefore, it is important for businesses to know that their level of formality
will differ depending on the culture of the person they’re communicating with.
Workplace etiquette in some cultures also means they have a different approach
towards workplace confrontation, rules and regulations, and working hours. While
some may consider working long hours a sign of commitment and achievement,
others may consider these extra hours a demonstration of a lack of efficiency or the
lack of prioritisation of family or personal time.
Marketing Management

Q1.Explain main activities of ITPO.

Activities & Services

Managing the extensive trade fair complex, Pragati Maidan in the heart of Delhi

Organising various trade fairs and exhibitions at its exhibition complex in Pragati Maidan and
other centers in India.

Facilitating the use of Pragati Maidan for holding of trade fairs and exhibitions by other fair
organisers both from India and abroad.

Timely and efficient services to overseas buyers in vendor identification, drawing itineraries,
fixing appointments and even accompanying them where required.

Establishing durable contacts between Indian suppliers and overseas buyers.

Assisting Indian companies in product development and adaptation to meet buyers'

requirements.

Organising Buyer-Seller Meets and other exclusive India shows with a view to bringing
buyers and sellers together.

Organising India Promotions with Department Stores and Mail Order Houses abroad.

Participating in overseas trade fairs and exhibitions.

Arranging product displays for visiting overseas buyers.

Organising seminars/conferences/workshops on trade-related subjects

Encouraging small and medium scale units in export promotion efforts.

Conducting in-house and need-based research on trade and export promotion.

Enlisting the involvement and support of the State Governments in India for promotion of
India's foreign trade.

Trade information services through electronic accessibility at Business Information Centre.