eee. ‘Sid 399-1997 CHAPTER 7 Table 7-3—Typlcal values of motor impedances and kVA ratings to use when exact values are not known® Induction motor Thp = kVA Synchronous motor, 0.8 pf Tbp = L kVA Synchronous motor, 1.0 pf bp = 0.8 kVA, Motor type X"q (See Note) Synchronous motors 2-6 poles ons 814 poles 020 16 poles or more 028 Individual lage induction motors, usually medium voltage 067 Al others, 50 hp and above 067 All smaller than $0 bp, usually low voltage 067 "NOTE Motor impedances ate in per unit on motor vollage and KVA rating, X°4 for induction motes is approximately equal to the locked-rotor reactance. For induction motors, the locked-otor reactance isthe reciprocal valu ofthe locked-rotor current. Reactances and motor base KVA ratings listed Were taken {rom data and assumptions in IEEE Std 141-1993. “As specified in IEEE Std 141-1993, ‘ment should be resolved in favor of higher fault currents for the sake of safety in system design. Impedances of bus ducts, busways, ete., must be accounted for in lower vollage cir- cuits because they effectively limit fault current magnitudes. It is also customary practice to use the saturated impedance values for synchronous machinery. Last, but not leas, the resistive components of the system impedances should be given proper regard if operating system temperature is a factor or if significant lengths of cable runs are present. Although resistance values can usually be omitted for fault cuztent magnitude calcu- lations (E/X calculation), they are important for calculating the system X/R ratio atthe fault point. Generally speaking, the otal complex system impedance, Z (R+)X) has to be calculated atthe fault point to yield a more correct estimate of the fault current (E/Z calculation). This is particularly true for low-voltage systems, where the system resistance is comparable in mag- nitude to the system reactance and helps limit the fault current. 7.5.3 Neutral grounding For faults necessitating the inclusion of zero sequence data, ic. line-to-ground faults, double line-to-ground shunt faults, and series faults, the flow of fault currents is appreciably affected by the system grounding conditions. Of particular concem is the presence of multiple grounding points and the values of system grounding impedances. Grounding impedances can be used, to various degrees, to limit the value of the ground fault current to a minimum value, to suppress resulting overvoltages, and to provide “handles” for ground protection ‘System grounding can also play an important role inthe proper simulation of the system zero sequence response. More specifically, fr solidly, or low-impedance grounded systems, it is sufficient to include in the study only the occasional current limiting transformer and or gen- 180 Copyright © 1998 IEEE. Alrights reserved.