More on Air Core Reactance

The air core reactance LA in Figure 6-6 may not be known for a transformer under study. One rule of thumb is that air core reactance
is approximately twice the leakage reactance.

For example, if the saturation is applied to the tertiary winding of the three winding transformer, a reasonable value to select for air
core reactance would be XHT, which is 24%. Thus, as seen from the tertiary, the air core reactance would be 24%; as seen from the
low voltage winding is would be 38%, and as seen from the high voltage winding it would be 48% or twice the leakage reactance XHT.

The knee point of the saturation curve is sometimes available and is usually expressed in percent or per-unit of the operating point,
defined by rated voltage. Typical ranges in per-unit are 1.15 to 1.25. Referring to Figure 6-6, this would be:

(6-24)

Where,

1.15 < K < 1.25

If the RMS rated voltage of the winding, across which saturation is applied, is VM, then M is:

(6-25)

Where,

f = Rated frequency in Hertz

Equations 6-21 to 6-25 are an approximate means of defining transformer saturation and form the basis upon which the EMTDC
subroutine TSAT21 is constructed.

More on Classical Transformers

The following topics discuss some attributes of the classical transformers in more detail.

On-Line Tap Changer

All transformer components are equipped with an on-line tap changer. When the tap changer is enabled, a diagonal line will appear
on the component graphic, labelled Tap.

A change in tap setting is modeled as a change in the turns-ratio of the transformer. The per-unit leakage reactance and
magnetizing currents, specified for 100% tap, are used to calculate admittances for the new voltage rating, corresponding to the tap
setting.

EXAMPLE 6-1:

Let us assume for simplicity, that a transformer is configured as Y-Y, with winding voltages rated at 10 kV primary and 100 kV
secondary, and a tap changer is placed on the primary winding. The turns-ratio for this transformer is of course 1:10.

An on-line tap input of 1.0 corresponds to a 100% tap (i.e. no tap adjustment). If the tap input value is adjusted to say 1.05, then
the turns-ratio would become 1.05:10 or 1:9.52381.

May 09, 2018 ©2018 Manitoba Hydro International Ltd. 94