‫امتحان الشركة القابضة للبتروكيماويات‬

1-Dew point: the point at which the first droplet of liquid removed

2-Bubble point: the point at which the first bubble of gas is formed2-

3-Define octane number?

The volume percent of ISO-octane in a mixture of it with normal heptanes

4-How to increase O.N?

1. By making catalytic reforming as this process increase the percent of iso paraffins and
aromatics which increase O.N

2. by additives such as MTBE

iC4+CH3OH CH3-O-C-C-C-C

3- Isomerization of light naphtha

5-Why salt is removed from crude?

1-to minimize corrosion as salts will decompose and lead to the formation of acids which
cause more corrosion

2-prevent formation of scale

3-poisoing of catalyst

6-Why we make vacuum distillation to fuel oil?

1-Because the distillation at atmospheric pressure will need high temperature which lead to
the formation of coke or thermal decomposition

So vacuum distillation is used because boiling temperature decreases with lowering pressure

‫لماذا يتم فصل الماء عن الخام فى الحقل؟‬-7

) ‫ الن كميات) الماء تكون كبيرة جدا‬-‫ هى المطلوبة‬- ‫( اهم نقطة تكتب فى االول‬.‫لتقليل تكاليف النقل‬-1

.‫ لمنع التاكل‬-2

) ‫ (نقطة تحتاج مراجعة‬.‫ لمنع تكون الثلج فى درجات الحرارة المنخفضة‬-3

8-What is the greater P1 or P2? Considering that D is greater than d.

P2 d P1 D

P2 V2 P1 V 1

P1 is greater than P2*(P1= P2+ ∆P) *∆P is the friction force as the diameter decreases the
friction force increases

Hf=

What are the types of flow?

1. Laminar flow Re= (…………not remembered…….) which is steady flow Friction factor is very
high

F=64/Re

2- Turbulent flow which is unsteady flow Re=…………… friction factor is smaller than laminar

‫؟‬shell or tube ‫عوامل وضع السائل فى‬-9

1-corrosivity

The more corrosive one should put in tubes & the other in shell

2- Fouling:

The fluid that cause more fouling should put in shell (need to be checked)

3-Pressure: the more pressured fluid is put in shell (to avoid friction force in small tubes)

4- temperature:

) ‫دى فيها حوارات كتير واراء بس ناس تقول ان الساخن داخل االنابيب حتى ال نفقد اى جزء من الحرارة مع الوسط المحيط‬
‫)اذا كانت فى الشيل وناس تقول انه ال يكون فى الشيل احسن حتى ال يحدث انحناء للمواسير مش عارف بقى‬

5- Viscosity:

The more viscous is in the shell to avoid friction inside tubes

9- Q=U*A*∆T = M*CP*∆ T

What is the different between the two ∆T?

Q=U*A*∆Tlm

Log mean temp. Difference (LMTD) = = M*CP*∆ T

…………………. ∆ T = T2 – T1 Q But

10-What are the units of U?

British metric=

‫؟ بس درجات الحرارة مش‬BTU = 5 Kcal 1 ‫ اذا كان‬metric ‫ الى‬British ‫ وحول من‬-11

as Fahrenheit … ‫هينفع فخليها زى ما هيا‬

‫وهنا انتهى امتحان الشركة القابضة للبتروكيماويات‬