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Chapter 4 4-1 Force

Dynamics: Newton’s Laws

of Motion

A force is a push or pull. An object

at rest needs a force to get it
moving; a moving object needs a
force to change its velocity.
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4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion

4-1 Force Newton’s first law (law of inertia):
Every object continues in its state of rest, or of
uniform velocity in a straight line, as long as no net
force acts on it.
The net force is the
sum of the forces:
 
Force is a vector, having both magnitude F net   F
and direction. The magnitude of a force
can be measured using a spring scale. If F and Ffr are equal
in magnitude, what
Metric unit for force: N is the net force? Is
Imperial unit for force: pound (lb) the book at rest?
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4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion

Class Think #1
Inertial reference frames:
A block is pushed with a 50‐N force across a rough horizontal 
surface.  If the block is traveling at constant velocity, which of 
Newton’s first law does not hold in every
the following is true of  the frictional force between the block  reference frame, such as a reference frame that
and the surface? is accelerating or rotating.
a) Ff = 50 N An inertial reference frame is one in which
b) Ff >  50 N Newton’s first law is valid. This excludes
c)  Ff <  50 N rotating and accelerating frames.
How can we tell if we are in an inertial
reference frame? By checking to see if
Newton’s first law holds!

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Weight (Force of gravity) Mass vs. Weight

• Mass is a measure of how much matter
The force that gravity exerts on any an object contains.
object is called its weight • Mass is measured in kg and is the same
whether we are here on Earth, in an
elevator or on the moon.
weight = Fg = mg • Weight is the force of gravity on an object.
If the acceleration due to gravity changes,
so will the weight.
• Weight = Fg = mg
FG • On Earth g= 9.80 m/s2
• On the moon g=1.6 m/s2

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4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Class Think #2 Newton’s second law is the relation between
Carmen’s weight on Earth is 540 N.  She goes to the moon,  acceleration and force.
where gravity is about 1/6 of the value on earth.  Which of the 
following is true regarding her weight and mass on the moon?

a) Her weight is 540 N and her mass is 9 kg
b) Her weight is 90 N and her mass is 55 kg ∑
or
c)   Her weight is 90 N and her mass is 9 kg
Acceleration is
proportional to force and
inversely proportional to
mass.

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Second Law in 3D
Class Think #3
• A force F acting on a mass m1 results in an acceleration a1.
The same force acting on a different mass m2 results in an 
Like other vector

equations, F  ma
  Fx  max
acceleration a2 = 2a1. is equivalent to
three component

 Fy  ma y
F F
m1 m2 equations:

a1 a2 = 2a1

 Fz  maz
• What is the relationship between m1 and m2? 

(a) m2 = m1 (b) m2 = 2m1 (c) m2 = 1/2 m1

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Class Think #4 Class Think #5

The suspended body, m, in the The suspended body, m, in the

diagram weighs 75 N. If m is diagram weighs 75 N. If m is
moving at constant speed, how moving upward at increasing
big is F? speed, then:
a) F = 75 N
b) F < 75 N a) F = 75 N
c) F > 75 N b) F < 75 N
c) F > 75 N

4-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Class Think #6 Any time a force is exerted on an object, that
force is caused by another object.

The suspended body, m, in the

Newton’s third law:
diagram weighs 75 N. If m is Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object,
moving upward at decreasing
the second exerts an equal force in the opposite
speed, then:
direction on the first.
a) F = 75 N
b) F < 75 N
c) F > 75 N

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Newton’s Third Law Newton’s Third Law: Gravity

• Forces occur in pairs: • In the case of gravity, consider a satellite and the
Fon B by A = - Fon A by B earth:
All pairs of masses
Earth exert gravitational
usually written FBA = - FAB satellite force on each other.
From Newton’s
F sE FEs Third Law, we know
these forces are
• In words: For every “action” there is an equal equal and opposite.
FsE = - FEs
and opposite “reaction”.
• The two members of any “action-reaction” pair • Why don’t they cancel each other out?
always act on different objects!
Third Law Demo • Consider the force that the earth’s gravity exerts on
you. What is this force’s action-reaction pair mate?
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4-6 Weight—the Force of Gravity;
and the Normal Force
An object at rest must have no net force on it. If
it is sitting on a table, the force of gravity is still
there; what other force is there?
The force exerted perpendicular to a surface is
called the normal force. It is
exactly as large as needed
to balance the force from
the object. (If the required
force gets too big,
something breaks!)
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4-7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws:
Free-Body Diagrams
1. Draw a sketch.
2. For one object, draw a free-body
diagram, showing all the forces acting
on the object. Make the magnitudes
and directions as accurate as you
can. Label each force. If there are
multiple objects, draw a separate
diagram for each one.
3. Resolve vectors into components.
4. Apply Newton’s second law to each
component.
5. Solve.
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Class Think #7
The system shown in the figure at right is initially at
rest. The pulley is frictionless and the string is
massless. The masses are then released from
rest. Without doing any calculations, determine
which of the following is true about the tension, T,
in the string:
a) T > Mg
b) T = Mg
c) T < Mg

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Box on a plane Box on a plane

When we work with a box (or block) on a Consider a box being pulled up a plane by a
plane (or ramp), it is best to resolve the cord. Draw the FBD:
forces into components parallel to and
perpendicular to the direction of the
acceleration. a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Images from Halliday and Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 10th ed.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Resolving mg into components

Resolving mg into components
for ramp questions

90-θ θ
mgcosθ
mg
θ mgsinθ

mgsinθ
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. mgcosθ Images from Halliday and Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 10th ed.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.