Sizes[edit]

Main article: Nominal Pipe Size

Pipe sizes can be confusing because the terminology may relate to historical dimensions. For
example, a half-inch iron pipe does not have any dimension that is a half inch. Initially, a half inch
pipe did have an inner diameter of 1⁄2 inch (13 mm)—but it also had thick walls. As technology
improved, thinner walls became possible, but the outside diameter stayed the same so it could mate
with existing older pipe, increasing the inner diameter beyond half an inch. The history of copper
pipe is similar. In the 1930s, the pipe was designated by its internal diameter and a 1⁄16-inch (1.6 mm)
wall thickness. Consequently, a 1-inch (25 mm) copper pipe had a 1 1⁄8-inch (28.58 mm) outside
diameter. The outside diameter was the important dimension for mating with fittings. The wall
thickness on modern copper is usually thinner than 1⁄16-inch (1.6 mm), so the internal diameter is only
"nominal" rather than a controlling dimension.[9] Newer pipe technologies sometimes adopted a sizing
system as its own. PVC pipe uses the Nominal Pipe Size.
Pipe sizes are specified by a number of national and international standards,
including API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M and B36.19M in the US, BS 1600 and BS EN 10255 in the
United Kingdom and Europe.
There are two common methods for designating pipe outside diameter (OD). The North American
method is called NPS ("Nominal Pipe Size") and is based on inches (also frequently referred to as
NB ("Nominal Bore")). The European version is called DN ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal
Diameter") and is based on millimetres. Designating the outside diameter allows pipes of the same
size to be fit together no matter what the wall thickness.

 For pipe sizes less than NPS 14 inch (DN 350), both methods give a nominal value for
the OD that is rounded off and is not the same as the actual OD. For example, NPS
2 inch and DN 50 are the same pipe, but the actual OD is 2.375 inches or 60.33
millimetres. The only way to obtain the actual OD is to look it up in a reference table.
 For pipe sizes of NPS 14 inch (DN 350) and greater the NPS size is the actual
diameter in inches and the DN size is equal to NPS times 25 (not 25.4) rounded to a
convenient multiple of 50. For example, NPS 14 has an OD of 14 inches or 355.60
millimetres, and is equivalent to DN 350.
Since the outside diameter is fixed for a given pipe size, the inside diameter will vary depending on
the wall thickness of the pipe. For example, 2" Schedule 80 pipe has thicker walls and therefore a
smaller inside diameter than 2" Schedule 40 pipe.
Steel pipe has been produced for about 150 years. The pipe sizes that are in use today in PVC and
galvanized were originally designed years ago for steel pipe. The number system, like Sch 40, 80,
160, were set long ago and seem a little odd. For example, Sch 20 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40,
but same OD. And while these pipes are based on old steel pipe sizes, there is other pipe, like cpvc
for heated water, that uses pipe sizes, inside and out, based on old copper pipe size standards
instead of steel.
Many different standards exist for pipe sizes, and their prevalence varies depending on industry and
geographical area. The pipe size designation generally includes two numbers; one that indicates the
outside (OD) or nominal diameter, and the other that indicates the wall thickness. In the early
twentieth century, American pipe was sized by inside diameter. This practice was abandoned to
improve compatibility with pipe fittings that must usually fit the OD of the pipe, but it has had a lasting
impact on modern standards around the world.
In North America and the UK, pressure piping is usually specified by Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) and
schedule (SCH). Pipe sizes are documented by a number of standards, including API
5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M (Table 1) in the US, and BS 1600 and BS 1387 in the United Kingdom.
Typically the pipe wall thickness is the controlled variable, and the Inside Diameter (I.D.) is allowed
to vary. The pipe wall thickness has a variance of approximately 12.5 percent.
In the rest of Europe pressure piping uses the same pipe IDs and wall thicknesses as Nominal Pipe
Size, but labels them with a metric Diameter Nominal (DN) instead of the imperial NPS. For NPS
larger than 14, the DN is equal to the NPS multiplied by 25. (Not 25.4) This is documented
by EN 10255 (formerly DIN 2448 and BS 1387) and ISO 65:1981, and it is often called DIN or ISO
pipe.
Japan has its own set of standard pipe sizes, often called JIS pipe.
The Iron pipe size (IPS) is an older system still used by some manufacturers and legacy drawings
and equipment. The IPS number is the same as the NPS number, but the schedules were limited to
Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS). STD is identical to SCH 40
for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10, inclusive, and indicates .375" wall thickness for NPS 12 and larger. XS is
identical to SCH 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive, and indicates .500" wall thickness for NPS 8
and larger. Different definitions exist for XXS, however it is never the same as SCH 160. XXS is in
fact thicker than SCH 160 for NPS 1/8" to 6" inclusive, whereas SCH 160 is thicker than XXS for
NPS 8" and larger.
Another old system is the Ductile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), which generally has larger ODs than IPS.
Copper plumbing tube for residential plumbing follows an entirely different size system in America,
often called Copper Tube Size (CTS); see domestic water system. Its nominal size is neither the
inside nor outside diameter. Plastic tubing, such as PVC and CPVC, for plumbing applications also
has different sizing standards[vague].
Agricultural applications use PIP sizes, which stands for Plastic Irrigation Pipe. PIP comes in
pressure ratings of 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), and
125 psi (860 kPa) and is generally available in diameters of 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 inches
(15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, and 61 cm).

Standards