KIL 3012

Process Equipment Design

WEEK 3

Piping design
Pipe thickness, pipe schedule, and pipe
support, pipe fittings,

1
To be explored in this class

Piping Design:
Pipe thickness, pipe schedule, and pipe support, pipe
fittings

At the end of the class, you should be able to:

a) Be familiar with the pipe sizing: able to identify
diameter and thickness of a pipe based on its
nominal pipe size (NPS) and schedule number.
b) Calculate pipe sizing based on the material of
construction, the design temperature and pressure,
according to codes/standards.
2
Introduction to pipes

A pipe is identified by its:

• Sizes – Nominal Pipe Size (NPS)
• Thickness – Schedule Number
• Lengths – usually supplied between 6 to 8 m or
double of that.
• Temperature and pressure limits – At higher
temperatures, certain materials of construction lose
strength, e.g. carbon steel. For operation at higher
temperatures, pipes made from stainless steel or
other alloys need to be considered.
• Material of construction

It is inherent that a pipe is accompanied by various

pipe fittings, pipe joinings, pipe supports and etc..
3
Selection of Piping Materials

Materials selection for achievement of metallurgical

stability shall be made on the basis of design condition
and to resist possible exposures against fire, corrosion,
operating condition, service etc.

Some of the concerns regarding the material of

construction for the designers:

1. Resistance to stress;
2. Resistance to wear;
3. Resistance to corrosion;
4. Design life-span etc.

4
Piping components

• Pipes
• Fittings
• Flanges
• Valves
• Pipe accessories
• Support units

5
 In any plant various fluids flow through pipes from
one end to other.
 We have to transfer the content of Tank No. 1 to the
other two tanks.
 We are required to connect pipes to transfer the
fluids from Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3

6
 (1) We have just brought the pipes, now we
need to solve some more problems.
Pipes are all straight pieces.
(2) To solve these,
we require the pipe
components, which
are called:
PIPE FITTINGS

Require some
branch connections

Require bend
connections
7
 There are various types of fittings, some most common:
• Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches, Reducers/
Expanders, Couplings, etc.

The pipes and fittings are in

place, but the ends are yet to
be joined with the Tank nozzles.

We now have to complete the end

connections.

8
 But if we want to control the flow from Tank-1 to other
tanks.

We need some arrangement to stop the flow if

needed.

These are flanged joints

This is a welded joint

To control the flow in a pipe line we

need to place a special component.
VALVE

9
 There are many types of valves, based on their
construction and functionality:
Gate, Globe, Check, etc.

Other than valves another important line

component of pipe line is a filter, which
cleans out debries from the flowing fluid.
This is called a STRAINER

10
When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we may
also like know the parameters like, pressure,
temperature, flow rate etc. of the fluid.

11
Shown here are some of the pipe
supporting arrangements. There can be
numerous variants. All depend on piping
designer’s preference and judgement.

12
13
14
Code and Standard for pipes
• ANSI/ASME Standard B31.1, Power Piping.
This standard applies to steam piping systems.

• ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3, Chemical Plant and Petroleum

Refinery Piping.
This standard applies to major facilities onshore and
offshore worldwide.

• ANSI/ASME Standard B31.4, Liquid Transportation Systems

for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous
Ammonia, and Alcohols.
This standard applies to onshore oil pipeline facilities.

• ANSI/ASME Standard B31.8, Gas Transmission and

Distribution Piping Systems.
This standard applies to gas transmission, gathering, and
distribution pipelines onshore. 15
Other code and standard for pipes

• BS806 Specification for the design and construction

of ferrous piping installations for an in connection
with land boilers.

• AS 4041 Pressure piping (Australia)

16
Standards and Codes of Practice for Gas Piping System

Ref: https://www.st.gov.my/ms/details/policies_details/23/3 17
Pipe vs Tube
Tubes are for heat exchanger design:
The OD is exact, i.e. exactly the specified value;
The ID varies, depending on the gauge specified (wall
thickness).
Referred to, by tube diameter and gauge specification.

Pipes are for fluid transport:

 The OD has a fixed value, but both are nominal, (not
exact) ID and OD.
 Are close to the specified DN value.
 The ID varies, depending on Schedule Number (wall
thickness).
 Referred to by nominal pipe diameter, (nominal size)
and Schedule Number. 18
 Recall from Dr. Teoh’s IDP lecture
Differences between pipes and tubes
PIPES
Specified as Nominal Pipe Size
Size (NPS) or Nominal Bore (NB) or
Diameter Nominal (DN)
Wall thickness is expressed in
Thickness schedule number
The outside diameter of pipe up to
Diameter size 12” are numerically larger than
corresponding pipe size
Used in all process & utility lines
Use
Please watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
M6te8o9GtXM
TUBES
Specified in millimeter or in inches by
outside diameter
Wall thickness is expressed in
millimeter, or inches, or BWG
(Birmingham wire gauge.)
Outside diameter of tubes is
numerically equal to the
corresponding size.
Generally used in tracing lines, tubes
for heat exchanger & fired heater & in
connecting instrument.
Source: https://hardhatengineer.com/what-
is-the-difference-between-pipe-tube/ 19
https://blog.projectmaterials.com/instrumentation/bwg-swg-tube-gauge-chart/ 20
Standard pipes

• Pipes are available in standard sizes only, i.e. in standard

diameters and lengths (6m)
• Nominal pipe size (NPS) – nominal (not exact value)
• DN (nominal diameter) is European code designed to
match the standard sized pipes which are manufactured
according to the American system.
• Schedule Number – specifies wall thickness and inside
diameter
• Most often used: Schedule 40 and Schedule 80

21
Pipe dimension
 Pipes are designated by size and schedule number.
 Three different terms are commonly used to define the size
of the pipes:
• NPS – Nominal Pipe Size
• NB – Nominal Bore (common in British standard)
• DN – Diameter Nominal

Dimensions of the pipes are covered

in following Standard:
• ASME B36.10 – Welded and
Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe (Carbon
& Alloy Steel)
• ASME B36.19 – Stainless Steel Pipe

22
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS)

• ASME codes: NPS is the number that defines the size of the
pipe. By name only.
• For instance, when you say 8” pipe, the 8” is the nominal
size of that pipe.
• For pipe sizes below NPS 14, NPS is approximately the
same as the Internal Diameter (ID).
• For pipe sizes NPS 14 and above, the Outside Diameter
(OD) is the same as NPS.

Why the differences?

This is due to the way pipes are fabricated.

23
NPS 1/8 to NPS 12

• Manufacturing pipes of NPS 1/8 to NPS 12 is based on

fixed outside diameters (OD).

• When the OD is fixed, an increase in wall thickness

decreases the inside diameter (ID) of the pipe and the
ID of the pipe is almost equal to the Nominal Size.

OD (inch) Thickness (inch) ID (inch)

For NPS 2, Schedule 40 pipe
2.375 0.154 2.067

24
 OD (inch) Thickness (inch) ID (inch)
For NPS 4, Schedule 80 pipe
4.5 0.337 3.826

Source:
https://hardhatengineer.com/pipe-class-piping-specifications-pipeend/pipe-schedule-chart-nominal-pipe-sizes/ 25
 • For the manufacturing of NPS 14 (DN350) and above,
pipe OD is equal to the NPS of a pipe.
OD (inch) Thickness (inch) ID (inch)
For NPS 14, Schedule 40 pipe
14 0.438 13.124
26
https://hardhatengineer.com
 Nominal diameter (DN)
The European designation equivalent to NPS is DN
(nominal diameter). The pipe size unit in millimetres (mm).

Relationship of NPS and DN pipe size:

Note: For NPS of 4 and larger, the DN is equal to the

NPS multiplied by 25.

Source: https://www.rhfs.com/assets/pdf/productGuides/nps-table-welded-seamless-stainless-steel-pipe.pdf 27
Wall thickness of pipe

Pipe schedules

The schedule of pipe refers to the wall thickness of pipe

in the American system

For example: there are 11 schedule numbers are available

for Carbon Steel Pipes

5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160

Most common: Schedule 40

Rarely used: 5, 60, 100, 120 and 140

28
Wall thickness of pipe

Thickness of the pipe increases with the schedule number.

This means that schedule 80 steel pipes:

• will be heavier and stronger than schedule 40 pipe.
• will provide greater factor of safety allowing it to
handle much higher design pressures.
• will use more material and thus more costly.

Stainless steel pipe schedule generally match with Carbon

Steel piping schedules, but are always identified with Suffix
S from 1/8” to 12”.
Schedule 40S and 80S are the same as their corresponding
schedule 40 and 80 in all sizes except in 12” in schedule
40.
29
Recall from Dr Teoh’s lecture
Schedule number
• If we have two NPS 4, sch.40 pipes but with different
materials of construction, say a carbon steel pipe and a PVC
pipe,
a) Would these 2 pipes have the same thickness?
Yes, these two pipes would have the same thickness.
b) Would these 2 pipes be able to withstand the same
pressure?
No, because of the differences in the material of
construction. A carbon steel pipe is stronger and can
withstand a higher stress than a PVC pipe.

MOC NPS Sch OD (in) Thickness (in) Max. Pressure

. (psi)
Carbon steel 4 40 4.5 0.237 2581
PVC 4 40 4.5 0.237 220
30
Recall: Example from Dr Teoh’s lecture

Schedule number = (1000)(P/S)

Where P Internal (safe) working pressure (psi)
S Allowable stress (psi) for the material of
construction at the conditions of use

• Estimate the safe working pressure for a 4 in. diameter,

Sch. 40 pipe, carbon steel, butt welded, working
temperature 100 C. The safe working stress for butt
welded steel pipe up to 120 C is 6000 psi.
• Sch. number = 1000 x P/S
where P (psi) is the safe working pressure and S (psi)
is the safe working (allowable) stress.
P = (Sch. S)/1000 = (40  6000)/1000 = 240 psi
What does the results imply? That the design pressure
for the process in the pipe should not go beyond 240
psi. 31
Wall thickness of pipe

Another way of specifying the wall thickness of pipes:

Schedule No Remarks
STD 40 Standard weight
XS 80 Extra strong
XXS 160 Extra, extra strong

Refer to ASME B36.10 and ASME B36.19 to check

different types of pipe with various thickness

32
Wall thickness of pipe

33
ASME B36.19

34
 Characteristics to be considered for a pipe

Thickness Pipe insulation

Material Pipe end
Pipe joint
Pipe size

Seamless or welded
Pipe support

35
Types of pipes

• Different types of pipes used in various design conditions,

considering technical and commercial parameters.

• For small and medium sizes requirement, seamless pipes are

more popular whereas, for larger diameter, welded pipes are
more economical.

• Based on the method of pipe manufacturing, pipes are usually

categorised into two types: seamless and welded.

• Welded pipes are further classified based on the method of

welding.

36
Types of pipes
There are two ways to weld pipe;

(1) With filler metal (2) Without filler metal.

• Submerged Arc Welding • Electric Resistance Welded
(SAW) process (ERW)/ electric fusion welding
(EFW) and high frequency
welding (HFW)

• SAW pipes: straight seam and spiral seam pipe.

• Straight seam pipes are also known as L-SAW or long seam
SAW pipes. Medium diameter straight SAW pipe has single
seam whereas large diameter pipe has a two-weld seam.

Additional reading:
https://www.octalsteel.com/faq-cat/steel-pipe 37
Pipe classification

 Seamless
 Welded seam (for large pipe diameter only)
 Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) - welded seam pipe.

• For pipes with diameters up to 300-450 mm, they are

available as seamless pipe.
• But for diameters >450 mm, usually welded. ERW is one
of the products.
38
Pipe end
ASME Standards
• ASME B1.1 – Unified Inch Screw Threads
• ASME B16.25 – Butt welding Ends

Plain Ends – This kind of end are used for

smaller diameters and require slip-on flanges and
socket type weld fittings. Common for stainless,
duplex and nickel-alloy pipes

Beveled Ends (BE) – The most common pipe

end type. Beveled end pipes are joined by
welding.

39
http://www.wermac.org/pipes/pipe_part3.html
Pipe end
Threaded ends (TE): Usually used on pipe 3” and
smaller. Threaded ends (which are generally NPT
as per ASME B1.20.1 for petrochemical pipes)
require threaded fittings and flanges and are used
for smaller size pipelines or gas lines.

Grooved ends (example Victaulic pipes): these

are pipes that allow a quick connection,
used for non-critical uses.

Threaded and coupled ends (T&C),

generally used for gas distribution.
40
Plain end Bevel end Threaded end Socket and
spigot end

41
Jointing

• Welded - Most common and usually with fittings

• Flanged - Use in areas where access to pipe at regular

intervals is desirable, used for final connection to process
equipment.

• Screwed - less used, small diameters only

42
Jointing with fittings

Most common:

• Straight union – for straight connections.

• Elbows – fittings are usually used for 90° turns at the joint
to avoid bending the pipes by force.

Why??
When pipes are bent, stresses are built in the inside
and outside of the bend, and the pipe is weakened.

43
Jointing with fittings

• Tee – for branching or direct welding of pipes to form

the Tee joint, less preferred.

• Reducer – for joining pipes of different diameter.

• Fittings also have standard sizes made to fit the

standard pipes.

• Wall thickness is specified by the standards (e.g.

American, European, Australian and etc.

44
45
Pipe support

• Over long runs, between buildings and equipment,

pipes are usually carried on pipe racks.
• These carry the main process and service pipes, and
are laid out to allow easy access to the equipment.
• Various designs of pipe hangers and supports are
used to support individual pipes. Details of typical
supports can be found in the books by Perry et al.
(1997) and Holmes (1973).
• Pipe supports often incorporate provision for thermal
expansion.

46
Pipe support
a) Pipe rack structure – ground level or overhead
• Needs to be sturdy.
• Carry the weight of the fluid, piping, valves, etc.
• Attached to it are individual pipe supports.

b) Platform for worker, if overhead

• Structure allow convenient access of worker for
installation, maintenance, and inspection

47
c) Individual pipe support
• Properly anchored at certain points
• Provide sufficient guide for the pipe at other sections
• Provide enough support against minor vibrations
• Flexibility of pipe is maintained, but able to expand
and contract with temperature change

Other practical rule of thumb

The pipes must support its own weight even when there is
no fluid in the pipe. Particularly when most pipes are only
supported with anchors and guides every 4-6 metres.

48
 Pipe support

https://stoprust.com/products-and-services/nu-bolt/

49
Source: Google images
Pipe support

Some info could be

obtained from Paragraph
321, in ASME B31.3

Further readings:
https://www.pip.org/docs/default-
source/practices-
documents/pnc000013c8da90395a262f789edf
f00008ddc6a.pdf?sfvrsn=5c2fcb9e_0
50
Example 1 – Pipe Schedule

Calculate the allowable internal pressure (P) for

Schedule 40 mile steel pipe having ultimate tensile
strength (S) of 65300 psi.

• Sch. number = 1000 x P/S

where P (psi) is the safe working pressure and S (psi)
is the safe working (allowable) stress.
P = (Sch. S)/1000 = (40  65300)/1000 = 2612 psi
This results means that the design pressure for the
process in the pipe should exceed 2612 psi.

51
Wall thickness of straight pipe
tm = t f + G

Where tm Minimum required thickness (mm)

tf Pressure design minimum wall thickness (mm)
G Sum of appropriate allowances (mm)
G Corrosion allowance + 12.5% of tm Mechanical allowance
(thread and grove)

Corrosion allowance, C. This somewhat relies on experience.

For carbon and low alloy steel:

2 mm Less severe corrosion
4 mm More severe corrosion
1 mm Minimum 52
Pipe thickness, tmin

• For a straight metal pipe under internal pressure, the

minimum required thickness (tmin) is based on the following
calculation:

𝑃 ∙ 𝐷𝑜 Applicable only
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = +𝐶 for OD/t < 6
2(𝑆𝐸 + 𝑃𝑌)

• P = design pressure; Do = outside diameter

• S = basic allowable stress for materials excluding casting, joint or
structural-grade quality factors;
• E = quality factors is one of the product of more than one of the following
quality factors: casting quality factor, (Ec), joint quality factor (Ej – Table A),
structural grade quality factor (Es = 0.92)
• Y = coefficient for ductile ferrous materials, having value in Table B
• C = sum of allowances for corrosion, erosion and any thread or groove
depth
• tmin = minimum required thickness (inch) to which manufacturing tolerance
must be added when specifying pipe thickness on purchase orders.
53
Given formulae in para 304.1.2. in accordance with either eq (3a) below or (3b)
Table A:Longitudinal and spiral-weld joint
factor, Ej
Type of joint Type of seam Examination Factor,
Ej
Furnace butt weld Straight As required by listed 0.6
continuous specifications
Electric resistance Straight or As required by listed 0.85
weld spiral specifications
Single butt weld Straight or As required by listed 0.80
(with or without filler spiral specifications 0.9
metal) Additional spot-radiographed
per ANSI B31.3 par 336.6.1 1.00
Additionally 100 percent
radiographed per ANSI
B31.3 par 336.4.5
Double butt Straight or As required by listed 0.85
weld(with or without spiral except specifications 0.90
filler metal) double Additional spot-radiographed
submerged per ANSI B31.3 par 336.6.1 1.00
arc-welded Additionally 100 percent
pipe radiographed per ANSI
B31.3 par 336.4.5 54
 How about t ≥ D/6 ??

It is noteworthy:

• For t ≥ D/6 or for P/SE > 0.385, calculation of pressure

design thickness for straight pipe requires special
consideration of factors such as theory of failure, effects of
fatigue and thermal stress

55
56
Some rule of thumb…

To ensure the pipes have sufficient wall thickness to prevent

excess sagging, most petro-chemical or chemical plants use
these conventions:

For carbon steel

Up to DN40 Use schedule 80

DN50 – DN150 Use schedule 40

For stainless steel, due to cost considerations

Up to DN150 Use schedule 10S

57
Pipe thickness calculation

• To calculate t = pressure design thickness, it has given

formulae in para 304.1.2.
Outside diameter
𝐷
• Thin wall pipe 𝑡𝑓 < 6 , the internal pressure design
thickness for straight pipes shall not be less than the
calculated in accordance with either equation 3a or 3b (in
ASME B31.3)

𝑃 ∙ 𝐷𝑜
𝑡=
2(𝑆𝐸𝑊 + 𝑃𝑌)

Important:
Check paragraph 304 in ASME B31.3 – Pressure Design
of Components 58
 𝑃 ∙ 𝐷𝑜
𝑡=
2(𝑆𝐸𝑊 + 𝑃𝑌)

• P = Internal design pressure; Do = outside diameter (in)

• SE = Allowable stress × applicable weld quality factor
• S = Stress value from material Table A-1 B31.3 (psi)
• E = Weld joint quality factor from Table A-1a (for casting) or
A-1b (for tube/pipe)
• W = Weld joint strength reduction factor from Para 302.3.5.e
• Y = Temp. dependent coefficient from Table 304.1.1
• C = sum of allowances for corrosion, erosion and any thread
or groove depth
• tmin = minimum required thickness (inch) to which
manufacturing tolerance must be added when specifying pipe
thickness on purchase orders.

Given formulae in para 304.1.2. in accordance with either eq (3a) shown above or (3b) 59
Pipe thickness calculation

Example 2
Determination of the required pipe thickness for a pipe:

• With fluid design temperature = 260 °F

• P = Design Pressure = 150 psig
• D = Pipe OD = 30 in
• Pipe material = A106 grade B (seamless)
• C = Corrosion allowance = 0.125 in
• Mill tolerance = 12.5%

Put the values in Eq. 3a in ASME B31.3. We have the info on

P and D. Now, let’s determine other values from the code.
60
Solution to example 2
Look for S = Stress value from material Table A-1 B31.3 (psi)
Go to Table A-1, you will find this

61
Now, find carbon steel pipes and tubes where you can find A 106 gr B
 62
For more temp scroll next page in the code
• Allowable stress value for material in between the
temperature specified in the chart can be interpolated.

• That explains how to find S value for given material.

• For example shown here, For A106, grade B, we have got

S = 20 ksi which is equivalent to 20000 psi.

63
A single bar as shown below specifies the usage of material beyond
this temperature needs special precaution.

A double bar as shown below prohibits the usage of material

beyond this temperature

64
Finding weld joint quality factor (E)
• E = Weld joint quality factor
• Go to Table A-1B
• Find the material grade and find Ej value. From the table, for
our case its 1.0, so we got E=1

65
W = Weld joint strength reduction factor

66
If our pipe grade specified as ASTM A 135 electric resistance welded
(ERW), then Ej value would be 0.85 (as shown in Table 302.3.4)

Similar to the one in Table A (slide number 54)

67
Y = Temp dependent co efficient

• Go to Table 304.1.1
• As A106 Gr B is ferritic steel, look at the ferritic steel
row. Search for the temp column for your temperature.
• Fluid design temp is 260 °F. As shown below, for 900 °F
and below, the value of Y is 0.4

68
 𝑃∙𝐷𝑜
•𝑡 =
2(𝑆𝐸𝑊+𝑃𝑌)
150𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔.30𝑖𝑛
•𝑡 =
2(20000𝑝𝑠𝑖.1.1+150𝑝𝑠𝑖.0.4) C = Corrosion allowance = 0.125 in
• t = 0.1121 in

Plug in the value of t in the eq tm = t + C

tm = 0.1121 in + 0.125 in = 0.237 in

This is the required minimum thickness after mill tolerance of

12.5% means the specified thickness by the designer may
decrease 12.5% during the manufacturing process.
Even after reducing 12.5% pipe thickness should not be less
than tm i.e 0.237 in.

So, 100% − 12.5% = 0.875% = 0.237 in

trequired = 0.237 in /0.875 = 0.270 in = 6.858 mm
69
http://thepipingtalk.com/2018/11/piping-thickness-calculation-with-an-example/
• trequired = 0.237 in /0.875 = 0.270 in = 6.858 mm

• Since there is no commercially available 30 in pipe having

a 6.8 mm thickness, we have to go to AMSE B36.10 or any
pipe thickness chart and choose the schedule thickness
which is nearest (round up) to the calculated value.

In this case, for a pipe with 30 OD, the nearest thickness to

0.270 in is 0.312 in (equivalent to 9.53 mm)
70
http://www-eng.lbl.gov/~shuman/NEXT/CURRENT_DESIGN/PV/movesa/PipeSize(B36.10_19).pdf
 Typical fluid velocities
Useful in estimating pipe size

Liquids: Pipes 1 – 3 m/s

Water 1.5 – 2.5 m/s

In heat exchangers Shell side 0.3 – 1 m/s

Tube side 1 – 3 m/s

Vacuum 50 – 70 m/s
Vapours Atm pressure 10 – 30 m/s
High pressure 5 – 10 m/s
71
Ref. Coulson and Richardson, Vol 6, 4th Edition
Example 3: Estimate pipe size

Select pipe size and schedule no. for the following

design parameters:

• Liquid flow rate, Q = 300 m3/hr

• Assume liquid velocity, v = 2.5 m/s
• Design temperature, Td = 400 F (or 204 C)
• Design pressure, Pd = 725 psi
• Pipe material = Carbon steel pipe API 5L grade B
• Pipe joint: Single butt weld straight pipe without
radiography
• Corrosion allowance, C = 0.10
• Mill tolerance = 12.5 %

72
Solution to example 3

1. Convert Q from m3/h to m3/s

Q = 300 m3/h = 0.083 m3/s

2. For a flow velocity, v of 2.5 m/s, calculate the

internal area of pipe required, A.

A = Q/v = 0.0332 m2

3. The ID of pipe required, D = [(4  A)/]0.5

D = [(4  0.0332)/]0.5
= 205.6 mm
= 8.094 in
73
Solution to example 3

• Check the allowable stress (S) for carbon steel pipe

at 400 F.

74
Table A:Longitudinal and spiral-weld joint factor, Ej

Type of joint Type of seam Examination Factor,

Ej
Furnace butt weld Straight As required by listed 0.6
continuous specifications
Electric resistance Straight or As required by listed 0.85
weld spiral specifications
Single butt weld Straight or As required by listed 0.80
(with or without filler spiral specifications 0.9
metal) Additional spot-radiographed
per ANSI B31.3 par 336.6.1 1.00
Additionally 100 percent
radiographed per ANSI
B31.3 par 336.4.5
Double butt Straight or As required by listed 0.85
weld(with or without spiral except specifications 0.90
filler metal) double Additional spot-radiographed
submerged per ANSI B31.3 par 336.6.1 1.00
arc-welded Additionally 100 percent
pipe radiographed per ANSI
B31.3 par 336.4.5
75
76
Solution to example 3

𝑃∙𝐷𝑜
• Thickness calculation: 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = +𝐶
2(𝑆𝐸+𝑃𝑌)
• From Table K-1, the allowable stress (S) = 20 ksi
725×8
• 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = + 0.10 = 0.278 in
2[ 20000×0.80 + 725×0.4 ]

0.251
• 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = 0.318 in
0.875

• Selection of schedule number must have wall thickness

larger than tnominal.

77
78
Solution to example 3 continues…

• Now, recalculate the velocity of the liquid in the pipe

to ensure that the fluid velocity is within the heuristic.

• For NPS 8 Sch. 40,

• ID = 7.981 in = 202.7 mm = 0.2027 m
• Internal cross sectional pipe area, A = 0.03228 m2
• Actual fluid velocity = Q/A =2.57 m/s (this value is
within rule of thumb, therefore, it is okay)

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Dimensional tolerances
The dimensional tolerances for pipes are provided by ASTM
A530 standard that permits the following variations in pipe
size, pipe lengths and weight.

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To try at home: pipe thickness calculation

Determination of the required pipe thickness for a pipe:

• Fluid design temperature, T = 85 °C

• P = Design Pressure = 3000 psig
• D = Pipe OD = 12 in
• Pipe material = API 5L Grade B (seamless)
• C = Corrosion allowance = 3 mm
• Allowable stress (S) = 20 ksi
• Mill tolerance = 12.5%

Refer to ASME B31.3 81

Principle of piping design

• To design a piping system which allows the fluid to be

transported at a suitable velocity.
• Does not generate excessive friction loss and pressure
drop.
• Economises the distance of travel by the fluid.
• Strikes a balance between the capital cost and the
operating cost.
• Handles the transportation of the fluid safely and
efficiently.

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Piping design procedure
1. Establish process conditions:
Flow rate, fluid temperature and pressure,
nature of fluid
2. Design preliminary run
3. Determine pipe size
4. Select material
5. Select piping class
6. Calculate ΔP
7. Calculate wall thickness
8. Determine testing procedure required
9. Establish testing parameters
10. Perform flexibility analysis
11. Establish final piping layout
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 THANK YOU

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