REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

KIGALI INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY ULK

P.O Box 2280, KIGALI
Website: http://www.ulk.ac.rw
E-mail:info@ulk.ac.rw

ICT SKILLS
Module IV: SPSS

Compiled by:

ICT ACADEMIC UNIT KIGALI

ICT ACADEMIC UNIT GISENYI

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1 Module Code: _ALL 40X......... Faculty: ALL
2 Module Title:__GENERAL SKILLS 4..............................................................................

3 Level: 5 Semester: 2 Credits: 12

4 First year of presentation: 2011 Administering Faculty:... FST
5 Pre-requisite or co-requisite modules, excluded combinations
Having completed successfully the third year of studies

6. Allocation of study and teaching hours

Total student hours ____________

Student hours Staff hours

Lectures
40 50
Practical classes/laboratory
10 10
Structured exercises
30 40
Set reading etc.
10 10
Self-directed study
10 --------
Assignments – preparation and writing
10 --------
Examination – revision and attendance
10 10
TOTAL
120 120

6.1 Brief description of aims and content

The objective of this course is to equip students with ICT 3 highly practical skills needed on
the marketplace. Trainees will learn the functioning of a computer, the desktop environment,
and file management. Then, they will learn how to use effectively various software for
decision support . A particular attention will be put on the fact that best practice and quality
issues are understood and implemented so as to help trainees improve productivity at work.

6.2 Learning Outcomes

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i) Knowledge and Understanding; Cognitive/Intellectual skills/Application of
Knowledge; Communication/ICT/Numeracy/Analytic Techniques/Practical Skills
and General Transferable Skills

Having successfully completed the module, students should be able to demonstrate

knowledge and understanding of:

- Master various accounting management oriented software: accounting , finance,

other
- Work with MS Word at a very advanced level

- Develop effective presentations using MS PowerPoint

- Managing various database management software

- Display competency in using an application software commonly used in his/her

profession

This module is for:

-Providing students with sufficient knowledge in the four language skills

Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing, and availing students with techniques in

correspondence and communication,

-To make students understand that English is a vital working tools globally.

ii) Knowledge and Understanding

Having successfully completed the module, students should be able to
demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

The fundamental knowledge in English letter writing and other business

documentary writings, and the importance of English in general

iii) Cognitive/Intellectual skills/Application of Knowledge

Having successfully completed the module, students should be able to:

Apply the English language skills in the day-to-day life.

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7. Indicative Content

Part 1: ICT Skills 4

Concept of a System, types of system, elements of a system – Business organisation as a
system – systems approach to problem solving.

Data Us Information, Concept of an Information system – Hardware, Software trends and

selection issues –Transaction processing systems Office Automation system Decision
support systems Introduction to Artificial Intelligence – Expert Systems their Business
Applications Computer communication and their relevance to Business Managing
Information System, Data security Aspects Management Information System for business
functions-Finance, Human Resource, Marketing, Operations.

Part 2: ENGLISH SKILLS

. i: indefinite adjectives

. ii : conjuctions

. iii: formal writing

. iv: composition writing

. v: active and passive modes

. vi: phrasal verbs

. vii: question tags

. viii: gerunds

. ix: language functions

. x: summarizing and paraphrasing

. xi: consolidation

8. Learning and Teaching Strategy

. Student centered:

-Face to face lectures

-giving students research topics

- Workshops

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 9. Assessment Strategy
-practical group class work

-Individual practical course work

-Various assignments and lastly the final examination on the general module

10 Assessment Pattern

Component Weighting (%) Learning objectives

covered

In-course assessment:

Assignment 30% 1, 2, 3

Partial Assessment Test 30% 1, 2, 3

Final assessment:

End-of-Semester 40% 1, 2, 3
Examination

11 Strategy for feedback and student support during module

 Each Presentation is marked, marks post on the course Web on the University
Online Campus Platform, with immediate feedback (direct contact with the student or
contact through the online courses platform);

 Specimen examination papers and solutions available

12 Indicative Resources
Core Text (include number in library or URL) (inc ISBN)

Indicative Reading List

MCKeen, J. and Smith, H. 2009. IT Strategy in Action. Prentice Hall

Advanced MS Office Packages Textbooks.

ULK Centre of Languages Year 2 Text Book.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Module Objective............................................................................................................................- 6 -
UNIT I: DATABASE (MICROSOFT ACCESS 2007).................................................................- 6 -
2.0 Database terminologies.............................................................................................................- 7 -
2.0 Steps in designing a database...................................................................................................- 7 -
3.0 Getting Started with MS Access 2007....................................................................................- 10 -
4.0 Data Types...............................................................................................................................- 15 -
5.0 Table Relationships.................................................................................................................- 18 -
UNIT II: STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES (SPSS)..............................- 26 -
2.1Introduction.................................................................................................................- 26 -
2.2 Starting SPSS for Windows.......................................................................................- 26 -
2.3 Entering data into Data editor....................................................................................- 28 -
2.4 Using the Help System..............................................................................................- 30 -
2.5 Reading Data..............................................................................................................- 31 -
2.6 Using the Data Editor................................................................................................- 36 -
3.0 Running an Analysis...............................................................................................................- 45 -
3.1 Viewing Results.........................................................................................................- 46 -
3.2 Examining Summary Statistics for Individual Variables..........................................- 47 -
3.2.1 Level of Measurement.........................................................................................- 47 -
3.3 Cross-tabulation tables...............................................................................................- 53 -
3.3.1 Creating and Editing Charts................................................................................- 57 -
3.3.2 Making analysis with the help of syntax.............................................................- 62 -
3.3.4 Sorting and Selecting Data..................................................................................- 64 -

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Module Objective
The objective of the module is to equip students with the necessary practical skills about
Computerized database as well as data analysis and interpretation with the help of Ms Access
and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) respectively. In Ms Access students
should learn how to create database and related tables, create forms, relationships, data
definition and capturing, queries and reports whereas in SPSS students will learn variables
definition, data capturing and manipulation, running analysis, creating and editing charts and
working with the output.

UNIT I: DATABASE (MICROSOFT ACCESS 2007)

Ms Access is a tool that allows users to access data in relational database management. Some
of other tools are: Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Microsoft SQL client/Server, and others, by
allowing users to describe the data the user wishes to see. Allows users to define the data in a
database, and manipulate them.

Microsoft Access can break down a database into the following:

Database File: This is your main file that encompasses the entire
database and that is saved to your hard-drive or floppy disk.
Example) StudentDatabase.mdb

Table: A table is a collection of data about a specific topic. There can be

multiple tables in a database. Example #1) Students, Example #2)
Teachers

Field:Fields are the different categories within a Table. Tables usually

contain multiple fields. Example #1) Student LastName, Example #2)
Student FirstName

Datatypes:Datatypes are the properties of each field. A field only has 1

datatype.
FieldName) Student LastName Datatype) Text

The database can be regarded as a kind of repository or container for a collection of

computerized data files. A single database may contain many tables that relate to one another.

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Example of Database applications includes: computerized library systems, automated teller
machine, flight reservation, Names and addresses, Business contacts, customers, and sales
prospects, Employee and personnel information, invoices, payments, and bookkeeping etc

2.0 Database terminologies

Table: a single collection of data about a particular subject or area. The data is presented in
columns (known as fields/attributes) and rows (known as records). [Example, an addressbook
table]

Field: a column from a table that contains a specific type of information. [Example, is an
addressbook, one field could be NAME or PHONE.]

Record: one complete entry or row in a table that contains a collection of information about
one particular item. [ Example, in an addressbook, one record could be for John Smith, 223-
7456.]

Key: one particular field that always contains a unique value for every Record in the table
[Example: SSN is often used as a Key Field]

Query: specific database search that answers a question about the data and produces a dynaset
result

Form: a layout for entering data into a table

Basics of Database Design

 Decide on the information you want to have in your database.

 Logically divide the information into Tables and Fields. Create Field and Table
Names.
 For every Table, determine the minimum amount of field information that will always
be necessary for each record.
 Choose a Key for each Table or allow Access to create a Key for a Table.
 Decide if you want a Field to be indexed and thus easily searchable.
 Create a small test database with several example records to test out your database
design.

2.0 Steps in designing a database

Step One: Determine the purpose of your database

The first step in designing an access database is to determine the purpose of the database and
how it's to be used. This tells you what information you want from the database. From that,
you can determine what subjects you need to store facts about (the tables) and what facts you
need to store about each subject (the fields in the tables).

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Talk to the people who will use the database and brain storm about the questions you'd like
the database to answer.

Step Two: Determine the tables you need. Once you have a clear purpose for your
database, you can divide your information into separate subjects such as "Employees" or
"Orders“. Each subject will be a table in your database

Step Three: Determine the fields you need.

- Decide what information you want to keep in each table.

- Each category of information in a table is called a field and is displayed as a column
in the table.

Step four: determine the primary key

The power in a relational database management system such as Ms access comes from its
ability to quickly find and bring together information stored in separate tables. In order for
MS-Access to work most efficiently, each table in your database should include a field or set
of fields that uniquely identifies each individual record stored in the table. This is often a
unique identification number, such as an employee ID number or a serial number.

In database terminology, this information is called the primary key of the table. MS-Access
uses primary key fields to quickly associate data from multiple tables and bring them together
for you. MS Access doesn't allow duplicate values in a primary key field for example, don't
use people's names as a primary key, because names aren't unique. You could easily have two
people with the same name in the same table. If you don't already have a unique identifier in
mind for a table, you can use a field that simply numbers the records consecutively.

Note: When choosing primary key fields, keep these points in mind:

 MS Access doesn't allow duplicate values in a primary key field.

 You may use the value in the primary key field to look up records, so it shouldn't be
too long to remember or type. You may want it to have a certain number of letters or
digits, or be in a certain range.
 The size of the primary key affects the speed of operations in your database. When
you create primary key fields, you can set a property to limit the size of the field.

Step five: Determine the relationships

Now that you've divided your information into tables, you need a way to tell Microsoft
Access how to bring it back together again in meaningful ways. Microsoft Access is a
relational database management system that stores related data in separate tables. Then you
define relationships between the tables, and Microsoft Access uses the relationships to find
associated information stored in your database.

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Three types of relationships:

 One-to-many relationships
 Many-to-many relationships
 One-to-one relationships

Creating a One-to-Many Relationship

A one-to-many relationship is the most common type of relationship in a relational database.

In a one-to-many relationship, a record in Table A can have more than one matching record
in Table B, but a record in Table B has at most one matching record in Table A. For example,
the Suppliers and Products tables in the database have a one-to-many relationship as supplier
can supply many products. To set up the relationship, you add the field or fields that make up
the primary key on the "one" side of the relationship to the table on the "many" side of the
relationship. In this case, you would add the Supplier ID field from the Suppliers table to the
Products table, because one supplier supplies many products. Microsoft Access uses the
supplier ID number to locate the correct supplier for each product.

Creating Many-to-Many Relationships

This type of relationship takes place when many occurrences of an entity are related to many
occurrences of the second entity and vice-versa. Example; employees must be assigned to at
least one, and possibly more departments. In order to support a many-to-many dimension
relationship, a primary key–foreign key relationship must be defined in the data source view
between all the tables that are involved. Otherwise, you will not be able to select the correct
intermediate measure group.

Creating a One-to-One Relationship

In a one-to-one relationship, a record in Table A can have no more than one matching record
in Table B, and a record in Table B can have no more than one matching record in Table A.
For example, a ROOF covers one BUILDING; a BUILDING is covered by one ROOF.

To prevent the duplication of information in a database by repeating fields in more than one
table, table relationships can be established to link fields of tables together.
Follow the steps below to set up a relational database:
- Click the Relationships button on the toolbar.
- From the Show Table window, double click on the names of the tables you would like to
include in the relationships. When you have finished adding tables, click Close. Link fields in

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two different tables, click and drag a field from one table to the corresponding field on the
other table and release the mouse button.

Step six: Refine/process your design.

- Analyze your design for errors.

- Create the tables and add a few records of sample data.
- See if you can get the results you want from your tables.
- Make adjustments to the design as needed

3.0 Getting Started with MS Access 2007

The Ribbon

It has four tabs:  Home, Create, External Data, and Database Tools.  Each tab is divided into
groups.  The groups are logical collections of features designed to perform function that you
will utilize in developing or editing your Access database. 
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Home:  Views, Clipboard, Fonts, Rich Text, Records, Sort & Filter, Find
Create: Tables, Forms, Reports, Other
External Data: Import, Export, Collect Data, SharePoint Lists
Database Tools: Show/Hide, Analyze, Move Data, Database Tools, Macro.

Database Terms

Tables

A table is a collection of information arranged in rows and columns.  Information about an

item is displayed in a row.  Columns contain the same type of information for each item.  The
table has a header row that tells you what data is contained in the columns.

To view data in a table:

 Click the arrow to open the navigation pane

 Double-click on the table name to open the table

Query

Queries select records from one or more tables in a database so they can be viewed, analyzed,
and sorted on a common datasheet. A query can also perform calculations and display the
results.  The resulting collection of records, called a dynaset (short for dynamic subset), is
saved as a database object and can therefore be easily used in the future. The query will be
updated whenever the original tables are updated.

To run a query:

 Click the arrow to open the navigation pane

 Double-click on the query name

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Form
A form is a graphical interface that is used to display and edit data.  Forms can be developed
from a table or a query.  Forms can include calculations, graphics and objects.

To view data using a form:

 Click the arrow to open the navigation pane

 Double-click on the form name

Report

A report is an output of data arranged in the order you specify.  Reports can perform
calculations and display the results.  Reports can be used to print data.
To view data using a form:

 Click the arrow to open the navigation pane

 Double-click on the report name

Create a New Database

You can create a new database from scratch or you can create a database from the database
wizard.

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New Database
To create a new database from scratch:

 Click the Microsoft  Office Button

 Click New
 Click the New Blank Database icon

 Type in a name for the database

 Click Create

Create a Table

Table Views

There are two ways to view a table in Access to add data to the table:  Design View and
Datasheet View. 

In Design View you can view all the fields with the data types and descriptions. The records
of information that has been added to the database is not viewable. 

To go to Design View:

 Click the down arrow on the View button

 Click Design View

In Datasheet View you can display the records in a table, where one row is one record.  The
column headers are the fields you have defined for the database. 

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To go to Datasheet View:

 Click the down arrow on the View button

 Click Datasheet View

Adding New Fields

There are many ways to enter new fields into a database.  New fields can be added in the
Datasheet View or in the Design View.

There are two ways to add a new field in Datasheet View:  Add A New Field or the New
Field Button. 

To add a New Field within the Datasheet:

 Click the Add New Field column

To add a new field by using the New Field Button

 Click the Datasheet tab on the Ribbon

 Click the New Field Button
 Choose the type of field you wish to add from the Field Templates window

To add a new field in Design View:

 Click the Design View button

 Click on the next available field
 Type in the Name of the field

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4.0 Data Types

There are many types a data that a field can be predefined to hold.  When you create a new
field in a database you should closely match the data type to what will be entered into the
field.

Text Text, number, or a combination up to 255

characters
Memo Similar to the text field, can contain text,
numbers, or a combination up to 2 GB of data.
Number Numbers up to 16 bytes of data
Date/Time Date and Time information
Currency Currency up to 8 bytes and precise to 4
decimal places
AutoNumber Access creates a unique number for each new
record.  This is often the primary key for the
table
Yes/No Yes and No, stored as 1 for yes and 0 for no
OLE Object Images, documents, graphs up to 2 GB
Hyperlink Web addresses
Attachment Attachments such as images, spreadsheets,
documents, and charts.

Editing Data Types in Fields

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When creating tables, you should define the data types of the tables to most closely match the
type of data that will be entered in the field.

To edit the Data Type in Datasheet View:

 Click the field you wish to define

 Click the Datasheet tab on the Ribbon
 Click the down arrow next to Data Type
 Choose the type of data that will be entered into the field

To edit the format of the data:

 Click the field you wish to define

 Click the Datasheet tab on the Ribbon
 Click the down arrow next to Format

To edit the Data Type in the Design View:

 Click Design View

 Click the field name you wish to define or create a new field
 Click the Data Type
 Choose the appropriate Data Type
 Format the field in the Field Properties Dialog box

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Manage Tables

Delete a Table

To delete a table:

 Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft Office Button and clicking
Open
 Right click on a table and choose Delete

Rename a Table

To rename a table:

 Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft Office Button and clicking
Open
 Right click on a table and choose Rename
 Type in the new name

Keys

Primary Key

The primary key is a unique identifier for a record.  The primary key cannot be the same for
two records.  This field can never be blank.

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Foreign Key

A foreign key is a field or combination of fields that are related to the primary key of another
table.

5.0 Table Relationships

Table relationships are the associations of data between tables.  By defining table
relationships, you can pull records from related tables based on matching fields. 

One-to-One Relationship

A one-to-one relationship is between two tables where the primary key in one table and the
foreign key in another table are the same.  For each record in the first table, there is a single
matching record in the second table. 

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One-to-Many Relationship

A one-to-many relationship occurs between two tables where the primary key in one table
can be duplicated many times in another table

Creating Table Relationships

To create relationships between tables:

 Click the Database Tools tab on the Ribbon

 Click the Relationships button

 Click on the Design tab

 Click Show Table

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Select the desired tables

 Click Add
 Click Close

 Click the field you wish to create a relationship from

 Drag it to the matching field in the other table
 Click Create

Print a Table Relationship

 Click the Database Tools tab

 Click the Relationships Button
 Click the Relationship Report Button on the Design tab

 Click the Print button

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Querying a Database

A query allows you to select and filter data from multiple tables.  Queries can be saved and
utilized as often as you need them.

Query Wizard

The Query Wizard walks you through the steps to set up a query.  To run a query using the
query wizard:

 Click the Create tab

 Click the Query Wizard button

 Choose the type of query you wish to run

 Click OK

 Choose the fields you wish to include from each table

 To select fields from different tables, click the Tables/Queries down arrow
 Click Next

To switch between tables and queries:

 Open the Navigation Pane

 Double click the name of the table or query you wish to view

Query Design Feature

You can also design a query with the  Query Design Button.  To design a query using the
Query Design Button:

 Click the Query Design Button on the Create tab

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  Select the tables that you would like to query
 Click Add

 Double click the name of the field you would like to query
 Repeat this process for as many fields as you would like in the query

 Click Run

Query Criteria

Query criteria are search conditions used in a query to retrieve specific data.  You can set
query criteria to be a specific number or data set, or you can set the criteria to be a range of
data.

“value” Will only display items that

are that exact value (replace
the word value with what you
want to search by)
= Is equal to
<  Less than
<= Less than or equal to
>  Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
<>  Not equal to
Between  X  And Y Within a range (replace X &
Y with values)
Is Null Null values
And True only if both conditions
exist
Or True if either condition exists
Not True if the single instance is
not true

To specify search criteria:

 Click the query that you wish to add conditions

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  Type in the appropriate query criteria in the Criteria Box

Designing Forms

Forms allow you to control the look and feel of the screen for the input of data and the reports
generated. 

Create a Form

You can create a form from a table or a query.  To create a form:

 On the create tab, click the More Forms down arrow

 Click Form Wizard

 Choose the Tables/Queries that you wish to have on the form

 Choose the fields you wish to have on the forms
 Click Next

 Chose the layout for the form

 Click Next

 Choose a style
 Click Next

 Create a title for the form

 Choose whether you want to open the form to view it or modify the form’s design
 Click Finish

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Generating Reports

Reports are a means to view and analyze large amounts of data.    You can use the Report
Wizard or create a custom report that meets your specific needs.

ReportViews
Reports can be displayed in four views:

This view provides you with the structure of

Design View your report.  You can add, modify or delete
components of the report but you cannot
manipulate the data in the tables associated with
the report.
Report View This view allows you to view the data from the
table but not to change any layout of the report.
Layout View This view allows you to see data from the table
and add, modify, and delete components of the
report.
Print Preview This view allows you to see what your report
will look like when it is printed.

To change report views:

 Click the View button on the Home tab

Create a Report

Report Wizard

To create a report using the report wizard:

 On the Create tab, click the Report Wizard button

 Choose the Tables/Queries that you wish to have on the form

 Choose the fields you wish to have on the forms
 Click Next

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 Choose the sort order for your report

 Chose the layout for the form

 Click Next

 Choose a style
 Click Next

 Create a title for the form

 Choose whether you want to open the form to view it or modify the form’s design
 Click Finish

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UNIT II: STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES (SPSS)
2.1Introduction
SPSS is a comprehensive system for analyzing data. SPSS can take data from almost any type
of file and use them to generate tabulated reports, charts, and plots of distributions and trends,
descriptive statistics, and complex statistical analysis. SPSS makes statistical analysis more
accessible for the beginners and more convenient for the experienced user. The Data Editor
offers a simple and efficient spreadsheet-like facility for entering data and browsing the
working data file.

Originally SPSS is an acronym of Statistical Package for the Social Science. SPSS is one of
the most popular statistical packages which can perform highly complex data manipulation
and analysis with simple instructions.

2.2 Starting SPSS for Windows

Launch SPSS either by double-clicking the SPSS icon on the desktop, or from the Start menu
SPSS will have a group under programs. The opening screen should appear as

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Open a data file

Before you can analyze data, you need some data to analyze. From the menu choose: File,
open then data. The open file dialog box is displayed as shown below

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The following data will be displayed in the SPSS data editor
By default, SPSS-format data files (.sav extension) are displayed. You can display
other file formats using the Files of Type drop-down list. By default, data files in the folder
(directory) in which SPSS is installed are displayed. Select a file. Click open , in dialog box
to open the data you have selected.

2.3 Entering data into Data editor

To begin the process of adding data, just click on the first cell that is located in the upper left
corner of the datasheet. It's just like a spreadsheet. You can enter your data as shown. Enter
each datapoint then hit [Enter]. Once you're done with one column of data you can click on
the first cell of the next column.

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If you're entering data for the first time, like the above example, the variable names will be
automatically generated (e.g., var00001, var00002,....). They are not very informative. To
change these names, click on the variable name button. For example, double click on the
"var00001" button. Once you have done that, a dialog box will appear. The simplest option is
to change the name to something meaningful. For instance, replace "var00001" in the textbox
with "RT" (see figure below).

In addition to changing the variable name one can make changes specific to [Type], [Labels],
[Missing Values], and [Column Format].

 [Type] One can specify whether the data are in numeric or string format, in addition
to a few more formats. The default is numeric format.

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  [Labels] Using the labels option can enhance the readability of the output. A variable
name is limited to a length of 8 characters, however, by using a variable label the
length can be as much as 256 characters. This provides the ability to have very
descriptive labels that will appear at the output. Often, there is a need to code
categorical variables in numeric format. For example, male and female can be coded
as 1 and 2, respectively. To reduce confusion, it is recommended that one uses value
labels . For the example of gender coding, Value:1 would have a correspoding Value
label: male. Similarly, Value:2 would be coded with Value Label: female. (click on
the [Labels] button to verify the above)
 [Missing Values] See the accompanying help. This option provides a means to code
for various types of missing values.
 [Column Format] The column format dialog provides control over several features
of each column (e.g., width of column).

The next image reflects the variable name change.

Once data has been entered or modified, it is advisable to save. In fact, save as often as
possible [File => SaveAs].

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SPSS offers a large number of possible formats, including their own. A list of the available
formats can be viewed and selected by clicking on the Save as type: on the SaveAs dialog
box. If your intention is to only work in SPSS, then there may be some benefit to saving in
the SPSS(*.sav) format. I assume that this format allows for faster reading and writing of the
data file. However, if your data will be analyzed and looked by other packages (e.g., a
spreadsheet), it would be advisable to save in a more universal format (e.g., Excel(*.xls).

Once the type of file has been selected, enter a filename, minus the extension (e.g., sav, xls).
You should also save the file in a meaningful directory, on your hard-drive or floppy. That is,
for any given project a separate directory should be created. You don't want your data to get
mixed-up.

2.4 Using the Help System

Help is available in a number of different ways, including:

Help menu. Every window has a Help menu on the menu bar. The Topics menu item
provides access to the Help system, where you can use the Contents and Index tabs to find
topics. The Tutorial menu item provides access to the introductory tutorial.

Dialog box Help buttons. Most dialog boxes have a Help button that takes you directly to a
Help topic for that dialog box. The Help topic provides general information and links to
related topics.

Pivot table context menu Help. Right-click on terms in an activated pivot table in the
Viewer and select What's This? from the context menu to display definitions of the terms.

Statistics Coach. The Statistics Coach item on the Help menu provides a wizard-like method
for finding the right statistical or charting procedure for what you want to do.This gives a
custom Help topic, based on your selections in the Statistics Coach

Case Studies. The Case Studies item on the Help menu provides hands-on examples of how
to create various types of statistical analyses and interpret the results. The sample data files
used in the examples are also provided so that you can work through the examples to see
exactly how the results were produced.

2.5 Reading Data

31
Data can be entered directly into SPSS, or it can be imported from a number of different
sources. The processes for reading data stored in SPSS data files, spreadsheet applications
like Microsoft Excel, database applications like Microsoft Access, and text files are all
discussed in this chapter.

Basic Structure of an SPSS Data File

SPSS data files are organized by cases (rows) and variables (columns). In this data file, cases
represent individual respondents to a survey. Variables represent each question asked in the
survey.

Reading a SPSS Data File

SPSS data files, which have a .sav file extension, contain your saved data. . To read it, from
the menus choose:
File
Open
Data... , then select the file and open.
The data are now displayed in the Data Editor

Reading Data from Spreadsheets

Rather than typing all of your data directly into the Data Editor, you can read data from
applications like Microsoft Excel. You can also read column headings as variable names.
From the menus choose:
File
Open
Data...
Select Excel (*.xls) from the Files of Type drop-down list.

Select the file and click Open to read this spreadsheet.

The Opening Excel Data Source dialog box is displayed, allowing you to specify whether
variable names are to be included in the spreadsheet, as well as the cells that you want to
import. In Excel 5 or later, you can also specify which worksheets you want to import.

Make sure Read variable names from first row of data is selected. This option reads column
headings as variable names.
If the column headings do not conform to the SPSS variable-naming rules, they are converted
into valid variable names and the original column headings are saved as variable labels. If
you want to import only a portion of the spreadsheet, specify the range of cells to be imported
in the Range field.
Click OK to read the Excel file.
The data now appear in the Data Editor, with the column headings used as variable names. If
you're using a spreadsheet application other than Excel or Lotus, you should be able to export
your data to a supported format that can then be read into SPSS.

Reading Data from a Database

32
Data from database sources are easily imported using the Database Wizard. Any database that
uses ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) drivers can be read directly by SPSS after the
drivers are installed.

From the menus choose:

File
Open Database
New Query...

Select MS Access Database from the list of data sources and click Next
Click Browse to navigate to the Access database file you want to open.
Open File dialog box

33
Select demo.mdb and click Open to continue.
Click OK in the login dialog box.

In Step 2, you can specify the tables and variables you want to import.

Select Data dialog box

34
Drag the entire demo table to the Retrieve Fields in This Order list.
Click Next.

In Step 4, you select which records (cases) to import.

Limit Retrieved Cases dialog box

If you do not want to import all cases, you can import a subset of cases (for example, males
older than 30), or you can import a random sample of cases from the data source. For large
data sources, you may want to limit the number of cases to a small, representative sample to
reduce the processing time. The default is to retrieve all cases.
35
Click Next to continue

Field names are used to create variable names. If necessary, the names are converted to valid
variable names. The original field names are preserved as variable labels.
You can also change the variable names before importing the database.

Define Variables dialog box

Click the Value Labels cell in the Gender field. This option converts string variables to
integer variables and retains the original value as the value label for the new variable.

36
Click Next to continue

The SQL statement created from your selections in the DatabaseWizard appears in the
Results dialog box. This statement can be executed now or saved to a file for later use.

Click Finish to import the data.

All of the data in the Access database that you selected to import are now available in the
SPSS Data Editor.

2.6 Using the Data Editor

The Data Editor displays the contents of the active data file. The information in the Data
Editor consists of variables and cases.
In Data View, columns represent variables and rows represent cases (observations).
In Variable View, each row is a variable, and each column is an attribute associated with that
variable.
Variables are used to represent the different types of data that you have compiled. A common
analogy is that of a survey. The response to each question on a survey is equivalent to a
variable. Variables come in many different types, including numbers, strings, currency, and
dates.

Entering Numeric Data

Data can be entered into the Data Editor, which may be useful for small data files or for
making minor edits to larger data files.
Click the Variable View tab at the bottom of the Data Editor window.
Define the variables that are going to be used. In this case, only three variables are needed:
age, marital status, and income.

Variable names in Variable View

37
In the first row of the first column, type age.
In the second row, type marital.
In the third row, type income.

New variables are automatically given a numeric data type.

If you don't enter variable names, unique names are automatically created. However, these
names are not descriptive and are not recommended for large data files.
Click the Data View tab to continue entering the data.
The names that you entered in Variable View are now the headings for the first three columns
in Data View.
Begin entering data in the first row, starting at the first column.

Entering String Data

Non-numeric data, such as strings of text, can also be entered into the Data Editor.
Click the Variable View tab at the bottom of the Data Editor window.
In the first cell of the first empty row, type sex for the variable name

Click the Type cell.

Click the button in the Type cell to open the Variable Type dialog box.

Button shown in Type cell for sex

38
Select String to specify the variable type.

Click OK to save your changes and return to the Data Editor.

Variable Type dialog box

39
Defining Data

In addition to defining data types, you can also define descriptive variable and value labels
for variable names and data values. These descriptive labels are used in statistical reports and
charts.

Adding a Variable Label

Labels are meant to provide descriptions of variables. These descriptions are often longer
versions of variable names. Labels can be up to 256 characters long. These labels are used in
your output to identify the different variables.
Click the Variable View tab at the bottom of the Data Editor window.
In the Label column of the age row, type Respondent's Age.
In the Label column of the marital row, type Marital Status.
In the Label column of the income row, type Household Income.

In the Label column of the sex row, type Gender.

40
Changing Variable Type and Format

The Type column displays the current data type for each variable. The most common are
numeric and string, but many other formats are supported. In the current data file, the income
variable is defined as a numeric type.
Click the Type cell for the income row, and then click the button to open the Variable Type
dialog box.

Select Dollar in the Variable Type dialog box.

Variable Type dialog box

The formatting options for the currently selected data type are displayed.
Select the format of this currency. For this example, select $###,###,###.
Click OK to save your changes

41
Adding Value Labels for Numeric Variables

Value labels provide a method for mapping your variable values to a string label. In the case
of this example, there are two acceptable values for the marital variable.
A value of 0 means that the subject is single, and a value of 1 means that he or she is married.
Click the Values cell for the marital row, and then click the button to open the Value Labels
dialog box.
The value is the actual numeric value.
The value label is the string label applied to the specified numeric value.
Type 0 in the Value field.
Type Single in the Value Label field.

Click Add to add this label to the list.

Repeat the process, this time typing 1 in the Value field and Married in the Value Label field.
Click Add, and then click OK to save your changes and return to the Data Editor.
These labels can also be displayed in Data View, which can help to make your data more
readable.

Click the Data View tab at the bottom of the Data Editor window.
From the menus choose:
View
Value Labels
The labels are now displayed in a list when you enter values in the Data Editor. This has the
benefit of suggesting a valid response and providing a more descriptive answer
Adding Value Labels for String Variables
String variables may require value labels as well. For example, your data may use single
letters, M or F, to identify the sex of the subject. Value labels can be used to specify that M
stands for Male and F stands for Female.
Click the Variable View tab at the bottom of the Data Editor window.
Click the Values cell in the sex row, and then click the button to open the Value Labels dialog
box.
Type F in the Value field, and then type Female in the Value Label field.
Click Add to add this label to your data file.

42
Repeat the process, this time typing M in the Value field and Male in the Value Label field.
Click Add, and then click OK to save your changes and return to the Data Editor.
Because string values are case sensitive, you should make sure that you are consistent. A
lowercase m is not the same as an uppercase M.

You can then, use drop down list to enter the data values.

Handling Missing Data

Missing or invalid data are generally too common to ignore. Survey respondents may refuse
to answer certain questions, may not know the answer, or may answer in an unexpected
format. If you don't take steps to filter or identify these data, your analysis may not provide
accurate results.
For numeric data, empty data fields or fields containing invalid entries are handled by
converting the fields to system missing, which is identifiable by a single period. The reason a
value is missing may be important to your analysis. For example, you may find it useful to
distinguish between those who refused to answer a question and those who didn't answer a
question because it was not applicable.

Missing Values for a Numeric Variable

Click the Variable View tab at the bottom of the Data Editor window.
Click the Missing cell in the age row, and then click the button to open the Missing Values
dialog box.
In this dialog box, you can specify up to three distinct missing values, or a range of values
plus one additional discrete value.

43
Select Discrete missing values.
Type 999 in the first text box and leave the other two empty.
Click OK to save your changes and return to the Data Editor.
Now that the missing data value has been added, a label can be applied to that value.
Click the Values cell in the age row, and then click the button to open the Value Labels
dialog box.
Type 999 in the Value field.
Type No Response in the Value Label field.

Click Add to add this label to your data file.

Click OK to save your changes and return to the Data Editor.

Missing Values for a String Variable

Missing values for string variables are handled similarly to those for numeric values.
Unlike numeric values, empty fields in string variables are not designated as system missing.
Rather, they are interpreted as an empty string.
Click the Variable View tab at the bottom of the Data Editor window.
Click the Missing cell in the sex row, and then click the button to open the Missing Values
dialog box.
Select Discrete missing values.
Type NR in the first text box.
Missing values for string variables are case sensitive. So, a value of nr is not treated as a
missing value.
Click OK to save your changes and return to the Data Editor.
Now you can add a label for the missing value.
Click the Values cell in the sex row, and then click the button to open the Value Labels dialog
box.
Type NR in the Value field

Type No Response in the Value Label field

44
Click Add to add this label to your project.
Click OK to save your changes and return to the Data Editor.

Copying and Pasting Value Attributes

Once you've defined variable attributes for a variable, you can copy these attributes and apply
them to other variables.
In Variable View, type agewed in the first cell of the first empty row.

In the Label column, type Age Married.

Click the Values cell in the age row.
From the menus choose:
Edit
Copy
Click the Values cell in the agewed row.

45
From the menus choose:
Edit
Paste

The defined values from the age variable are now applied to the agewed variable

You can also copy all of the attributes from one variable to another

Click the row number in the marital row.

From the menus choose:

Edit
Copy
Click the row number of the first empty row.
From the menus choose:
Edit
Paste

All of the attributes of the marital variable are applied to the new variable.

3.0 Running an Analysis

The Analyze menu contains a list of general reporting and statistical analysis categories. Most
of the categories are followed by an arrow, which indicates that there are several analysis
procedures available within the category; they will appear on a submenu when the category is
selected.
We'll start with a simple frequency table (table of counts).

46
From the menus choose:
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies...

Select (click) the variable Income category.

A more complete description of each variable pops up when the cursor is over it. The variable
name (in square brackets) is inccat, and it has the variable label Income category. If there
were no variable label, only the variable name would appear in the list box.
In the dialog box, you choose the variables you want to analyze from the source list on the
left and move them into the Variable(s) list on the right. The OK button, which runs the
analysis, is disabled until at least one variable is placed in the Variable(s) list.

Additional labeling information can be easily obtained for any variable on the list by clicking
on the variable name with the right mouse button.

Click the right mouse button on Income Category [inccat], and then click (left mouse button)
Variable Information. All of the defined value labels for the variable are displayed.

A pound sign (#) icon next to the variable name indicates that the variable is numeric.
An icon with the letter “A” indicates that the variable is a string (alphanumeric) variable,
which may contain both letters and numbers. A less-than sign (left angle bracket) indicates
that the variable is a short string, containing eight or fewer characters. Move to the right
income category and gender.
Click OK to run the procedure.

3.1 Viewing Results

Results are displayed in the Viewer window.
You can quickly go to any item in the Viewer simply by selecting it in the outline pane.

47
Creating Charts

Although some statistical procedures can create high-resolution charts, you can also use the
Graphs menu to create charts.

From the menus choose:

Graphs
Bar...
Click Clustered and then click Define

Scroll down the source variable list and select wireless as the Category Axis variable.

Select owns PDA as the Define Clusters By variable.

Click OK to create the chart.

The bar chart is displayed in the Viewer. It shows that people with wireless phone service are
far more likely to have PDAs than people without wireless service.
You can edit charts and tables by double-clicking on them in the contents pane of the Viewer
window, and you can copy and paste your results into other applications.

Exiting SPSS

To exit SPSS:
From the menus choose:
File
Exit
Click No if you get an alert asking if you want to save your results

3.2 Examining Summary Statistics for Individual Variables

This section discusses simple summary measures and how the level of measurement of a
variable influences the types of statistics that should be used. We will use the data file
demo.sav.

3.2.1 Level of Measurement

Different summary measures are appropriate for different types of data, depending on the
level of measurement:

Categorical. Data with a limited number of distinct values or categories (for example, gender
or marital status). Also referred to as qualitative data. Categorical variables can be string
(alphanumeric) data or numeric variables that use numeric codes to represent categories (for
example, 0 = Unmarried and 1 = Married). There are three basic types of categorical data:
Nominal. Categorical data where there is no inherent order to the categories. For example, a
job category of “sales” isn't higher or lower than a job category of “marketing” or “research.”
Another example, what is marital status? Single, married, divorced, separated,……..

Ordinal. Categorical data where there is a meaningful order of categories, but there isn't a
measurable distance between categories. For example, there is an order to the values high,
medium, and low, but the “distance” between the values can't be calculated. Another example

48
is what is the rate of satisfaction do you get from your enterprise? Not satisfied, less satisfied,
satisfied, highly satisfied.

Scale. Data measured on an interval or ratio scale, where the data values indicate both the
order of values and the distance between values. For example, a salary of $72,195 is higher
than a salary of $52,398, and the distance between the two values is $19,797. Also referred to
as quantitative or continuous data. Another example, what is your monthly income? Between
500 - 4500, 4500 – 8500, 8500 – 12500, 12500+

Summary Measures for Categorical Data

For categorical data, the most typical summary measure is the number or percentage of cases
in each category. The mode is the category with the greatest number of cases (value appears
most frequently).

For ordinal data, the median (the value above and below which half the cases fall) may also
be a useful summary measure if there is a large number of categories.

The Frequencies procedure produces frequency tables that display both the number and
percentage of cases for each observed value of a variable.

From the menus choose:

Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies...
Select Owns PDA (ownpda) and Owns TV (owntv) and move them into the Variable(s) list.

Click OK to run the procedure

49
Frequency tables

The frequency tables are displayed in the Viewer window. The frequency tables reveal that
only about 21% of the people own PDAs, but almost everybody owns a TV (99.2%). This
might not be an interesting revelation, although it might be interesting to find out more about
the small group of people who do not own televisions.

Charts for Categorical Data

You can graphically display the information in a frequency table with a bar chart or pie chart.
Open the Frequencies dialog box again. (The two variables should still be selected)

Click Charts.
Select Bar charts and then click Continue.

Click OK in the main dialog box to run the procedure

50
In addition to the frequency tables, the same information is now displayed in the form of bar
charts, making it easy to see that most people do not own PDAs but almost everyone owns a
TV

There are many summary measures available for scale variables, including:

Measures of central tendency. The most common measures of central tendency are the
mean (arithmetic average) and median (value above and below which half the cases fall).
Example, making a research on annual potato earnings from Ruhengeri farmers. Here are the
following results/findings/observations: 2000frw, 2500frw, 1500frw, 3000frw, 1000frw
The mean/average = (2000+2500+1500+3000+1000)/5 = 2000frw
So the mean or average of 2000frw represents the earning of each farmer from Ruhengeri

In calculating the median the observations/results should be arranged in either ascending or

descending order, example;
1000frw, 1500frw, 2000frw, 2500frw, 3000frw
There fore the median = the central observation/result which is 2000frw

Note1:
If the number of observation is odd like the one shown above you consider the middle value
as the median whereas in case the number of observation is even, the median is calculated by
averaging the two middle observations/results

51
Note2:

The difference between mean and median is that the mean represents each individual
observation of the respondent from which it is calculated and there fore it is the better
estimation of the sample or population while median does not consider every individual
element and therefore it is not a better estimation of the sample or population

Measures of dispersion. Statistics that measure the amount of variation or spread in the data
include the standard deviation, minimum, and maximum.

Standard deviation is the measure showing how the individual observations/results are
distanced/dispersed from each other.

Note: The lower the standard deviation the lower the dispersion and vice-versa. This means
that if the standard deviation is too low as compared to the mean it is concluded that the
farmers’ earnings are almost the same but if otherwise there is a big difference between
Farmers’ earnings

Summary Measures for Scale Variables

Click Reset to clear any previous settings.
Select Household income in thousands (income) and move it into the Variable(s) list.

Scale variable selected for analysis

Click Statistics.
Select Mean, Median, Std. deviation, Minimum, and Maximum.

52
Frequencies Statistics dialog box

Click Continue.

Deselect Display frequency tables in the main dialog box. (Frequency tables are usually not
useful for scale variables since there may be almost as many distinct values as there are cases
in the data file.)
Click OK to run the procedure.
The Frequencies Statistics table is displayed in the Viewer window.

In this example, there is a large difference between the mean and the median, with the mean
being more than 25,000 greater than the median. This indicates that the values are not
normally distributed.

53
3.3 Cross-tabulation tables

Cross-tabulation tables (contingency tables) display the relationship between two or more
categorical (nominal or ordinal) variables. The size of the table is determined by the number
of distinct values for each variable, with each cell in the table representing a unique
combination of values. Numerous statistical tests are available to determine whether there is a
relationship between the variables in a table.

A simple cross-tabulation

What factors affect the products that people buy? The most obvious is probably how much
money people have to spend. In this example, we'll examine the relationship between income
level and PDA (personal digital assistant) ownership

From the menus choose:

  Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, Crosstabs

Select Income category in thousands (inccat) as the row variable.

Select Owns PDA (ownpda) as the column variable.

Click OK to run the procedure

54
The cells of the table show the count or number of cases for each joint combination of values.
For example, 455 people in the income range $25,000 - $49,000 own PDAs as shown in the
table below

None of the numbers in this table, however, stand out in any obvious way, indicating any
obvious relationship between the variables.

It is often difficult to analyze a cross-tabulation simply by looking at the simple counts in

each cell

Use percentage instead of count

On crosstabs dialog, click cells.

Click (check) Row in the Percentages group.

Click Continue and then click OK in the main dialog box to run the procedure

A clearer picture now starts to emerge. The percentage of people who own PDAS rises as the
income category rises (see the figure below)

55
The purpose of a cross-tabulation is to show the relationship (or lack thereof) between two
variables.

Using Results in Other Applications

Your results can be used in many applications. For example, you may want to include a chart
or graph in a presentation or report. Applications such as Microsoft's PowerPoint or Word
can display your results as plain text, rich text, or as a metafile, which is a graphical
representation of the output.
The following examples are specific to Microsoft Word, but they may work similarly in other
word processing applications.

Pasting Results as Rich Text

You can paste pivot tables into Word as native Word tables. Text formatting, such as font
size and color, is not retained, but columns and rows are properly aligned.
Because the table is in a text format, the data can be edited after you paste it into your
document.
Click the Marital status table in the Viewer.
From the menus choose:
Edit
Copy
Open your word processing application.
From the word processor's menus choose:
Edit
Paste Special
Select Formatted Text (RTF) in the Paste Special dialog box.

Paste Special dialog box

56
Click OK to paste your results into the current document.

Pivot table displayed in Word

The table is now displayed in your document. You can apply custom formatting, edit the data,
and resize the table to fit your needs.

57
3.3.1 Creating and Editing Charts

A wide variety of chart types are available

Creating charts

In this example, we'll create a simple pie chart that shows how many respondents have
Internet service at home.
From the menus choose:
Graphs
Pie...

Click Summaries for groups of cases and then click Define.

Pie Charts dialog box

Since we want to base the chart on a single variable, we selected Summaries for groups of
cases. Chart elements (bars, pie slices) can also be based on summaries of separate variables
or values from individual cases in the data file.
Select Internet as the variable that defines slices (Define Slices by).
Define Pie dialog box

58
When charts are created, they do not show the missing category by default. You want to
display this category to make sure that the number of cases with missing values is not
excessive.
Click Options.
Select Display groups defined by missing values, and then click Continue

Click OK in the Define Pie dialog box to create the pie chart

The pie chart reveals that most respondents do not have Internet service at home. From
the chart, it appears that only about a quarter of the respondents have Internet service.

Editing Standard Charts

You can edit charts in a variety of ways. For the sample pie chart we created, we will:
Add a title.

59
Remove the small category of missing data.
Display percentages for the two remaining categories in the chart.
The first thing we'll do is add a title.
Double-click the pie chart to open it in the Chart Editor.

Pie chart in the Chart Editor

Click around the legend and move it if required .

From chart editor, options , title
Type Home Internet Service into the text box, and then press Enter
A descriptive title is now displayed above the pie chart. You can move the text box if desired.

Pie chart with title

Now we'll remove the small category of missing data.

60
Select the pie chart.
From the Chart Editor menus choose:
Edit
Properties
In the Properties window, click the Categories tab. Move Missing from the Order list to the
excluded list (select and click X).

Click Apply

The category of missing data has

been removed from the pie chart,
leaving only two categories.

Pie chart without missing category

The pie chart clearly shows that most respondents do not have Internet service at home, and it
looks like almost three-quarters of the respondents are in the No category. However, it might
be useful to see the exact percentages.
Select the pie chart.

61
From the menus choose:
Elements
Show data labels

Now the pie chart displays labels of counts. We can add also the percentages.
On the Data Value Labels tab, move percent from ‘not displayed’ to ‘displayed’.

Click Apply.

Now percentages are displayed in the pie slices.

Pie chart with percentages

62
3.3.2 Making analysis with the help of syntax

SPSS provides a powerful command language that allows you to save and automate many
common tasks. Most commands are accessible from the menus and dialog boxes. However,
some commands and options are available only by using the command language. The
command language also allows you to save your jobs in a syntax file so that you can repeat
your analysis at a later date or run it in an automated job with the Production Facility. A
command syntax file is simply a text file that contains SPSS commands. You can open a
syntax window and type commands directly, but it is often easier to let the dialog boxes do
some or all of the work for you.

The easiest way to create syntax is to use the Paste button located on most dialog boxes as
shown in the figure below

63
Procedures to create syntax

► Select Marital status [marital] in the source list.

► Click the arrow button to move the variable to the Variable(s) list.

► Click Charts.

► In the Charts dialog box, select Bar charts.

► In the Chart Values group, select Percentages.

► Click Continue as shown in the table below

 Click Paste to copy the syntax created as a result of the dialog box selections to the
Syntax Editor.

64
 You can use this syntax
alone as shown in the table
below, add it to a larger
syntax file, or refer to it in
a Production Facility job.
Then save the syntax for
future use and thereafter
run menu in the syntax
window to run the
commands.

3.3.4 Sorting and Selecting Data

Data files are not always organized in the ideal form for your specific needs. To prepare data
for analysis, you can select from a wide range of file transformations, including the ability to:
Sort data. You can sort cases based on the value of one or more variables.
Select subsets of cases. You can restrict your analysis to a subset of cases or perform
simultaneous analysis on different subsets.
The examples in this chapter use the data file demo.sav.

Sorting Data

Sorting cases (sorting rows of the data file) is often useful and sometimes necessary for
certain types of analysis.
To reorder the sequence of cases in the data file based on the value of one or more sorting
variables:
From the menus choose:
Data
Sort Cases...
This opens the Sort Cases dialog box.
Sort Cases dialog box

65
Add the Age in years (age) and Household income in thousands (income) variables to the
Sort By list.
If you select multiple sort variables, the order in which they appear on the Sort By list
determines the order in which cases are sorted. In this example, based on the entries in the
Sort By list, cases will be sorted by the value of Household income in thousands (income)
within categories of Age in years (age). For string variables, uppercase letters precede their
lowercase counterparts in sort order (for example, the string value Yes comes before yes in
the sort order).

3.4 SPSS Exercises

Using SPSS 14.0 Software, create required variables, capture data of the following survey
related to meals preferences and run some analysis.

Questionnaire form

Nbr Question Possible responses Your response

1 Age Age in years 55
2 Sex M for male and F for female f
3 Province Province of residence : 1 for 1
North, 2 for South, 3 for west, 4
for east, 5 for Kigali
4 Income category 1 for low, 2 for medium, 3 for 1
high, 4 for very high
5 Education level 1 for high school, 2 for 2
university, 3 for masters, 4 for
doctorate
6 Rice in how many meals per 0 for never, 1 for 1 to 4times, 2 2
week for 5 to 7times, 3 for 8 to 14
times , 4 for more than 14 times.
7 Potatoes in how many meals 0 for never, 1 for 1 to 4times, 2 3
per week for 5 to 7times, 3 for 8 to 14
times , 4 for more than 14 times.
8 Meat in how many meals per 0 for never, 1 for 1 to 4times, 2 3
week for 5 to 7times, 3 for 8 to 14
times , 4 for more than 14 times.
9 Fish in how many meals per 0 for never, 1 for 1 to 4times, 2 1
week for 5 to 7times, 3 for 8 to 14
times , 4 for more than 14 times.

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10 beans in how many meals per 0 for never, 1 for 1 to 4times, 2 4
week for 5 to 7times, 3 for 8 to 14
times, 4 for more than 14 times

Please, specify missing for age. 999 = no response

Please specify missing for education level. 9= no response

4.2 SPSS Exercise2

I. Using spss file bankloan.sav located in tutorial folder sample_files subfolder:

1. Run frequency analysis on ‘education level ‘ and answer to following questions :

- Total number of cases :

- How many have a college degree :

- Which % have high school degree :

- How many cases with missing values :

- How many have post-undergraduate degree :

2. Draw a pie chart showing different levels of education with % in the chart

3. How many people have creddebt less than 1000?

II. Using spss file cereal.sav located in tutorial folder sample_files subfolder :

1. Run frequency analysis on ‘age category ‘ and answer to the following questions :

- Total number of cases :

- How many are between 46 and 60 years old :

- Which % are 0ver 60 years old :

- How many cases with missing values :

- How many are under 31 years old :

2. Draw a crosstabs analysis ‘age category ‘ against ‘ preferred breakfast’ and answer

to the following questions :

- Which breakfast is preferred by over 60?

- Which breakfast is preferred by under 31?

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III. Using spss file ‘patient_los’ located in tutorial folder sample_files subfolder :

1. Run frequency analysis on ‘age category ‘ and answer to following questions :

- Total number of cases :

- How many patients are between 55 and 64 years of age :

- Which % have 75 years and more of age :

- How many cases with missing values :

- Show bar chart showing frequency in % against age category :

2. Draw a crosstabs analysis ‘age category ‘ against ‘ hypotention’ and comment on

relationship between these two variables.

VI. Using spss file ‘1991 US general social survey’ located in SPSSEval folder :

1. Run frequency analysis on ‘Region of the US’ and answer to following questions :

- Total number of cases :

- How many are from West region :

- Which % are from North East :

- How many cases with missing values :

- Draw a pie chart showing frequency with % in the chart

2. Run a crosstabs analysis ‘ Region of the US ‘ against ‘General happiness’ and

comment on relationship between these two variables

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