Questions in Unit-3 Pattern Mapping COs Marks

Topic: 5Ws and 1 H in report

55105
Generate title for a recommendation report using five Ws and one H about
sales training at Nokia

Key:
Who? Nokia, What? Sales training recommendations, Where? Implied(Nokia
regional offices), When? 2014, Why? Implied (to improve sales training),
How? Studied the company's sales activities

Create CO3 2
Topic: active listening
51012
Explain the term active listening

Key:
Active Listening is a process of making a conscious effort to sense, process and
respond actively to a communicated message

UnderstandCO3 2
51017
Identify the basic requirements of active listening

Key:
Active listening would require that you sense (receive the message, for
example a name in an introduction), process, (assign a meaning to the
information transmitted) and then respond, (clarifying what you have heard),
Active listening is not only consciously engaging in listening and being
encouraging, but it also requires deferring judgement, letting the sender
complete their point before asking questions.
Apply CO3 2
Topic: barriers in communication
51069
Idenytify some of the language barriers in communication

Key:
Some of these language barriers include: Semantics – differences in meanings
of words to different people, Differences in non-verbal symbols and signals,
Word Connotations – words imply different things in different languages,
Tone Differences – in some cultures tone changes depending on context,
Differences in Perception – different world views.

Apply CO3 2
Topic: barriers of communication
51064
List out the barriers of effective comunication

Key:
Barriers to effective communication include: 1.Noise 2. Perceptual filters 3.
Selective perception 4. Information overload 5. Language 6. The sender.

Remember CO3 2
Topic: business communication process
54214
Describe the business communication process

Key:
1. Sensing a communication need, 2. Defining the situation, 3. considering the
possible communication strategies, 4. Selecting a course of action, 5.
composing the message, 6. sending the message, 7. Receiving the message, 8.
Interpreting the message, 9. Deciding on a response, 10. Replying to the
message.
UnderstandCO3 16
Topic: communication channel and direction
51030
Discuss in detail about communication channel and direction

Key:
The choice of channel to communicate the message is very important in order
to achieve understanding, Communication can be Formal, Informal or
Quasiformal Formal communication channels: These channels are officially
defined pathways that follow the chain of command or hierarchy in
organisations, These channels being official and holding authority are used to
send letters, emails, policy statements or announcements,Informal
communication channels, Some managers use these informal networks to
facilitate formal communication channels or to gather information
Management by Walking Around (MBWA) – Can result in better information
and communication exchange, Needs to facilitate genuine engagement by
senior managers rather than looking like an opportunity to check up on
employees’ activities, Takes a number of forms, such as unofficial networks
that supplement the formal channels and the grapevine and gossip.
Quasiformal channels - Quasiformal channels are planned communication
connections between holders of various positions within the organisation,
They are partly formal, and add additional channels between the formal and
informal channels, Project teams or product committees are often used to help
encourage innovation, This approach has been extended by the information
age, which has provided organisations with new opportunities to link
managers effectively through email, intranet and other electronic media tools,
Communication Direction: One may assume that information is flowing both
upwards from the employees, and downwards from management, These flows
of communication in an organisation are important, but communication must
also be able to move laterally, Downward communication: Communication
flows from one level of an organisation to a lower level, It is used to implement
plans and goals, explain policies and procedures, offer feedback on
performance and give directions or instructions regarding job specifications
and duties. Upward Communication: Communication flows from a lower level
of an organisation to a higher level Provides information to management
about what is happening at an operational level It is important as it facilitates
feedback regarding performance and progress of plans and goals; it notifies
management of problems or potential problems; and it passes on complaints,
Lateral communication: Communication flows between members or
employees in the same work group or department, or managers at the same
level, Serves an important function to facilitate coordination of the work
undertaken.

Create CO3 16
Topic: communication matters
58762
List out thet out the hierarchy of vividness in sales messages

Key:
Actual experience, moving imagas with, sound, static photograph, realistic
painting, line drawing , narrative, descriptive account, abstract, impersonal
analysis, statistics

Remember CO3 2
Topic: communication process
51005
Explain how communication process work

Key:
In order to get a message Communication in organisations is crucial: It may
be deliberate in terms of a verbal instruction, an email or a written report, It
may be more casual in terms of a chat at lunch, It may be unintentional in
terms of body language observed at a meeting, across accurately the following
must be considered: The message, The audience or receiver, How the message
is likely to be received.

UnderstandCO3 16
Topic: components of long formal reports
55284
Critically analyse the components of long formal report

Key:
The report introduction, The Ending of the report, The ending of the report,
Appended part.

Analyze CO3 16
Topic: criteria in proposal
57533
Summarise the criteria to the evaluation process in business proposal

Key:
1. Desirability of the solution, 2. Qualification of the proposer, 3. Return on
investment

UnderstandCO3 2
Topic: Importance of workplace communication
50997
Describe the importance of workplace communication

Key:
Mintzberg (1990) describes the purpose of communication with others in the
workplace as being able to inform, instruct, motivate or seek information,
From a top management perspective, the purpose of organisational
communication is to achieve coordinated action, The members of the
organisation will not have a focus if they are not involved in effective
communication with one another, Employers expect employees to be effective
communicators and rate employees for their communicative performances
Communication is a key issue that impacts on planning effectiveness,
organisational change and implementation, It is pivotal to dealing with people
and the workplace, and is fundamental to organisational success.

UnderstandCO3 8
Topic: interpersonal communication
51008
What is meant by interpersonal communication?

Key:
Listening has a major impact on job effectiveness, and on relationship quality
with others, It is used to not only receive the message and obtain the
information but to understand it and to learn from it.

Remember CO3 2
Topic: Interview
59338
Explain how to participate effectively in an interview

Key:
1. Investigating the company, 2. Making a good appearance, 3. Anticipating
questions and preparing answers, 4. Putting yourself to ease, 5. Helping to
control the dialogue.

UnderstandCO3 16
Topic: memo
57540
What is meant by memo?

Key:
Memo are a form of letter written inside the business. Though in rare cases
they may be used to communicate with those outside the business, they are
usually exchanged internally by employees as they conduct their work.

Remember CO3 2
Topic: modes of interpersonal Communication
51034
Critically analyse the different modes of interpersonal Communication
Key:
I. Oral communication: The main means by which we communicate with one
another is through speaking, This can include conversations, group
discussions and presentations, ‘word of mouth’, video-conferencing and
Skype, II. Written Communication Written communications include letters,
emails, instant messaging, magazines or e-zines and notices (including on
electronic notice boards), A written communication can be useful to make sure
the message is clear and verifiable, III. Non-verbal communication
Communication achieved by not just using words, It is the process of coding
or conveying meaning through behaviours such as facial expressions, gestures
and body posture.

Analyze CO3 8
Topic: Proposal 3Es
57519
What are the ingredients of successful fundraising?

Key:
1. Empathy, 2. Energy, 3. Enthusiasm, 4. Integrity

Remember CO3 2
Topic: report
55247
Identify the four main ways short reports differ from long report

Key:
They have less need for introductory material, They are more likely to begin
directly (conclusion or recommendation first), They are more likely to use a
personal style, They have less need for a formal coherence plan.

Remember CO3 2
Topic: Resume
59291
Elaborate the procedure in preparing the traditional resume

Key:
1. List all the facts about canditate that an employer might want to know
(Background fact), 2. Sort these facts into logical groups: Experience,
education, personal qualities, references achievements, highlights, 3. reference
for separate page. Use complete mailing address, 4. Include other helpful
information: address, telephone number, email address, website address, and
career objective, 5. Write heading for the resume and for each group of
information, prefer descriptive headings, 6. Organise for strength when
choosing the reverse chronological, functions/skills, or highlights approach, 7.
Use words that help sell caditates abilitiese, 8. Present the information with
good visual appeal, selecting font sizes that show the importance of the
headings and the information, 8. Present the fact at a minimum, include job
experience and education. Use some personal information.

Create CO3 16
Topic: Short report
54903
Examine the common types of short reports

Key:
1. Routine operational report, 2. Progress report, 3. Problem solving report, 4.
Minutes of meeting

Analyze CO3 16
Topic: strategies for writing
55452
Describe important strategies for writing persuasive message.

Key:
Know your readers, Choose and develop targeted reader benefits, Make good
use of three kinds of appeals, Make it easy for your readers to comply,
Determining your strategy, Gaining attention in the opening, developing the
appeal, Making the request clearly and positively, summarising the plan for
requests.

UnderstandCO3 16
Topic: types of proposal
57524
List out the types of proposals

Key:
Internal or External, solicited or Unsolicited

Remember CO3 2
Questions in Unit-4 Pattern Mapping COs Marks
Topic: ABSTRACT
53309
Explain abstract.

Key:
An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference
proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used
to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.[1] When used, an
abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting
as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application.

Apply CO4 2
53391
what is abstract explain it

Key:
An abstract is a 150- to 250-word paragraph that provides readers with a
quick overview of your essay or report and its organization. It should express
your thesis (or central idea) and your key points; it should also suggest any
implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper.
According to Carole Slade, an abstract is “a concise summary of the entire
paper.” • The function of an abstract is to describe, not to evaluate or defend,
the paper. • The abstract should begin with a brief but precise statement of the
problem or issue, followed by a description of the research method and design,
the major findings, and the conclusions reached. • The abstract should contain
the most important key words referring to method and content: these
facilitate access to the abstract by computer search and enable a reader to
decide whether to read the entire dissertation. Note: Your abstract should read
like an overview of your paper, not a proposal for what you intended to study
or accomplish. Avoid beginning your sentences with phrases like, “This essay
will examine...” or “In this research paper I will attempt to prove...” Bad
abstract: This paper will look at the human genome project and its goals. I
will prove that scientists have ethical and moral questions about genetic
engineering because of this project. Good abstract: Begun in 1988, the human
genome project intends to map the 23 chromosomes that provide the blueprint
for the human species. The project has both scientific and ethical goals. The
scientific goals underscore the advantages of the genome project, including
identifying and curing diseases and enabling people to select the traits of their
offspring, among other opportunities. Ethically, however, the project raises
serious questions about the morality of genetic engineering. To handle both
the medical opportunities and ethical dilemmas posed by the genome project,
scientists need to develop a clear set of principles for genetic engineering and
to continue educating the public about the genome project. (The examples
above are taken from Form and Style (10th ed.), by Carole Slade; The Scott,
Foresman Handbook for Writers (5th ed.); and the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (5th ed.).) Note: The following are
specifications for an abstract in APA style, used in the social sciences, such as
psychology or anthropology. If you are in another discipline, check with your
professor about the format for the abstract.

UnderstandCO4 8
Topic: ARTICLE FOR PUBLICATION
53292
1.What is research article?
Key:
A research article reports the results of original research, assesses its
contribution to the body of knowledge in a given area, and is published in a
peer-reviewed scholarly journal. A given academic field will likely have dozens
of peer-reviewed journals.

Remember CO4 2
53296
2.Give some examples for publishing company.

Key:
1.elsevier 2.sage 3.taylor & francis 4.emerald

Apply CO4 2
53299
Explain the term research

Key:
the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order
to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Analyze CO4 2
53356
explain steps involved in publishing a article in journal

Key:
7 steps to publishing in a scientific journal As scholars, we strive to do high-
quality research that will advance science. We come up with what we believe
are unique hypotheses, base our work on robust data and use an appropriate
research methodology. As we write up our findings, we aim to provide
theoretical insight, and share theoretical and practical implications about our
work. Then we submit our manuscript for publication in a peer-reviewed
journal. For many, this is the hardest part of research. In my seven years of
research and teaching, I have observed several shortcomings in the
manuscript preparation and submission process that often lead to research
being rejected for publication. Being aware of these shortcomings will increase
your chances of having your manuscript published and also boost your
research profile and career progression. In this article, intended for doctoral
students and other young scholars, I identify common pitfalls and offer
helpful solutions to prepare more impactful papers. While there are several
types of research articles, such as short communications, review papers and so
forth, these guidelines focus on preparing a full article (including a literature
review), whether based on qualitative or quantitative methodology, from the
perspective of the management, education, information sciences and social
sciences disciplines. Writing for academic journals is a highly competitive
activity, and it’s important to understand that there could be several reasons
behind a rejection. Furthermore, the journal peer-review process is an
essential element of publication because no writer could identify and address
all potential issues with a manuscript. 1. Do not rush submitting your article
for publication. In my first article for Elsevier Connect – “Five secrets to
surviving (and thriving in) a PhD program” – I emphasized that scholars
should start writing during the early stages of your research or doctoral study
career. This secret does not entail submitting your manuscript for publication
the moment you have crafted its conclusion. Authors sometimes rely on the
fact that they will always have an opportunity to address their work’s
shortcomings after the feedback received from the journal editor and
reviewers has identified them. A proactive approach and attitude will reduce
the chance of rejection and disappointment. In my opinion, a logical flow of
activities dominates every research activity and should be followed for
preparing a manuscript as well. Such activities include carefully re-reading
your manuscript at different times and perhaps at different places. Re-reading
is essential in the research field and helps identify the most common problems
and shortcomings in the manuscript, which might otherwise be overlooked.
Second, I find it very helpful to share my manuscripts with my colleagues and
other researchers in my network and to request their feedback. In doing so, I
highlight any sections of the manuscript that I would like reviewers to be
absolutely clear on. 2. Select an appropriate publication outlet. I also ask
colleagues about the most appropriate journal to submit my manuscript to;
finding the right journal for your article can dramatically improve the
chances of acceptance and ensure it reaches your target audience. Elsevier
provides an innovative Journal Finder search facility on its website. Authors
enter the article title, a brief abstract and the field of research to get a list of
the most appropriate journals for their article. For a full discussion of how to
select an appropriate journal see Knight and Steinbach (2008). Less
experienced scholars sometimes choose to submit their research work to two
or more journals at the same time. Research ethics and policies of all scholarly
journals suggest that authors should submit a manuscript to only one journal
at a time. Doing otherwise can cause embarrassment and lead to copyright
problems for the author, the university employer and the journals involved. 3.
Read the aims and scope and author guidelines of your target journal
carefully. Once you have read and re-read your manuscript carefully several
times, received feedback from your colleagues, and identified a target journal,
the next important step is to read the aims and scope of the journals in your
target research area. Doing so will improve the chances of having your
manuscript accepted for publishing. Another important step is to download
and absorb the author guidelines and ensure your manuscript conforms to
them. Some publishers report that one paper in five does not follow the style
and format requirements of the target journal, which might specify
requirements for figures, tables and references. Rejection can come at
different times and in different formats. For instance, if your research
objective is not in line with the aims and scope of the target journal, or if your
manuscript is not structured and formatted according to the target journal
layout, or if your manuscript does not have a reasonable chance of being able
to satisfy the target journal’s publishing expectations, the manuscript can
receive a desk rejection from the editor without being sent out for peer review.
Desk rejections can be disheartening for authors, making them feel they have
wasted valuable time and might even cause them to lose enthusiasm for their
research topic. Sun and Linton (2014), Hierons (2016) and Craig (2010) offer
useful discussions on the subject of “desk rejections.” 4. Make a good first
impression with your title and abstract. The title and abstract are incredibly
important components of a manuscript as they are the first elements a journal
editor sees. I have been fortunate to receive advice from editors and reviewers
on my submissions, and feedback from many colleagues at academic
conferences, and this is what I’ve learned: • The title should summarize the
main theme of the article and reflect your contribution to the theory. • The
abstract should be crafted carefully and encompass the aim and scope of the
study; the key problem to be addressed and theory; the method used; the data
set; key findings; limitations; and implications for theory and practice. Dr.
Angel Borja goes into detail about these components in “11 steps to
structuring a science paper editors will take seriously.” 5. Have a professional
editing firm copy-edit (not just proofread) your manuscript, including the
main text, list of references, tables and figures. The key characteristic of
scientific writing is clarity. Before submitting a manuscript for publication, it
is highly advisable to have a professional editing firm copy-edit your
manuscript. An article submitted to a peer-reviewed journal will be
scrutinized critically by the editorial board before it is selected for peer
review. According to a statistic shared by Elsevier, between 30 percent and 50
percent of articles submitted to Elsevier journals are rejected before they even
reach the peer-review stage, and one of the top reasons for rejection is poor
language. A properly written, edited and presented text will be error free and
understandable and will project a professional image that will help ensure
your work is taken seriously in the world of publishing. On occasion, the
major revisions conducted at the request of a reviewer will necessitate another
round of editing. Authors can facilitate the editing of their manuscripts by
taking precautions at their end. These include proofreading their own
manuscript for accuracy and wordiness (avoid unnecessary or normative
descriptions like “it should be noted here” and “the authors believe) and
sending it for editing only when it is complete in all respects and ready for
publishing. Professional editing companies charge hefty fees, and it is simply
not financially viable to have them conduct multiple rounds of editing on your
article. Applications like the spelling and grammar checker in Microsoft Word
or Grammarly are certainly worth applying to your article, but the benefits of
proper editing are undeniable. For more on the difference between
proofreading and editing, see the description in Elsevier’s WebShop. 6.
Submit a cover letter with the manuscript. Never underestimate the
importance of a cover letter addressed to the editor or editor-in-chief of the
target journal. Last year, I attended a conference in Boston. A “meet the
editors” session revealed that many submissions do not include a covering
letter, but the editors-in-chief present, who represented renewed and ISI-
indexed Elsevier journals, argued that the cover letter gives authors an
important opportunity to convince them that their research work is worth
reviewing. Accordingly, the content of the cover letter is also worth spending
time on. Some inexperienced scholars paste the article’s abstract into their
letter thinking it will be sufficient to make the case for publication; it is a
practice best avoided. A good cover letter first outlines the main theme of the
paper; second, argues the novelty of the paper; and third, justifies the
relevance of the manuscript to the target journal. I would suggest limiting the
cover letter to half a page. More importantly, peers and colleagues who read
the article and provided feedback before the manuscript’s submission should
be acknowledged in the cover letter. 7. Address reviewer comments very
carefully. Editors and editors-in-chief usually couch the acceptance of a
manuscript as subject to a “revise and resubmit” based on the
recommendations provided by the reviewer or reviewers. These revisions may
necessitate either major or minor changes in the manuscript. Inexperienced
scholars should understand a few key aspects of the revision process. First, it
important to address the revisions diligently; second, is imperative to address
all the comments received from the reviewers and avoid oversights; third, the
resubmission of the revised manuscript must happen by the deadline provided
by the journal; fourth, the revision process might comprise multiple rounds.
The revision process requires two major documents. The first is the revised
manuscript highlighting all the modifications made following the
recommendations received from the reviewers. The second is a letter listing
the authors’ responses illustrating they have addressed all the concerns of the
reviewers and editors. These two documents should be drafted carefully. The
authors of the manuscript can agree or disagree with the comments of the
reviewers (typically agreement is encouraged) and are not always obliged to
implement their recommendations, but they should in all cases provide a well-
argued justification for their course of action. Conclusion Given the ever
increasing number of manuscripts submitted for publication, the process of
preparing a manuscript well enough to have it accepted by a journal can be
daunting. High-impact journals accept less than 10 percent of the articles
submitted to them, although the acceptance ratio for special issues or special
topics sections is normally over 40 percent. Scholars might have to resign
themselves to having their articles rejected and then reworking them to
submit them to a different journal before the manuscript is accepted. The
advice offered here is not exhaustive but it’s also not difficult to implement.
These recommendations require proper attention, planning and careful
implementation; however, following this advice could help doctoral students
and other scholars improve the likelihood of getting their work published, and
that is key to having a productive, exciting and rewarding academic career.

Remember CO4 16
Topic: DATA ANALYSIS
53318
what is data?

Key:
facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.

Apply CO4 2
53323
Explain data analysis.

Key:
Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling
data to discover useful information for business decision-making.

Analyze CO4 2
53340
what are all the types of data analysis?

Key:
• Descriptive Analysis. • Diagnostic Analysis. • Predictive Analysis. •
Prescriptive Analysis.

Apply CO4 2
53397
explain data analysis process?
Key:
• Data Requirement Gathering • Data Collection • Data Cleaning • Data
Analysis • Data Interpretation • Data Visualization

Apply CO4 8
53371
what is data analysis explain it?

Key:
Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling
data to discover useful information for business decision-making. Whenever
we take any decision in our day-to-day life is by thinking about what
happened last time or what will happen by choosing that particular decision.
This is nothing but analyzing our past or future and making decisions based
on it. For that, we gather memories of our past or dreams of our future. So
that is nothing but data analysis. Now same thing analyst does for business
purposes, is called Data Analysis. In this tutorial, you will learn: • What is
Data Analysis? • Why Data Analysis? • Data Analysis Tools • Types of Data
Analysis: Techniques and Methods • Data Analysis Process Why Data
Analysis? To grow your business even to grow in your life, sometimes all you
need to do is Analysis! If your business is not growing, then you have to look
back and acknowledge your mistakes and make a plan again without
repeating those mistakes. And even if your business is growing, then you have
to look forward to making the business to grow more. All you need to do is
analyze your business data and business processes. Data Analysis Tools Data
analysis tools make it easier for users to process and manipulate data, analyze
the relationships and correlations between data sets, and it also helps to
identify patterns and trends for interpretation. Here is a complete list of tools.
Types of Data Analysis: Techniques and Methods There are several types of
data analysis techniques that exist based on business and technology. The
major types of data analysis are: • Text Analysis • Statistical Analysis •
Diagnostic Analysis • Predictive Analysis • Prescriptive Analysis Text Analysis
Text Analysis is also referred to as Data Mining. It is a method to discover a
pattern in large data sets using databases or data mining tools. It used to
transform raw data into business information. Business Intelligence tools are
present in the market which is used to take strategic business decisions.
Overall it offers a way to extract and examine data and deriving patterns and
finally interpretation of the data. Statistical Analysis Statistical Analysis shows
"What happen?" by using past data in the form of dashboards. Statistical
Analysis includes collection, Analysis, interpretation, presentation, and
modeling of data. It analyses a set of data or a sample of data. There are two
categories of this type of Analysis - Descriptive Analysis and Inferential
Analysis. Descriptive Analysis analyses complete data or a sample of
summarized numerical data. It shows mean and deviation for continuous data
whereas percentage and frequency for categorical data. Inferential Analysis
analyses sample from complete data. In this type of Analysis, you can find
different conclusions from the same data by selecting different samples.
Diagnostic Analysis Diagnostic Analysis shows "Why did it happen?" by
finding the cause from the insight found in Statistical Analysis. This Analysis
is useful to identify behavior patterns of data. If a new problem arrives in
your business process, then you can look into this Analysis to find similar
patterns of that problem. And it may have chances to use similar prescriptions
for the new problems. Predictive Analysis Predictive Analysis shows "what is
likely to happen" by using previous data. The simplest example is like if last
year I bought two dresses based on my savings and if this year my salary is
increasing double then I can buy four dresses. But of course it's not easy like
this because you have to think about other circumstances like chances of
prices of clothes is increased this year or maybe instead of dresses you want to
buy a new bike, or you need to buy a house! So here, this Analysis makes
predictions about future outcomes based on current or past data. Forecasting
is just an estimate. Its accuracy is based on how much detailed information
you have and how much you dig in it. Prescriptive Analysis Prescriptive
Analysis combines the insight from all previous Analysis to determine which
action to take in a current problem or decision. Most data-driven companies
are utilizing Prescriptive Analysis because predictive and descriptive Analysis
are not enough to improve data performance. Based on current situations and
problems, they analyze the data and make decisions. Data Analysis Process
Data Analysis Process is nothing but gathering information by using proper
application or tool which allows you to explore the data and find a pattern in
it. Based on that, you can take decisions, or you can get ultimate conclusions.
Data Analysis consists of the following phases: • Data Requirement Gathering
• Data Collection • Data Cleaning • Data Analysis • Data Interpretation • Data
Visualization Data Requirement Gathering First of all, you have to think
about why do you want to do this data analysis? All you need to find out the
purpose or aim of doing the Analysis. You have to decide which type of data
analysis you wanted to do! In this phase, you have to decide what to analyze
and how to measure it, you have to understand why you are investigating and
what measures you have to use to do this Analysis. Data Collection After
requirement gathering, you will get a clear idea about what things you have to
measure and what should be your findings. Now it's time to collect your data
based on requirements. Once you collect your data, remember that the
collected data must be processed or organized for Analysis. As you collected
data from various sources, you must have to keep a log with a collection date
and source of the data. Data Cleaning Now whatever data is collected may not
be useful or irrelevant to your aim of Analysis, hence it should be cleaned. The
data which is collected may contain duplicate records, white spaces or errors.
The data should be cleaned and error free. This phase must be done before
Analysis because based on data cleaning, your output of Analysis will be closer
to your expected outcome. Data Analysis Once the data is collected, cleaned,
and processed, it is ready for Analysis. As you manipulate data, you may find
you have the exact information you need, or you might need to collect more
data. During this phase, you can use data analysis tools and software which
will help you to understand, interpret, and derive conclusions based on the
requirements. Data Interpretation After analyzing your data, it's finally time
to interpret your results. You can choose the way to express or communicate
your data analysis either you can use simply in words or maybe a table or
chart. Then use the results of your data analysis process to decide your best
course of action. Data Visualization Data visualization is very common in your
day to day life; they often appear in the form of charts and graphs. In other
words, data shown graphically so that it will be easier for the human brain to
understand and process it. Data visualization often used to discover unknown
facts and trends. By observing relationships and comparing datasets, you can
find a way to find out meaningful information. Summary: • Data analysis
means a process of cleaning, transforming and modeling data to discover
useful information for business decision-making • Types of Data Analysis are
Text, Statistical, Diagnostic, Predictive, Prescriptive Analysis • Data Analysis
consists of Data Requirement Gathering, Data Collection, Data Cleaning,
Data Analysis, Data Interpretation, Data Visualization

Apply CO4 16
Topic: DISSERTATION
53327
write some elements of dissertation.

Key:
• Title and Abstract. The beginning of your dissertation should feature a title
page and abstract• Review of Literature • Methods • Results • Interpretation
and Recommendations.

UnderstandCO4 2
53364
explain the structures of dissertation?

Key:
The structure There are some conventions that guide the structuring of
dissertations in different disciplines. You should check departmental and
course regulations. Below are two structures that are commonly used. • Title
page • Abstract • Acknowledgements • Contents page(s) • Introduction •
Materials and methods or Literature review • Results or Sources and methods
• Discussion or Findings • Conclusions • References • Appendices Each section
or chapter has its own particular function Title page The title itself is an
important opportunity to tell the potential reader what your research is about.
You will need it to be succinct, specific, descriptive, and representative of the
research you have done. There is likely to be a required format for the title
page in your discipline, so you need to check what that is. Abstract This may
be one of the shortest sections of your thesis or dissertation, but it is
worthwhile taking great care to write it well. Essentially, the Abstract is a
succinct summary of the research. It should be able to stand alone in
representing why and how you did what you did, and what the results and
implications are. It is often only one page long, and there may be a word limit
to adhere to. The Abstract is an important element of the thesis, and will
become a document in its own right if the thesis is registered within any
database. The examiners will therefore assess your Abstract both as part of
your thesis, and as a potentially independent document. It can be best to write
the Abstract last, once you are sure what exactly you are summarising.
Alternatively it can be useful to write the abstract earlier on, as an aid to
identifying the crucial main thread of your research, its purpose, and its
findings, which could then guide the structure of the dissertation. Attending to
the very restrictive word / space limit, while at the same including all the
relevant material is quite a challenge. It might be useful to look at how others
have managed. It is certainly an academic exercise, but perhaps not too
different from the concise explanations of your research you may have had to
give to relatives and neighbours over the last few years, in terms of its brevity,
accessibility, and comprehensiveness. Acknowledgements This is your
opportunity to mention individuals who have been particularly helpful.
Reading the acknowledgements in other dissertations in your field will give
you an idea of the ways in which different kinds of help have been appreciated
and mentioned. Contents, and figure and table lists The contents pages will
show up the structure of the dissertation. Any imbalance in space devoted to
different sections of content will become apparent. This is a useful check on
whether amalgamation of sections, or creation of further sections or sub-
sections is needed. Introduction Although this is the first piece of writing the
reader comes to, it is often best to leave its preparation to last as, until then,
you will not be absolutely sure what you are introducing. The introduction has
two main roles: • to expand the material summarised in the abstract, and • to
signpost the content of the rest of the dissertation. The literature review, or
context of the study The purpose of this chapter is to show that you are aware
of where your own piece of research fits into the overall context of research in
your field. To do this you need to: • describe the current state of research in
your defined area; • consider whether there are any closely related areas that
you also need to refer to; • identify a gap where you argue that further
research is needed; and • explain how you plan to attend to that particular
research gap. This can lead logically into a clear statement of the research
question(s) or problem(s) you will be addressing. In addition to the research
context, there may be other relevant contexts to present for example: •
theoretical context; • methodological context; • practice context; and • political
context. It can be difficult to identify the best order for sections in this chapter
because the rationale for your choice of specific research question can be
complicated, and there may be several inter-linked reasons why the research
is needed. It is worth taking time to develop a logical structure as this will help
to convince examiners of the relevance of your research, and that you
understand its relevance. It will also provide you with a framework to refer
back to in your discussion chapter, when you reflect on the extent to which
your research has achieved what it set out to do. Chapter(s) describing
methods, sources, material etc In these chapters a straightforward description
is required of how you conducted the research. If you used particular
equipment, processes, or materials, you will need to be clear and precise in
how you describe them. You must give enough detail for another researcher to
replicate your study. Results / Findings You will need to check which style of
reporting is preferred in your field. For example a scientific dissertation
would probably have very clear separation between the results and the
discussion of those results; whereas a social science dissertation might have an
overall chapter called Findings, bringing the results and their discussion
together. Decisions about style of presentation may need to be made about, for
example: • whether you want to begin with an initial overview of the results,
followed by the detail, or whether you move immediately into the detail of the
results; • in which order you will be presenting the detailed results; and • what
balance, in terms of word space, you want to achieve across the spread of
results that you have. Discussion This is where you review your own research
in relation to the wider context in which it is located. You can refer back to the
rationale that you gave for your research in the literature review, and discuss
what your own research has added in this context. It is important to show that
you appreciate the limitations of your research, and how these may affect the
validity or usefulness of your findings. Given the acknowledged limitations,
you can report on the implications of your findings for theory, research, and
practice. Conclusions This chapter tends to be much shorter than the
Discussion. It is not a mere ‘summary’ of your research, but needs to be
‘conclusions’ as to the main points that have emerged and what they mean for
your field. References This section needs to be highly structured, and needs to
include all of your references in the required referencing style. As you edit and
rewrite your dissertation you will probably gain and lose references that you
had in earlier versions. It is important therefore to check that all the
references in your reference list are actually referenced within the text; and
that all the references that appear in the text appear also in the reference list.
Appendices You need to check whether or not the appendices count within the
word limit for your dissertation. Items that can usefully go in the appendices
are those that a reader would want to see, but which would take up too much
space and disrupt the flow if placed within the main text. Again, make sure
you reference the Appendices within the main text where necessary.

Apply CO4 16
Topic: DOCUMENTATION
53335
explain documentation in research?

Key:
documentation is the evidence provided for information and ideas borrowed
from others. That evidence includes both primary sources and secondary
sources.

Analyze CO4 2
53374

how do you document your research explain it?

Key:
Documenting Your Research • Acknowledge the Ideas of Others o Intellectual
Property o Plagiarism • Cite Your Sources o History o Social Sciences Using
sources in your research paper is an important part of building and
supporting your argument. An essential part of the writing process involves
documenting your research and acknowledging the ideas of others. When you
begin writing your paper keep these central points in mind: • Present rational
arguments • Organize your thoughts in a logical progression • Edit your work
using guides such as the Chicago Manual of Style or theMLA Handbook for
Writers of Research Papers • Make sure that you acknowledge the ideas,
quotations, or images that you find in other electronic and print sources This
Compass Point focuses primarily on the last point, the importance of citing all
your sources, and explains why citing sources properly is necessary to
promote ethical practices and avoid plagiarism. Acknowledge the Ideas of
Others It is crucial that you cite your sources and acknowledge the ideas of
others who have influenced your thinking about your topic. With the
proliferation of full-text, online resources, it is very easy to cut and paste text
and images into your own work. But you should be aware of the ethical and
legal issues involved in using someone else's work without proper attribution.
If you are not cautious, you may unwittingly plagiarize someone else's ideas.
Intellectual Property Honest and thorough citations are important for at least
two reasons: First, the ideas and words of an author are his/her intellectual
property. Intellectual property, like any kind of property, has a commercial
value - so taking someone's ideas or words as your own is a form of theft. If
you plagiarize, you could face disciplinary action from the university or, if you
continue these habits and publish plagiarized work later in your life, you
could face legal consequences. Second, academic scholarship is a system in
which authors publish their opinions so that they can be read by a community
of scholars. These scholars evaluate an author's arguments and then write
new works to support or refute what they have read. Your work is also a part
of this system: your research and writings will become available to the
community, which will read them, criticize them, and perhaps someday build
upon them. This is why it is so important for your readers to be able to check
your sources and fully evaluate the strength of your arguments. Students
sometimes believe that they should minimize their citations because they fear
that using too many sources will make their work appear unoriginal. On the
contrary, papers with thorough and correct citations make your work appear
thoughtful and well-researched. Plagiarism Plagiarism is the failure to
acknowledge ideas or words that are not your own. You are plagiarizing if: •
You insert exact words or phrases from another author's work into your own
work. • You use another author's ideas EVEN IF YOU PUT THEM INTO
YOUR OWN WORDS. You must be sure to differentiate your own thoughts
from those that you read in other sources, and you must credit authors even if
you do not quote them directly. Following is a set of examples showing
common mistakes that can help you recognize and avoid plagiarism. These
examples have been taken from The Writing Tutorial Services web page,
Indiana University Bloomington, (November 25, 2003) Rewording a sentence
(paraphrasing) This is one of the most common mistakes that students make.
You cannot simply reword a sentence. For example, consider the following
sentence from Angelici (Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry, p
46): "Those complexes that contain unpaired electrons are attracted into a
magnetic field and are said to be paramagnetic, while those with no unpaired
electrons are repelled by such a field and are called diamagnetic." The
following permutations are unacceptable changes in wording: "Complexes
that contain unpaired electrons are those that are attracted to a magnetic
field. These are called paramagnetic, while those with no unpaired electrons
are repelled by a magnetic field and are said to be diamagnetic." "Those
complexes that contain paired electrons are repelled by a magnetic field and
are said to be diamagnetic, whereas those with no paired electrons are
attracted to such a field and are called paramagnetic." "Compounds that have
unpaired electrons are attracted to a magnetic field and are called
paramagnetic. Compounds with no unpaired electrons are repelled by this
field and are said to be diamagnetic." How to recognize unacceptable and
acceptable paraphrases Here's the original text, from page 1 of Lizzie Borden:
A Case Book of Family and Crime in the 1890s by Joyce Williams et al.: "The
rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were
the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As
new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American
landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers,
and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came
urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where
the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of
commerce and trade." Here's an unacceptable paraphrase that is plagiarism:
The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the
population were three large factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-
driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they
changed farm hands into factory workers and provided jobs for the large
wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of large cities like Fall
River where the Bordens lived which turned into centers of commerce and
trade as well as production. What makes this passage plagiarism? The
preceding passage is considered plagiarism for two reasons: • The writer has
only changed around a few words and phrases, or changed the order of the
original's sentences. • The writer has failed to cite a source for any of the ideas
or facts. Cite Your Sources You should cite all sources (both printed and
online) correctly and fully so that those who read your work can find and
refer to your citations. When you are gathering sources for your topic, make
sure that you note the following information for your citations: • Author •
Title, subtitle • Editor (if any) • Edition • Volume • Place of publication (city or
state name) • Publisher • Date of publication • Page numbers of article For
online resources, also add: • URL • Date of access • Webmaster (if given) •
Database name (if given) In order to cite and format your sources correctly,
refer to one of the many online or print style and citation guides, such as the
Chicago Manual of Style or the MLA (Modern Language Association) Style
Manual. In addition, some software programs, such asEndNote, will format
your citations automatically in a variety of styles. Style guides differ by
academic discipline. The academic field of history uses the Chicago Manual of
Style while the academic field of literature uses the MLA Style Manual. There
are differences between these two guides in how items are cited in footnotes
and in bibliographies so make sure you know which style you should be using.
The most important rule is to be consistent. If you use MLA, be consistent
throughout your paper. Don't mix styles. Here are examples of citation styles
in different subject disciplines courtesy of theBedford Handbook website:

Analyze CO4 16
Topic: QUALITIES OF RESEARCH WRITING
53368
explain the good quality of research writing

Key:
What qualities or characteristics make a research a successful research, every
step of the research study is important. Negligence in any step can affect the
complete study and not just that part. There are certain characteristics that
are necessary in every research, these characteristics make the research a
valid and generalizable study. Having just information and data is not enough
for good research paper, You must know qualities of good research paper to
present it in proper way. Research is all about deep investigation to unearth
the truth Rigorous Research is a laborious and hard work in reality and it
requires great patience and control. Research paper requires rigorousness to
maintain its quality. There can be several factors that can effect the quality
and the outcome of the research, the researcher should have a control over
these factors. Some factors will effect the research positively while other
factors can negatively effect the research. Negative factors can decrease the
validity of the research, so these factors should be kept in control by the
researcher. Example For example in a study conducted on the effect of
humidity on the tensile strength of viscose fabrics the researcher has to test
the performance of the fabric under great humidity, less humidity and under
standard humidity. The humidity will be kept in control by the researcher to
get valid and generalizable results. In another study the researcher has to
study the effect of socioeconomic class on the performance of children in
school, the researcher will see that no other factors are influencing the
performance of the children. There can be many other factors like parenting
style, peer group influence or siblings rivalry that is effecting the performance
of the child but the researcher should have a strict control over these
extraneous factors. Controlled Another very important and basic
characteristic of a research paper is that it should have to be controlled or
measured. Everything that you add in a research paper is preplanned and
cannot happen just by chance. The first step in conducting a research is
choosing a research topic, from that step till the end, writing the research
paper the researcher should keep control over the research study. He should
measure the consequences of each step that he has planned to take prior to
taking it. Example A researcher is conducting a research on the effect of
permanent press finishes on hte durability characteristics of fabrics. In this
research the researcher should accurately measure the effectof permanent
press finishes and there should not be any other finishes on the fabric.
Accurate Accuracy is important because without accuracy the research paper
cannot be valid and generalizable. In every step of the research the researcher
has to check the accuracy. When the researcher is reviewing literature he
should write down the references along with the literature review so that when
writing those reviews he can accurately write the reference of each review.
While testing the hypothesis the researcher should write down the results of
the tests accurately so that there is no error. In research the researcher should
leave no chances of error by himself. He should ensure the accuracy of his
research to 100 percent. Example Suppose a researcher is conducting a
research on the impact of physical disabilities in children on the peer group
acceptance. The researcher is using interview as a tool of data collection the
researcher should record the responses of the interviewees accurately and he
should not invest bias in any way. Clear A research paper should have to be
free of ambiguities and it should have great clarity. Clarity is one of the main
essences of research and without clarity the research paper is useless. Example
A researcher should be cautious about the clarity of the research. The
researcher should first develop a clear research question or research problem
and once the research problem is clear and understandable the researcher can
conduct the research without hurdles. Suppose the researcher makes the
research problem that how media influences child development, in this
research question the researcher needs to clarify which development, social,
mental, physical or motor. The researcher cannot undertake the study unless
he brings clarity to the research problem. Concise As a researcher you do not
need to add a lot to the research paper to make it unique or interesting rather
you should add only relevant and original content. The readers will be able to
understand a concise research more easily, there should not be unnecessary
details in the research. Example The researcher can write details and lots of
explanations but these details and explanations should be of value to the
research the researcher should not add unnecessary details in the research.
The research paper is more concise in nature than dissertations and thesis.
Valid Validity is the most important concern in writing and conducting a
research. The actual strength of the research paper is its validity. A valid
research is applicable to various situations in general or it can be applied to
any specific situation, people or society. Example The constructs you are
using, to measure attitudes, behavior or other phenomenon, whether they
really measure what you want to measure or they measure something else.
Verifiable The data the researcher adds in the research paper should have to
be verifiable and provable. The researcher should be able to demonstrate the
research paper and there should not be any loopholes in the information.
Example The researcher should know from where the data has been taken
and how it has been analyzed. Suppose another researcher is trying to repeat
similar study to make it more valid he should be able to get information from
the previous research, if previous research will be invalid or unverifiable the
new research will also get effected. Research is an ongoing process and not
only research helps in the general development of the humanity but it more
specifically is used by the new researchers to generate more information.
Sequential The research should have to be conducted and written in a logical
manner. The researcher should follow a sequence so that he cannot get
troubled in the end as to how to compile this research. It is better if you start
writing the research paper as you are conducting it. Example You cannot
write the analysis before writing about the data collection and data
processing. You have to follow a procedure and sequence. Precise Preciseness
means that the research paper should have completeness and it should contain
detailed investigation of the research topic. Example The research should
contain exact answers to the research questions. It is not possible that the
researcher formulates a specific research question about women injustice in
underdeveloped countries but answers the question about more general topic
like gender biases. Original The research paper should contain only original
content and copy work should be completely avoided. You can add literature
from other sources in various forms like in the form of literature review but
you should never compromise on the originality of the research paper.
Example Suppose a researcher is conducting a research on the impact of
financial resources in family on the personality development of children. The
researcher has decided to take black negroes population and he cannot get the
required number of sample, in this case, he cannot use other people’s findings
to justify his research. He has to use truly original data that has been collected
from truly representative sample. Coherent Coherence is necessary because it
makes the research paper a complete and one unit. Every part of the research
paper should be so linked that it makes a whole. Example The researcher
should stick to one theme and should not wander from one topic to another.
Academic style of writing Writing a research paper is the last step of the
research and writing requires rigorousness. The researcher should follow an
academic style of writing and any ostentatiousness in writing should be
avoided. The language of the research paper should have to be simple and
easy to understand. Example A research paper, thesis or dissertation should
have decency and there should have to be least ornamentation. The purpose of
the research is to bring into light facts and figures. The researcher should
avoid the use of double baralled sentences, complex language or unnecessary
details. The research should have to be concise and precise in nature.
Generalizable The research paper findings should be generalizable and the
findings should be applicable to the society in one way or other. Sometimes the
purpose of the research is to develop new research tools, techniques or data
collection instruments. Such research may not be useful for the society in
general but in the long run researchers will be bale to use these tools or
techniques to conduct more researches. Example The researcher is conducting
a study on the life of transgender class in the society. He has to collect data
from different people who belong to this class, the researcher should
understand that he cannot generalize his findings untill he has selected an
unbiased and truly representative sample. He cannot select a sample from one
area of the population rather he should select sample from every area of the
population to make it representative of the whole population.

Apply CO4 16
Topic: QUESTIONNAIRE
53301
4.What is questionnaire?

Key:
a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the
purposes of a survey or statistical study.

Remember CO4 2
53375
write any five steps in developing questionnaire

Key:
1. Write a study protocol This involves getting acquainted with the subject,
making a literature review, decide on objectives, formulate a hypothesis, and
define the main information needed to test the hypothesis. 2. Draw a plan of
analysis This steps determines how the information defined in step 1 should be
analysed. The plan of analysis should contain the measures of association and
the statistical tests that you intend to use. In addition, you should draw
dummy tables with the information of interest. The plan of analysis will help
you to determine which type of results you want to obtain. An example of a
dummy table is shown below. Exposure nr Cases (%) Total Attack Rate RR
(CI95%) Tomato salad Chicken breast 3. Draw a list of the information
needed From the plan of analysis you can draw a list of the information you
need to collect from participants. In this step you should determine the type
and format of variables needed. 4. Design different parts of the questionnaire
You can start now designing different parts of the questionnaire using this list
of needed information. 5. Write the questions Knowing the education and
occupation level of the study population, ethnic or migration background,
language knowledge and special sensitivities at this step is crucial at this stage.
Please keep in mind that the questionnaire needs to be adapted to your study
population. Please see "Format of Questions" section for more details.

Apply CO4 8
53361
what are all the steps involved in designing a questionnaire?

Key:
Ten Steps to Design a Questionnaire Designing a questionnaire involves 10
main steps: 1. Write a study protocol This involves getting acquainted with the
subject, making a literature review, decide on objectives, formulate a
hypothesis, and define the main information needed to test the hypothesis. 2.
Draw a plan of analysis This steps determines how the information defined in
step 1 should be analysed. The plan of analysis should contain the measures of
association and the statistical tests that you intend to use. In addition, you
should draw dummy tables with the information of interest. The plan of
analysis will help you to determine which type of results you want to obtain.
An example of a dummy table is shown below. Exposure nr Cases (%) Total
Attack Rate RR (CI95%) Tomato salad Chicken breast 3. Draw a list of the
information needed From the plan of analysis you can draw a list of the
information you need to collect from participants. In this step you should
determine the type and format of variables needed. 4. Design different parts of
the questionnaire You can start now designing different parts of the
questionnaire using this list of needed information. 5. Write the questions
Knowing the education and occupation level of the study population, ethnic or
migration background, language knowledge and special sensitivities at this
step is crucial at this stage. Please keep in mind that the questionnaire needs
to be adapted to your study population. Please see "Format of Questions"
section for more details. 6. Decide on the order of the questions asked You
should start from easy, general and factual to difficult, particular or abstract
questions. Please consider carefully where to place the most sensitive
questions. They should be rather placed in the middle or towards the end of
the questionnaire. Make sure, however, not to put the most important item
last, since some people might not complete the interview. 7. Complete the
questionnaire Add instructions for the interviewers and definitions of key
words for participants. Insure a smooth flow from one topic to the next one
(ex. "and now I will ask you some questions about your own health..."). Insert
jumps between questions if some questions are only targeted at a subgroup of
the respondents. 8. Verify the content and style of the questions Verify that
each question answers to one of the objectives and all your objectives are
covered by the questions asked. Delete questions that are not directly related
to your objectives. Make sure that each question is clear, unambiguous, simple
and short. Check the logical order and flow of the questions. Make sure the
questionnaire is easy to read and has an clear layout. Please see the Hints to
Design a good Questionnaire section for more details. 9. Conduct a pilot study
You should always conduct a pilot study among the intended population
before starting the study. Please see thePiloting Questionnaires section for
more details. 10. Refine your questionnaire Depending on the results of the
pilot study, you will need to amend the questionnaire before the main survey
starts

Analyze CO4 16
Topic: RESEARCH
53343
what is citation

Key:
A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your
work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information
necessary to find that source again, including: information about the author.
Apply CO4 2
53351
what is SCI?

Key:
The Science Citation Index (SCI) is a citation index originally produced by the
Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and created by Eugene Garfield. ...
The larger version (Science Citation Index Expanded) covers more than 8,500
notable and significant journals, across 150 disciplines, from 1900 to the
present 16x6

Apply CO4 2
53399
explain ethics of research?

Key:
The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principals that
various codes address*: Honesty Strive for honesty in all scientific
communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not
deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public. Objectivity Strive to
avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects
of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias
or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect
research. Integrity Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity;
strive for consistency of thought and action. Carefulness Avoid careless errors
and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work
of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection,
research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals. Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms
of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all
contributions to research. Never plagiarize. Confidentiality Protect
confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication Publish in order to advance research and scholarship,
not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication. Responsible Mentoring Help to educate, mentor, and advise
students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
Respect for colleagues Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly. Social
Responsibility Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy. Non-Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.
Competence Maintain and improve your own professional competence and
expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote
competence in science as a whole. Legality Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional and governmental policies. Animal Care Show proper respect and
care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or
poorly designed animal experiments. Human Subjects Protection When
conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take
special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the
benefits and burdens of research fairly.

Apply