See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/270542662

Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Additives

on the Properties of WMA Used in China

Article  in  Journal of Testing and Evaluation · September 2014

DOI: 10.1520/JTE20130255

CITATIONS READS

4 283

4 authors, including:

Zhaoxing Xie Junan Shen

Auburn University Georgia Southern University
29 PUBLICATIONS   91 CITATIONS    63 PUBLICATIONS   905 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Selecting Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) additives by the properties of WMA binders View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Zhaoxing Xie on 01 November 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Journal of
Testing and Evaluation
Zhaoxing Xie,1,2 Junan Shen,1,2 Wenzhong Fan,3 and Lili Wang3

DOI: 10.1520/JTE20130255

Laboratory Investigation of the

Effect of Warm Mix Asphalt
(WMA) Additives
on the Properties of WMA Used
in China
VOL. 42 / NO. 5 / SEPTEMBER 2014
 Journal of Testing and Evaluation
doi:10.1520/JTE20130255 / Vol. 42
Manuscript received October 3, 2013;
accepted for publication July 10, 2014;
published online August 7, 2014.
1
Suzhou Univ. of Science and Technology,
Suzhou 215011, China.
2
Georgia Southern Univ., Statesboro,
GA 30458, United States of America.
3
Suzhou Jiaotong Engineering Group,
Suzhou 215011, China.
Copyright V
C 2014 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
/ No. 5 / September 2014 / available online at www.astm.org
Zhaoxing Xie,1,2 Junan Shen,1,2 Wenzhong Fan,3 and Lili Wang3
Laboratory Investigation of the Effect
of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Additives
on the Properties of WMA Used in China
Reference
Xie, Zhaoxing, Shen, Junan, Fan, Wenzhong, and Wang, Lili, “Laboratory Investigation of the Effect
of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Additives on the Properties of WMA Used in China,” Journal of Testing and
Evaluation, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2014, pp. 1–8, doi:10.1520/JTE20130255. ISSN 0090-3973
ABSTRACT
To investigate and compare the influence of various commonly used warm mix asphalt
(WMA) additives on the physical, mechanical, and performance properties of WMA, a series
of laboratory testing programs such as air void, voids in mineral aggregate, freeze-thaw
splitting, wheel tracking test, and bending beam tests were performed. The experimental
design of WMA mixtures included the use of three WMA additives of Sasobit, Evotherm and
Rediset, two asphalt binders of SK-70 base asphalt, and a styrene-butadiene-styrene
(SBS)-modified one. The testing results of WMA were also compared to that hot mix asphalt
(HMA) as controls. Results from this study showed that: (1) volumetric properties (air voids
and VMA) of WMAs did not have significant difference from the controls; (2) WMA with
Sasobit had the greatest Marshall stability, followed by the WMA with Rediset, whereas all
WMAs with Evotherm had the least, regardless of the types of asphalt; and (3) for WMA
with modified asphalt, the dynamic stability of WMA with Rediset was a slightly greater than
other two WMAs. For WMAs with base asphalt, the dynamic stability with Evotherm and
Sasobit was similar to the control and greater than that with Rediset: (4) The WMAs with
Sasobit have slightly greater indirect tensile strength (ITS) and tensile strength ratio (TSR)
than the other two, regardless of the types of asphalt. (5) WMAs with Rediset had the
greatest bending failure strain, regardless of the types of asphalt. Among all asphalt
mixtures, most of WMAs had lower bending failure strain than the controls.
Keywords
warm mix asphalt, WMA additives, mechanical properties, hot mix asphalt, comparative investigation
1
2 Journal of Testing and Evaluation
Introduction
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is an emerging technology that
reduces the temperature for mixing, placing, and compaction,
and not only decreases energy consumption, carbon dioxide
emission, and asphalt oxidation but also improves working con-
ditions and increases usage of reclaimed asphalt pavement
(RAP) [1–10]. Mo et al. indicated that the compatibility of
WMA could be well ranked by using various indicators includ-
ing the number of gyrations to achieve a design void content,
the slope of accumulated compaction energy against the num-
ber of gyrations, as well as compaction energy indices at various
compaction phases [7]. Leng and Al-Qadi reported that the
warm stone mastic asphalt (SMA) allows using a greater per-
centage of RAP, and the initial construction cost of the warm
SMA with a 10 % increase in RAP usage becomes lower than
that of the control SMA [11]. There are many WMA technolo-
gies used widely including foaming (i.e., Double Barrel Green
and Aspha-min), organic technology (i.e., Sasobit) and chemical
technology (i.e., Evotherm and Rediset). Sasobit is a long-chain
aliphatic hydrocarbon obtained from coal gasification. It is
FIG. 1 Flow chart of experimental design.
completely soluble in asphalt binder at temperatures greater
than 120 C [12]. Evotherm provided aggregate coating, work-
ability, adhesion, and improved compaction with no change in
materials or job mix formula required [13,14]. Rediset is a com-
bination of cationic surface-active agents, or surfactants, and
rheology modifiers (organic additives) in a solid form [3,4,15].
Hurley and Prowell [16–18] concluded that the addition of
Evotherm increases the resilient modulus of WMA, but Sasobit
and Aspha-min zeolite does not affect it. Biro et al. [19]
reported that Sasobit reduced significantly a permanent defor-
mation based on the repeated creep recovery test. Wasiuddin
et al. [20] reported that Sasobit decreased the rut depth that
could justify the increase in high temperature binder grading.
Kunnawee et al. [21] reported AC60/70 binder modified with
3.0 % Sasobit not only improved the compatibility but also
exhibited a greater resistance to densification under simulated
traffic conditions. Xiao et al. [22] reported that TSR values of
WMA mixtures with Sasobit and Aspha-min additives were less
than 85 % but increased above 85 % when 1.0 % of hydrated
lime was added. Kim et al. [23] reported that the addition of the
WMA additives had positive effects on rutting resistance and
 XIE ET AL. ON LABORATORY INVESTIGATION 3

TABLE 1 Property of asphalt binders.

Asphalt Penetration at Softening Ductility at Ductility at Dynamic Viscosity Rotational Viscosity

Binder Types 25 C (0.1 mm) Point (  C) 15 C (cm) 5 C (cm) at 60 C (Pa
S) at 135 C (Pa
s)
SK-70 base asphalt 66 49 >100 17 294 0.35
SBS-modified asphalt 64 75 >100 38 — 1.8

WMA was less resistant to fatigue cracking at intermediate tem-
peratures compared to the control polymer-modified asphalt
binders.
Given that fact that the effect of WMA additives on the
WMA is binder-type dependent, further investigation of the
effect of various WMA additives on the properties of WMA is
needed because the types of asphalt used widely and the envi-
ronmental conditions in China are different than other
countries.
Research Objectives and Scope
The main objectives of this research project are: (1) to examine
and compare the properties of various WMA mixtures, and (2)
to evaluate the effects of the WMA additives on the properties
of WMA. All results were compared with traditional hot mix
asphalt (HMA).
The WMA mixtures were manufactured with three differ-
ent additives of Sasobit, Evotherm, and Rediset, which are the
most commonly used two-asphalt binders and one aggregate.
Selected physical, mechanical, and performance properties of
the WMA and the control HMA were measured and evaluated
(Fig. 1).
Test Program, Materials
and Test Methods
Pavement materials used widely in asphalt pavement construc-
tion in China were selected in this study. An aggregate of
crushed basalt, two binders of SBS-modified asphalt, and SK-70
base asphalt and three WMA additives of Sasobit, Evotherm,
and Rediset were used. Figure 1 shows the combination of the
experimental design. Table 1 presents the properties of both
SBS-modified asphalt and SK-70 base asphalt. Sasobit, Evo-
therm, and Rediset were added at the rate of 2.0 %, 0.6 %, and
2.0 % by weight of asphalt binder. These amounts of WMA
additives were from the recommendation of the WMA additives
producers.
The Marshall mixture design method was used in the deter-
mination of the optimum asphalt content (OAC) for both
HMA and WMA mixtures according to the asphalt mixture
design standard methods in China (JTG E20-2011), which are
dense-graded mixtures of conventional AC-13. Table 2 presents
the adopted mixing and compaction temperature of both HMA
and WMA mixtures as recommended by the WMA additives
producers. The aggregate gradation used is given in Table 3 and
shown in Fig. 2. The % of OAC of all asphalt mixtures is 4.8 %.
The selected properties of both WMA and HMA included
physical, mechanical, and performance properties. The air voids
are important indicators and were used to evaluate the physical
properties. Indirect tensile strength, a good mechanical charac-
teristic, was conducted on the asphalt mixtures. The TSR,
dynamic stability at high temperatures and bending beam
failure strain at low temperatures were used to evaluate the per-
formance properties of the mixtures of the resistances to mois-
ture damage, rutting, and cracking, respectively.
The indirect tensile strength (ITS) and tensile strength ratio
(TSR) was obtained by a freeze-thaw splitting test of bituminous
mixtures (T0729-2000 [24]) of standard test methods of bitu-
men and bituminous mixtures for highway engineering of
China (JTG E20-2011 [25]), which is similar to the U.S. stand-
ard method of testing for resistance of compacted asphalt mix-
tures to moisture-induced damage (AASHTO T283 [26]).
During this testing, a force is applied to the specimen by bring-
ing the bearing plates together at a constant rate of 50 mm per
minute. The force increase is continued until the specimen
cracks, then the maximum force is recorded.
The dynamic stability was measured via the wheel-tracking
test of bituminous mixtures (T0719-2011 [27]) of standard test
methods of bitumen and bituminous mixtures for highway
engineering of China (JTG E20-2011). In the dynamic stability
test, the size of specimen is 300 mm long, 300 mm wide, and
50 mm thick, and the testing temperature is 60 C 6 0.5 C. A
wheel pressure of 0.7 MPa 6 0.05 MPa was applied to the speci-
mens. The traveling distance of the wheel was 230 6 10 mm.
The traveling speed of the wheel was 42 6 1 times/min. The

TABLE 2 Mixing and compaction temperature of both HMA and WMA mixtures.

HMA WMA

Asphalt Type Mixing Temperature ( C) Compaction Temperature ( C) Mixing Temperature ( C) Compaction Temperature ( C)
SK-70 base asphalt 155 145 130 120
SBS-modified asphalt 165 155 140 130
4 Journal of Testing and Evaluation
FIG. 2 Particle size distribution of the aggregate used in this study.
wheel was loaded for 60 min. There are some differences
between the dynamic stability test and AASHTO standard
method of testing for determining the rutting susceptibility
using the asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) (AASHTO TP63-03
[28]). For example, the test temperature in AASHTO standard
method is 64 C rather than 60 C, and the rutting susceptibility
is evaluated by rutting depth after 8000 cycles in the APA.
Bending beam test at low temperatures was conducted
by the bending test of bituminous mixtures (T0715-2011 [29])
of standard test methods of bitumen and bituminous mixtures
for highway engineering of China (JTG E20-2011), which is dif-
ferent from the AASHTO standard method to evaluate the
low-temperature performance by the low-temperature cracking
performance of the asphalt mixtures using AASHTO T322-07
[30]. In this test, the size of the specimen is 250 mm long,
30 mm wide, and 35 mm thick, and testing temperature is
10 C. The concentrated center force was applied on top at the
mid-span, and the loading rate was 50 mm/min (Fig. 3). The
force continued until the specimen failed, and the maximum
FIG. 3 Average air voids of WMA and control mixtures.
deflection of the mid-span was recorded. Bending failure strain
was adopted to evaluate the low-temperature performance.
Experimental Specimen
Preparation
All specimens were prepared at the optimum asphalt content
(4.8 %). For each type of asphalt mixture, three gyration com-
paction specimens were prepared for air void and voids in min-
eral aggregate (VMA) tests. Eight Marshall specimens were
prepared for the freeze-thaw splitting test, three rut-resistance
specimens (300 mm wide  300 mm long  40 mm thick) were
prepared for the wheel tracking test, and six specimens (30 mm
wide  250 mm long  35 mm thick) were prepared for the
bending beam test.
Results and Discussion
VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES
Figures 3 and 4 present the air void and VMA results of the
WMA and control gyration compaction samples. For mixtures
with SBS-modified asphalt, WMAs with Rediset, Evotherm, and
Sasobit had slightly greater air voids (4.22, 4.10, and 4.18) than
control (4.03 %). For mixtures with SK-70 base asphalt, WMAs
with Rediset and Sasobit also had slightly greater air voids (4.11
and 4.19) than the controls (4.0 %). The reason for the WMAs
to have slightly greater air voids could be a greater viscosity of
the binders of WMA under the mixing and compaction temper-
atures used in this study. In addition, VMA of all WMAs is sim-
ilar to the control, and greater than 14 %, a requirement of the
Technical Specification for Construction of Highway Asphalt
Pavements (JTG F40-2004 [31]). Overall, volumetric properties
of WMAs did not show a significant difference from the
controls.
FIG. 4 Average VMA of WMA and control mixtures.
 XIE ET AL. ON LABORATORY INVESTIGATION 5

FIG. 5 Average Marshall stability of WMA and control mixtures. FIG. 6 Properties of asphalt binders: (a) average penetration; and (b)
average dynamic viscosity at 60 C.

HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES
The Marshall stability is used to evaluate the mechanical
strength and resistance to plastic flow at 60 C. Figure 5 shows
the Marshall stability of the specimens. Generally, all of the
WMA samples had greater Marshall stability than 8.0 KN, the
requirement of the specification JTG F40-2004.
For the three different WMAs, the one with Sasobit had the
greatest Marshall stability, followed by the one with Rediset,
whereas all WMAs with Evotherm had the least, regardless of
the types of asphalt. It was indicated that all WMA with Sasobit
may have the greater mechanical strength, whereas all WMAs
with Evotherm may have the least. This may be explained by
the penetration and dynamic viscosity results of original and
warm asphalt binders. Figure 6 shows that the warm asphalt
binders with Sasobit had lower penetration and greater dynamic
viscosity at 60 C, compared with both the original and the other Rediset. Therefore, the influence of three different WMA addi-
two warm asphalt binders. tives on dynamic stability appears to be asphalt dependent.
The dynamic stability is widely used to evaluate the resist- Moreover, the dynamic stability of WMAs with SBS-
ance to rutting of asphalt mixture in China. The greater value of modified asphalt is 13.0 %–16.6 % less than that of controls
dynamic stability means better rutting resistance. Figure 7 shows (4768 times/mm); the dynamic stability of WMAs with Rediset
the dynamic stability of WMA as well as the control samples. In and Evotherm is 15.9 %–20.0 % less than that of controls
general, the dynamic stability of all WMAs and control samples (925 times/mm) when base asphalt was used. This indicated
with modified asphalt were greater by at least 2400 times/mm, a that most WMAs may have less rutting resistance than the con-
requirement of technical specification JTG F40-2004; the trol samples.
dynamic stability of base asphalt mixtures with Evotherm and Finally, it was observed that the WMA and control with
Sasobit reach 800 times/mm of the requirement of JTG F40- SBS-modified asphalt have significantly greater dynamic stabil-
2004, while those with Rediset did not. ity compared with WMA and control samples with base asphalt.
This may be contributing partially to the greater rutting resist-
For three different WMAs with modified asphalt, the
dynamic stability of WMA with Rediset, Evotherm, and Sasobit ance and softening point (Table 1) of modified asphalt compared
was 4147, 3977, and 3987 times/mm, respectively, and the with the unmodified asphalt used in this study.
dynamic stability of WMA with Rediset was slightly greater
than the other two WMAs. For three different WMAs with base RESISTANCE TO MOISTURE DAMAGE
asphalt, the dynamic stability of WMAs with Evotherm and The indicators of ITS and TSR in the freeze-thaw splitting
Sasobit was similar to the control and greater than those with strength test are used to evaluate the resistance to moisture
6 Journal of Testing and Evaluation

FIG. 7 Average dynamic stability of WMA and control mixtures: (a) SBS- FIG. 8 Average indirect tensile strength of WMA and control mixtures.
modified asphalt; and (b) SK-70 base asphalt.

RESISTANCE TO CRACKING
Bending failure strain is used widely to evaluate the resistance
to cracking of asphalt mixture in China. The greater the value
of the bending failure strain, the better resistance to cracking.
Figure 10 shows the bending failure strain at low temperatures
( 10 C) of WMA and control HMA samples. In general, the
bending failure strain of all WMAs and control samples with
modified asphalt were greater than 2500 le, and the bending
failure strain of all mixtures with unmodified asphalt were more
than 2000 le, a requirement of technical specification JTG
F40-2004.
For the three different WMAs, the one with Rediset had the
greatest bending failure strain, regardless of the types of asphalt.
This indicates that WMAs with Rediset may have better resist-
ance to cracking at low temperatures than the other two
WMAs. In addition, among all asphalt mixtures, most of

damage of asphalt mixtures. Greater values of ITS and TSR

FIG. 9 Average TSR of WMA and control mixtures.
mean better resistance to moisture damage. Figures 8 and 9
show the ITS and TSR results of the WMAs and control sam-
ples. In general, the TSRs of the WMAs with SBS-modified
asphalt are greater than 80 %, a requirement of technical
specification JTG F40-2004, and the TSRs of the WMAs with
base asphalt were more than 75 %, a requirement of JTG
F40-2004.
Among the three WMAs, the ones with Sasobit have
slightly greater ITS and TSR than the other two, regardless of
the types of asphalt. This illustrates that the WMAs with Sasobit
may possess better resistance to moisture damage. In addition,
the TSR of all WMAs was greater than that of control samples,
regardless of the types of asphalt. This indicates that WMA
additives may improve the moisture property of asphalt
mixtures.

FIG. 10 Average low temperature bending failure strain of WMA and control
mixtures.
WMAs had less bending failure strain than the controls, except
those with Rediset and base asphalt. This indicates that most
WMAs may have less resistance to cracking at low temperatures
than the control samples.
In addition, it was observed that the WMAs and control
samples with modified asphalt have greater bending failure
strain, compared with control samples and WMAs with base
asphalt. This illustrates that the WMAs and control samples
with modified asphalt may have better resistance to cracking at
low temperatures than the WMAs and control samples with
unmodified asphalt. It may be contributing partially to the
better resistance to cracking and greater ductility at low temper-
ature (5 C) (Table 1) of modified asphalt than unmodified
asphalt used in this study.
Summary and Conclusions
A series of tests including density, freeze-thaw splitting,
dynamic stability, and bending beam tests were performed on
WMAs. The effects of the WMA additives on the properties of
asphalt mixtures were investigated. The following conclusions
can be obtained from the present research:
(1) Volumetric properties (air voids and VMA) of WMAs
did not have a significant difference from the control
samples.
(2) WMAs with Sasobit had the greatest Marshall stability,
followed by WMAs with Rediset, whereas all WMAs
with Evotherm had the least, regardless of the types of
asphalt.
(3) For WMAs with modified asphalt, the dynamic stability
of WMAs with Rediset was slightly greater than other
two WMAs. For WMAs with base asphalt, the dynamic
stability of WMAs with Evotherm and Sasobit was simi-
lar to the control samples and greater than those with
XIE ET AL. ON LABORATORY INVESTIGATION 7
Rediset. The influence of three different WMA additives
on dynamic stability may be asphalt dependent.
(4) WMAs with Sasobit have slightly greater ITS and TSR
than the other two, regardless of the types of asphalt.
This illustrates that WMAs with Sasobit may have better
resistance to moisture damage.
(5) WMAs with Rediset had the greatest bending failure
strain, regardless of the types of asphalt. In addition,
among all asphalt mixtures, most of WMAs had lower
bending failure strain than the control samples.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China, China (Project No. 51378328) and by the
Jiangsu Department of Transportation, China (Project No.
[2012]35), for which the writers are very grateful.
References
[1] Kasozi, A. M., 2010, “Properties of Warm Mix Asphalt
from Two Field Projects: Reno, NV and Manitoba, Can-
ada,” M.S. dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno, NV.
[2] Gandhi, T., 2008, “Effects of Warm Asphalt Additives on
Asphalt Binder and Mixture Properties,” Ph.D. disserta-
tion, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
[3] Rogers, W., 2011, “Influence of Warm Mix Additives upon
High RAP Asphalt Mixes,” Ph.D. dissertation, Clemson
University, Clemson, SC.
[4] Alossta, A., “Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt Versus
Conventional Hot Mix Asphalt for Field and Laboratory-
Compacted Specimens,” Arizona State University Tempe,
AZ, 2011.
[5] Capitão, S. D., Picado-Santos, L. G., and Martinho, F.,
“Pavement Engineering Materials: Review on the Use of
Warm-Mix Asphalt,” Constr. Build. Mater., Vol. 36, 2012,
pp. 1016–1024.
[6] Liu, Z., Wu, S., Chen, M., and Hu, D., “Status and Prob-
lems of Warm Mix Asphalt,” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.,
Vol. 4, 2009.
[7] Mo, L., Lia, X., Fang, X., Huurmanb, M., and Wu. S.,
“Laboratory Investigation of Compaction Characteristics
and Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Containing
Chemical Additives,” Constr. Build. Mater., Vol. 37, 2012,
pp. 239–247.
[8] Wang, F. and Li, L., “Experimental Research on Some
Problems in Mixture Design of Warm Mix Asphalt,”
J. East China Jiaotong Univ., Vol. 4, 2010.
[9] Xu, S., Luo, X., and Sun, Z., “Performance Evaluation and
Comparison of SBS Emulsion Warm Mixture and Hot SBS
Modified Asphalt Mixture,” J Beijing Univ. Civil Eng.
Archit., Vol. 2, 2008.
[10] Zhang, Z. and Sun, L., “The Control Indicates Research of
Evotherm Warm-Mix Asphalt,” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.,
Vol. 8, 2009.
[11] Leng, Z. and Al-Qadi, I., “Comparative Life Cycle Assess-
ment between Warm SMA and Conventional SMA,”
Research Report ICT-11-090, Illinois Center for Transpor-
tation, Rantoul, IL.
8 Journal of Testing and Evaluation
[12] Sasol Wax, http://www.sasolwax.com/Sasobit_Technology.
html (Last accessed 09 July 2014).
[13] Federal Highway Administration, http://www.fhwa.dot.
gov/pavement/asphalt/wma.cfm (Last accessed 09 July
2014).
[14] MeadWestvaco Corporation, http://www.meadwestvaco.
com/SpecialtyChemicals/AsphaltAdditives/MWV002106
(Last accessed 09 July 2014).
[15] AkzoNobel, http://sc.akzonobel.com/en/asphalt/Pages/
applications-warm-mix.aspx (Last accessed 09 July
2014).
[16] Hurley, G. C. and Prowell, B. D., “Evaluation of Asphamin
for Use in Warm Mix Asphalt, NCAT Report 05-04,
National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL,
2005.
[17] Hurley, G. C. and Prowell, B. D., “Evaluation of Sasobit for
Use in Warm Mix Asphalt, NCAT Report 05-06, National
Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL, 2005.
[18] Hurley, G. C. and Prowell, B. D., “Evaluation of Evotherm
for Use in Warm Mix Asphalt,” NCAT Report 06-02,
National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL, 2005.
[19] Biro, S., Gandhi, T. S., and Amirkhanian, S. N., “Midrange
Temperature Rheological Properties of Warm Asphalt
Binders,” Mater. Civil Eng., Vol. 21, 2009, pp. 316–323.
[20] Wasiuddin, N., Selvamohan, S., Zaman, M., and Guegan,
M., “Comparative Laboratory Study of Sasobit and Aspha-
Min Additives in Warm Mix Asphalt,” Transportation
Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 82–88.
[21] Kunnawee, K., Samak, S., Kitae, K., Wilfung, M., and
Hussain, B., “Laboratory Study on Warm Asphalt Additives,”
Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2007.
View publication stats
[22] Xiao, F., Jordan, J., and Amirkhanian, S. N., “Laboratory
Investigation of Moisture Damage in Warm Mix Asphalt
Containing Moist Aggregate,” 88th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., 2009.
[23] Kim, H., Lee, S. J., and Amirkhanian, S. N., “Effects of
Warm Mix Asphalt Additives on Performance Properties
of Polymer Modified Asphalt Binders,” Can. J. Civil Eng.,
Vol. 37, No. 1, 2010, pp. 17–24.
[24] T0729-2000, “Freeze-thaw Splitting Test of Bituminous
Mixtures,” 2000.
[25] JTG E20-2011, “Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and
Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engineering,” 2011.
[26] AASHTO T283, “Standard Method of Test for Resistance
of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced
Damage, American Association of State and Highway
Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2011.
[27] T0719-2011, “Wheel Tracking Test of Bituminous
Mixtures,” 2011.
[28] AASHTO TP63-03, “Standard Method of Test for Deter-
mining the Rutting Susceptibility of Asphalt Paving Mix-
tures Using the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA),”
American Association of State and Highway Transporta-
tion Officials, Washington, D.C., 2003.
[29] T0715-2011, “Bend Test of Bituminous Mixtures,” 2011.
[30] AASHTO T322-07, “Standard Test Method for Determin-
ing the Creep Compliance and Strength of Hot-Mix
Asphalt (HMA) Using the Indirect Tensile Test Device,”
Washington, D.C., 2007.
[31] JTG F40-2004, “Standard Specification for Construction
and Acceptance of Highway Asphalt Pavements,” People’s
Traffic Publishing House, Beijing, 2004.