OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION IN

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
(A CASE STUDY ON PHUENTSHOLING LOW
VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK)

Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of Bachelor of Degree
In
Electrical Engineering

Submitted By:

Ms. Rinzin Choden Mr. Tshewang Sither

Mr. Tashi Namgyel

Under the guidance of: Mr. Cheku Dorji

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRCIAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PHUENTSHOLING, BHUTAN

June, 2017
 ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF BHUTAN

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Distribution
System. (A case study on Phuentsholing low voltage distribution system)”, which is being
submitted by Ms. Rinzin Choden (02022013019), Mr. Tshewang Sither (02022013036) and
Tashi Namgyel (EDE2012047) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
“Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering” is a record of student work
carried out at College of Science and Technology, Phuentsholing under my supervision and
guidance.

Mr. Cheku Dorji

Project Guide
 ABSTRACT

Electrical Supply Division (ESD) is responsible for the distribution of power supply safely and
efficiently from the low voltage (LV) substation to consumer end points. However, with the
growth in population density and the demand for energy, the electric distribution system has
become more complex and congested. It makes difficult for the utility (BPC) to maintain
continues power supply in parallel with the fast growing energy demand. Therefore this project
is an attempt to study the appraisal of LV distribution network, the protection schemes and
particularly how to improve the coordination of protective relays of Phuentsholing LV
networks. The study consist of detail network systems, single line diagram, followed by load
flow and short circuit analysis for the protection schemes and the coordination of Overcurrent
Relays. The simulation and analysis were carried out in Dig Silent Power Factory and the
results obtained were compared with the data provided by ESD (BPC), Phuentsholing. In
general any power system would comprises number of important equipment to be protected,
and the complete control-protective gears (relay, circuit breakers) are necessary to ensure the
reliability of power supply all the time. The protective relays placed in the network either in
radial mode or ring system are normally coordinated based on time discrimination, current
discrimination or the combination of both. The primary protection relay must operate within
its predetermined time period, In case of failure of primary relay, the next relay called back-up
protection has to react after the stipulated delay. The relay coordination and the time-current
characteristics of three over current relays placed in 33kV/11kV distribution network were
simulated using Dig SILENT Power Factory. The simulated results, the operating times of relay
are found to be bit higher values while comparing with the practical time settings. However,
the time settings of the existing relays could not be ascertained. The Inverse Definite Minimum
time (IDMT) over current relay characteristics is used for the time-current discrimination of
three relays, from load to source. The maximum three phase short circuit and single phase to
ground fault were considered for short circuit analysis.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the project students would like to thank the Royal University of Bhutan, the College of
Science and Technology for providing an invaluable opportunity to study under graduate course
and facilitating the platform for our Final year Project Work.

The project would not be achieved without the support and assistance of our project guide Mr.
Cheku Dorji, who has been a mentor and constant source of aspiration in accomplishing our
project. We also would like to thank all the other tutors for their generous feedback and
suggestions during the reviews.

Lastly, we would also like to particularly thank Mr. Sherab Tenzin (Assistant Engineer), Bhutan
Power Cooperation, Phuntsholing for providing information and made available for us
whenever we approached.

Finally, a special thanks to all the individual who directly or indirectly helped in the completion
of this project in every little capacity possible.

Ms. Rinzin Choden

Mr. Tshewang Sither

Mr. Tashi Namgyel

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .........................................................................................................iii

Table of Contents....................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................vii

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. ix

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1

1.1 Background and Motivation ............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Proposed Methodology ................................................................................................ 2

CHAPTER TWO: LITRERATURE REVIEW ............................................... 4

2.1 Overcurrent Relay ........................................................................................................ 4

2.2 Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) & Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) .............................. 5

2.3 Standard formula for overcurrent relay........................................................................ 5

2.4 Load flow analysis ....................................................................................................... 6

2.5 Short Circuit Analysis .................................................................................................. 7

2.5.1 Types of fault ........................................................................................................ 8

2.6 Overcurrent Protection system ................................................................................... 10

2.6.1 Types of an overcurrent relay .................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER THREE: STUDY OF THE EXISTING DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM of PHUENTSHOLING.................................................................... 15
3.1 Appraisal of low voltage distribution system of Phuentsholing. ............................... 15

3.2 Main Distribution System .......................................................................................... 15

3.3 Current Protection Scheme and Relay Settings in the network .................................. 16

CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 17

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 4.1 Line loss in Water Booster and PWD feeder ............................................................. 17

4.1.1 Loss in the distribution line ................................................................................ 17

4.1.2 Transformer loss calculations ............................................................................. 19

4.2 Relay Coordination .................................................................................................... 24

4.2.1 Method of relay coordination ............................................................................. 24

4.2.2 Theoretical Calculation for overcurrent Relay Setting ....................................... 26

4.2.3 Water booster feeder (Time Current graded system) ......................................... 27

4.2.4 PWD feeder (Time current graded system) ........................................................ 27

CHAPTER FIVE: SIMULATION USING DIGSILENT POWER

FACTORY SOFTWARE ................................................................................. 29
5.1 Feeder 1: Water Booster Feeder ..................................................................................... 29

5.1.1 Line loss in water booster feeder ........................................................................ 29

5.1.2 Transformer Losses ............................................................................................ 30

5.2 Feeder 2: PWD Feeder ............................................................................................... 31

5.2 1 Line losses in PWD feeder ...................................................................................... 31

5.2.2 Transformer losses .............................................................................................. 32

5.3 Observation from the system loss ................................................................................... 33

5.4 Voltage Profile ................................................................................................................ 33

5.5 Relay Coordination result from DIgSILENT PowerFactory .......................................... 34

5.5.1 Water Booster Feeder ......................................................................................... 34

5.5.2 PWD feeder ........................................................................................................ 40

5.5.3 Earth fault relay setting....................................................................................... 42

CHAPTER SIX: RESULT VALIDATION .................................................... 46

6.1 System loss validation................................................................................................ 46

6.1.1 Water booster feeder .............................................................................................. 46

6.1.2 PWD feeder ........................................................................................................ 46

6.2 Relay setting validation.............................................................................................. 46

6.2 1 Water booster feeder ................................................................................................ 46

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 6.2.2 PWD feeder ........................................................................................................ 47

CHAPTER SEVEN: RECOMMENDATION AND FUTURE WORK ...... 48

CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION.............................................................. 49

References .......................................................................................................... 50

Appendix – 1 ...................................................................................................... 51

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Showing Symmetrical faullts ...................................................................................... 8

Figure 2. Open circuit faults ....................................................................................................... 9

Figure 3. Double line to groung faults ...................................................................................... 10

Figure 4. Instantaneous overcurrent relay ................................................................................ 11

Figure 5. Definite time overcurrent relay ................................................................................. 12

Figure 6.Inverse time overcurrent relay ................................................................................... 13

Figure 7. Inverse definite minimum time relay ........................................................................ 13

Figure 8. Very inverse overcurrent relay .................................................................................. 14

Figure 9.Extremely inverse curve ............................................................................................. 14

Figure 10. Relay Location of the existing network .................................................................. 16

Figure 11. Discrimination by time ............................................................................................ 25

Figure 12.Discrimination by current ........................................................................................ 25

Figure 13: Water booster feeder model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software ..................... 29

Figure 14. Line losses in feeder 1 for the month of February 2015 using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software. ............................................................................................................ 30

Figure 15.Transformer Losses in feeder 1 for the month of February 2015 using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software. ............................................................................................................ 30

Figure 16: PWD Feeder model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.................................. 31

Figure 17. Line losses in feeder 2 for the month of February 2015 using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software. ............................................................................................................ 32

Figure 18. Transformer losses in feeder 2 for the month of February 2015 using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software. ............................................................................................................ 32

Figure 19. Voltage profile of Water Booster feeder for the month of February 2015 ............. 33

vii
Figure 20. Voltage profile of PWD feeder for the month of February2015 ............................. 33

Figure 21. Max 3 phase short circuit fault created at Water booster feeder ............................. 34

Figure 22. IDMT curve plotted for the 3 phase fault at Water booster feeder ......................... 35

Figure 23. 3 phase short circuit fault at the RSTA bus............................................................. 36

Figure 24. IDMT curve polted for the fault at RSTA bus ........................................................ 36

Figure 25. 3 phase short circuit fault created at the incoming line ........................................... 37

Figure 26. IDMT curve ploted for the fault. ............................................................................. 38

Figure 27. 3 phase short circuit fault created at the Water Booster Feeder .............................. 38

Figure 28. IDMT curve plotted for the fault. ............................................................................ 39

Figure 29. 3 phase short circuit fault created at the PWD feeder ............................................. 40

Figure 30. IDMT curve plotted for the fault at PWD feeder .................................................... 40

Figure 31. 3 phase short circuit fault created at the RRCO feeder ........................................... 41

Figure 32. IDMT curve plotted for the fault at RRCO feeder .................................................. 42

Figure 33. Single phase to groung fault created at the PWD feeder ........................................ 43

Figure 34. IDMT curve plotted for the fault at PWD feeder .................................................... 43

Figure 35. Single phase to ground fault created at the PWD feeder ........................................ 44

Figure 36. IDMT curve plotted for the fault. ............................................................................ 45

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. IEC standard table ........................................................................................................ 6

Table 2.Theoretical calculation of Line losses for the month of February 2015 in feeder 1. .. 18

Table 3.Theoretical calculation of line losses for the month of February 2015 in feeder 2. .. 19

Table 4. Feeder 1 Transformer Losses for the month of February 2015 .................................. 22

Table 5. Feeder 2 Transformer Losses in the month of February 2015 ................................... 23

Table 6. Theoretical Results of Overcurrent relay setting for 3 phase fault performed ........... 27

Table 7. Theoretical Result of Earth fault relay setting for single phase to ground fault
performed.................................................................................................................................. 27

Table 8. Theoritical Results of Overcurrent relay setting for 3 phase fault performed ............ 28

Table 9. Theoretical Result of Earth fault relay setting for single phase to ground fault
performed.................................................................................................................................. 28

Table 11. Plug setting and Time of operation of the relays(Time current graded system) ...... 35

Table 12. Plug setting and Time of opereation of the relays(Timecurrent graded system) ..... 37

Table 13. Plug Setting and Time of Operation of the relay(Timecurrent graded system) ....... 38

Table 14. Plug Setting and Time of Operation for time graded ............................................... 39

Table 15. Plug Setting and Time of Operation of relay in feeder 2 for time current graded system
.................................................................................................................................................. 41

Table 16. Plug Setting and Time of Operation of relay in feeder 2 for time current graded
system. ...................................................................................................................................... 42

Table 17. Plug Setting and Time of Operation of relay in feeder 2(Time current graded system)
.................................................................................................................................................. 44

Table 18. Plug Setting and Time of Operationof relay in feeder 2(Time graded system) ....... 45

Table 19. Comparison of Losses of Water Booster feeder ....................................................... 46

Table 20. Comparison of Losses of PWD feeder ..................................................................... 46

ix
Table 21. Relay setting comparison for Water booster feeder (Time current graded system) . 46

Table 22. Relay setting comparison for PDW feeder(Timecurrent graded system) ................ 47

x
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sl. No. Terms Descriptions

1 CST College of Science and Technology
2 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
3 BPC Bhutan Power Corporation
4 AC Alternating Current
5 CT Current transformer

xi
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Motivation

The power system comprises of generating station, transmission and distribution system. In
Bhutan, the generating stations are located at different parts of the country which are
interconnected by the transmission network and ultimately connected to the distribution station.
Distribution system is the link between the distribution station and the customer. Electrical
Supply Division (ESD) is responsible for the power distribution from the low voltage
distribution substation (66/33/11kV) to various consumer in Bhutan. For the distribution of
power, the distribution network requires distribution station, distribution feeder, distribution
transformer and service mains.

Power system network in Bhutan has been expanding yearly and it is expected to increase
further after the completion of the ongoing hydropower project. With the increase in power
system network there is a need of upgrading the equipment and protection setting for the reliable
power supply of the Bhutan network. Therefore, transmission and distribution feeders should
be protected by a comprehensive protection scheme. The protection scheme designed for the
system should be fast and selective. Also if main protection fails to operate, there should be a
backup protection for which proper relay coordination is necessary.

There are three types of protection scheme namely the overcurrent protection, distance
protection and the differential protection. The overcurrent and distance protection is widely
used in the power system network. In the transmission network, the distance protection is the
primary protection and the overcurrent protection as the backup protection whereas in
distribution system the overcurrent is the main primary protection scheme. Overcurrent
protection follows different time current characteristics for the relay coordination.

In this project, the overcurrent relay coordination for the distribution network of Phuentsholing
using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software is considered for the studies. The inverse definite
minimum time (IDMT) overcurrent relay and its time current characteristics are used for the
entire distribution network.

1.2 Objectives

The following are the main objectives of the project;

 Review on the various types of relay and relay coordination in distribution system.

1
  Appraisal of the protection setting of the existing Phuentsholing distribution network.
 Learning the basic features of DigSILENT powerfactory software and how to simulate
the system using the software.
 Analysis of load flow and the short circuit on various voltage levels in a network.
 Modelling of Phuentsholing distribution network and protection schemes in
DIgSILENT PowerFactory.
 To analyse the coordination of overcurrent relay with different possible faults.
 Validation of simulated results with the practical set values.

1.3 Proposed Methodology

2
Literature review

Data collection from BPC

Modelling of the system in

DIgSILENT PowerFactory
software

Load flow analysis

Short circuit analysis

Overcurrent relay coordination

Compare the Simulated results

with the actual relay setting

2
  Literature review

The knowledge for load flow analysis, short circuit analysis and the parameters required for the
relay settings to be implemented in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software for the relay
coordination will be acquired by doing the literature review.

 Data collection from BPC

For the overcurrent relay coordination of the Phuentsholing distribution network, the single line
diagram of the network will be obtained from BPC. The information on the type of relay used,
location of the relays, numbers of relays installed and the parameters for relay setting will be
also acquired from BPC.

 Modelling of the system in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software

Phuentsholing distribution network will be modelled in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software

using the data obtained from the BPC.

 Load flow analysis

After obtaining the data from BPC, load flow analysis will be done theoretically. Then will
perform load flow analysis in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.

 Short circuit analysis

For the protection setting, three phase short circuit and single phase to ground fault will be
performed in the software to obtain the fault current level.

 Overcurrent relay coordination

Based on the short circuit analysis, the overcurrent relay will be coordinated in the software and
various analysis is to be made.

 Compare the simulated result with actual relay setting

The simulated result of overcurrent relay coordination will be compared with the actual relay
setting of the Phuentsholing distribution network.

3
 CHAPTER TWO: LITRERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overcurrent Relay

The power system network should be protected for the reliable power supply. The protection is
done by relays and circuit breakers. The design of sizing and number depends upon the power
distribution system and it varies from system to system, however the fault is isolated by the
relay [1]. Over current phase and earth fault relay coordination is necessary to achieve proper
fault identification and fault clearance sequence. The load flow analysis gives the current,
voltage and power flow of line, bus, transformer, circuit breakers, motors and other
equipment’s. Using the load flow study, we can decide the plug setting of relay. Same as load
flow study, the short circuit study is essential to find PSM of relay. Then using this PSM, we
can find the TMS of back up relay. Thus, load flow and short circuit study must be required in
relay coordination [2].

Overcurrent protection is the predominant protection method used for distribution feeders. The
standard time-current curves, pickup values, and time dial coordinate the operation of multiple
protective relays on radial feeders. The objective is to operate as fast as possible for faults in
the primary zone, while delaying operations for faults in the backup zone. The engineer derives
available short circuit current and the desired coordination time interval between relays [3].

The relays shall reach at least up to the end of the next protected zone. This is required to ensure
the back-up protection. whenever possible, use relays with the same operating characteristic in
series with each other and make sure that the relay farthest from the source has current settings
equal to or less than the relays behind it, that is, that the primary current required to operate the
relay in front is always equal to or less than the primary current required to operate the relay
behind it [4].

The relay current setting is given by Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) and the time settings are
given by the Time Dial Settings. The plug-setting must not be less than the maximum normal
load including permissible continuous overload unless monitor by under voltage relay,
otherwise the relay will not allow the normal load to be delivered. In estimating the plug-setting,
an allowance must be made for the fact that the relay pick-up varies from 1.05 to 1.3 times pug-
settings, as per standards [2].

The overcurrent relay coordination curve for the feeder must lie below the feeder overload and
feeder short circuit damage curve on the time – current characteristics graph. Also the

4
overcurrent relay coordination curve for the feeder must lie above the capacity curve of the
feeder [4]. Overcurrent relay (OCR) is a type of protective relay which operates when the load
current exceeds a pre-set value. Overcurrent relays generally have current setting multipliers
ranging from 50 to 200% in steps of 25% which is referred to as plug setting (PS).

2.2 Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) & Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)

PS for each relay is determined by two parameters; the minimum fault current and the maximum
load current. The coordination of this protective relay is set up during the process of system
design based on the fault current calculation. In the coordination problem of overcurrent relays,
the objective is to determine the time setting multiplier (TSM) and plug setting multiplier (PSM)
of each relay, so that the overall operating time of the primary relays is minimized properly [5].

An overcurrent relay has a minimum operating current, known as the current setting of the
relay. The current setting must be chosen so that the relay does not operate for the maximum
load current in the circuit being protected, but does operate for a current equal or greater to the
minimum expected fault current. The current setting of a relay nearer the source must always
be higher than the setting of the preceding relay. The relays must have current settings which
are higher than any current which can flow through the relays under normal conditions i.e. 110%
of the rated current. Electronic and microprocessor-based relays have current setting steps of
5% [6].

In order to apply the relay in the power system it is necessary to be able to modify the time
scale of time-current characteristic. The time-multiplier setting must be chosen to give lowest
possible time for the relay at the end of the radial feeder. In the preceding sections towards the
source, the time multiplier should be chosen to give desire selective interval from the down-
stream relay at maximum fault conditions.

The time multiplier setting should allow not only for the time of the breaker but also for the
overshoot of the relay and allowable time-errors in the time of operation of successive relays.

2.3 Standard formula for overcurrent relay

By using the general equation of IEC (International Electro Technical Commission) standard:

𝐶
𝑇𝑝= [(𝐼/𝐼𝑝) α ] ×TMS)
−1

𝑇𝑝 = Operating time in second.

5
 (𝐼/𝐼𝑝) α = Applied multiples of set current value.

C and α = Constant of Relay

Constants for IEC Standard Time Overcurrent Characteristics IEC Standard [2]

Table 1. IEC standard table

IEC standard table

Type of characteristics C α

Normal inverse 0.14 0.02

Very inverse 13.5 1

Extremely inverse 80 2

Long-time inverse 120 1

Short time inverse 0.05 0.04

Inverse 9.4 0.7

2.4 Load flow analysis

Load flow analysis is necessary to obtain how much the voltages, currents, and power (active
and reactive) are flowing in the power system network under steady state conditions.it also
provides power losses in the system, the voltage profile and the percentage loading of line and
transformer. From the load flow analysis the plug setting required for the relay setting is
acquired .Load flow studies can also be used to determine the optimum size and location of
capacitors for power factor correction. [7]
The other importance of the load flow analysis are as following:
 To plan ahead and account for various hypothetical situations that may occur in the
system.
 The impact of increased load on the system.
 Solutions for loss reduction in the system.
 Improvement of voltage profile

6
2.5 Short Circuit Analysis

A short circuit is an abnormal connection of very low impedance between two points of
different potential, whether made intentionally or accidentally. Due to short circuit it causes the
flow of excessive current in the power system leading to the interruption of power supply.
Although the power system is being designed to protect from various faults but somehow the
system gets damaged. Fault current depends on the power circuit voltage and configuration,
method of neutral connections (solidly grounded, resistance grounded, reactance grounded and
ungrounded), presence of the regulating devices (such as shunt reactor, series reactor, shunt and
series capacitors and FACT devices), and the speed of disconnection of the faulted circuit
section.

Determination of fault current in power system for various fault such as 3 phase to ground,2
phase to ground, phase to phase ,single phase to ground and phase to neutral ground can be
done through the short circuit analysis. Apart from the short circuit current, the interrupting
ratings of protective devices such as circuit breaker and fuses for ensuring the protection of
equipment installed in the power system and as well as coordination of protective devices can
be known. If an electrical fault exceeds the interrupting rate of the protective device, extensive
damage of equipment will occur. Therefore any electrical equipment should not be installed
without the knowledge of the complete short circuit study for the power distribution.

The short circuit in the power system cannot always be prevented but its effect can only be
reduced at the time of planning and design stage of the system. The electrical equipment such
as conductor, transformer, switchgear equipment (relay, circuit breaker, fuses) should be
designed with the capability of withstanding the system fault current rating. A power system is
not static but changes during operation (switching on or off of generators and transmission
lines) and during planning (addition of generators and transmission lines).Thus short circuit
analysis should be done timely for the proper protection.

The short circuit is caused by the following:

Internal effects:

 Breakdown of equipment, transmission or distribution lines from deterioration of

insulation in generator, transformer etc.

 Inadequate design such as selecting improper equipment’s rating and improper

installation.

7
External effects:

 Overloading of the equipment.

 Weather conditions: It includes the insulation failure due to lightning surges. The
damage of equipment due to heavy rains, heavy winds, salt deposition on overhead
lines and conductors, snow and ice accumulation on transmission lines.
 Smoke: If the smoke is present around the overhead lines, ionization between air and
smoke particles will take place causing a flashover between the conductors or between
the conductor and insulator .This flashover causes insulators to lose their insulting
capacity due to high voltage.

2.5.1 Types of fault

2.5.1.1 Symmetrical /balanced faults

Symmetrical faults occur when all the three phase are simultaneously short circuited and give
rise to symmetrical fault current having different magnitudes with equal phase displacement
(120 degree from each other).

These faults rarely occur in practice as compared with unsymmetrical faults and causes severe
damage to the electrical equipment.

Types: there are two types namely line to line to line (L-L-L) and Line to line to line to ground
(L-L-L-G).

Figure 1. Showing Symmetrical faullts

8
2.5.1.2 Unsymmetrical /unbalanced Faults
Unsymmetrical faults are the most common faults that occur in the power system network
giving rise to unsymmetrical fault current having different magnitudes with unequal phase
displacement.

Types:

 open circuit faults (single and two phase open circuit faults)
 line to ground fault(L-G)
 phase to phase fault(L-L)
 double line to ground fault(L-L-G)

Open Circuit Faults/series fault

The failure of one or more conductors, circuit breaker in one or more phase and melting of fuse
in or more phase caused the open circuit faults in the power system network.

Figure 2. Open circuit faults

The single phase and two phase are the open circuit fault except for three phase open circuit
fault.

 Single phase to ground fault

The short circuit path between the line and ground is called single phase to ground.it is the one
of the most common fault that occur in the power system network.it being less severe than other
faults, it causes less damage to the electrical equipment.

9
  Line to line fault

The fault occur when a live conductor comes in contact with another live conductor in the
network. The falling of tree over the two line and the heavy winds which makes the conductor
to swing and touch each other caused the line to line fault.

Double line to ground fault

The short circuit between two lines as well as with the ground is called double line to ground
fault.

Figure 3. Double line to groung faults

2.6 Overcurrent Protection system

Overcurrent relay is a sensing relay which operates when the current exceeds a predetermined
value. Overcurrent relay is used to protect the electrical power system element such as
transmission line, transformers, generators and motor from excessive current caused by short
circuit, corona discharge, overloading of the system and other faults. Various fault.in
transmission network overcurrent relay act as the backup relay.it is the primary protection in
distribution network protecting mainly the feeders. For a feeder protection there would be more
than one overcurrent relay to protect different sections of the feeder.

2.6.1 Types of an overcurrent relay

Depending upon the time of operation of the relay there are different types of overcurrent relay.
1. Instantaneous overcurrent relay
2. Definite time overcurrent relay

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 3. Inverse time overcurrent relay
a) Moderately inverse relay
b) Inverse definite minimum time relay
c) Very inverse relay
d) Extremely inverse relay
4. Directional overcurrent relay

I. Instantaneous overcurrent relay

The relay operates in definite time when the current exceeds its pick up value. The
operation of relay only depends upon the magnitude of the current where the operating
time is constant. There is no time delay. The principle for the coordination of the
instantaneous overcurrent relay is that the fault current varies with the location of the
fault in the system due to the difference in the impedance between the fault and the
source. The operating current of the relay progressively increased for the other relays
when moving towards the source whereas the relay located away from the source
operate for a low current value.

Figure 4. Instantaneous overcurrent relay

II. Definite time overcurrent relay

For the operation of definite time overcurrent relay, the current should exceed the
predetermined value and the fault must be continuous at least a time equal to time
setting of the relay. Its operation is independent of the magnitude of current above the
pickup value.

11
 Figure 5. Definite time overcurrent relay

Drawback of the Relay

 The continuity in the supply cannot be maintained at the load end in the event of fault.
 Time lag is provided which is not desirable in on short circuits.
 It is difficult to coordinate and requires changes with the addition of load.
 It is not suitable for long distance transmission lines where rapid fault clearance is
necessary for stability.
 Relay have difficulties in distinguishing between faults currents at one point or another
when fault impedances between these points are small, thus poor discrimination. [8]

Application
 It act as a backup protection to distance relay in transmission line with time delay.
 It also act as back up protection to differential relay of power transformer with time
relay.
 For the protection of outgoing feeders and bus couplers.

III. Inverse time overcurrent relay

Inverse time over-current Relay is one in which the time of operation of Relay decreases
as the fault current increases. The more the fault current the lesser will be the time of
operation of the Relay and vice versa. If fault current is equal to pick-up value then the
relay will take infinite time to operate.

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 Figure 6.Inverse time overcurrent relay

a. Inverse definite minimum time relay

For this relay the operating time is inversely proportional to the fault current.
The operating time of the relay can be made less by adjusting the time dial
setting. The relay operates when current exceeds its pick up value and the
operating time depends on the magnitude of current. For the lower values of
fault current the relay gives the inverse time current characteristics and for
higher values of fault current it gives definite time characteristics.it is used for
the protection of distribution lines.

Figure 7. Inverse definite minimum time relay

b. Very inverse relay

In this relay the range of operating time is inversely proportional to the fault
current over a wide range.it is effective for the protection from ground fault.it
protects the feeders and long sub transmission lines.

13
Application of the very inverse relay
 Suitable for the application if there is reduction in fault current as the fault distance from
the power source increases.
 Used when the fault current is dependent on the fault location.
 Used when the fault current is independent of normal changes in generating capacity.

Figure 8. Very inverse overcurrent relay

c. Extremely Inverse Relay:

The operating time of this relay is inversely proportional to the square of the
current.it gives more inverse characteristics than that of IDMT and very inverse
overcurrent relay.

Figure 9.Extremely inverse curve

14
 CHAPTER THREE: STUDY OF THE EXISTING
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM of PHUENTSHOLING

3.1 Appraisal of low voltage distribution system of Phuentsholing.

Apart from being one of the biggest towns in Bhutan, Phuentsholing is a prominent business
centre as well, pertaining to the fact that the town shares its border with India. With increased
business opportunities and easy access to Jaigaon, the town has experienced increasing number
of people and houses every year, for the statistics being 26500 according to NSB. It is therefore,
very important to proclaim a better understanding of power distribution system of the town for
convenient installation of the distribution lines and aid in other related prospects of the power
system

The Phuentsholing city get the power supply from 66/33/11kV substation located at Dhamdara.
It is known to be one of the oldest substation in Bhutan built in 1980s to import power from
India during the construction of chukka Hydro power project. After the completion of Chukka
Hydro power project, the substation was used for exporting the power generated from CHP to
India. Now it is catering power supply only to its locality.

The substation has two incoming lines, 66kV from malbase substation and another 66kV
directly from Chukha. There are three 66/33kV power transformer of 10MVA and one 3MVA
transformer. From this substation there are three 33kV and six 11kV outgoing feeders.

3.2 Main Distribution System

Two parallel 33kV lines are supplied from 66/33/11/kV to Phuentsholing substation located at
the ground floor of the BPCL office. There are three 11kV outgoing feeders from this substation
namely Water Booster feeder, RSA feeder and PWD feeder.

1. Water booster feeder

Water Booster Feeder supplies power to half of the Phuentsholing area namely Lower
market, Dhoti khola, NPPF colony, RSTA ,Choden Engineering, Tashi engineering,
AWP and Dratshang covering total conductor length of 3143.9m and the conductor used
are of dog and CBL type. There are 11 distribution transformers connected to this main
feeder namely six 750kVA, three 500kVA, one 315kVA and one 5MVA transformer.

15
 2. PWD feeder
This feeder supply power to another half area of the Phuentsholing area namely RICB,
Lhaki Hotel, Telecom, Pemaling, Bank of Bhutan, Druk hotel, Imtrat, Water treatment
area and Gompa area covering total conductor length of 5191.1m and there are mixed
of conductors namely HVABC, CBL and Dog. There are 14 distribution transformers
connected to this feeder namely three 75okVA, three 500kVA, three 250kVA, 5MVA,
1000kVA, 63kVA, 125kVA and 16kVA.

3.3 Current Protection Scheme and Relay Settings in the network

Figure 10. Relay Location of the existing network

There are two parallel 33kV line coming from 66/33/11/kV Phuentsholing substation. The
overcurrent numerical relays (micom P122) are installed only in the feeders going to the core
town area. One relay each at 33kV incoming (Relay 3) and 11kV outgoing (Relay 2) of Water
Booster and PWD Feeders as shown in the figure (09) and Relay 1 at the outgoing feeder. The
CT ratio of relays are 150/1 A, 400/1A and 300/1A for Relay 3, Relay 2 and Relay 1
respectively. Earth fault relays are installed as the backup protection for each relay.

16
 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY

Having known the details of existing network and data obtained from BPC, theoretical
calculation for the load flow is carried out and using the same data it is simulated later in the
DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.

4.1 Line loss in Water Booster and PWD feeder

4.1.1 Loss in the distribution line

Power loss in MV lines is proportional to square of the current flowing through it and can be
determined by the formula [9]:

𝑊 = 𝑁 × 𝐼 2 × 𝑅 × 𝐿(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡)

Where

W= power loss in Watt

N= no. of phases (2 for single phase two wire, 3 for 3 phase or 3 phase four wire)

𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚/𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

Since the Phuentsholing distribution is a radial type system, section wise current is being
calculated as shown in appendix [A].

17
 Table 2.Theoretical calculation of Line losses for the month of February 2015 in feeder 1.

Section Length Conductor Resistance Transformer Current Losses (W)

(m) (ohm/km) Connected at the (A)
end of the
section(KVA)
1 568.9 Dog 0.2745 5000 22.9 245.6804
2 415 CBL 0.1 750 12.78 20.334386
3 54.2 CBL 0.1 11.262 2.0622988
4 394 CBL 0.1 750 10.25 12.418388
5 45.7 CBL 0.1 750 8.732 1.0453577
6 12.8 CBL 0.1 7.214 0.1998405
7 347 CBL 0.1 750 3.672 1.4036411
8 260.6 CBL 0.1 750 2.154 0.362733
9 34.5 CBL 0.1 315 0.636 0.0041865
10 158 CBL 0.1 3.548 0.5966856
11 326 CBL 0.1 750 2.529 0.6255132
12 87.3 CBL 0.1 500 1.013 0.0268754
13 98 CBL 0.1 500 1.012 0.0301098
14 341.9 CBL 0.1 500 1.014 0.1054621
Total 3143.9 1.5745 11315 88.716 284.89587

18
 Table 3.Theoretical calculation of line losses for the month of February 2015 in feeder 2.

Section Length(m) Conductor Resistance Transformer Current(A) Loss(W)

(ohm/km) Connected at
the end of the
section(kVA)
1 568.9 Dog 0.2745 5000 44.29 918.99024
2 308 CBL 0.1 750 23.601 51.467465
3 50 CBL 0.1 20.497 6.3019051
4 223 CBL 0.1 500 4.981 1.6598132
5 338 CBL 0.1 16 2.921 0.8651692
6 377 HVABC 0.193 2.846 1.7680303
7 916 HVABC 0.193 500 2.068 2.2681674
8 727 HVABC 0.193 125 0.778 0.254784
9 418 HVABC 0.193 63 0.517 0.0646898
10 297 CBL 0.1 750 15.516 21.450491
11 35 CBL 0.1 12.413 1.617867
12 69.3 CBL 0.1 250 2.069 0.088997
13 77 CBL 0.1 250 1.035 0.0247453
14 61.7 CBL 0.1 750 10.344 1.9805392
15 27.6 CBL 0.1 7.241 0.4341376
16 86 CBL 0.1 250 3.103 0.2484181
17 7.6 CBL 0.1 500 2.069 0.0097601
18 604 CBL 0.1 1000 4.138 3.1026956
Total 5191.1 10704 160.427 1012.5979

4.1.2 Transformer loss calculations

The transformer is the most efficient of electrical machines, with efficiencies typically in the
high range of 90- 98 %. In spite of this, the cost of losses is an important factor in specifying
and purchasing transformers, especially distribution transformers which play the main role in
the power grid losses. Although their efficiency is high when compare to other electrical
apparatus the number of distribution transformers used in the LV network are more and kept

19
adding with rise in electrical load. And a cumulative amount of power loss is much more than
other devices. [10]

There are two types of losses in the distribution transformer. They are:

 No-load loss
It is also called core loss or constant loss.it is caused by the time varying nature of the
magnetizing force and the eddy current and hysteresis in the core materials. No load
loss includes dielectric loss and conductor loss due to excitation currents as well but the
dominant no load loss is the core loss [11].The loss is directly proportional to the
frequency and maximum flux density but independent of the load.
 Variable Load loss
It is also called as copper loss or winding loss.it is caused by the windings of the
transformer which is made up of copper. The load loss is not constant but it varies with
the square of the current carried by the transformer, the resistive heating losses in the
windings due to both load and eddy currents, stray losses due to leakage fluxes in the
windings, core lamps, and other parts, and the loss due to circulating currents in parallel
windings and parallel winding strands. [10]

The copper loss can be calculated by using the following formula [9]:

𝑃
𝑊𝑐 = ( )^2 × 𝑊𝑐𝑟(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡)
𝑇

𝑊𝑡 = 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑊𝑐

Where

𝑊𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟

𝑊𝑖 = 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑊𝐶𝑅 = 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑊𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑃 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟

20
𝑇 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟

Iron loss is a fixed loss (as prescribed by the manufacture or as per IS/Relevant standard)

 FEEDER 1:Water booster feeder

Since we didn’t get the loading of each transformer from BPC, we calculated in the following
manner

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐴

× 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐴

1311.11
× 100 = 11.59%
11315

So 11.59%, the loading of overall transformer connected in the feeder

Therefore to find the loading of each transformer:

For 750kVA transformer:

11.59
× 750 = 78.23 𝑘𝑊
100

For 500 kVA transformer:

11.59
× 315 = 36.5 𝑘𝑊
100

21
 Table 4. Feeder 1 Transformer Losses for the month of February 2015

Sl. No Transfor Qty Total Iron loss Full load output of Wc (W) Wi (W)
mer (kVA) (Wi) in copper the trans
Rating Watt. loss (P) (kW)
(kVA) (Wcr) in
Watts
1 750 6 4500 1355.29 10500 78.23 685.432 8131.76
2 500 3 1500 1000 7800 57.95 314.327 3000
3 315 1 315 720 5460 36.5 73.309 720
4 5000 1 5000 4500 25000 1180 1392.4 4500
Total 6565 11 11315 7575.29 48760 1352.68 2465.69 16351.8

 FEEDER 2:PWD Feeder

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐴

× 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐴

2531.646
× 100 = 23.65%
10704

So 23.65% is the loading of overall transformer connected in the feeder 2.

Therefore to find the loading of each transformer:

For 750kVA transformer:

23.65
× 750 = 140.13𝑘𝑊
100
For 500 kVA transformer:
23.65
× 500 = 93.4 𝑘𝑊
100
For 63 kVA transformer:
23.65
× 63 = 11.77 𝑘𝑊
100

For 125 kVA transformer:

22
 23.65
× 125 = 23.35 𝑘𝑊
100

For 250 kVA transformer:

23.65
× 250 = 46.71 𝑘𝑊
100

For 1000 kVA transformer:

23.65
× 1000 = 186.8 𝑘𝑊
100
For 16 kVA transformer:
23.65
× 16 = 3.784 𝑘𝑊
100
Table 5. Feeder 2 Transformer Losses in the month of February 2015

Sl. Trans- Qty Total Iron loss Full load Output of Wc (W) Wi(W)
No former (kVA) (Wi) in copper loss the trans.
rating Watts. in Watts. P(kW)
(kVA) (Wcr)
1 750 3 2250 1355.294 10500 140.13 1099.63 4065.88
9 2
2 500 3 1500 1000 7800 93.4 816.525 3000
3 250 3 750 610 4450 46.71 466.038 1830
4 5000 1 5000 4500 25000 2000 4000 4500
5 1000 1 1000 1750 13500 186.8 471.072 1750
6 63 1 63 243.8 1484 11.77 51.7971 243.8
7 125 1 125 397.5 2512.5 23.35 87.672 397.5
8 16 1 16 75 300 3.784 16.779 75
TOTAL 14 10704 9931.594 65546.5 2505.944 7009.52 15862.2
 Iron loss and copper losses are obtained from standard.

23
4.2 Relay Coordination

The coordination of the protective relay is done during the process of system design based on
the short circuit current level.it is the process of determining the sequence of relay operation
for various faults in power system so that the faulted section is cleared in minimum time. For
the proper relay coordination it is necessary to determine an appropriate time setting
multiplier(TSM) and plug setting multiplier(PSM) for each relay so that the operating time of
the relay is minimized. Besides the TSM and PSM, the type of network either radial or
interconnected system play a vital role for the optimum relay coordination.

Primary and back up protection

The first line of protection providing a quick and selective clearing of faults in the system is
called the primary protection. The protection given to the system when the main protection fails
is called back up protection. .

Failure of the main protection may be due to any of the following reasons [12]:-

A) D.C supply to the tripping circuit fails

B) Current or voltage supply to the relay fails
C) Tripping mechanism of the circuit breaker fails
D) Circuit breaker fails to operate
E) Main protective relay fails

4.2.1 Method of relay coordination

Discrimination by time, discrimination by current and discrimination both by current and time
are the three methods used for a correct relay coordination. Though the methods are different
from each other but they follow the same aim of isolating only the faulty section of system and
leaving the rest of the system undisturbed

1. Discrimination by time
In this method, an appropriate time setting keeping the same fault current level is given to each
relay controlling the circuit breakers in power system to ensure that the relay nearest to the fault
operates first. The relay near the source will have the maximum time compared to the relay at
far end from the source.

24
 Figure 11. Discrimination by time

Overcurrent protection is provided at B, C, D and E, that is at the in feed end of each section of
the power system. If the fault F occurs the relay B will have least operating time compared to
other relay. If relay B is able to clear the fault there is no need of the operation of other relays
but if it failed to clear the fault in a given time then the relay C will act as the backup relay for
it.

2. Discrimination by current
Discrimination by current relies on the fact that the fault current varies with the position of the
fault because of the difference in impedance values between the source and the fault. Therefore
the relays controlling the various circuit breakers are set to operate at suitably tapered values of
current such that only the relay nearest to the fault trips its breaker. [13]

Figure 12.Discrimination by current

3. Discrimination by both time and current

With this characteristic, the time of operation is inversely proportional to the current level and
the actual characteristics is a function of both time and current settings. For a large variation in
fault current between the two ends of the feeder, faster operating times can be achieved by the
relays nearest to the source, where the fault level is the highest.

The selection of overcurrent relay characteristics generally starts with selection of the correct
characteristics to be used for each relay, followed by choice of the relay current settings. Finally
the grading margins and hence time settings of the relays are determined.

25
Requirements for proper relay coordination

 Relay current setting

The minimum current required for the relay to operate is known as relay current setting.
Determination of current setting should be in such a way that the relay does not operate for the
maximum fault current level but does operate for a minimum fault current level. If the current
setting is set for the maximum fault current level in the power system, an overcurrent relay can
provide small degree of protection against overload and as well as for fault but the main function
of an overcurrent relay is to isolate primary system faults not for the overload protection. [13]

 Relay time grading margin

The minimum time interval between the primary and backup protective relay to achieve proper
discrimination between them is known as the time grading margin.
If the grading margin is not provided then more than one relay will operate for the same fault
leading in failure of the determination of fault location and occurring of blackout in the power
system.
 Time Multiplier setting
The operating time of an electrical relay mainly depends upon two factors [14]:

1. How long distance to be traveled by the moving parts of the relay for closing relay
contacts and
2. How fast the moving parts of the relay cover this distance.

The adjustment of travelling distance of a relay is commonly known as time setting. This
adjustment is commonly known as time setting multiplier of relay.

4.2.2 Theoretical Calculation for overcurrent Relay Setting

By using the following algorithm, the relay setting was done.

Assuming Plug Setting (PS) of relay 1=100% and TMS=0.025

1.3
PS of relay 2>1.05 × 𝑃𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 1

1.3
PS of relay 3>1.05 × 𝑃𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 2

𝑰
PSM=𝑷𝑺×𝑪𝑻𝒇 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

26
 𝟎.𝟏𝟒
T= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑷𝑺𝑴𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

4.2.3 Water booster feeder (Time Current graded system)

For the time current graded coordination of the overcurrent relay, three phase short-circuit and
single phase to ground fault was created on the water booster feeder bus in the software. Using
this fault current level the relay setting was done theoretically using the above mentioned
formula.

Table 6. Theoretical Results of Overcurrent relay setting for 3 phase fault performed

Relay Fault Plug setting PSM Operation TMS

current (%) time(T)
(kA)
Relay 1 6.255 100 20.85 0.055 0.025
Relay 2 6.257 125 12.51 0.065 0.03
Relay 3 2.085 51.5 27.25 0.085 0.04
Table 7. Theoretical Result of Earth fault relay setting for single phase to ground fault
performed

Relay Fault Plug setting PSM Operation TMS

current (%) time(T)
(kA)
Relay 1 5.532 100 18.44 0.058 0.025
Relay 2 5.535 125 11.064 0.068 0.03
Relay 3 2.085 51.5 13.92 0.088 0.04

4.2.4 PWD feeder (Time current graded system)

For the time current graded coordination of the overcurrent relay, three phase short-circuit and
single phase to ground fault was created on the PWD feeder bus in the software. Using this fault
current level the relay setting was done theoretically using the above mentioned

27
 Table 8. Theoritical Results of Overcurrent relay setting for 3 phase fault performed

Relay Fault current Plug setting PSM Operation TMS

(kA) (%) time(sec)
Relay 1 6.281 100 20.72 0.056 0.025
Relay 2 6.285 125 12.56 0.066 0.03
Relay 3 2.085 51.5 27.37 0.086 0.04

Table 9. Theoretical Result of Earth fault relay setting for single phase to ground fault
performed

Relay Fault current Plug setting PSM Operation TMS

(kA) (%) time(sec)
Relay 1 5.746 100 19.51 0.057 0.025
Relay 2 5.748 125 11.492 0.067 0.03
Relay 3 2.085 51.5 14.45 0.087 0.04

28
CHAPTER FIVE: SIMULATION USING DIGSILENT POWER
FACTORY SOFTWARE

DIgSILENT Powerfactory is the most economical solution, as data handling and modelling
capabilities which replaces overall functionality of other software systems. It has all-in-one
powerfactory solution which promotes highly optimized work flow. It is the tool which
combines reliability and flexibility. The PowerFactory data base environment fully integrates
all data required for defining cases, scenarios, single line graphics, outputs, run conditions,
calculation options, graphics, user defined models, etc…. as an example, the power flow, fault
analysis, and harmonic load flow analysis tools can be executed sequentially without resetting
the program.

For the load flow analysis, the method chosen was AC balanced, positive sequence and the
formulation Newton-Raphson with power equations.

5.1 Feeder 1: Water Booster Feeder

5.1.1 Line loss in water booster feeder

Figure 13: Water booster feeder model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software

29
 Loss(kW)
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

Figure 14. Line losses in feeder 1 for the month of February 2015 using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software.

From the graph it was observed that the 11kv outgoing line 2 has maximum line losses of
0.17kW and RSTA line with minimum loss of 0.0003kW.It is due to the length and resistance
of the line.

5.1.2 Transformer Losses

Since actual loading of the transformer was not available from BPC, the load capacity based on
peak load (February 2015) was taken.

Losses(kW)
4% 8%
8% 30%
8%
6%
6%
6%
8% 8%
8%

sector 2 Awp waterbooster USS

Dratshang lower market Nppf
RSTA Norgay Dhuti khola
Choden engg Tashi engg

Figure 15.Transformer Losses in feeder 1 for the month of February 2015 using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software.

30
The maximum losses was found in sector 2 transformer(5MVA) and minimum in Choden enng
transformer (315kVA).The transformer with high capacity has maximum losses as it has high
fixed and copper losses.

5.2 Feeder 2: PWD Feeder

5.2 1 Line losses in PWD feeder

Figure 16: PWD Feeder model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software

31
 Losses (kW)
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

Figure 17. Line losses in feeder 2 for the month of February 2015 using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software.

The maximum losses is found in PWD outgoing line with 0.39kW and minimum in RRCO line
with 0.00009kW.

5.2.2 Transformer losses

Losses(kW)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Figure 18. Transformer losses in feeder 2 for the month of February 2015 using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software.

32
5.3 Observation from the system loss

It is seen that the main reason for the system loss are due to the technical losses. The technical
losses are of two types namely the fixed and variable technical losses. The technical losses are
mainly generated from the equipment used in the system such as transformer and distribution
line. From the result, the maximum losses in the system comes from the transformer and less
from the lines. Variable losses vary with the amount of electricity distributed and are mostly
proportional to the square of the current. The losses can be reduce by increasing the cross
sectional area of lines for the given load, by installing the capacitor banks and selecting accurate
ratings of transformer according to the loading.

5.4 Voltage Profile

Rated Voltage in PU
1.005
1
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.98
0.975

Figure 19. Voltage profile of Water Booster feeder for the month of February 2015

Rated Voltage in PU
1.005
1
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.98
0.975
0.97
0.965
0.96

Figure 20. Voltage profile of PWD feeder for the month of February2015

33
A good voltage profile indicates a reliable and stable system. However it is difficult to maintain
a constant voltage level, there is always a voltage fluctuation in the system. The fluctuation in
the voltage is mainly due to the variation in the load and the power factor in the system. Voltage
varies in the power system with increase in load and decrease in power factor.

The standard operating voltage range of all the buses is set to 0.97-1.005p.u. It is seen that there
is no voltage violation in both the feeder, no capacitor banks are required to be added. All the
voltage level is not same in all the lines. Gompa line which distributed power to CST has
minimum voltage level as this line is mostly overloaded due to the bulk consumption of power.

5.5 Relay Coordination result from DIgSILENT PowerFactory

The relay coordination was done after performing the load flow and short circuit analysis. It is
done to ensure that the relay is being coordinated in a systematic way and therefore protecting
its own zone. The time current and time graded overcurrent relay coordination for both the
feeder is presented below.

5.5.1 Water Booster Feeder

a. Time and current graded system

Figure 21. Max 3 phase short circuit fault created at Water booster feeder

34
 Figure 22. IDMT curve plotted for the 3 phase fault at Water booster feeder

Maximum three phase short circuit was created at water booster feeder bus as shown in the
figure above .As per the fault level different timing operation of the relay was obtained. The
vertical line shows the fault current level and the point of intersection determines the
coordination of the relay. The time of operation of the relays are shown in table 10. The relay
with the most minimum time trips first, followed by the second minimum if the first one fails
to clear the fault and the relays with highest time trips at the last. This phenomenon shows relay
coordination has been a successful one as the relay near the fault should trip first with the most
minimum time of operation.

Table 10. Plug setting and Time of operation of the relays(Time current graded system)

Relay Plug setting Time operation(sec) Fault level (kA)

(%)
Relay 1 100 0.056 6.255
Relay 2 125 0.068 6.257
Relay 3 55 0.102 2.087

35
 Figure 23. 3 phase short circuit fault at the RSTA bus

Figure 24. IDMT curve polted for the fault at RSTA bus

Three phase short circuit was created far away from the source (RSTA bus) to see the difference
in the time. It is seen that there is little decrease in fault level but time of operation does not
divert much form the previous one. It is because the distance between the water booster bus and
RSTA bus is not so far. The time operation of the relay is shown below.
36
 Table 11. Plug setting and Time of opereation of the relays(Timecurrent graded system)

Relay Plug setting Time operation(sec) Fault level (kA)

(%)
Relay 1 100 0.058 5.565

Relay 2 125 0.068 5.566

Relay 3 55 0.102 1.855

Same three phase fault is created at the incoming line to Choden engg bus from Tashi Engg bus
to see the behaviour of the relay and time operation of the relay as shown below.

Figure 25. 3 phase short circuit fault created at the incoming line

37
 Figure 26. IDMT curve ploted for the fault.

Table 12. Plug Setting and Time of Operation of the relay(Timecurrent graded system)

Relay Plug setting Time operation(sec) Fault level (kA)

(%)
Relay 1 100 0.058 5.627
Relay 2 125 0.071 5.629
Relay 3 55 0.106 1.876

b. Time graded system

Figure 27. 3 phase short circuit fault created at the Water Booster Feeder

38
 Figure 28. IDMT curve plotted for the fault.

By keeping the current setting same for all the relay and performing 3phase short circuit at
water booster feeder, the time operating of the relay is obtained as following:

Table 13. Plug Setting and Time of Operation for time graded

Relay Plug setting Time operation(sec) Fault level (kV)

(%)
Relay 1 100 0.056 6.255

Relay 2 100 0.062 6.255

Relay 3 100 0.10 6.255

39
5.5.2 PWD feeder

a. Time Current graded system

Figure 29. 3 phase short circuit fault created at the PWD feeder

Figure 30. IDMT curve plotted for the fault at PWD feeder

3 phase short circuit was performed at PWDUSS1 as shown in the figure above. The operating
time of the relays were obtain as following:

40
 Table 14. Plug Setting and Time of Operation of relay in feeder 2 for time current graded
system

Relay Plug Time Fault level (kA)

setting operation(sec)
(%)
Relay 1 100 0.056 6.037

Relay 2 125 0.067 6.038

Relay 3 51 0.102 2.012

Figure 31. 3 phase short circuit fault created at the RRCO feeder

To see the variation in the time operation of the relay when fault occur away from the source,
three phase short circuit was create on RRCO bus and coordination result is obtained as shown
below.

41
 Figure 32. IDMT curve plotted for the fault at RRCO feeder

Table 15. Plug Setting and Time of Operation of relay in feeder 2 for time current graded
system.

Relay Plug setting Time operation(sec) Fault level (kA)

(%)
Relay 1 100 0.057 5.97
Relay 2 125 0.069 5.99
Relay 3 51 0.103 1.99

5.5.3 Earth fault relay setting

It is seen that the feeder suffer mostly from earth fault as per the monthly tripping
report.ESD,2010.so for the earth fault the relay setting is done as shown. The main cause of
earth fault in these place is due to the weather condition. Mostly during summer season, heavy
rainfall and lighting causes the lines to trip due to the falling of trees over the line.

42
a. Time current graded system

Figure 33. Single phase to groung fault created at the PWD feeder

Figure 34. IDMT curve plotted for the fault at PWD feeder

43
 Table 16. Plug Setting and Time of Operation of relay in feeder 2(Time current graded
system)

Relay Plug setting Time operation(sec) Fault Current(kA)

(%)
Relay 1 100 0.058 5.746
Relay 2 125 0.07 5.749
Relay 3 51 - 1.106

When single phase to ground was perform on the PWDUSS1, the relay 3 does not trip as the
two other relay is sufficient to clear the fault.

b. Time graded

Figure 35. Single phase to ground fault created at the PWD feeder

44
 Figure 36. IDMT curve plotted for the fault.

Table 17. Plug Setting and Time of Operationof relay in feeder 2(Time graded system)

Relay Plug setting Time operation(sec) Fault level (kV)

(%)
Relay 1 100 0.056 5.746

Relay 2 100 0.062 5.746

Relay 3 100 0.129 5.746

The single phase to ground fault is created on the same bus. In time graded system by keeping
the fault level same, the time operation for different relay was obtained as shown above. It is
seen that different relay operates in different time.

45
 CHAPTER SIX: RESULT VALIDATION

6.1 System loss validation

6.1.1 Water booster feeder

Table 18. Comparison of Losses of Water Booster feeder

losses Theoretical Dig SILENT

calculations
Line 0.29kW 0.41kW
transformer 18.8kW 18.94kW
Total losses 0.019MW 0.0194kW

6.1.2 PWD feeder

Table 19. Comparison of Losses of PWD feeder

Theoretical
Losses Dig SILENT
calculations
Line 1.012kW 1.018kW
Transformer 22.87kW 23.93kW
Total losses 0.024MW 0.025MW

6.2 Relay setting validation

6.2 1 Water booster feeder

Table 20. Relay setting comparison for Water booster feeder (Time current graded system)

Relay time operation(sec)

Relay Theoretical Dig SILENT Existing network
calculations
Relay 1 0.055 0.056 0.02
Relay 2 0.065 0.068 0.03
Relay 3 0.085 0.102 0.04

46
6.2.2 PWD feeder

Table 21. Relay setting comparison for PDW feeder(Timecurrent graded system)

Relay time operation(sec)

Relay Theoretical Dig SILENT Existing network
calculations
Relay 1 0.056 0.056 0.02
Relay 2 0.066 0.067 0.03
Relay 3 0.086 0.102 0.04

Overall observation from the result validation

It is seen that the theoretical and DIgSILENT result almost came same but with the existing
network it didn’t come same in relay setting. It is due to the fact that the setting done in existing
network is based on the upstream setting not on the basis of fault level setting. The operating
temperature is not taken care in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. It is also due to the
lack of some real time data such as the magnitude of fault level, the actual loading of the
transformer and the actual resistance of the conductor being used in the system.

47
 CHAPTER SEVEN: RECOMMENDATION AND FUTURE
WORK

Recommendations

After doing all the analysis in the Phuentsholing distribution system, the following points are
to be recommended:

1. We highly recommend to do Relay coordination based on the fault level not on the basis
of the upstream setting.
2. The protection setting to be done with the analysis of actual data instead of directly
taking the standard values.
3. From the analysis we got from the software, the need of relay 2 wasn’t necessary since
the fault current flowing through relay 1 and relay 2 were almost the same.
4. Time current graded system method to be adopted for the coordination.
5. We highly recommend to do Consumer mapping for the distribution system
6. The 66/33/11kV substation, Phuentsholing should be upgraded as the numbers of
customers are increasing.
7. Relay coordination above 33kV can be incorporated.

Future work

The model developed in this project is not 100% accurate and perfect model for the analysis.
Thus, there is huge scope for future work and improvement on this model. Due to lack of some
data from BPC, result didn’t come same as the existing network. So this model can be updated
by getting those data (actual transformer loading and parameters of line) from BPC by
surveying and investigating from the field. This model can be used for fuse and relay
coordination. The model can be upgraded to high voltage level and do the relay coordination.
The effect of distribution generator on the relay coordination can also be done.

48
 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION

The protection system is on the top priority for the reliable power supply. For better protection
system the relay coordination is a must. For proper coordination the relay parameters should be
analysed correctly. The protection coordination is to ensure security, stability and reliability of
the complex network. The Phuentsholing distribution system was being modelled using
DIgSILENT PowerFactory software and using this software the overcurrent relay coordination
in Phuentsholing distribution system was done. Theoretical calculations on the load flow
analysis and relay setting for the coordination has been done. The short circuit analysis was
carried out using the IEC 60909 method using DigSILENT powerfactory software and the result
is reflected under the appendix below. The analysis on the methods of coordination namely the
time current graded and time graded system is made. The simulated results have been validated
with the theoretical and the existing network.

49
 REFERENCES

[1] J. J, A. M, . J. L. R and j. P. J, “Planning and Coordination of Relay in Distribution System using

ETAP,” Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology, pp. 251-256, 2016.

[2] N. R. Vipul and M. V. Tejas, “Co-ordination of Overcurrent Relay for Chemical Industrial Plant
using ETAP,” International Journal of Futuristic Trends in Engineering and Technology, pp. 36-
39, 2014.

[3] M. E. E and E. A. Khalil, “MANAGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PROTECTION WITH HIGH

PENETRATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONS,” A.M.Elhaffar, Libya, 2014.

[4] s. Shilpi, “OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION FOR PHASE AND EARTH FAULTS USING ETAP,”
in 7th IRF International Conference, noida, 2014.

[5] H. H. M, R. A. S and M. I, “Optimal Overcurrent Relay Coordination: A Review,” Elsevier ltd.,

perlis, 2012.

[6] J. O. A, “RELAY COORDINATION IN THE PROTECTION OF RADIALLY-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEM

NETWORK,” Nigerian Journal of Technology, pp. 58-62, 2012.

[7] [Online]. Available: (“http://www.nptel.ac.in/course/10810451/chapter_1/1_20.html.”.

[Accessed May 2017].

[8] “Power system and relay coordination”.

[9] B. P. Corporation, “Methodology for calculation of Distribution System Loss,” october 2012.

[10] E. Dabbagh and A. Arzani, “Loss Evaluation of Distribution Transformers in Iran's Electric,” p. 1.

[11] G R. Fussell, “Distribution Transformer Loss Evaluation - Building,” IEEE Rural Electric Power
conference , 1989.

[12] “power system study and relay coordination”.

[13] W. Sonnemann, “Directional element connections for phase Relays,” 2013.

[14] S. Kajale, “Linked in,” 17 march 2016. [Online]. Available:

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/relay-setting-kajale-projects. [Accessed 22 May 2017].

[15] A. P. Hima , M. S. Vaibhav and D. Anuradha , “Relay Coordination using ETAP,” International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, pp. 1583-1588, 2015.

[16] P. Murty, “load flow studies,” in Power flow analysis, Hyderabad, BS pudlication, 2007, p. 99.

50
 APPENDIX – 1

APPENDIX [1]: SINGLE LINE DAIGRAM

APPENDIX [A]: SECTION WISE CURRENT IN WATER

BOOSTER FEEDER

Section 1=22.9A

Section 2:

5000
22.9 − [22.9 × ] = 12.78𝐴
11315

Section 3:

22.9 × (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ)/(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑘𝑉𝐴)
12.78 − [ ]

750
12.78 − [22.9 × ] = 11.262𝐴
11315

Section 4:

500
11.262 − [22.9 × ] = 10.25𝐴
11315

Section 5:

51
 750
10.25 − [22.9 × ] = 8.732𝐴
11315

Section 6:

750
8.732 − [22.9 × ] = 7.214𝐴
11315

Section 7:

1750
7.214 − [22.9 × ] = 3.672𝐴
11315

Section 8

750
3.672 − [22.9 × ] = 2.154𝐴
11315

Section 9:

750
2.1544 − [22.9 × ] = 0.636𝐴
11315

Section 10:

7.214 − 3.672 = 3.548𝐴

Section 11:

3.542 − 1.012 = 2.529𝐴

Section 12:

750
2.529 − [22.9 × ] = 1.013𝐴
11315

Section 13:

11.262 − 10.25 = 1.012𝐴

Section 14:

1250
2.548 − [22.9 × ] = 1.014𝐴
11315

52
APPENDIX [B]: SECTION WISE CURRENT IN WATER
BOOSTER FEEDER

PWD feeder

Section 1=44.29A

Section 2:

5000
44.29 − [44.29 × ] = 23.60𝐴
10704

Section 3:

22.9 × (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ)/(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑘𝑉𝐴)
12.78 − [ ]

750
23.60 − [44.29 × ] = 20.497𝐴
10704

Section 4:

3750
20.497 − [44.29 × ] = 4.981𝐴
10704

53
Section 5:

500
4.981 − [44.29 × ] = 2.912𝐴
10704

Section 6:

16
2.912 − [44.29 × ] = 2.846𝐴
10704

Section 7:

188
2.846 − [44.29 × ] = 2.086𝐴
10704

Section 8

2.846 − 2.086 = 0.778𝐴

Section 9:

63
0.778 − [44.29 × ] = 0.517𝐴
10704

Section 10:

20.497 − 4.918 = 15.516𝐴

Section 11:

750
15.516 − [44.29 × ] = 12.413𝐴
10704

Section 12:

54
 2500
12.413 − [44.29 × ] = 2.069𝐴
10704

Section 13:

250
2.069 − [44.29 × ] = 1.035𝐴
10704

Section 14:

12.413 − 2.069 = 10.344𝐴

Section 15:

750
10.344 − [44.29 × ] = 7.241𝐴
10704

Section 16:

1000
7.241 − [44.29 × ] = 3.103𝐴
10704

Section 17:

250
3.103 − [44.29 × ] = 2.069𝐴
10704

Section 18:

7.241 − 3.103 = 4.138𝐴

APPENDIX [2]: RELAY SETTING CALCULATION

APPENDIX [A]: FEEDER 1-WATER BOOSTER FEEDER

Assuming PS of relay 1=100% and TMS=0.025

1.3
PS of relay 2> × 𝑃𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 1
1.05

1.3 100 11
Relay 2> × × × 300
1.05 100 11

Relay 2>371.43A

Relay 2>125%

1.3
PS of relay 3> × 𝑃𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 2
1.05

1.3 125 11
Relay 3> × × × 400
1.05 100 33

55
Relay 3>206.34

Relay 3>51.5%

RELAY 1

𝑰𝒇
PSM=
𝑷𝑺×𝑪𝑻 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

𝟔.𝟐𝟓𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 100
×𝟑𝟎𝟎
100

PSM=20.85

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
T= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 [IEC STANDARD]
𝑷𝑺𝑴𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
T= × 0.025 = 0.055𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝟐𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

RELAY 2

As per the setting done in Phuentsholing network, taking time grading as 10msec,
Time operating of relay 2=0.01 + 0.055

=0.065sec

𝟔.𝟐𝟓𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 125
×𝟒𝟎𝟎
100

=12.51

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
0.065= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝟏𝟐.𝟓𝟏𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

TMS=0.03

RELAY 3

Operating time of relay 3=0.02 + 0.065 = 0.085𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝟐.𝟎𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 51.5
×𝟏𝟓𝟎
100

=27.25

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
0.085= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝟐𝟕,𝟐𝟓𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

TMS=0.04

56
Earth fault relay setting

RELAY 1

𝟓.𝟓𝟑𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 100
×𝟑𝟎𝟎
100

=18.44

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
T= × 0.025 = 0.058𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝟏𝟖.𝟒𝟒𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

RELAY 2

Time operating of relay 2=0.01 + 0.058 =0.068sec

𝟓.𝟓𝟑𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 125
×𝟒𝟎𝟎
100

11.064

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
0.068= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝟏𝟏.𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

TMS=0.24

RELAY 3

Operating time of relay 3=0.02 + 0.068 = 0.088𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝟏.𝟎𝟔𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 51.5
×𝟏𝟓𝟎
100

=13.92

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
0.088= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝟏𝟑.𝟗𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

TMS=0.04

APPENDIX [A]: FEEDER 2- PWD FEEDER

RELAY 1

𝑰𝒇
PSM=
𝑷𝑺×𝑪𝑻 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

57
 𝟔.𝟐𝟖𝟏×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 100
×𝟑𝟎𝟎
100

PSM=20.72

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
T= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 [IEC STANDARD]
𝑷𝑺𝑴𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
T= × 0.025 = 0.056𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝟐𝟎.𝟕𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

RELAY 2

Time operating of relay 2=0.01 + 0.056 =0.066sec

𝟔.𝟐𝟖𝟏×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 125
×𝟒𝟎𝟎
100

=12.56

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
0.066= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝟏𝟐.𝟓𝟔𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

TMS=0.025

RELAY 3

Operating time of relay 3=0.02 + 0.066 = 0.086𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝟐.𝟎𝟗𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 51.5
×𝟏𝟓𝟎
100

=27.37

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
0.086= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝟐𝟕.𝟑𝟕𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

TMS=0.42

Earth fault relay setting

Relay 1

𝟓.𝟕𝟒𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 100
×𝟑𝟎𝟎
100

=19.15

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
T= × 0.025 = 0.057𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝟏𝟗.𝟏𝟓𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

Relay 2

Time operating of relay 2=0.01 + 0.057

58
 = 0.067sec

𝟓.𝟕𝟒𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 125 = 11.49
×𝟒𝟎𝟎
100

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
0.067= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

TMS=0.024

RELAY 3

=0.02 + 0.067 = 0.087𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝟏.𝟏𝟎𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PSM= 51.5
×𝟏𝟓𝟎
100

=14.45

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
0.54= × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝟏𝟒.𝟒𝟓𝟎.𝟎𝟐 −𝟏

TMS=0.4

APPENDIX [3]: LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

FEEDER 1

1. Complete system report

2. Bus/terminal report

59
3. Total system summary

60
Feeder 2

1. Total system summary

2. Bus terminal

61
62
APPENDIX [4]: SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Maximum 3 phase short circuit (IEC 60909 Standard method)

Sl. Fault Location Rated Sk (MVA) Ik" Break Fault

no Voltage (kA) Time Clearing
(kV) (S) Time,
Ith (S)
1 33 kV incoming bus 33 10117.01 10177.94 0.1 1
2 33 kV bus outgoing 33 5662.01 99.06 0.1 1
bus
3 11 kV incoming bus 11 123.15 6.46 0.1 1
4 11 kV outing bus 11 121.45 6.37 0.1 1
5 water booster feeder 11 119.02 6.25 0.1 1
6 AWP bus 11 117.41 6.16 0.1 1
7 AWP 2 bus 0.415 11.29 15.71 0.1 1
8 WB USS bus 0.415 16.17 22.49 0.1 1
9 Dratshang bus 11 115.37 6.06 0.1 1
10 Dratshang bus 2 0.415 16.09 22.38 0.1 1
11 Lower Market bus 11 115.22 6.05 0.1 1
12 Lower Market bus 2 0.415 16.08 22.37 0.1 1
13 NPPF USS bus 11 109.9 5.77 0.1 1
14 NPPF USS bus 2 0.415 11.2 15.58 0.1 1
15 Norgay bus 11 111.68 5.86 0.1 1
16 Norgay bus 2 0.415 16 22.26 0.1 1
17 RSTA bus 11 110.82 5.56 0.1 1
18 RSTA bus 2 0.415 11.22 15.61 0.1 1
19 Dhutikhola bus 11 111.39 5.85 0.1 1
20 Dhutikhola bus 2 0.415 16 22.26 0.1 1
21 Tashi Engg bus 11 108.86 5.71 0.1 1
22 Tashi Engg bus 2 0.415 15.94 22.18 0.1 1
23 Choden Engg bus 11 108.84 5.71 0.1 1
24 Choden Engg bus 2 0.415 7.34 10.22 0.1 1
25 Imtrat bus 11 114.97 6.03 0.1 1

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 26 PWD USS bus 0.415 18.74 26.07 0.1 1
27 RICB USS bus 0.415 18.81 26.17 0.1 1
28 Lhaki Hotel bus 11 114.13 5.99 0.1 1
29 Telecom bus 11 116.76 6.13 0.1 1
30 Gompa bus 11 75.72 16.46 3.97 1
31 Druk hotel bus 11 113.81 5.97 0.1 1
32 RRCO bus 11 113.74 5.97 0.1 1
33 Umarket bus 11 108.74 5.71 0.1 1
34 Pemaling bus 11 113.3 5.95 0.1 1
35 2.5km bus 11 79.56 4.18 0.1 1
36 Water treatment bus 11 71.44 3.75 0.1 1

Minimum 3 phase short circuit (IEC 60909 Standard method)

Sl. Fault Location Rated Sk Ik" Break Fault

no Voltage (MVA) (kA) Time (S) Clearing
(kV) Time,Ith
(S)
1 33 kV incoming 33 8000 139.96 0.1 1
bus
2 33kV outgoing bus 33 3856.32 67.47 0.1 1
3 11kV incoming 11 112.17 5.69 0.1 1
bus
4 11 kV outgoing 11 111.8 5.874
bus
5 water booster 11 107.67 5.65 0.1 1
feeder
6 AWP bus 11 106 5.56 0.1 1
7 AWP bus 2 0.415 10.21 14.2 0.1 1
8 WBUSS bus 0.415 14.61 20.32 0.1 1
9 Dratshang bus 11 103.95 5.46 0.1 1
10 Dratshang bus 2 0.415 14.53 20.21 0.1 1
11 Lower Market bus 11 103.8 5.45 0.1 1

64
12 Lower Market bus 0.415 14.52 20.21 0.1 1
2
13 NPPF bus 11 97.76 5.13 0.1 1
14 NPPF bus 2 0.415 10.11 14.07 0.1 1
15 Norgay bus 11 100.19 5.26 0.1 1
16 Norgay bus 2 0.415 14.44 20.09 0.1 1
17 RSTA bus 11 99.31 5.12 0.1 1
18 RSTA bus 2 0.415 10.13 14.09 0.1 1
19 Dhutikhola bus 11 100.14 5.26 0.1 1
20 Dhutikhola bus 2 0.415 14.44 20.19 0.1 1
21 Tashi Engg bus 11 97.6 5.12 0.1 1
22 Tashi Engg bus 2 0.415 14.38 20.01 0.1 1
23 Choden Engg bus 11 97.26 5.11 0.1 1
2
24 Choden Engg bus 0.415 6.63 9.23 0.1 1
2
25 PWD bus 11 3281.4 172.23 0.1 1
26 PWD bus 2 0.415 16.95 23.57 0.1 1
27 RICB bus 0.415 17.02 23.67 0.1 1
28 Lhaki Hotel bus 11 18913.7 992.71 0.1 1
3
29 Telecom bus 11 3311.17 173.79 0.1 1
30 Gompa 0.415 10.66 14.83 0.1 1

65
Earth fault

Sl.no Fault Location Rated Sk Ik" Break Fault Clearing

Voltage (MVA) (kA) Time (S) Time,Ith (S)
(kV)
1 33 kV incoming 33 3333.33 174.95 0.1 1
bus
2 33 kV bus outgoing 33 918.96 48.23 0.1 1
bus
3 11 kV incoming 11 41.62 6.55 0.1 1
bus
4 Water booster 11 41.02 6.46 0.1 1
feeder
5 Dratshang bus 11 30.88 4.86 0.1 1
6 Lower Market bus 11 30.85 4.78 0.1 1
7 NPPF USS bus 11 25.71 4.05 0.1 1
8 Norgay bus 11 23.38 3.68 0.1 1
9 RSTA bus 2 0.415 11.22 15.61 0.1 1
10 Dhutikhola bus 11 26.95 4.24 0.1 1
11 Tashi Engg bus 11 24.89 3.92 0.1 1
12 Choden Engg bus 11 22.58 3.55 0.1 1
13 PWD USS bus 0.415 18.74 26.07 0.1 1
14 RICB USS bus 0.415 18.81 26.17 0.1 1
15 PWD bus 11 36.49 5.75 0.1 1
16 RICB bus 11 31.98 5.03 0.1 1
17 Imtrat bus 11 30.87 4.86 0.1 1
18 Druk hotel bus 11 29.67 4.67 0.1 1
19 RRCO bus 11 29.59 4.66 0.1 1
20 Umarket bus 11 25.15 3.96 0.1 1
21 Telecom bus 11 32.85 5.17 0.1 1
22 Pemaling bus 11 29.15 4.59 0.1 1
23 Dratshang bus 11 30.88 4.86 0.1 1
24 water treatment bus 11 16.64 2.62 0.1 1
25 Gompa bus 11 17.81 2.8 0.1 1

66