August 2020 (Curent Affairs) - 1E PDF

https://t.me/iashindi https://t.me/Civilservices https://t.
me/iashindi
djsaV vQs;lZ vxLr 2020
lkekU; vè;;u % izkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk
https://t.me/UPSC_Prelims https://t.me/UPSCPrelims https://t.me/UPSC_Mains

https://t.me/iashindi https://t.me/Civilservices https://t.me/iashindi
vuqØef.kdk
lkekU; vè;;u iz'ui=k & 1
lkekftd ?kVukØe-----------------------------------------------------------3&5
HkkSxksfyd ?kVukØe---------------------------------------------------------6&13
jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud ?kVukØe----------------------------- 18&35
varjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukØe----------------------------------------------------- 37&81
vkfFkZd ?kVukØe--------------------------------------------------------- 85&93
i;kZoj.kh; ?kVukØe-------------------------------------------------- 96&104
foKku ,oa izks|ksfxdh----------------------------------------------- 107&124
lqj{kk lEcaèkh eqí-s ---------------------------------------------------- 127&129
fofoèk
Hkkjr dk igyk xSl ,Dlpsat%
vko';drk vkSj egÙo -----------------------------------------------134
vle esa buj ykbu ijfeV
vkSj lh-,-,- lEca/h eqís ---------------------------------------------135
vle xSl fjlko vkSj
blds lEHkkfor çHkko---------------------------------------------------137

djsaV vQs;lZ
djsaV vQs;lZ
lkekU; vè;;u
iz'ui=k - 1
lkekftd ?kVukØe
çoklh dkexkj rFkk xkaèkh o yh
dh vkfFkZd voèkkj.kk------------------------------------------------------ 3
HkkSxksfyd ?kVukØe
vkdZfVd ghVoso dk lkbcsfj;k ij çHkko----------------------- 6
Hkkjr o phu ds fy;s yík• dk egÙo%
bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj j.kuhfr ------------------------------------------ 8
nf{k.k vVykafVd folaxfr vkSj Hkw&pqEcdRo----------------10
fnYyh HkwdEi% dkj.k vkSj fpark,¡---------------------------------13
laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020
3

1 lkekftd ?kVukØe
çoklh dkexkj rFkk xkaèkh o yh dh vkfFkZd voèkkj.kk

i`"BHkwfe
egkekjh osQ eísutj vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa ls dkexkjksa o Jfedksa dk fjolZ ekbxzs'ku (Reverse Migration) ,d
ubZ leL;k osQ :i esa lkeus vk;k gSA bl çdkj osQ vpkud çoklu ls buosQ lkeus vkthfodk dh
leL;k iSnk gks xbZ gSA lkFk gh] ;ksX;rk osQ vuqlkj ljdkjksa dks bu dkexkjksa osQ fy;s jks”kxkj miyCèk
djkuk Hkh ,d ubZ pqukSrh gSA blosQ fy;s] jkT; ljdkjksa dks esgur djus osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d vPNh ;kstuk
dh Hkh t:jr gSA blosQ fy;s] vkèkqfud flaxkiqj osQ laLFkkid yh oqQvku ;w (Lee Kuan Yew) rFkk
egkRek xkaèkh ls oqQN mnkgj.k fy;s tk ldrs gSaA
fodkl dk flaxkiqj ekWMy
lu~ 1965 esa flaxkiqj dh Lora=krk vkSj LFkkiuk osQ ckn yh oqQvku ;w }kjk ?kks"k.kk esa dgk x;k fd
flaxkiqj ,f'k;k esa çFke fodflr ns'k cusxkA
flaxkiqj rsy ;k •fut tSls çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa ls lEiUu ugha FkkA flaxkiqj us iwoZ&if'pe osQ chp
ukS&ifjogu ekxks± ij mldh j.kuhfrd vofLFkfr rFkk mlosQ yksxksa] is'ksojksa o Jecy dk ykHk ysus
osQ fy;s if'peh ns'kksa dh cM+h dEifu;ksa dks vkeaf=kr fd;kA
vkfl;ku ns'kksa esa de ykxr okys vR;fèkd Jecy osQ dkj.k dEifu;k¡ vkdf"kZr gqbZaA bu ns'kksa esa]
flaxkiqj viuh vofLFkfr osQ dkj.k lcls vfèkd vkd"kZd ns'k FkkA gkyk¡fd] dEifu;ksa us yh osQ
vkea=k.k dk Lokxr fd;k ijarq os yh dh oqQN 'krZsa ekuus osQ fy;s rS;kj ugha FkhA
yh dEifu;ksa }kjk osQoy Je&çèkku dkj•kuksa dh LFkkiuk osQ bPNqd ugha FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd
flaxkiqj esa ikfjJfed dks c<+k;k tk,] rkfd çfr O;fÙkQ vk; Hkh c<+ losQA blosQ fy;s os pkgrs Fks
fd dEifu;k¡ flaxkiqj osQ yksxksa dks mPp ewY; oxZ osQ dk;Z djus gsrq çf'kf{kr djsaA
ml le; oSf'od vkiwfrZ Ükà•ykvksa dk fodkl gks jgk Fkk rFkk cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ de ykxr okys
lzksrksa dks ryk'k jgh FkhA vr% ;fn flaxkiqj esa e”knwjh c<+rh] tSlk fd yh pkgrs Fks rks dEifu;k¡ viuh
vlsEcyh (Assembly) çfØ;k dks iM+kslh ns'kksa esa LFkkukarfjr dj ldrh FkhA
blosQ fy;s] yh us fo'o&Lrjh; vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk (Infrastructure)] oqQ'ky ç'kklu vkSj dj dh de
nj dk vk'oklu fn;kA blosQ cnys esa] yh pkgrs Fks fd dEifu;k¡ deZpkfj;ksa osQ dkS'ky fodkl gsrq
fuos'k djosQ ljdkj dh enn djsa ftlls flaxkiqj osQ yksx vfèkd dekbZ dj losQaA
dEifu;k¡ flaxkiqj osQ yksxksa esa bl rjg osQ nh?kZdkfyd fuos'k osQ fy;s rS;kj ugha FkhaA yh us ts-vkj-
Mh- VkVk dk #• fd;kA VkVk us flaxkiqj ljdkj dh lk>snkjh esa ,d çf'k{k.k osQaæ vkSj ,d okLrfod
Vwy :e LFkkfir djosQ flaxkiqj osQ vkS|ksfxd fodkl gsrq vkèkkj cukus esa enn dhA
oS'ohdj.k osQ fu;eksa us iwath osQ LFkkukarj.k dks ljy cuk fn;k gS ijarq çoklh Jfedksa osQ fy;s ;g
vklku ugha gSA ;s dEifu;k¡ Jfedksa dk ç;ksx djus vkSj equkiQk dekus osQ ckn Lo;a dks LFkkukarfjr
dj ysrha gSaA
fuos'kdksa dh rqyuk esa ljdkjksa dks vius ukxfjdksa o Jfedksa osQ fgrksa osQ ckjs esa T;knk lkspuk pkfg;sA
ljdkjksa dks mu fuos'kdksa dks T;knk çksRlkfgr djuk pkfg;s] tks ukxfjdksa vkSj Jfedksa dh ns•Hkky
4
djsaV vQs;lZ
djrs gSaA ljdkjksa dks lykg nsus okys vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dks ;g Li"V djuk pkfg;s fd euq"; fuos'kdksa osQ
fy;s fjVuZ midj.k osQ rkSj ij ç;qÙkQ ugha gksus pkfg;s cfYd lEifÙk euq";ksa osQ fy;s ykHk iSnk djus
dk ,d midj.k gSA
xkaèkhoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
çoklh dkexkj 'kgjksa ls mÙkj çns'k lfgr vU; jkT;ksa esa ykSV jgs gSaA xk¡oksa esa oqQVhj m|ksx o iapk;rh
jkt xkaèkhoknh fl¼karksa osQ gh vuqowQy gSaA xkaèkhth us dgk Fkk fd tc rd Hkkjr osQ xk¡oksa esa yksxksa
dks vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd vk”kknh ugha feyrh] Hkkjr ,d Lora=k ns'k ugha gks ldrkA ;g mudk iw.kZ
Lojkt dk liuk FkkA
flaxkiqj dh rqyuk esa vU; jkT;ksa lfgr mÙkj çns'k dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vfèkd tfVy gSaA flaxkiqj yxHkx
6 fefy;u ukxfjdksa okyk ,d 'kgjh jkT; gS] tcfd mÙkj çns'k 200 fefy;u ls vfèkd dh vkcknh
rFkk ntZuksa 'kgj o g”kkjksa xk¡oksa okyk jkT; gSA
vkfFkZd :i ls xkaèkh osQ fopkjksa dks çk;% dkYifud vkSj vO;kogkfjd crkdj •kfjt dj fn;k tkrk
Fkk ;|fi xkaèkh o muosQ vkfFkZd lykgdkjksa us Hkkjr osQ xk¡oksa dh vkfFkZd o lkekftd leL;kvksa dks
;kstuk vk;ksx osQ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ls csgrj rjhosQ ls le>k gSA
xkaèkhth Hkkjr osQ lokZfèkd xjhc yksxksa dh {kerk dks Hkh igpkurs Fks tks vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fy;s egt
vk¡dM+s FksA bu lcosQ vfrfjÙkQ] mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vFkZO;oLFkk dk y{; osQoy th-Mh-ih- osQ fy;s
ekuo dk mi;ksx osQ ctk; ekuo dh lsok o vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus okyk gksuk pkfg;sA
bl n`f"Vdks.k ls xkaèkh vkSj yh oqQvku ;w osQ fopkj ,dleku FksA yh osQ fy;s flaxkiqj dks iwjh rjg
ls fodflr djus dk vafre mik; th-Mh-ih- dk vkdkj ugha cfYd ukxfjdksa dh vk; FkhA
lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa dk ijh{k.k fuos'kdksa vkSj th-Mh-ih- osQ vkèkkj ij u gksdj 'kfÙkQghu yksxksa osQ
vkèkkj ij gksuk pkfg;sA yh] xkaèkh vkSj VkVk osQ fopkjksa esa fuos'kdksa osQ fy;s Jfedksa osQ vfèkdkjksa
dks lhfer djuk ugha FkkA
o"kZ 2008 osQ foÙkh; ladV osQ ckn ls fo'o laj{k.kokn osQ nkSj ls xq”kj jgk gSA dbZ ns'kksa us nwljs ns'kksa
osQ çokfl;ksa dks jksdus osQ fy;s dbZ ckèkk,¡ •M+h dh gSaA lkFk gh] fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh fLFkfr Hkh
dkiQh de”kksj gqbZ gSA dksfoM&19 osQ dkj.k igys ls tkjh LFkkuh;dj.k dh çfØ;k esa rs”kh vkbZ gS
vkSj vkiwfrZ Ükà•yk,¡ ckfèkr gks xbZa gSaA
xkaèkhoknh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vuqlkj] ekuo tkfr vkSj LFkkuh; leqnk; ekuoh; çxfr osQ lkèku gksus
pkfg;sA çxfr dk çFke mís'; mudh mUufr o HkykbZ gksuh pkfg;sA nwljk] xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa esa LFkkuh;
Lrj ij e”kcwr 'kklu gksuk pkfg;sA rhljk] vehj yksx lkeqnkf;d lEink osQ osQoy U;klh (Trustees)
gksus pkfg;s] u fd blosQ ekfydA pkSFkk] lgdkjh iwathoknh m|eksa osQ u, ekWMy osQ fodkl osQ lkFk
ekfydksa dk Jfedksa osQ eè; vyxko de fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
fu"d"kZ
o"kZ 1947 osQ ckn Hkkjr osQ ikl nks jkLrs FksA ;g vkfFkZd xfrfofèk o ekuoh; fodkl osQ fy;s
if'pe ns'kksa dk vuqlj.k dj ldrk Fkk ;k xkaèkhoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk ldrk FkkA orZeku LokLF;
o vkfFkZd ladV us yksxksa dks bl ckr ij fopkj djus osQ fy;s e”kcwj dj fn;k gS fd bl egkekjh
osQ ckn fdl jkLrs dks pquk tk,A Hkkjr th-Mh-ih- osQ lkekU; vFkZ'kkL=k ij iqu% okil vk tk,xk ;k
vfèkd ekuoh; o vfèkd LFkkuh;dj.k osQ vFkZ'kkL=k dh vksj #• djsxkA
5
2 HkkSxksfyd ?kVukØe
vkdZfVd ghVoso dk lkbcsfj;k ij çHkko

i`"BHkwfe
orZeku esa] vkoZQfVd o`Ùk vR;fèkd mPp rkieku dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA bl o`Ùk osQ varxZr lkbcsfj;k
{ks=k osQ o•kZs;kaLd esa mPpre 38° C rkieku n”kZ fd;k x;k gSA LFkkuh; Lrj ij ntZ fd;k x;k ;g
mPpre rkieku gS rFkk vkoZQfVd o`Ùk esa Hkh bls lEHkor% ,d fjdkWMZ ekuk tk jgk gSA bl le; o•kZs;kaLd
{ks=k osQ rkieku dks vkSlr rkieku dh vis{kk 15 ls 20° C vfèkd ekuk tk jgk gSA mYys•uh; gS fd
o•kZs;kaLd fo'o dk lcls BaMk LFkku gSA ;g LFkku mÙkjh èkqzo ls fliQZ 800 ehy nf{k.k esa gS vkSj
mÙkj&iwoZ lkbcsfj;k esa ;kuk unh ij fLFkr gSA bl çdkj] vkoZQfVd o`Ùk esa ;g {ks=k U;wure o mPpre
rkieku dk xokg cuk gSA
fpark,¡
dksjksuk ok;jl ykWdMkmu osQ dkj.k mRltZu esa gqbZ fxjkoV osQ ckotwn lcls xeZ o"kZ gksus dk laosQr gSA
fo'o vkfFkZd eap (WEF) dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] lkbcsfj;k esa xeZ rkieku osQ dkj.k fo'o Lrj
ij ebZ dks lcls xeZ eghus osQ :i esa ntZ fd;k x;k gSA o"kZ 1981 ls 2010 osQ chp ebZ ekg dk
rkieku vkSlr ls 0-63° C vfèkd ntZ fd;k x;k gSA
,d fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] ;gk¡ ij twu ekg esa rkieku lkekU; ls 18° C rd vfèkd jgk gSA bl çdkj
dh vlkèkkj.k xehZ eq[; :i ls lkbcsfj;kbZ {ks=k esa gh osQafær jgrh Fkh] ijarq vc ;g vU; èkzqoh;
{ks=kksa esa Hkh iSQy jgh gSA bl dkj.k ls mÙkjh èkqzo osQ vkl&ikl taxy ds taxyksa esa vkx yxus tSlh
leL;k iSnk gks xbZ gSA oSKkfudksa osQ vuqlkj] fiNys oqQN fnuksa ls mÙkj&iwoZ lkbcsfj;k esa taxy esa vkx
yxus dh ?kVuk o rhozrk esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA orZeku esa lkbcsfj;k esa yxHkx 680,000 ,dM+
{ks=k taxy dh vkx osQ çHkko esa gSA
è;krO; gS fd twu dh 'kq#vkr esa bl {ks=k dh LFkkuh; unh vEcjuk;k (Ambarnaya) vkSj vkl&ikl
osQ bykdksa esa o`gn~ ek=kk esa rsy&fjlko osQ dkj.k :l us vkikrdky ?kksf"kr dj fn;k FkkA
lkbcsfj;k esa rkieku dh orZeku fLFkfr
dkWijfudl tyok;q ifjorZu lsok (CCCS) osQ vuqlkj] fiNys ,d eghus esa] lkbcsfj;k esa lcls
vfèkd vkSlr rkieku ntZ fd;k x;k] tks fd lkekU; ls 10° C vfèkd FkkA gkyk¡fd] ;g ?kVuk
fliQZ ebZ ekg esa gh ugha gqbZ] cfYd tuojh ls gh lkbcsfj;k esa lrg dh gok dk rkieku vkSlr ls
vfèkd fjdkWMZ fd;k tk jgk gSA
lh-lh-lh-,l- osQ vuqlkj] iwjh i`Foh xeZ gks jgh gS ijarq if'peh lkbcsfj;k tSls {ks=k vkSlr ls vfèkd
rs”kh ls xeZ gks jgs gSa gkyk¡fd] blls cM+h Hkh leL;k lkbcsfj;k esa eghuksa rd rkieku dk lkekU;
ls vfèkd jgus dh gSA
fiNys o"kZ :l osQ jk"Vªifr us bl {ks=k esa c<+rs rkieku ij fpark O;ÙkQ dh FkhA mudh fpark dk çeq•
dkj.k c<+rs rkieku osQ çHkko ls ijekÚkWLV (Permafrost) dk fi?kyuk Fkk] ftlosQ Åij mÙkjh :l
osQ oqQN 'kgj cls gq, gSaA
6
djsaV vQs;lZ
LFkkbZ rq"kkj ;k ijekÚkWLV (Permafrost)

I. ijekÚkWLV nks 'kCnksa (Perma[nent] + Frost) ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS LFkkbZ rq"kkjA
HkwfoKku esa ijekÚkWLV ls rkRi;Z ,slh Hkwfe ls gS tgk¡ feêðh dh ijr de&ls&de nks o"kZ ;k blls
vfèkd le; rd yxkrkj °C ls de rkieku ij teh jgh gksA
II. bl çdkj] lrg ij ekStwn ikuh çk;% feêðh osQ lkFk feydj mls bruh l[rh ls tek nsrk gS fd
feêðh lhesaV ;k iRFkj tSlh dBksj gks tkrh gSA ijekÚkWLV okys LFkku vfèkdrj i`Foh osQ èkzqoksa osQ
ikl gh ik, tkrsa gSaA blesa lkbcsfj;k] xzhuySaM o vykLdk çeq• gSa] gkyk¡fd oqQN Å¡ps igkM+h
{ks=kksa tSls fd frCcr o yík• esa Hkh dgha&dgha ijekÚkWLV ik, tkrs gSaA
III. ijekÚkWLV okys {ks=kksa esa bekjrksa dks cukus esa dkiQh dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] D;ksafd bu
bekjrksa dh xehZ ls ijekÚkWLV le; osQ lkFk fi?kyrk tkrk gSA
IV. ijekÚkWLV okys {ks=k vfèkdka'kr% tSfod dkcZu ls le`¼ gksrs gSaA teh gqbZ fLFkfr esa dkcZu yxHkx
fuf"Ø; gksrk gS] ijarq rki c<+us osQ lkFk dkcZfud inkFkks± osQ vi?kVu osQ dkj.k okrkoj.k esa dkcZu
dh lkaærk esa o`f¼ gksus yxrh gSA
D;k vkdZfVd ghVoso lkekU; ifj?kVuk gS\

;g igyh ckj ugha gS fd vkoZQfVd esa c<+rs rkieku us [krjs dk laosQr fn;k gSA uspj DykbesV psat
osQ vuqlkj] o"kZ 2016 esa Hkh vkoZQfVd dk rkieku vlkekU; FkkA mnkgj.k osQ fy;s ml o"kZ rkieku
esa nSfud folaxfr;k¡ lkekU; ls vfèkd ntZ dh xbZ Fkh tks oqQN LFkkuksa ij 16 °C rd igq¡p xbZ FkhaA
c<+rs gq, rkieku dks bl {ks=k esa cM+s iSekus ij gok osQ iSVuZ esa cnyko dk dkjd ekuk x;k] ftlus
vkoZQfVd {ks=k dks xeZ dj fn;kA lkFk gh leqæh ciQZ dk vHkko rFkk ekuo&çsfjr tyok;q ifjorZu
Hkh blosQ fy;s vU; mÙkjnkbZ dkj.k FksA
çHkko
vkbZ-vks-ih- lkbal osQ vuqlkj fiNys ,d n'kd esa LFkyh; vkoZQfVd ij ghVoso dh ?kVukvksa esa o`f¼
gqbZ gSA vkoZQfVd {ks=k esa xeZ ygjsa LFkkuh; ouLifr vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ekuo LokLF; vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ fy;s •rjk cu pqdh gSaA
lkFk gh ghVoso osQ dkj.k ufn;ksa osQ le; ls iwoZ fi?kyus dh ?kVuk,¡ Hkh ns•h tk jgha gSaA fi?kyus
dh bu ?kVukvksa osQ fouk'kdkjh ifj.kke Hkh gks ldrs gSaA oqQN le; iwoZ bl {ks=k esa gq, rsy fjlko
osQ fy;s vkaf'kd :i ls ijekÚkWLV osQ fi?kyus dks Hkh mÙkjnkbZ ekuk tk jgk gSA ijekÚkWLV osQ fi?kyus
ls dbZ txg ?kjksa o bekjrksa ij ladV vk x;k gSA
ijekÚkWLV dk fi?kyuk fo'ks"k :i ls :l osQ fy;s ,d dfBu pqukSrh gS D;ksafd bl teh gqbZ ”kehu
dh dBksjrk dk ç;ksx djosQ dbZ ?kjksa rFkk rsy o xSl osQ cqfu;knh <k¡pksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA
ijekÚkWLV dks ml le; fLFkj ekuk tkrk FkkA
blosQ vykok] tyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k ijekÚkWLV osQ fi?kyus ls xzhugkml xSlksa] eq[; :i ls ehFksu
dk mRltZu c<+ tk,xk] iQyLo:i tyok;q ifjorZu esa vkSj o`f¼ gksxhA
vkoZQfVd esa ghVoso osQ çHkko ls taxyksa dh vkx esa o`f¼ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i dkWcZu mRltZu dh ek=kk
esa vR;fèkd o`f¼ gqbZ gSA iwokZsÙkj dukMk vkSj LdSaMsusfo;k esa Hkh vlkèkkj.k :i ls le; iwoZ xfeZ;ksa
dk vuqHko gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk igyh ckj cM+s Lrj ij vkx iQSyus yxh gSA
7
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr o phu ds fy;s yík• dk egÙo% bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj j.kuhfr

i`"BHkwfe
Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ eè; ,y-,-lh- okLrfod fu;a=k.k js[kk (Line of Actual– LAC) osQ vU; LFkyksa osQ
lkFk yík• esa xfrjksèk cuk gqvk gSA yík• dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] j.kuhfrd vofLFkfr rFkk lkaLÑfrd
tqM+ko Hkkjr] phu (frCcr) vkSj usiky dks egÙoiw.kZ :i ls çHkkfor djrk gSA lkFk gh nksuksa ns'k ,d&nwljs
ij j.kuhfrd o lkefjd c<+r çkIr djus osQ fy;s Hkh bls (yík[k) egÙoiw.kZ ekurs gSaA
yík• ij phu dk nkok
tqykbZ 1958 esa phu dh vkfèkdkfjd ekfld if=kdk ^pkbuk fiDVksfj;y* us ukWFkZ bZLV ÚafV;j ,tsalh
(NEFA) vkSj yík• {ks=k osQ ,d cM+s fgLls dks phu dk Hkkx crk;k FkkA blosQ ckn phu yík•
osQ oqQN fgLlksa dks f'kuft;kax (phu esa ,d Lok;Ùk {ks=k) rFkk frCcr ls tksM+us osQ fy;s lM+d ekxZ
dk fuekZ.k dj jgk FkkA
pkbuk fiDVksfj;y }kjk tkjh u;s phuh ekufp=k osQ ckn nksuksa ns'kksa osQ eè; yík• dks ysdj i=k&O;ogkj
'kq: gqvkA lu~ 1962 osQ Hkkjr&phu ;q¼ rd tokgjyky usg: vkSj muosQ phuh led{k >ksm ,u ykbZ
osQ chp i=kksa dk vknku&çnku gqvkA bl ;q¼ osQ dkj.k gh yík• ls gksdj tkus okyh ,y-,-lh- dk
vLi"V :i ls lhekadu gqvk gSA
bl cgqr 'kq"d] BaMs] vR;ar Å¡pkbZ rFkk nqyZHk ouLifr okys {ks=k dks ysdj Hkkjr rFkk phu osQ chp
dbZ eqíksa ij vlgefr gSA bl {ks=k osQ ckjs esa vxLr 1959 esa yksd lHkk esa rRdkyhu çèkkuea=kh usg:
us dgk ¶iwohZ vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ yík• dk cgqr cM+k {ks=k O;kogkfjd :i ls catj gS] tgk¡ ?kkl dk ,d
VqdM+k Hkh ugha mxrk gSA¸
yík• dk egÙo
Hkkjr vkSj phu nksuksa osQ fy;s yík• dk egÙo tfVy ,sfrgkfld çfØ;kvksa esa fufgr gS] ftl dkj.k
;g {ks=k tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; dk fgLlk cuk FkkA bl {ks=k esa phu dh fnypLih lu~ 1950 esa
frCcr ij dC”ks osQ ckn 'kq: gqbZA
vkfFkZd :i ls bl {ks=k dk egÙo bl rF; ls tqM+k gqvk gS fd ;g osQaæh; ,f'k;k o d'ehj osQ
eè; ços'k fcanq ij fLFkr Fkk vkSj oLrqvksa dks ,d=k djus (Entrepot) osQ fy;s egÙoiw.kZ FkkA frCcrh
i'ehuk 'kkWy osQ Åu dks yík• ls d'ehj ys tk;k tkrk FkkA blh le;] dkjkdksje njZs osQ ekè;e ls
;kjdan o d'xj ls phuh rqoZsQLrku (Chinese Turkestan) rd ,d le`¼ O;kikj ekxZ FkkA
8
djsaV vQs;lZ
tEew o d'ehj ds lkFk yík• dk ,dhdj.k
lu~ 1834 esa Mksxjk jkT; osQ vkØe.k rd yík• yxHkx HkwVku vkSj flfDde osQ leku gh ,d
Lora=k fgeky;h jkT; FkkA gkyk¡fd yík• ,sfrgkfld o lkaLÑfrd :i ls iM+kslh frCcr ls vfèkd
tqM+k gqvk FkkA Hkk"kk vkSj èkeZ osQ ekeys esa nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSa rFkk jktuhfrd :i ls Hkh
budk lk>k bfrgkl gSA
^yík•h fgLVªh ,aM bafM;u us'kugqM* uked fjlpZ isij esa dgk x;k gS fd yík• 742 bZloh esa jktk
ySaXMekZ (Langdarma) dh gR;k ls iwoZ rd frCcrh lkezkT; dk fgLlk FkkA blosQ ckn ;g ,d Lora=k
jkT; cu x;k] gkyk¡fd bldh lhek,¡ blosQ bfrgkl osQ nkSjku le;≤ ij cnyrh jghaA bldk
vfèkdka'k fgLlk vc if'peh frCcr esa gSA
lu~ 1819 esa fl•ksa }kjk d'ehj dk vfèkxzg.k djus osQ ckn lezkV j.kthr flag dh egÙokdka{kk
yík• dks thrus dh Fkh] ysfdu tEew esa fl•ksa osQ Mksxjk lkear (Feudatory) xqykc flag us yík•
dks tEew o d'ehj osQ lkFk ,dhÑr djus dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;kA
ml nkSjku Hkkjr esa Lo;a dks LFkkfir dj jgh fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us 'kq#vkr esa yík• esa #fp
ugha yhA gkyk¡fd frCcrh O;kikj osQ ,d cM+s fgLls dks viuh vksj •hapusa osQ edln ls vaxzs”kksa us
bl {ks=k esa Mksxjk vkØe.k osQ fy;s mRlkg fn•k;k FkkA
lu~ 1834 esa xqykc flag osQ vkØe.k osQ ckn yík• Mksxjk 'kklu osQ varxZr vk x;kA ebZ 1841
esa] phu osQ foaQx jktoa'k (Qing Dynasty) osQ ,d jkT; osQ :i esa frCcr us yík• dks 'kkgh phuh
jktoa'k esa feykus dh mEehn osQ lkFk vkØe.k dj fn;k] iQyLo:i phu&fl• ;q¼ gqvkA
bl ;q¼ esa phu&frCcr dh lsuk ijkftr gks xbZ rFkk pq'kqy dh lafèk ij gLrk{kj fd;s x,] ftlosQ
rgr vkxs ls vU; ns'k dh lhekvksa esa fdlh çdkj osQ cnyko ;k gLr{ksi u djus ij lgefr cuhA
yík[k
1- ^yík•* Hkkjr dk lcls Å¡pk iBkj gS] ftldk vfèkdka'k fgLlk 3]000 ehVj ls vfèkd Å¡pk gSA
;g mÙkj esa dkjkdksje ioZr vkSj nf{k.k esa fgeky; ioZr osQ chp fLFkr gSA blosQ mÙkj esa phu
rFkk iwoZ esa frCcr dh lhek,¡ gSaA lhekorhZ fLFkfr osQ dkj.k lkefjd n`f"V ls bldk cM+k egRo gSA
2- ;gk¡ xkWMfou vkWfLVu (K2] 8]611 ehVj) vkSj xk'kjczwe (8]068 ehVj) lokZfèkd Å¡ph pksfV;k¡
gSaA yík• ,d mPp v{kka'kh; e#LFky gS] D;ksafd fgeky; ekulwu dks jksd nsrk gSA ;gk¡ ufn;k¡
oqQN gh le; osQ fy;s çokfgr gks ikrh gSa tcfd 'ks"k le; ciQZ teh jgrh gSA flaèkq ;gk¡ dh
eq[; unh gSA
3- iwohZ Hkkx esa vfèkdka'k yksx ckS¼ gSa rFkk if'peh Hkkx esa vfèkdka'k yksx eqfLye èkeZ dks ekuus
okys gSaA ysg ls yxHkx 50 fdeh- nwj gsfel xksaik eB ckS¼ksa dk lcls cM+k èkkfeZd LFky gSA
iÁlEHko (xq# fjuiks;s) osQ lEeku esa okf"kZd gsfel R;ksgkj twu dh 'kq#vkr esa vk;ksftr fd;k
tkrk gSA frCcrh ckS¼ foaQonafr;ksa esa bUgsa ^nwljk cq¼* dgk tkrk gSA
4- ?kkVh esa ljir foyks ,oa ikWiyj osQ miou ns•s tk ldrs gSaA xzh"e ½rq esa lsc] •qckuh ,oa
v•jksV tSls isM+ iYyfor gksrs gSaA igyh 'krkCnh osQ vklikl yík• oqQ"kk.k jkT; dk fgLlk FkkA
ckS¼ èkeZ nwljh 'krkCnh esa d'ehj ls yík• esa iQSykA
1845&46 osQ çFke vkaXy&fl• ;q¼ osQ ckn yík• lfgr tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; fl• lkezkT; ls
fczfV'k vkfèkiR; osQ varxZr vk x;kA :fl;ksa ls ckrphr osQ fy;s ciQj {ks=k osQ :i esa tEew vkSj
d'ehj jkT; dk fuekZ.k eq[; :i ls vaxzs”kkas }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
9
djsaV vQs;lZ
iQyLo:i yík• o tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; dh lhek dk ifjlheu djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ] ijarq
bl {ks=k osQ frCcrh o eè; ,f'k;kbZ çHkko esa vkus osQ ckn lhekadu tfVy gks x;kA ^bafM;k vkWÝVj
xkaèkh* iqLrd esa jkepaæ xqgk osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjrh;ksa us ”kksj nsdj dgk fd vfèkdka'k fgLls esa lhek
dk fuèkkZj.k lafèk vkSj ijEijk }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk] tcfd phu us roZQ fn;k fd okLro esa bls dHkh
lhekafdr ugha fd;k x;k FkkA¸
1950 bZ- esa frCcr ij dC”ks ds ckn yík• esa phu dh #fp
lu~ 1950 esa ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWiQ pkbuk }kjk frCcr dk foy; djus osQ ckn phu dh yík• esa
#fp c<+ xbZA blesa fo'ks"k :i ls lu~ 1959 esa Ygklk esa frCcrh foæksg osQ ckn vkSj o`f¼ gqbZ] tc
nykbZ ykek osQ fuokZlu osQ ckn mudks Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd 'kj.k çnku dh xbZA
frCcr osQ vfLrRo dks udkjus osQ fy;s rFkk foæksg dks oqQpyus osQ ç;kl esa phu }kjk ç;ksx fd;s
x, rjhdksa osQ dkj.k phu vkSj Hkkjr osQ chp la?k"kZ c<+ x;kA phu }kjk o"kZ 1956&57 esa yík• esa
cukbZ xbZ lM+d frCcr ij fu;a=k.k j•us osQ fy;s egÙoiw.kZ FkhA bl rjg osQ vkiwfrZ ekxZ osQ vHkko
esa iwohZ frCcr esa çkjEHk gqvk vkSj de egÙoiw.kZ ekuk tkus okyk •Eik foæksg (Khampa Revolt)
•rjukd Lrj rd igq¡p ldrk FkkA
okLro esa] ;fn phu dh fLFkfr frCcr esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ls de”kksj gksrh gS rks yík[k {ks=k frCcr
esa phu dh idM+ e”kcwr djus dh oqQath lkfcr gks ldrk FkkA yík• ls gksus okys lM+d fuekZ.k us
usg: ljdkj dks ijs'kku dj fn;k FkkA usg: us dgk Fkk fd phu osQ dC”ks esa jgus osQ ckotwn frCcr
osQ ikl Lok;Ùkrk gksuh pkfg;sA
usg: tkurs Fks fd lM+d fuekZ.k 'kq: gksus osQ ckn f'kuft;kax uked ewy phuh {ks=k frCcr osQ lkFk
lhèkk tqM+ tk,xkA owQVuhfrd okrkZ foiQy gksus osQ ckn o"kZ 1962 esa Hkkjr&phu ;q¼ gqvkA
xfrjksèk dk orZeku dkj.k
o"kZ2013 rd bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr }kjk <k¡pkxr fodkl U;wure FkkA o"kZ 2013 osQ ckn blesa rs”kh vkbZ
rFkk o"kZ 2015 rd ;g {ks=k lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls izeq[k {ks=k cu x;kA
bldk nwljk çeq• dkj.k 05 vxLr] 2019 dks d'ehj dk fo'ks"k ntkZ [kRe djus dk fu.kZ; FkkA
phu osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ;fn Hkkjr us yík• dks osQaæ'kkflr çns'k cuk fn;k gS] rks vc og iwjs {ks=k ij
viuk fu;a=k.k lkfcr djus dh dksf'k'k djsxkA
blosQ vykok] ;g Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS fd le; osQ lkFk&lkFk f'kuft;kax] tks fd vDlkbZ fpu dk fgLlk
gS] vkarfjd dkj.kksa ls phu osQ fy;s cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA
nf{k.k vVykafVd folaxfr vkSj Hkw&pqEcdRo

gky gh esa] ;wjksih; varfj{k ,tsalh (European Space Agency — ESA) osQ LokeZ mixzg lewg
}kjk çkIr u, vk¡dM+ksa ls i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; {ks=k dks de”kksj djus okyh ,d jgL;e; folaxfr dk
irk pyk gSA
vÚhdk ls ysdj nf{k.k vesfjdk rd iQSyh bl folaxfr dk uke nf{k.k vVykafVd folaxfr
(South Atlantic Anomaly — SAA) gSA
;|fi i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk esa ns•h xbZ orZeku fxjkoV lkekU; mrkj&p<+ko dh lhek
osQ Hkhrj gh gSA
10
djsaV vQs;lZ
LokeZ dkWaULVsys'ku fe'ku (Swarm Constellation Mission) %

;g ;wjksih; varfj{k ,tsalh }kjk i`Foh dh fuxjkuh (Earth Observation) osQ fy;s Hksts x, mixzgksa
dk igyk lewg gSA
blesa rhu mixzgksa (vYiQk] czkoks vkSj pkyhZ) dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tks i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; {ks=k
dk fuekZ.k djus okys fofHkUu pqEcdh; laosQrksa dks igpkuus vkSj mudk ekiu djus osQ fy;s fM”kkbu
fd;s x, gSaA
;g fe'ku bZ-,l-,- osQ ;wjksih; varfj{k ifjpkyu osQaæ (European Space Operations Centre —
ESOC)] teZuh osQ ekè;e ls LohMu osQ çkFkfed xzkmaM LVs'ku] fd#uk (Kiruna) }kjk lapkfyr gSA
i`Foh dk pqEcdh; {ks=k (Earth's Magnetic Field)

fooj.k%
i`Foh dk pqEcdh; {ks=k ;k Hkw&pqEcdh; {ks=k (Geomagnetic Field) og {ks=k gS tks i`Foh osQ vkarfjd
Hkkx ls varfj{k rd iSQyk gS vkSj lw;Z lfgr varfj{k ls fudyus okys lHkh vkosf'kr d.kksa ij cy
vkjksfir djrk gSA
i`Foh dk nf{k.kh pqEcdh; èkqzo okLro esa mÙkjh èkqzo osQ ikl gS vkSj mÙkjh pqEcdh; èkzqo nf{k.kh èkqzo
osQ ikl gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dEikl osQ pqEcd dk mÙkjh èkqzo esa mÙkj dh vksj b'kkjk djrk gS (pw¡fd
foijhr èkqzo ,d&nwljs dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSa)A
11
djsaV vQs;lZ
mifLFkfr ds dkj.k%
i`Foh dk pqEcdh; {ks=k eq[;r% blosQ èkkfRod vkSj rjy (ckgjh) dksj osQ dkj.k gSA
i`Foh dk ckgjh dksj ,d fo'kky Mk;useks dh rjg gSA i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu rjy ckgjh dksj osQ vanj
gypy iSnk djrk gS tks Hkw&pqEcdh; {ks=k dks tUe nsrk gSA
egÙo%
mÙkjh èkqzo osQ vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa esa vDlj ns•h tkus okyh jks'kuh i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; {ks=k osQ dkj.k
gksrh gSA
okLrfodrk esa lw;Z }kjk mRlftZr ÅtkZ d.kksa dks i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; {ks=k }kjk èkqzoksa dh vksj çlkfjr
fd;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ os ok;qeaMy osQ lkFk feydj vkSjksjk cksjsfyl (Aurora Borealis) cukrs gSaA
;g lw;Z ls vk jgh lkSj iouksa (Solar Winds)] dkWfLed fdj.kksa vkSj vkosf'kr d.kksa ls i`Foh dks
cpkus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
çeq• fcanq%
nf{k.k vVykafVd folaxfr dh xEHkhjrk (pqEcdh; {ks=k dk de”kksj gksuk)A
oSKkfudksa us irk yxk;k gS fd i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; {ks=k us fiNys 200 o"kks± esa viuh 'kfÙkQ dk yxHkx
9» •ks fn;k gSA
o"kZ 1970 ls o"kZ 2020 osQ chp pqEcdh; {ks=k dh 'kfÙkQ 24000 uSuksVsLyk ls 22000 uSuksVsLyk rd
de gqbZ gSA
nf{k.k vVykafVd folaxfr dk egÙo %
,slk vuqeku gS fd orZeku esa pqEcdh; {ks=k dk de”kksj gksuk i`Foh osQ èkqzoksa osQ myVus dk laosQr gS
vFkkZr] mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh pqEcdh; èkqzo vius LFkkuksa dks cny ldrs gSaA
èkqzoksa dk myVuk ;k cnyuk vlkekU; ?kVuk ugha gS vkSj ;g yxHkx gj 250]000 o"kks± esa gksrh gSA
fiNyh ckj ;g 7-8 yk• o"kZ igys gqbZ FkhA
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] bl folaxfr osQ }kjk i`Foh osQ vkarfjd fodkl dh çfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa enn
feyus dh mEehn Hkh gSA
folaxfr dk çHkko%
vxj lkekU; rkSj ij ns•k tk, rks nf{k.k vVykafVd folaxfr fdlh Hkh çdkj dh •rjs dh ?kaVh ugha gSA
bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd èkqzoksa osQ cny tkus ij Hkh yksx fdlh Hkh çdkj dk cnyko ugha eglwl djsaxsA
12
djsaV vQs;lZ
gkyk¡fd] bl {ks=k osQ Åij ls mM+ku Hkjus okys mixzg vkSj vU; varfj{k;ku rduhdh •jkch dk vuqHko
dj ldrs gSaA bl {ks=k esa de”kksj pqEcdh; {ks=k dh otg ls vkosf'kr d.k i`Foh dh fupyh d{kk
osQ mixzgksa (Earth's law orbit satellites) esa ços'k dj eqf'dy mRiUu dj ldrs gSaA
;g usfoxs'ku&eSfiax] nwjlapkj vkSj mixzg ç.kkfy;ksa dks Hkh çHkkfor dj ldrk gS tks Hkw&pqEcdh; {ks=k
ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA blfy;s oaQI;wVj] eksckby iQksu vkSj vU; midj.k Hkh oqQN eqf'dyksa dk lkeuk
dj ldrs gSaA
vkxs dh jkg%
i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; {ks=k dks vDlj ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh f}èkqzoh; ckj&pqEcd osQ :i esa ns•k tkrk gS] tks
fd vius ?kw.kZu v{k ij yxHkx 11° >qdk gqvk gSA ;|fi nf{k.k vVykafVd folaxfr dh o`f¼ ;g
bafxr djrh gS fd pqEcdh; {ks=k mRiUu djus esa 'kkfey çfØ;k,¡ dgha vfèkd tfVy gSaA
LokeZ osQ mixzg }kjk pqEcdh; {ks=k osQ voyksdu ls i`Foh osQ vkarfjd Hkkx dh çfØ;kvksa dks le>us
esa ,d ubZ fn'kk feyus dh mEehn gSA
(lzksr % Mh-Mh- U;w”k] fctul ykbu)
fnYyh HkwdEi% dkj.k vkSj fpark,¡

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
twu osQ nwljs lIrkg esa fnYyh osQ vkl&ikl ,d de ifjek.k osQ HkwdEi dk >Vdk eglwl fd;k x;kA
ebZ ekg ls ysdj vc rd fnYyh o vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa esa 10 ls Hkh vfèkd NksVs&cM+s HkwdEi osQ >VosQ
eglwl fd;s x, gSaA
i`"BHkwfe
Hkkjr osQ nf{k.kh Hkw&Hkkx dks NksM+dj vU; {ks=k HkwdEi osQ çfr laosnu'khy gSaA buesa ls fgeky; osQ
vkl&ikl dk {ks=k vfr laosnu'khy ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr osQ nf{k.kh Hkkx esa vkerkSj ij HkwdEi vkus dh
mEehn de ;k ugha osQ cjkcj gS] D;ksafd bldh lrg pkukZsdkbV vkSj •ksaMkykbV pêðkuksa (Charnockite
and Khondalite Rocks) osQ dkj.k dBksj gksrh gSA ;s vius xBu nkSjku mPp rkieku osQ dkj.k cgqr
vfèkd :ikarfjr (Metamorphosis) gks xbZ gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd nf{k.k Hkkjr esa fjDVj iSekus ij
6 osQ ifjek.k okyk HkwdEi Hkh ”;knk uqdlkunk;d ugha gksxkA nf{k.k Hkkjrh; {ks=k osQ HkwdEi osQ çfr
de laosnu'khy gksus osQ ckotwn Hkh oqQN vfèkd rhozrk osQ HkwdEi HkkSxksfyd :i ls fopkj.kh; gSaA
mYys•uh; gS fd lu~ 1618 esa eqEcbZ (ckWEcs) rFkk lu~ 1843 esa nDdu osQ iBkj esa HkwdEi vk;k FkkA
o"kZ 1993 esa egkjk"Vª osQ ykrwj esa vk, HkwdEi osQ dkj.kksa dks ysdj vHkh Hkh fuf'pr :i ls fdlh
fu"d"kZ ij ugha igq¡pk tk ldk gSA fnYyh osQ vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa esa vk, gky osQ HkwdEiksa osQ vykok
>kj•aM vkSj dukZVd esa Hkh HkwdEi osQ >VosQ eglwl fd;s x, gSaA HkwdEi osQ NksVs >VosQ fdlh cM+s
HkwdEi osQ laosQr gSa] ,slh vk'kadkvksa dk dksbZ oSKkfud vkèkkj ugha gSA
fnYyh esa de le; esa vfèkd HkwdEiksa dk dkj.k
oSKkfud Li"V :i ls ;g ekurs gSa fd fiNys oqQN eghuksa esa fnYyh o vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa esa gksus
okyh HkwdEih; xfrfofèk;k¡ vlkekU; ugha gSaA jk"Vªh; HkwdEi foKku osQaæ osQ iwoZ çeq• osQ vuqlkj]
fnYyh o fudVorhZ {ks=kksa esa ,slk oqQN Hkh ugha gks jgk gS] ftls vklkekU; dgk tk losQA
13
djsaV vQs;lZ
fnYyh vkSj blosQ vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa dk foLrkj t;iqj] vtesj] ekmaVvkcw vkSj vjkoyh rd gSA bu
{ks=kksa esa HkwdEi osQ fjdkWMZ (Catalogue) dks ns•k tk, rks çfrekg 2-5 ;k vfèkd ifjek.k osQ yxHkx
2 ls 3 HkwdEi vkrs jgrs gSaA gkyk¡fd] blesa ekfld vkSj okf"kZd Lrj ij fHkUurk,¡ ns•h tkrh gSaA
bu {ks=kksa esa Hkw&oSKkfud vkSj HkwdEih; çfØ;k,¡ cgqr 'kkar o fLFkj ugha gSa] vr% dHkh&dHkh vfèkd
la[;k esa HkwdEi vkrs gSaA
blosQ vykok] fo'ks"kdj NksVs ifjek.k okys HkwdEiksa dk ntZ fd;k tkuk ml {ks=k fo'ks"k esa LFkkfir
HkwdEih; fjdkWMZj dh la[;k ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA ns'k osQ vU; fdlh Hkh {ks=k dh vis{kk fnYyh osQ
vkl&ikl flLeksehVj dh la[;k lokZfèkd gSA ;gk¡ rd dh HkwdEih; :i ls vR;fèkd lfØ; fgeky;h
{ks=kksa ls Hkh vfèkd la[;k esa flLeksehVj fnYyh esa gSaA ns'k esa LFkkfir 115 HkwdEih; fMVsDVjksa esa ls
16 fnYyh ;k mlosQ vkl&ikl gSaA
ifj.kkeLo:i dkiQh NksVs ifjek.k osQ HkwdEi] tks fd vfèkdka'k yksxksa }kjk eglwl Hkh ugha fd, tkrs
gSaA ijarq os ntZ dj fy;s tkrs gSaA blls lEcafèkr tkudkjh lkoZtfud :i ls lqyHk gksus osQ dkj.k
budh la[;k vfèkd yxus yxrh gSA
D;k NksVs HkwdEi vkus okys cM+s HkwdEiksa dk iwokZHkkl gSa\
pkj ;k mlls de ifjek.k osQ HkwdEi lkekU; rkSj ij dgha Hkh o fdlh Hkh rjg dk uqdlku ugha
igq¡pkrs gSa rFkk O;kogkfjd mís';ksa osQ fy;s ”;knkrj vlaxr ekus tkrs gSaA o"kZHkj nqfu;k esa bl rjg osQ
g”kkjksa HkwdEi ntZ fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj os Li"V :i ls fdlh Hkh cM+h vkxkeh ?kVuk dk laosQr ugha nsrs gSaA
HkwdEi osQ ekeyksa esa îQksj'kkWd* (Foreshock µ iwokZHkkl µ HkwdEi iwoZ >VosQ) dh voèkkj.kk dks
fdlh cM+s HkwdEi dh ?kVukvksa osQ ckn ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
tc HkwdEi dh dksbZ cM+h ?kVuk gksrh gS rks ml {ks=k esa fudV vrhr esa vk, lHkh NksVs HkwdEiksa dks
îQksj'kkWd* (Foreshock) osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh cM+s HkwdEi osQ vkus ls iwoZ rd
bldk mYys• iQksj'kkWd osQ :i esa ugha gksrk gSA
dHkh Hkh dksbZ cM+k HkwdEi vk ldrk gS vkSj mldk dksbZ Hkh iwokZuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gSA vr%
NksVs HkwdEiksa dks fdlh cM+s HkwdEi osQ vkus dk laosQr ekuuk iwjh rjg ls voSKkfud gSA bl izdkj
fnYyh esa fdlh cM+s HkwdEi osQ ckjs esa gksus okyh ppkZvksa dk dksbZ vkèkkj ugha gSA
Hkkjr esa HkwdEih; tksu
1- Hkkjr osQ HkkSxksfyd vk¡dM+ksa osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 54» {ks=kiQy HkwdEi dh pisV esa gSA Hkkjr osQ
HkwdEi çfrjksèkh fM”kkbu dksM osQ uohure laLdj.k osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr dk HkwdEi tksfuax eSi Hkkjr
dks 4 HkwdEih; tksu (tksu 2] 3] 4 vkSj 5) esa foHkkftr djrk gS] tcfd iwoZ osQ laLdj.kksa esa
ns'k dks ik¡p ;k Ng tksu esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA
2- tksu 5 µ lokZfèkd tksf•e okys {ks=k] ,e-,l-osQ- IX (MSK IX) ;k mlls vfèkd dh rhozrk
ls çHkkforA blesa d'ehj dk {ks=k] if'peh vkSj eè; fgeky;] mÙkj vkSj eè; fcgkj] mÙkj&iwoZ
Hkkjrh; {ks=k] dPN dk j.k vkSj vaMeku o fudksckj }hi lewg 'kkfey gSaA lkekU;r;k VªSi jkWd
;k cslkfYVd jkWd okys {ks=k HkwdEi osQ fy;s vfèkd ço.k gksrs gSaA
3- tksu 4 µ mPp tksf•e;qÙkQ {ks=k] ,e-,l-osQ- VIII (MSK VIII) dh rhozrk ls çHkkfor gSaA blesa
tEew o d'ehj] yík•] fgekpy çns'k] mÙkjk•aM] flfDde] flaèkq&xaxk osQ eSnkuksa osQ oqQN Hkkx
(mÙkjh iatkc] paMhx<+] if'peh mÙkj çns'k] rjkbZ] mÙkjh caxky vkSj lqanjou) 'kkfey gSaA lkFk
gh fnYyh] egkjk"Vª dk ikVu {ks=k (dks;ukuxj) vkSj fcgkj osQ oqQN mÙkjh Hkkx tSls jDlkSy
(Hkkjr&usiky lhek osQ ikl) tksu 4 esa gSaA
14
djsaV vQs;lZ
4- tksu 3 o tksu 2 µ eè;e tksf•e;qÙkQ {ks=k rFkk ,e-,l-osQ- VII (MSK VII) dh rhozrk ls
çHkkfor {ks=k tksu 3 esa vkrs gSa] tcfd tksu 2 osQ varxZr ,e-,l-osQ- VI (MSK VI) ;k mlls
de dh rhozrk okys {ks=k vkrs gSaA
5- ,e-,l-osQ- LosQy (MSK Scale) µ HkwdEih rhozrk ekius osQ fy;s esnosnso&LiksUgqvj&dkfuZd iSekuk
jkseu vadksa I (U;wure) ls ysdj XII (vfèkdre) rd forfjr gSA o"kZ 1964 esa çLrkfor gksus
osQ dkj.k bls MSK&64 Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g eSØksflfLed rhozrk dk iSekuk gS] ftldk mi;ksx
HkwdEih; ?kVuk osQ {ks=k esa ns•s x, çHkkoksa osQ vkèkkj ij >Vdksa dh xEHkhjrk dk ewY;kadu djus
osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ vykok] HkwdEi dh rhozrk dks ekius osQ fy;s ejdSyh (Mercalli)
iSekus dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g iSekuk xq.kkRed gS] ifjek.kkRed ughaA
6- rhozrk (Intensity) cuke ifjek.k (Magnitude) µ fdlh LFkku ij HkwdEi dh rhozrk ogk¡ ij
Hkwfe esa xfr rFkk ekuo ij çHkko osQ :i esa vk¡dh tkrh gSA HkwdEi dh rhozrk dk ekiu HkwdEi
}kjk O;fÙkQ;ksa] bekjrksa vkSj Hkwfe ij n`f"Vxkspj gksus okys çHkkoksa dh O;kidrk osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k
tkrk gS] tcfd fdlh HkwdEi dk ifjek.k mlosQ }kjk eqÙkQ dh xbZ ÅtkZ dh eki gSA ifjek.k
HkwdEih; rjaxksa osQ vk;ke (Amplitude)] Roj.k (Acceleration)] vko`fÙk (Frequency) rFkk dbZ
vU; xf.krh; ckrksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA HkwdEi osQ ifjek.k dks fjDVj iSekus (Richter Scale)
ij ekik tkrk gSA ;g ,d y?kqx.kd (logarithmic) iSekuk gSA
D;k {ks=k esa fdlh cM+s HkwdEi dh vk'kadk gS\

HkwdEi osQ fy;s vfxze laosQrksa dh igpku djus osQ fy;s oSKkfud o"kks± ls dke dj jgs gSa] ijarq vHkh
rd dksbZ liQyrk ugha feyh gSA gkyk¡fd] oqQN fo'ks"k çdkj osQ HkwdEi] tks Tokykeq•h xfrfofèk osQ
dkj.k vkrs gSa] mudh Hkfo";ok.kh oqQN gn rd dh tk ldrh gSA
fganqoqQ'k ls iwokZsÙkj rFkk nf{k.k ls nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k rd iSQyk gqvk fgeky;h {ks=k HkwdEih; :i ls
nqfu;k osQ lcls lfØ; {ks=kksa esa ls ,d gSA bl {ks=k us vrhr esa dbZ cM+s HkwdEiksa dk vuqHko fd;k
gSA bldk lcls gkfy;k mnkgj.k o"kZ 2015 esa usiky esa vk;k HkwdEi gSA
fnYyh tSls {ks=kksa esa HkwdEi dh Hkfo";ok.kh djuk vfèkd dfBu gS] D;ksafd ;g LFkku fdlh Hkh iQkWYV
ykbu ij fLFkr ugha gSA fgeky;h {ks=k dh foorZfudh (Tectonics) dh FkksM+h&cgqr tkudkjh osQ vuqlkj
nks VsDVkWfud IysVksa ,d&nwljs ls fey jgha gSaA
oSKkfudksa dk vuqeku gS fd fgeky;h {ks=k esa 8 ;k mlls vfèkd ifjek.k dk ,d cM+k HkwdEi vk
ldrk gSA ;g vuqeku oSKkfudksa }kjk ,d VsDVkWfud IysV osQ nwljs osQ uhps f•ldus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i
lrg osQ uhps mRiUu gksus vkSj iQ¡ls jgus okyh ÅtkZ osQ ekiu ij vkèkkfjr gSA
fnYyh {ks=k esa fdlh cM+s HkwdEi osQ ckjs esa oSKkfudksa dks vfèkd irk ugha gS] D;ksafd fdlh cM+s HkwdEi
osQ ckjs esa Hkfo";ok.kh osQoy eqÙkQ gksus okyh ÅtkZ osQ vuqeku ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd] fnYyh
fdlh IysV lhek ij fLFkr ugha gSA fnYyh dk iwjk {ks=k ,d gh IysV ij fLFkr gS] vr% ;gk¡ HkwdEih;
xfrfofèk;k¡ vkarfjd foÑfr osQ dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSaA
6 osQ ifjek.k osQ HkwdEi lkekU; rkSj ij fgjksf'kek ij fxjk, x, ijek.kq ce }kjk eqÙkQ ÅtkZ osQ
led{k gksrs gSaA pw¡fd HkwdEi osQ ifjek.k dks y?kqx.kdh; iSekus ij ekik tkrk gSA vr% 7 osQ ifjek.k
okyk HkwdEi 6 osQ ifjek.k okys HkwdEi dh rqyuk esa yxHkx 32 xquk vfèkd 'kfÙkQ'kkyh gksrk gSA
blh çdkj] 8 osQ ifjek.k dk HkwdEi 6 dh rqyuk esa yxHkx 1]000 xquk vfèkd 'kfÙkQ'kkyh gksrk gSA
15
djsaV vQs;lZ
;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd NksVs HkwdEiksa osQ dkj.k FkksM+h&FkksM+h ek=kk esa ÅtkZ eqÙkQ gksrh jgrh gS] ftlls
fdlh cM+s HkwdEi ls cpk tk ldrk gSA ,sls rdks± dk dksbZ vkèkkj ugha gSA 6 osQ ifjek.k okys HkwdEi
osQ cjkcj ÅtkZ eqÙkQ djus osQ fy;s 4 osQ ifjek.k okys yxHkx 1]000 HkwdEiksa dh vko';drk gksxhA
HkwdEi ls cpko
HkwdEi osQ ckjs esa dksbZ Li"V vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gSA Hkfo";ok.kh yksxksa dks HkwdEi osQ
f•ykiQ lqjf{kr ugha cuk ldrh gSA
blosQ fy;s fuekZ.k dks HkwdEi çfrjksèkh cukus dh vko';drk gSA HkwdEi osQ nkSjku fuèkkZfjr iwokZH;klksa
dk vuqikyu djuk pkfg;sA HkwdEi osQ nkSjku fdlh •qyh txg] dk;kZy; ;k ?kj ij gksus dh fLFkfr
esa Hkkxus osQ fy;s lqjf{kr LFkku osQ ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg;sA
de&ls&de 72 ?kaVs rd pyus okyh ,d HkwdEi vkikrdkyhu fdV dks rS;kj j•uk pkfg;sA bl fdV
esa ikuh] Hkkstu vkSj vU; egÙoiw.kZ oLrq,¡ gksuh pkfg;sA
jk"Vªh; vkink çcaèku çHkkx osQ vuqlkj lqjf{kr jgus osQ fy;s MªkWi] doj vkSj gksYM (Drop, Cover
and Hold Triangle of Life) uked rhu fØ;k,¡ viukuh pkfg;sA
^MªkWi* dk vFkZ gS fd vius pkjksa eksM+ksa vFkkZr~ ?kqVuksa vkSj dksgfu;ksa dks eksM+dj tehu ij yxk ysaA
HkwdEi ls cpus osQ fy;s ;g vkn'kZ fLFkfr ekuh tkrh gSA
^doj* ls rkRi;Z gS fd dksguh dks ”kehu ls yxkus osQ ckn gkFkksa ls vius flj vkSj xnZu dks <d
ysa] ftlls eycs ls cpk tk losQA fdlh Hkh ikl dh es”k ;k vU; e”kcwr vkJ; osQ uhps jgsaA ;fn
vkl&ikl dksbZ es”k ugha gS rks ?kj dh vkarfjd nhokjksa ls lVdj •M+s gks tk,¡A fxj ldus okyh Å¡ph
oLrqvksa o iQuhZpj ls nwj jgsaA
^gksYM* dk eryc gS fd tc rd dEiu can u gks tk, rc rd vius dks fdlh e”kcwr vkJ; osQ
uhps j•saA ;fn vki es”k osQ uhps gSa] rks bls ,d gkFk ls idM+dj j•saA ;fn vki •qys esa gSa] rks flj
vkSj xnZu dks ckgksa osQ }kjk <ddj j•saA
;fn vki Oghyps;j ij gSa] rks ifg;ksa dks ykWd djsa vkSj fiQj flj o xnZu lfgr egÙoiw.kZ vaxksa dh
j{kk osQ fy;s >qd tk,¡A
vxj vki HkwdEi vkus osQ nkSjku ?kjksa ls ckgj gSa rks bekjrksa] isM+ksa o ikWojykbuksa ls nwj fdlh [kkyh
txg esa ”kehu ij ysV tk,¡A okgu u pyk,¡ rFkk okgu osQ ikfoZQax czsd dks lfØ; dj nsaA iqy]
ikWojykbu] lkbu cksMZ] Hkou vkSj okgu ij fxj ldus okyh vU; ph”kksa ls cpsaA
lkekU; rkSj ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd HkwdEi osQ nkSjku njok”ks lcls vPNh lqj{kk çnku djrs gSa] ijarq
^vFkZDosd oaQVªh vyk,al* osQ vuqlkj] ;fn ?kj cgqr iqjkuk gS rks ;g rF; lgh ugha gSA
;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ fdlh Å¡ph bekjr esa jgrk gks rks mldks Hkkxuk ugha pkfg;sA Å¡ph bekjrksa esa HkwdEi
osQ nkSjku lhf<+;ksa ;k fyÝV ls uhps Hkkxus dh vis{kk Åij jguk ”;knk lqjf{kr gSA bekjr fxjus tSlh
cnrj fLFkfr esa dksbZ e”kcwr iQuhZpj ;k ckFkVc lgk;rk igq¡pus dh fLFkfr rd fjÙkQ vkSj lqjf{kr
LFkku çnku dj ldrk gSaA
16

djsaV vQs;lZ
lkekU; vè;;u djsaV vQs;lZ
iz'ui=k - 2
jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud ?kVukØe

Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh èkkjk 309 % O;ogk;Zrk-------------------------------------------------18
fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdk vkSj vnkyrh lqèkkj ---------------------------------------------------19
vkj{k.k ewy vfèkdkj ugha % mPpre U;k;ky;------------------------------------------------22
Ñ".kk o xksnkojh unh ty fookn ------------------------------------------------------------------24
ernku dh xksiuh;rk (Secrecy of Ballot)----------------------------------------26
ih-,e- ds;lZ iaQM% ikjnf'kZrk ij mBrs ç'ufpUg---------------------------------------------27
dsaæh; ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k dh ubZ •aMihB-----------------------------------------------29
dksfoM osQ ckn f'k{kk dk Lo:i----------------------------------------------------------------------30
mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk ds
:i esa fganh dh çklafxdrk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
egkekjh vkSj ;wfuolZy csfld bude---------------------------------------------------------------33
flfoy lsok cksMZ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
varjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukØe
Hkkjr dh 'kkar o lSU; owQVuhfr% vkarfjd ck/k,¡ -------------------------------------------37
½.k dh fpark vkSj ch-vkj-vkbZ- ---------------------------------------------------------------------38
csYV vkSj jksM igy rFkk yík• xfrjks/% ,d fo'ys"k.k --------------------------------41
phu ds lkFk O;kikj ij çfrca/ dk fopkj% fdruk çklafxd--------------------------43
th&11 lewg vkSj Hkkjr ds fy;s fufgrkFkZ--------------------------------------------------------48
varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/d U;k;ky;% vf/dkj {ks=k vkSj fookn------------------------------50
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn esa Hkkjr }kjk vLFkkbZ lnL;rk gsrq vfHk;ku-------------52
twu fnol dk vesfjdh bfrgkl esa egÙo---------------------------------------------------------54
vkj-lh-bZ-ih- okrkZ dk iqu% çorZu vkSj Hkkjr ds le{k volj------------------------56
Hkkjr&phu fookn vkSj flfDde&frCcr vfHkle; dh lkFkZdrk----------------------58
fo'o cSad }kjk lefFkZr LVklZ (STARS) ifj;kstuk dk fo'ys"k.k -------------------61
fo'o LokLF; laxBu vkSj Hkkjr------------------------------------------------------------------------63
dksfj;kbZ ;q¼&fojke le>kSrk----------------------------------------------------------------------------66
n fcx fiDpj% fgan egklkxj }hih; dwVuhfr-------------------------------------------------67
/Ee pØ fnol vkSj ckS¼ dwVuhfr------------------------------------------------------------------70
iQkjl dh •kM+h % {ks=k esa 'kkafr vkSj j.kuhfrd egÙo -----------------------------------72
Hkkjr&HkwVku ds eè; le>kSrk Kkiu------------------------------------------------------------------75
Hkkjr&vkWLVªsfy;k opZqvy lfeV% xBtksM+ dk u;k ekWMy---------------------------------77
Hkkjr&rkfycku lehdj.k vkSj i'rwuksa ls tqM+s loky----------------------------------------79
Hkkjr&:l lEca/ksa dk iquxZBu--------------------------------------------------------------------------81
17
jktuhfrd ,oa
3 iz'kklfud ?kVukØe
Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh èkkjk 309 % O;ogk;Zrk
i`"BHkwfe
foxr o"kZ tkjh fo'o LokLF; laxBu dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ {ks=k osQ ns'kksa esa ls Hkkjr
esa vkRegR;k dh nj lcls vfèkd gSA
1- Hkkjr esa vkRegR;k dh nj 16-5 O;fÙkQ çfr 100]000 gSA
2- Hkkjr fo'o dk rhljk lokZf/d efgyk vkRegR;k nj (14-7) okyk ns'k gSA
;|fi Hkkjr esa o"kZ 2017 esa vkRegR;k dks xSj&vkijkfèkd ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu Hkkjrh;
naM lafgrk dh èkkjk 309 vHkh Hkh cuh gqbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh èkkjk 309
tc dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ vkRegR;k dk ç;kl djrk gS rks ml ij èkkjk 309 ykxw gksrh gSA
19oha lnh esa vaxzs”kksa }kjk cuk, x, bl dkuwu esa eq[;r% ml le; dh lksp n`f"Vxr gksrh gS] tc
gR;k ;k •qn dks ekjus osQ ç;kl dks jkT; rFkk èkeZ osQ f•ykiQ vijkèk ekuk tkrk FkkA
D;k èkkjk 309 dks fujLr dj fn;k x;k gS\
ugha];g èkkjk Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa vHkh Hkh cuh gqbZ gSA
;|fi n esaVy gsYFkosQ;j ,DV (MHCA)] 2017] tks tqykbZ 2018 esa ykxw gqvk] us èkkjk 309 osQ
mi;ksx dh xqatkb'k dks dkiQh de dj fn;k gS vkSj vkRegR;k dks osQoy ,d viokn osQ :i esa
naMuh; cukus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA
 ,e-,p-lh-,- dh èkkjk 115 (1) osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh èkkjk 309 osQ rgr
fdlh O;fÙkQ dks rHkh f”kEesnkj ekuk tk,xk] ;fn ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd og ekufld ncko
;k ruko esa ugha FkkA¸
ljdkj dh Hkwfedk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro
èkkjk 115 (2) esa dgk x;k gS] ¶;g ljdkj dk nkf;Ro gksxk fd ml O;fÙkQ dks mfpr ns•Hkky]
mipkj vkSj iquokZl çnku djs] tks xEHkhj ruko ls xq”kj jgk gks rFkk ftlus vkRegR;k djus dk ç;kl
fd;k gksA¸
èkkjk 309 ls lEcafèkr fpark,¡ vkSj eqís
bl èkkjk dh otg ls vDlj O;fÙkQ dks vafre le; esa] tc lcls ”;knk ns•Hkky dh vko';drk
gksrh gS] okafNr bykt ugha fey ikrk gS D;ksafd MkWDVj bls esfMdks&yhxy osQl dgdj igys iqfyl
Li"Vhdj.k dh ekax djrs gSaA
;g Hkh lEHko gS fd vLirky osQ Hkz"V vfèkdkjh bl fLFkfr dk nq#i;ksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj iqfyl dks
lwfpr fd;s fcuk osQl dks can djus osQ fy;s vfrfjÙkQ 'kqYd ys ldrs gSaA lkFk gh] Hkz"V iqfyldfeZ;ksa
}kjk Hkh blh rjg dh ”kcju olwyh lEHko gSA
oLrqr% ;g lc ml vk?kkr o mRihM+u osQ vfrfjÙkQ gS] ftldh otg ls igys ls gh dksbZ O;fÙkQ
xEHkhj :i ls O;fFkr py jgk gksrk gSA
18
djsaV vQs;lZ
èkkjk 309 ds i{k esa roZQ
dbZ ckj ,slh fLFkfr Hkh mRiUu gksrh gS tc yksx ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa viuh ekaxsa iwjh u gksus ij tku
nsus dh èkedh nsrs gSaA gkyk¡fd] ,sls ekeyksa esa iqfyl dks vDlj lansg jgrk gS fd lEcaf/r O;fÙkQ
dk vkRegR;k djus dk bjknk ugha gS] cfYd bl èkedh dk bLrseky og xyr rjhosQ ls ncko cukus
;k iqfyl ç'kklu dks CySdesy djus osQ fy;s dj jgk gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa bl èkkjk dk mi;ksx djuk
”k:jh gks tkrk gSA
;fn èkkjk 309 fujLr dj nh tkrh gS] rks bl rjg dh leL;k,¡ mRiUu djus okys yksxksa osQ f•ykiQ
dkjZokbZ djus dk dksbZ ?kksf"kr çkoèkku ugha gksxkA
mPpre U;k;ky; vkSj fofèk vk;ksx ds fopkj
o"kZ 1996 esa ^Kku dkSj cuke iatkc jkT;* okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; dh ,d laoSèkkfud ihB us èkkjk
309 dh laoSèkkfud oSèkrk dks cjdjkj j•kA
o"kZ 1971 esa] fofèk vk;ksx us viuh 42oha fjiksVZ esa Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh èkkjk 309 dks fujLr
djus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk (la'kksèku) foèks;d] 1978 dks jkT; lHkk }kjk ikfjr
dj fn;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu blls igys fd ;g yksdlHkk }kjk ikfjr fd;k tkrk laln Hkax gks xbZ vkSj
foèks;d Lor% fujLr gks x;kA
o"kZ 2008 esa] fofèk vk;ksx us viuh 210oha fjiksVZ esa dgk fd vkRegR;k osQ ç;kl osQ fy;s euksjksxksa
ls tqM+h fpfdRlk ,oa ns•Hkky dh vko';drk gS] u fd l”kk dhA
ekpZ 2011 esa] mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh laln ls èkkjk 309 dks gVkus dh O;ogk;Zrk ij fopkj djus
dh fliQkfj'k dhA
fu"d"kZ
Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh èkkjk 309 dks bl rjg ls iqu% ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd blls dkuwu
dh lgk;rk Hkh gks losQ vkSj tks yksx okLrfod ekufld LokLF; leL;kvksa ls tw> jgs gSa] muosQ
f•ykiQ Hkh bldk bLrseky u gksA
çfl¼ lekt'kkL=kh ,fey n[kfbe us dgk Fkk fd ^vkRegR;k,¡ osQoy euksoSKkfud ;k HkkoukRed dkj.
kksa ls ugha gksrha] cfYd lkekftd dkj.kksa ls Hkh gksrh gSaA*
bl çdkj ljdkj ,oa U;k;ky;ksa }kjk vkRegR;k ls tqM+s lHkh i{kksa dks è;ku esa j•dj èkkjk 309 osQ
rk£dd fofu;eu dh vko';drk gSA
fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdk vkSj vnkyrh lqèkkj
i`"BHkwfe
egkekjh us thou osQ lHkh igyqvksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA dbZ {ks=kksa esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu ns•s x, gSaA
blesa U;k;ky;ksa vkSj vfèkdj.kksa dh dk;Z&i¼fr esa cnyko Hkh 'kkfey gSA U;k;ikfydk us ohfM;ks dkWUÚsaflax
osQ ekè;e ls rRdky o vko';d ekeyksa dh lquokbZ dh gSA bl le; vnkyrksa osQ vkbZ-Vh- <k¡ps esa
cqfu;knh lqèkkj djus vkSj ohfM;ks dkWUÚsal osQ ”kfj;s lquokbZ fd;s tkus ls lEcafèkr dbZ lq>ko fn;s tk
jgs gSaA gkyk¡fd bu lc eqíksa osQ chp fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdkvksa dh c<+rh la[;k ,d cM+k eqík gSA
fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdk (Special Leave Petitions - SLPs)
Hkkjrh; U;k; O;oLFkk esa ,l-,y-ih- dk çeq• LFkku gSA budk ç;ksx osQoy mu ekeyksa esa fd;k
tkrk gS] tc fdlh ;kfpdk esa dkuwu dk dksbZ Bksl ç'u 'kkfey gks vFkok fdlh fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k
fMØh esa dksbZ ?kksj vU;k; n`"VO; gksA
19
djsaV vQs;lZ
lSU; vfèkdj.kksa o dksVZ ek'kZy dks NksM+dj vU; fdlh U;k;ky;ksa o vfèkdj.kksa }kjk fn;s x, fdlh
fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh osQ f[kykiQ ;kfpdk dh fo'ks"k vuqefr mPpre U;k;y; }kjk çnku dh
tkrh gSA bl çdkj] ;g ,d vihy ugha cfYd ,d vihy osQ fy;s nk;j ;kfpdk gSA ;kfpdk
LohÑr gksus osQ ckn vihy esa cny tkrh gSA
;g mPpre U;k;ky; dh ,d çdkj dh foosdkèkhu 'kfÙkQ gSA vuqPNsn 136 esa bldk mYys• fd;k
x;k gSA dksbZ Hkh ,l-,y-ih- osQ fy;s vfèkdkj osQ :i esa bldk nkok ugha dj ldrk gSA
mPp U;k;ky; osQ fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; osQ fo#¼ 90 fnuksa osQ Hkhrj ,l-,y-ih- nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA
vihy cuke ,l-,y-ih-

vihy ges'kk fdlh U;k;ky; osQ vafre fu.kZ; osQ fo#¼ dh tkrh gS] tcfd ,l-,y-ih- fdlh Hkh
fu.kZ; osQ fo#¼ dh tk ldrh gS] pkgs fu.kZ; varfje gks ;k vafreA
vihy ges'kk inkuqØe (lksikfud) esa uhps ls mlls Åij osQ U;k;ky; esa dh tkrh gS] lhèks mPp
;k mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy ugha dh tk ldrh gSA ,l-,y-ih- fdlh Hkh vnkyr osQ fu.kZ; osQ
fo#¼ lhèks mPpre U;k;ky; esa nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA
Vªk;y dksVZ cuke vihyh; dksVZ (ijh{k.k&Lrj U;k;ky; cuke vihyh;&Lrj U;k;ky;)
Vªk;y dksVZ os U;k;ky; gksrs gSa] tgk¡ fdlh ekeys dh 'kq#vkr gksrh gSA Vªk;y dksVZ esa nksuksa i{k
lk{; vkSj xokg is'k djrs gSa] tcfd vihyh; vnkyrksa esa] dksbZ xokg vkSj lk{; ugha is'k fd;k
tkrk gSA vihyh; vnkyrksa esa vfèkoÙkQk dkuwuh vkSj uhfrxr eqíksa ij cgl djrs gSaA Vªk;y dksVZ esa
vfèkoÙkQk lk{; vkSj dkuwuh rdZ çLrqr djrs gSaA
nksuksa vnkyrksa osQ chp nwljk varj U;k;kèkh'kksa dk gSA Vªk;y dksVZ esa tt r; djrk gS fd fdl lk{;
dk ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fdldk ugha] tks vfèkdrj ekeyksa osQ urhts r; djrk gSA vihyh;
vnkyrsa dkuwu osQ eqíksa ij è;ku osQafær djrh gSa u dh Vªk;y dksVZ dh rjg rF;ksa osQ lokyksa ijA
;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ Vªk;y dksVZ esa osQl gkj tkrk gS] rks mlosQ ikl vkerkSj ij vihy nk;j djus dk
iw.kZ oSèkkfud vfèkdkj gksrk gSA Vªk;y dksVZ dksbZ ,d fuf'pr vnkyr ugha gks ldrh gS] vnkyr
dk Lrj vijkèk dh xEHkhjrk ;k eqdnes osQ ewY; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
ç.kkyh esa cnyko vkSj lqèkkj dh vko';drk
vèkhuLFk flfoy vnkyrksa vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa] nSfud dk;Zokgh esa vR;fèkd le; O;rhr gks tkrk
gSA dbZ çfØ;kxr ekeyksa esa osQoy tokc nkf•y djus vkfn osQ fy;s gh vkxyh rkjh• (LFkxu) dh
ekax dh tkrh gSA bl leL;k dks ç.kkyh esa lqèkkj djosQ nwj ;k lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vnkyrksa }kjk rRdky varfje gLr{ksi dh vko';drk okys ekeyksa dks gh U;k;ky;ksa osQ le{k lwphc¼
fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] tcfd çfØ;kxr dkj.kksa ls yfEcr ekeyksa esa fyf•r ;k ekSf•d vkosnu ij
fdlh U;kf;d vfèkdkjh ;k U;k;kèkh'k }kjk rRdky lquokbZ dh vko';drk osQ lR;kiu osQ ckn gh
bls lwphc¼ fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
u;s ekeyksa ls vyx] lhfer ek=kk esa gh osQoy mu ekeyksa dks iksLV fd;k tk, tks cgl osQ fy;s
iwjh rjg ls rS;kj gksaA blls ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk losQxk fd dksVZ :e esa HkhM+ u gksA lquokbZ fd;s
tkus okys ekeyksa dks igys ls lwphc¼ fd;k tkuk (tSls] fyfLVax osQ nks lIrkg igys) pkfg;s] ftlls
vfèkoÙkQkvksa dks i{kksa ls tkudkjh çkIr djus vkSj rdZ osQ fy;s rS;kj gksus gsrq i;kZIr le; fey tk,xkA
mPpre U;k;ky; fu;e] 2013 esa fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdkvksa ls lEcafèkr çkoèkkuksa esa la'kksèku fd;k
tkuk pkfg;sA lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 136 mPpre U;k;ky; dks foosdkuqlkj] yksxksa dks fdlh Hkh
U;kf;d ;k vèkZ&U;kf;d çkfèkdj.k osQ fu.kZ; dh vihy osQ fy;s ;kfpdk nk;j djus dh fo'ks"k
btktr ns ldrk gSA
20
djsaV vQs;lZ
mPpre U;k;ky;] lkoZtfud egÙo osQ ekeyksa ij dkuwuh loky mBus vFkok mPp U;k;ky;ksa ;k
vfèkdj.kksa }kjk fn;s x, fdlh ,sls fu.kZ; ftlesa U;k;ky; }kjk gLr{ksi dh t:jr eglwl gksrh gS]
^fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdkvksa* dks nk;j djus dh vuqefr ns ldrk gSA bl çkoèkku dk nq#i;ksx o"kks±
ls gksrk vk jgk gSA
blosQ vykok] fdlh ekeys esa dkuwu osQ fdlh Bksl ç'u osQ 'kkfey gksus ;k fdlh fu.kZ; ;k fMØh
vkfn esa ?kksj vU;k; dh fLFkfr esa Hkh fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdkvksa dks nk;j djus dh vuqefr nh tk
ldrh gSA fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdkvksa dh btktr nsuk ,d çdkj ls mPpre U;k;ky; dh vof'k"V
'kfÙkQ dgh tk ldrh gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; dk çeq• mís'; vihyh; U;k;ky; cuus dk ugha FkkA mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks vkerkSj
ij vihyh; ekeyksa esa vafre vnkyr ekuk tkrk gSA blosQ ckotwn] vc fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdkvksa
dks vafre nkSj osQ vihy osQ :i esa ekuk tk jgk gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; esa nk;j dh xbZ oqQy ,l-,y-ih- dk 80 ls 90» [kkfjt dj fn;k tkrk gS] ftldk
eryc gS fd osQoy 10 ls 20» ,l-,y-ih- gh dkuwu osQ egÙoiw.kZ ç'uksa ls lEcafèkr gksrh gSaA blls
U;k;ky; dk dkiQh le; cckZn gksrk gSA
,slh dbZ ,l-,y-ih- gksrh gSa ftuesa dkuwu dk dksbZ fo'ks"k ç'u ugha mBk;k tkrk gS ;k rqPN ç'uksa dks
mBk;k tkrk gSA ,slh ,l-,y-ih- osQ ekeysa esa vihydÙkkZ ij ykxr ewY; osQ vkjksi.k osQ lkFk ekSf•d
lquokbZ osQ fcuk •kfjt dj fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA blls ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk losQxk fd osQoy ;ksX;
,l-,y-ih- dks gh U;kf;d :i ls LohÑr fd;k tk, vkSj yksxksa dks csotg ,l-,y-ih- nkf•y djus
ls jksdk tk losQA
;g yfEcr ekeyksa dh la[;k dks rs”kh ls de djsxk] ftlls U;k;ky;ksa osQ le; dks cpk;k tk ldrk
gSA U;k;ky;ksa osQ bl vfrfjÙkQ le; dk ç;ksx lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djus] dkuwuksa dh laoSèkkfud oSèkrk
dh tk¡p djus ;k dk;Zdkjh fØ;kvksa ls lEcafèkr oSèkkfud vihy vkSj ekeyksa dh lquokbZ djus esa
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mik;
blosQ fy;s ,d ,slh ç.kkyh rS;kj djus dh vko';drk gS tgk¡ ekeyksa dks vnkyr osQ lkeus rc
rd lwphc¼ u fd;k tk losQ] tc rd fd lHkh nLrkos”k ,d r; vkSj l[r le; lhek osQ Hkhrj
iQkby u fd;s tk,] lkFk gh çR;sd çfØ;kxr fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha fd;k x;k gksA egÙoiw.kZ ckr
;g gS fd ekStwnk cqfu;knh <k¡pk ,slh ç.kkyh dks fodflr djus osQ fy;s i;kZIr gSA
fo'ks"k vuqefr ;kfpdkvksa ls lEcafèkr ,d ljy lekèkku ;g gksxk fd ,l-,y-ih- dh rRdky ekSf•d
lquokbZ dh tk,A mPpre U;k;ky; osQ fu;eksa esa la'kksèku fd;k tk ldrk gS] rkfd ,l-,y-ih- dh
iwoZ lquokbZ dk <k¡pk rS;kj gks losQA
,l-,y-ih- osQ ekeyksa esa le; dh cckZnh dks de djus osQ fy;s U;k;ky; dh lgk;rk djus gsrq]
;ksX; odhyksa ls cus U;kf;d lgk;dksa dk ,d osQMj cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA ;s lgk;d çR;sd ,l-,y-
ih- osQ fy;s vuqPNsn 136 osQ vuqlkj dkuwu osQ egÙoiw.kZ ç'uksa dks rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA bu ç'uksa osQ
vuqlkj U;k;ky; ekSf•d lquokbZ osQ fy;s ;kfpdkvksa dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA osQoy
,slh ,l-,y-ih- ftlesa ekSf•d lquokbZ dh vuqefr nh xbZ gS] lquokbZ osQ fy;s lwphc¼ gksuh pkfg;sA
vihy ds fy;s dksbZ tckc nkf•y u djuk
;gk¡ rd dh oSèkkfud vihy osQ ekeyksa esa vkSj ,slh ,l-,y-ih- ftldh lquokbZ dh vuqefr çnku dj
nh tkrh gS] U;k;ky; dks vihy dk tokc nkf•y djus ;k çR;qÙkj djus dh ç.kkyh dks •Re fd;k
tkuk pkfg;sA vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa osQ fjdkWMZ osQ vkèkkj ij gj ekeys dk iQSlyk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
21
djsaV vQs;lZ
pw¡fd vihy ij lquokbZ osQ nkSjku U;k;ky; osQ le{k rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr dksbZ u;k rdZ ugha is'k fd;k
tk ldrk gS] vr% vfrfjÙkQ okn ;k cgl nkf•y djus dh ç.kkyh dks fujFkZd ?kksf"kr fd;k tkuk
pkfg;s] D;ksafd okn ;k cgl vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa osQ fjdkWMks± dk gh lhèkk iquLFkkZiu gSA
bl rjg dh vfèkdka'k vihy U;k;kèkh'kksa vkSj muosQ 'kksèk lgk;dksa osQ le{k çLrqr dh tk ldrh
gS vkSj osQoy ,slh vihyksa dh foLr`r lquokbZ dh tkuh pkfg;s] tgk¡ U;k;kèkh'kksa dks Li"Vhdj.k dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
vkj{k.k ewy vfèkdkj ugha % mPpre U;k;ky;

gky gh esa] mPpre U;k;ky; us vkj{k.k ij ,d cM+h fVIi.kh djrs gq, dgk gS fd fdlh ,d leqnk;
osQ fy;s lhVksa dks vkjf{kr djuk ml leqnk; dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj ugha gSA
i`"BHkwfe
mPpre U;k;ky; us gky esa rfeyukMq osQ esfMdy dkWystksa esa vU; fiNM+k oxZ osQ fy;s 50 çfr'kr
lhVsa vkjf{kr fd;s tkus dh ek¡x ls tqM+h ;kfpdk ij lquokbZ djus ls euk dj fn;kA
è;krO; gS fd] rfeyukMq osQ yxHkx lHkh jktuhfrd nyksa us lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 32 osQ rgr ,d
fjV ;kfpdk nk;j djosQ ek¡x dh Fkh fd jkT; osQ esfMdy dkWystksa esa vU; fiNM+s oxZ osQ vkj{k.k
dks c<+kdj 50 çfr'kr dj fn;k tk,A
;kfpdk esa osQaæ ljdkj ij fpfdRlk vkSj nar foKku tSls ikBÔØeksa esa vf•y Hkkjrh; dksVk osQ rgr
lhVksa osQ fy;s fiNM+s oxks± rFkk vfr fiNM+s oxks± osQ fy;s fuèkkZfjr 50» dksVk ykxw ugha djus dk
vkjksi yxk;k Fkk] lkFk gh ¶rfeyukMq osQ yksxksa osQ fy;s mfpr f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj¸ dh voekuuk
dk vkjksi Hkh yxk;k FkkA
eq[; fcanq
mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk fd vkj{k.k ekSfyd vfèkdkj ugha gS] blfy;s bl fo"k; ij vuqPNsn 32
ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vr% vkj{k.k dk ykHk u nsuk fdlh Hkh laoSèkkfud vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku
ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA
;kfpdkdrkZvksa dk i{k
;kfpdkdrkZvksa dk dguk Fkk fd jkT; esa ,slh vkj{k.k O;oLFkk osQ ykxw u gksus dh otg ls ;gk¡ osQ
fuokfl;ksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku gksrk vk;k gSA
lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd LokLF; lsok egkfuns'kd vkj{k.k çnku djus osQ fy;s fuEu esa ls fdlh
Hkh dkuwu dk ikyu ugha dj jgs gSa%
1- rfeyukMq fiNM+k oxZ] vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ('kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa lhVksa dk
vkj{k.k vkSj ljdkjh lsokvksa esa fu;qfÙkQ) dkuwu] 1993 osQ vuqlkj vf•y Hkkjrh; dksVk osQ rgr
Lukrd ikBÔØeksa esa rFkk LukrdksÙkj fpfdRlk ikBÔØeksa esa vU; fiNM+k oxZ osQ mEehnokjksa osQ
fy;s 50» vkj{k.kA
2- vU; jkT;ksa osQ fy;s LukrdksÙkj fpfdRlk ikBÔØe rFkk vf•y Hkkjrh; dksVk osQ rgr vU;
fiNM+k oxZ osQ mEehnokjksa osQ fy;s 27» vkj{k.kA
çksUufr esa vkj{k.k ij U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ;
o"kZ 2020 dh 'kq#vkr esa] mPpre U;k;ky; us iQSlyk fn;k Fkk fd çksUufr esa vkj{k.k ekSfyd vfèkdkj
ugha gS vkSj jkT; dks blosQ fy;s ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
22
djsaV vQs;lZ
laoSèkkfud çkoèkku
1- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 15 lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy;s lekurk osQ vfèkdkj dh ckr djrk gSA
vuqPNsn 15 (1) osQ vuqlkj] jkT; fdlh ukxfjd osQ fo#¼ èkeZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax] tUeLFkku ;k
buesa ls fdlh osQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ foHksn ugha djsxkA vuqPNsn 15 (4) vkSj 15 (5) esa lkekftd
rFkk 'kS{kf.kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s oxks± ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj tutkfr osQ fy;s fo'ks"k micaèk dh O;oLFkk
dh xbZ gSA
2- lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 16 esa ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa vkSj lsokvksa esa leku volj çnku djus dh ckr
dh xbZ gSA ysfdu vuqPNsn 16(4)] 16(4)(d)] 16(4)(•) rFkk vuqPNsn 16(5) esa jkT; dks
fo'ks"k vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gS fd og fiNM+s gq, ukxfjdksa osQ fdUgha oxks± dks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa
vko';drkuqlkj vkj{k.k ns ldrk gSA
3- 1992 osQ baæk lkguh ekeys esa] mPpre U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd oqQy fn;s x, vkj{k.k dh
vfèkdre lhek 50» ls vfèkd ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
4- 2019 esa 103osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e nokjk vkfFkZd :i ls de”kksj oxZ (Economically
Weaker Sections– EWS) osQ fy;s ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa vkSj f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa 10 çfr'kr vkj{k.k dk
çkoèkku fd;k x;kA
fjV vfèkdkj {ks=k (Writ Jurisdiction)
lafoèkkuosQ vuqPNsn 32 osQ rgr mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk vuqPNsn 226 osQ varxZr mPp U;k;ky;]
ewy vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djus rFkk buosQ çorZu gsrq canh çR;{khdj.k (Habeas Corpus)] ijekns'k
(Mandamus)] fu"ksèk (Prohibition)] mRçs"k.k ys• (Certiorari)] vfèkdkj i`PNk (Quo Warranto)]
tSlh fjV tkjh dj ldrs gSaA
vuqPNsn 32 osQ rgr laln bu fjV~l dks tkjh djus osQ fy;s fdlh vU; U;k;ky; dks Hkh çkfèkÑr
dj ldrh gSA ;|fi vHkh rd ,slk dksbZ çkoèkku ugha fd;k x;k gSA
è;krO; gS fd mPpre U;k;ky; osQoy ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ çorZu osQ fy;s gh fjV tkjh dj ldrk
gS] tcfd mPp U;k;ky; ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa rFkk lkèkkj.k dkuwuh vfèkdkj nksuksa osQ fy;s fjV tkjh
dj ldrk gSA
bafnjk lkguh vkSj vU; cuke Hkkjr la?k] 1992
mijksÙkQ okn esa fu.kZ; lqukrs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us fiNM+s oxks± osQ fy;s 27» dk dksVk cjdjkj
j•k FkkA blosQ vykok mPp tkfr;ksa osQ chp vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxks± osQ fy;s ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa
esa 10» vkj{k.k dh ljdkjh vfèklwpuk dks jí dj fn;k FkkA
blh okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us bl fl¼kar dks Hkh lgh Bgjk;k fd la;qÙkQ vkj{k.k osQ ckn ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
dh la[;k oqQy la[;k dh 50» ls vfèkd ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
^Øheh ys;j* dh voèkkj.kk Hkh bl fu.kZ; osQ ekè;e ls yksxksa osQ le{k vkbZ rFkk U;k;ky; us ;g
Hkh Li"V fd;k fd fiNM+s oxks± osQ fy;s vkj{k.k osQoy çkjafHkd fu;qfÙkQ;ksa rd gh lhfer gksuk pkfg;s
vkSj inksUufr esa bldk ykHk ugha feyuk pkfg;sA
è;krO; gS fd laln }kjk o"kZ 2019 esa 103osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e osQ }kjk vukjf{kr oxZ esa
^vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxks±* osQ fy;s ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa 10» vkj{k.k dh
O;oLFkk dh xbZ FkhA
vfèkfu;e }kjk vuqPNsn 15 vkSj 16 esa la'kksèku fd;s x, rFkk vkfFkZd fiNM+siu osQ vkèkkj ij vkj{k.k
çnku djus osQ fy;s ljdkj }kjk vko';d •aM tksM+s x,A
è;krO; gS fd ;g 10» vkfFkZd vkj{k.k 50» dh vkj{k.k lhek osQ Åij gSA
(lzksr % n fganw)
23
djsaV vQs;lZ
Ñ".kk o xksnkojh unh ty fookn

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa] osaQæ ljdkj us rsyaxkuk vkSj vkaèkz çns'k }kjk Ñ".kk vkSj xksnkojh ufn;ksa osQ ty osQ mi;ksx
dks ysdj ,d&nwljs osQ fo#¼ f'kdk;r lEcaèkh ekeys dk tk;tk ysus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA
D;k gS eqík\
vkaèkz çns'k o rsyaxkuk nksuksa jkT; Ñ".kk vkSj xksnkojh unh rFkk budh lgk;d ufn;ksa osQ {ks=k dks
lk>k djrs gSaA
nksuksa jkT;ksa }kjk lEcafèkr unh ty cksMks±] osQaæh; ty vk;ksx vkSj 'kh"kZ ifj"kn~ dh vuqefr fy;s fcuk
gh dbZ ifj;kstuk,¡ 'kq: dj nh xb± gSaA
vkaèkz çns'k iquxZBu vfèkfu;e] 2014 osQ rgr xksnkojh vkSj Ñ".kk unh çcaèku cksMks± dh dk;Zç.kkyh
dh fuxjkuh gsrq ,d 'kh"kZ ifj"kn osQ xBu dk çkoèkku fd;k x;k FkkA 'kh"kZ ifj"kn esa osQaæh; ty
lalkèku ea=kh vkSj rsyaxkuk o vkaèkz çns'k jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
foaQrq foxr o"kZ rsyaxkuk ljdkj }kjk vkaèkz çns'k ljdkj osQ fo#¼ Ñ".kk unh ij ifj;kstuk,¡ 'kq:
djus osQ lEcaèk esa f'kdk;r ntZ djkbZ xbZ FkhA
vkaèkz çns'k ljdkj }kjk Ñ".kk unh ij Jh'kSye tyk'k; osQ ,d fgLls ls ty osQ mi;ksx esa o`f¼ ls
lEcafèkr çLrko osQ dkj.k rsyaxkuk }kjk vkaèkz çns'k osQ fo#¼ f'kdk;r dh xbZ gSA
vkaèkz çns'k jkT; esa Ñ".kk unh ij Jh'kSye tyk'k; dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g tyk'k; uYykeYyh
igkfM+;ksa esa fLFkr gSA
rsyaxkuk dh f'kdk;r osQ çR;qrj esa vkaèkz çns'k us Hkh rsyaxkuk esa Ñ".kk unh ij iykeq#&jaxkjsîóh o
fMaMh fyÝV flapkbZ ifj;kstuk,¡ vkSj xksnkojh unh ij çLrkfor dkys'oje o rqioqQyxqMse cSjkt osQ
lEcaèk esa f'kdk;r esa dgk gS fd ;s lHkh ubZ ifj;kstuk,¡ gSaA
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ igy
bl lEcaèk esa osQaæh; ty 'kfÙkQ ea=kky; }kjk Ñ".kk vkSj xksnkojh unh çcaèku cksMks± osQ vè;{kksa dks
egkjk"Vª o dukZVd esa flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa osQ lEcaèk esa tkudkjh tqVkus rFkk bl tkudkjh dks ,d
ekg osQ vanj osQaæ osQ le{k çLrqr djus osQ fy;s dgk x;k gSA
ljdkj }kjk bl fookn esa gLr{ksi dk eq[; mís'; fooknksa osQ vkyksd esa ubZ ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy;s
vfèk'ks"k ty dh miyCèkrk dk vkdyu djuk gSA
Ñ".kk ty fookn U;k;kfèkdj.k
Ñ".kk unh ty fookn osQ lekèkku gsrq nks vfèkdj.kksa dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA
tfLVl c`ts'k oqQekj dh vè;{krk okys vfèkdj.k us vius fu.kZ; esa vfèk'ks"k ty dk egkjk"Vª dks
81 g”kkj fefy;u D;wfcd iQhV (tmcft)] dukZVd dks 177 D;wfcd iQhV vkSj vkaèkz çns'k dks 196
D;wfcd iQhV ty vkoafVr fd;k gSA
vkaèkz çns'k }kjk lokZsPp U;k;y; esa tfLVl c`ts'k oqQekj }kjk fn;s x, fu.kZ; dks lokZsPp U;k;y;
esa pqukSrh nh xbZA
vkaèkz çns'k dk i{k gS fd o"kZ 2014 esa rsyaxkuk dks vyx jkT; dk ntkZ fn;s tkus osQ ckn bls Ñ".kk
ty fookn vfèkdj.k (KWDT) esa vyx ikVhZ osQ :i esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] rkfd ty dk
vkoaVu rhu jkT;ksa dh ctk; pkj jkT;ksa (egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] rsyaxkuk vkSj vkaèkz çns'k) esa fd;k tk losQA
24
djsaV vQs;lZ
xksnkojh ty fookn U;k;kfèkdj.k
o"kZ 1969 esa xksnkojh ty fookn vfèkdj.k dk xBu vkaèkz çns'k] eè; çns'k] NÙkhlx<+] vksfM'kk vkSj
dukZVd osQ eè; xksnkojh unh osQ ty caVokjs dks ysdj fd;k x;k FkkA
vfèkdj.k }kjk o"kZ 1980 osQ fu.kZ; osQ rgr çR;sd jkT; xksnkojh rFkk bldh lgk;d ufn;ksa osQ ty
dk mi;ksx ,d fuèkkZfjr Lrj rd djus osQ fy;s Lora=k FkkA
fdarq o"kZ 2014 esa rsyaxkuk jkT; osQ vfLrRo esa vkus osQ mijkar xksnkojh unh osQ ty dks ysdj]
fo'ks"kdj iksykoje ifj;kstuk vkaèkz çns'k vkSj rsyaxkuk osQ eè; fookn dk eq[; dkj.k cu xbZA
gkyk¡fd] iksykoje ifj;kstuk vkaèkz çns'k osQ xksnkojh ftys dh flapkbZ vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djsxh]
ijarq rsyaxkuk dk rdZ gS fd blls rsyaxkuk osQ •Eee ftys esa fLFkr dbZ xk¡oksa ij Mwcus dk •rjk
cuk gqvk gSA
varjkZT;h; ty fookn
lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn&262 osQ rgr varjkZT;h; ty fookn osQ U;k; fu.kZ;u (Adjudication) dk
çkoèkku fd;k x;k gSA bl vuqPNsn osQ varxZr laln fdlh varjkZT;h; unh o unh ?kkVh ty osQ mi;ksx]
forj.k rFkk fu;a=k.k osQ lEcaèk esa fookn ;k f'kdk;r osQ lekèkku gsrq dkuwu dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA
lkFk gh laln ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gS fd bl çdkj osQ fookn ;k f'kdk;r osQ lEcaèk esa
lokZsPp U;k;ky; rFkk vU; U;k;ky; vius {ks=kkfèkdkj dk ç;ksx uk djsaA
laln }kjk vuqPNsn&262 osQ rgr nks dkuwu] ;Fkkµ unh cksMZ vfèkfu;e] 1956 vkSj varjkZT;h; ty
fookn vfèkfu;e] 1956 ikfjr fd;s x, gSaA
unh cksMZ vfèkfu;e osQ varxZr osQaæ ljdkj }kjk varjkZT;h; unh vkSj unh ?kkfV;ksa osQ fofu;eu vkSj
fodkl gsrq unh cksMZ osQ xBu dk çkoèkku fd;k x;k gSA unh cksMZ dk xBu jkT; ljdkjksa osQ vkxzg
ij mUgsa lykg nsus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
varjkZT;h; ty fookn vfèkfu;e osQaæ ljdkj dks varjkZT;h; unh ;k unh ?kkVh osQ ty dks ysdj nks
;k nks ls vfèkd jkT;ksa osQ eè; fookn osQ lekèkku gsrq ,d rnFkZ U;k;kfèkdj.k (Adhoc Tribunal) dh
LFkkiuk dk vfèkdkj çnku djrk gSA gkyk¡fd] bl vfèkfu;e esa fu.kZ; nsus dh vfèkdre le;&lhek
fuèkkZfjr ugha gSA
vfèkdj.k dk fu.kZ; fookn ls lEcafèkr i{kdkjksa osQ fy;s vafre ,oa ckè;dkjh gksrk gSA bl vfèkfu;e
osQ rgr LFkkfir vfèkdj.k osQ le{k çLrqr fd;s x, ty fookn u rks lokZsPp U;k;ky; vkSj u gh
fdlh vU; U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj esa vkrs gSaA
Ñ".kk unh
;g iwoZ dh vksj cgus okyh unh gS] ftldh mRifÙk egkjk"Vª osQ egkcys'oj ls gksrh gSA ;g unh
pkj jkT;ksa (egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] rsyaxkuk vkSj vkaèkz çns'k) ls gksdj cgrh gqbZ caxky dh •kM+h esa
fey tkrh gSA
Ñ".kk dh lgk;d ufn;k¡µ rqaxHkæk] ekyçHkk] dks;uk] Hkhek] ?kkVçHkk] ;jyk] o#.kk] fnaMh] ewlh
vkSj nwèkxaxk gSaA
xksnkojh unh
xksnkojh unh dk mn~xe egkjk"Vª jkT; esa ukfld osQ lehi =k;EcosQ'oj ls gksrk gS rFkk ;g caxky
dh •kM+h esa feyrh gSA
xksnkojh csflu egkjk"Vª] vkaèkz çns'k] NÙkhlx<+ vkSj vksfM'kk jkT;ksa osQ vkykok eè; çns'k] dukZVd
vkSj osaQæ'kkflr çns'k iqMqpsjh osQ NksVs ls Hkkx esa iQSyk gqvk gSA
25
djsaV vQs;lZ
vkxs dh jkg
ty ,d jk"Vªh; lEifÙk gSA unh ty ij çknsf'kd lEçHkqrk dh ckr vrkfdZd gSA dksbZ Hkh jkT; unh
osQ LokfeRo dks ysdj nkok ugha dj ldrk gSA unh ty fookn osQ lekèkku gsrq ty osQ Û;k;laxr
forj.k ;k mi;ksx* osQ fl¼kar ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
varjkZT;h; unh ty fooknksa osQ tYn lekèkku gsrq jkT;ksa osQ eè; vyx&vyx vfèkdj.kksa osQ LFkku
ij ,d LFkkbZ vfèkdj.k dh LFkkiuk fd;s tkus osQ lkFk gh varjkZT;h; unh ty fookn vfèkfu;e dh
dfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
ernku dh xksiuh;rk (Secrecy of Ballot)

gky gh esa] ,d iQSlys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ekuk gS fd eri=k dh xksiuh;rk] Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k
pqukoksa dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSA U;k;ky; us dgk fd yksdra=k esa xqIr ernku ç.kkyh }kjk Lora=k pqukoksa dks
lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
çeq• fcanq
mPpre U;k;ky; us ekuk fd eri=kksa dh xksiuh;rk dk fl¼kar laoSèkkfud yksdra=k (Constitutional
Democracy) dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ i{k gS vkSj tu çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e (Representation of People
Act)] 1951 dh èkkjk 94 bl fl¼kar dh ckr djrh gSA
vDlj ;g lEHkkouk gksrh gS fd ernkrk dks mlosQ }kjk fn;s x, er dk •qyklk djus osQ fy;s ncko
cuk;k tkrk gS] èkkjk 94 ernkrkvksa dh xksiuh;rk osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dks cuk, j•rh gSA
;fn ernkrk vius }kjk fn;s x, er dk LosPNk ls •qyklk djuk pkgrk gS rks og dj ldrk gS]
U;k;ky; us Hkh ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd ernkrkvksa dks u rks ,slk djus ls jksdk tk ldrk gS u rks
fdlh osQ }kjk bldh f'kdk;r dh tk ldrh gSA
i`"BHkwfe
è;krO; gS fd ;g fu.kZ; bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; osQ ,d iQSlys osQ fojksèk esa nkf•y dh xbZ ;kfpdk
ij lquk;k x;k FkkA bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; us vDVwcj 2018 dks ç;kxjkt ftyk iapk;r dh ,d
cSBd esa ftyk iapk;r vè;{k osQ f•ykiQ ikfjr vfo'okl çLrko dks jí dj fn;k FkkA
mPp U;k;ky; osQ vuqlkj] vfo'okl çLrko esa oqQN lnL;ksa }kjk eri=k dh xksiuh;rk osQ fu;e dk
mYya?ku fd;k x;k FkkA mPpre U;k;ky; us lh-lh-Vh-oh- iqQVst osQ vkèkkj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd
ftyk iapk;r osQ lnL;ksa }kjk eri=kksa dks tkucw>dj fn•k;k x;k FkkA
mPpre U;k;ky; us mÙkj çns'k osQ {ks=k iapk;r vkSj ftyk iapk;r vfèkfu;e] 1961 dh èkkjk 28(8)
dk gokyk nsrs gq, xqIr ernku ç.kkyh }kjk vxys nks eghuksa osQ Hkhrj iqu% ernku dk vkns'k fn;kA
blesa ;g çkoèkku gS fd xqIr ernku }kjk vfo'okl çLrko ij ernku gksxkA
xqIr ernku dh iquLFkkZiuk

bysDVªkWfud oksfVax e'khu (bZ-oh-,e-) dh 'kq#vkr osQ ckn ls eri=k dh xksiuh;rk ,d jk"Vªh; èkkj.kk
cu xbZ gSA
Hkkjr esa ernkrkvksa dks vDlj yxrk gS fd osQoy os vkSj muosQ foLoLr yksx gh tkurs gSa fd
mUgksaus fdls oksV fn;k Fkk] tks fd okLro esa lp ugha gS] D;ksafd bZ-oh-,e- }kjk Hkh ernku osQ
iSVuZ osQ ckjs esa lVhd tkudkjh fey tkrh gSA
26
djsaV vQs;lZ
çR;sd
bZ-oh-,e- dk mi;ksx yxHkx 1]400 ernkrkvksa osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bZ-oh-,e- esa Mkys
x, oksV O;fÙkQxr :i ls fxus tkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa cwFk&okj ,df=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
bZ-oh-,e- dh 'kq#vkr ls igys] ernku osQ iSVuZ dks lkoZtfud gksus ls jksdus osQ fy;s vDlj
eri=kksa dks feyk fn;k tkrk FkkA
oksfVax iSVuZ dh tkudkjh ls jktuhfrd nyksa dks iQk;nk gksrk gS] ftls csvlj djus osQ fy;s fuokZpu
{ks=k esa oksVksa dh fxurh osQ fy;s VksVykbtlZ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
VksVykbtj
;g ,d ,slh ;qfÙkQ gS ftlls 14 cwFkksa osQ erksa dks ,d lkFk fxuk tk ldrk gSA
blosQ }kjk çkIr ifj.kke esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dk ernku iSVuZ ugha fn•rk gS] ftlls fdlh mEehnokj
}kjk ernkrkvksa dks pquko iwoZ èkedh ;k pquko osQ ckn mRihM+u dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
tu çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e (Representation of People Act), 1951
Lora=kvkSj fu"i{k pqukoksa dk vk;kstu LoLFk yksdra=k dk vkèkkj gSA Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k rjhosQ ls
pquko osQ lapkyu dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy;s lafoèkku&fuekZrkvksa us lafoèkku esa Hkkx XV (vuqPNsnµ
324&329) dks 'kkfey fd;k vkSj pqukoh çfØ;k dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy;s laln dks vkSj l'kÙkQ cuk;kA
pquko vk;ksx Hkkjr esa Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pquko dk ltx çgjh gS vkSj lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 324 esa
bldh LFkkiuk dh ckr dh xbZ gSA
bl lanHkZ esa laln us tu çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 cuk;kA
tu çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 ds çeq• çkoèkku

;g pqukoksa vkSj mi&pqukoksa osQ okLrfod vkpj.k dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
;g pquko djkus osQ fy;s ç'kklfud e'khujh çnku djrk gSA
;g jktuhfrd nyksa osQ iathdj.k osQ fy;s vkèkkj çnku djrk gSA
;g lnuksa dh lnL;rk osQ fy;s ;ksX;rk vkSj v;ksX;rk dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
;g Hkz"V fØ;kdykiksa vkSj vU; vijkèkksa dks jksdus osQ fy;s çkoèkku miyCèk djkrk gSA
;g pqukoksa ls mRiUu gksus okys lansgksa vkSj fooknksa dks fuiVkus dh çfØ;k dks iwjk djrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
yksdra=k esa] pqukoh çfØ;k dh fo'oluh;rk ls ”;knk egÙoiw.kZ 'kk;n oqQN ugha gS] blfy;s pquko u
osQoy Lora=k gksuk pkfg;s] cfYd fu"i{k Hkh gksuk pkfg;sA
pquko vk;ksx dks yksdra=k dks okLro esa thoar cukus osQ fy;s vkSj ernkrkvksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dks Lora=k
vkSj fu"i{k pqukoksa osQ lkFk&lkFk muosQ ernku dh xksiuh;rk osQ fy;s Hkh vkSj ”;knk eq•j gksus dh
vko';drk gSA (lzksr % n fganw)
ih-,e- ds;lZ iaQM% ikjnf'kZrk ij mBrs ç'ufpUg

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa] ç/kuea=kh dk;kZy; (PMO) }kjk dgk x;k gS fd ç/kuea=kh ukxfjd lgk;rk vkSj vkikr
fLFkfr jkgr dks"k (ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM) lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e] 2005 (Right To Information
Act, 2005) dh /kjk&2 (,p) osQ rgr ,d ^lkoZtfud çkf/dj.k* (Public Authority) ugha gSA
27
djsaV vQs;lZ
,slh fLFkfr esa lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e] 2005 osQ rgr ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM osQ lEca/ esa ekaxh
xbZ lwpuk dks lk>k djus ls euk dj fn;k x;k gSA
è;krO; gS fd ,d vkj-Vh-vkbZ- vkosnd }kjk ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM osQ fu;eksa ls lEcaf/r tkudkjh
ekaxh xbZ FkhA
lkoZtfud çkf/dj.k
vkj-Vh-vkbZ- vf/fu;e] 2005 dh /kjk&2 (,p) osQ vuqlkj] yksd çkf/dj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gSA blosQ vuqlkj yksd çkf/dj.k ,sls laLFkku dks dgk tk,xk ftldk xBu fd;k x;k gSµ
lafo/ku }kjk
laln }kjk cukbZ xbZ fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk
jkT; fo/ku eaMy }kjk cukbZ xbZ fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk
mi;qÙkQ ljdkj (Appropriate Government) }kjk tkjh dh xbZ vf/lwpuk ;k vkns'k }kjk xfBr
dksbZ çkf/dj.k] fudk; ;k Lok;Ùk ljdkjh laLFkk }kjkA
dksbZ fudk; tks mi;qÙkQ ljdkj osQ LokfeRo ;k fu;a=k.k osQ varxZr gks ;k ml}kjk çR;{k ;k vçR;{k
:i ls foÙkiksf"kr gksA
,sls ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laxBu tks mi;qÙkQ ljdkj }kjk çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls foÙkiksf"kr gksaA
ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM

;g ,d lkoZtfud /ekZFkZ U;kl (Public Charitable Trust) gS] ftls dksfoM&19 egkekjh tSlh
vkikrdkyhu ;k ladVdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus gsrq cuk;k x;k gSA
bl dks"k dk mís'; ladV dh fLFkfr (çkÑfrd ;k ekuotfur) esa ihM+k dks de djus osQ lkFk&lkFk
<k¡pkxr lqfo/kvksa osQ uqdlku dks de djrs gq, volajpuk rFkk laLFkkxr {kerk osQ iqufuZekZ.k o
foLrkj gsrq vko';d dne mBkuk gSA
ç/kuea=kh ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM dk insu vè;{k gksrk gS rFkk vU; lnL;ksa esa x`g ea=kh] j{kk ea=kh vkSj
foÙk ea=kh 'kkfey gSaA
fu.kZ; osQ çHkko
U;kl (VªLV) dks yksd çkf/dj.k dk ntkZ u fn;s tkus ls ikjnf'kZrk ij ç'u gksuk LokHkkfod gS]
lkFk&lkFk ;g dne yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa osQ Hkh fo#¼ gSA
vkj-Vh-vkbZ- osQ nk;js ls ckgj gksus osQ dkj.k ;g Hkh Li"V ugha gS fd ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM fu;a=kd
,oa egkys•k ijh{kd }kjk ys•k ijh{kk osQ v/hu vkrk gS ;k ugha!
ljdkj dk i{k
ljdkj }kjk ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM dks lkoZtfud çkf/dj.k dk ntkZ u fn;s tkus osQ ihNs ;g roZQ fn;k
x;k gS fd ;g dks"k LoSfPNd nku ij vk/kfjr gS] vr% ;g iaQM ys•k ijh{kk osQ rgr ugha vkrk gSA
ljdkj }kjk dgk x;k gS fd ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM osQ ckjs esa vko';d ,oa i;kZIr tkudkjh iaQM dh
vkf/dkfjd osclkbV ls çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
;g nku ij vk/kfjr dks"k gS] blfy;s fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd dks bls vkWfMV djus dk vfèkdkj
ugha gSA
ljdkj ds dne dh vkykspuk
bl U;kl dk ukedj.k] bldk xBu] fpã (Emblem) vkfn dk vkoaVu ljdkj }kjk fd;k x;k gS]
28
djsaV vQs;lZ
lkFk gh bl ij fu;a=k.k Hkh ljdkj dk gh gSA bUgha dkj.kksa osQ pyrs ;g U;kl ^yksd çkf/dj.k* dh
Js.kh esa vkrk gSA vr% ;g vkWfMV osQ nk;js esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA
ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM dk çca/u iw.kZr% ljdkj osQ çfrfuf/;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh bl dks"k esa
cM+s Lrj ij lkoZtfud mís';ksa gsrq /u ,df=kr fd;k tk jgk gSA bu lc vk/kjksa osQ eísu”kj dgk
tkrk gS fd ;g ,d yksd çkf/dj.k gSA
vkxs dh jkg
ikjnf'kZrk fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk dk cqu;knh ewY; gSA blls ljdkj vkSj turk osQ eè; fo'okl
esa e”kcwrh vkrh gSA ljdkj dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd og ukxfjdksa dks vius dke&dkt osQ lEca/ esa
vko';d tkudjh eqgS;k djk,A lkFk gh bl ckr dk Hkh iw.kZr% è;ku j•k tkuk pkfg;s fd çnku
dh xbZ tkudkjh ls ns'k dh ,drk] v•aMrk vkSj lEçHkqrk ij fdlh çdkj dh pqukSrh mRiUu u gksA
dsaæh; ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k dh ubZ •aMihB

gky gh esa] osaQæh; ljdkj us tEew vkSj d'ehj o yík• osQ osaQæ 'kkflr çns'kksa osQ fy;s osaQæh; ç'kklfud
U;k;kf/dj.k (Central Administrative Tribunal - CAT) dh 18 oha •aMihB dk mn~?kkVu fd;k gSA
osaQæh; ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k (CAT) D;k gS\
osaQæh; ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k dh LFkkiuk vuqPNsn 323&d osQ rgr] lafo/ku esa HkrhZ vkSj lsok dh
'krks± osQ lEca/ esa fookn vkSj f'kdk;rksa osQ lek/ku osQ fy;s dh xbZ FkhA
bldk mís'; ihfM+r yksd lsodksa dks Rofjr] lLrk vkSj lqyHk U;k; çnku djuk gSA
;g lkoZtfud lsokvksa vkSj inksa ij fu;qÙkQ O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ fy;s U;k; dh ns•&js• djrk gSA
vuqPNsn 323&d osQ vuqlj.k esa] laln us o"kZ 1985 esa ç'kklfud vf/dj.k vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k FkkA
;g vf/fu;e yksd lsok esa fu;qÙkQ dfeZ;ksa osQ p;u rFkk mudh lsok&'krks± ls tqM+s fooknksa rFkk f'kdk;rksa
osQ vf/fu.kZ;u osQ fy;s osaQæ ljdkj dks ,d osaQæh; ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k vkSj jkT; ç'kklfud
U;k;kf/dj.k LFkkfir djus osQ fy;s vf/Ñr djrk gSA
osaQæh; ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k dh LFkkiuk uoEcj] 1985 esa gqbZ FkhA bldh çeq• ihB (csap) fnYyh
esa gSA vHkh rd bldh 17 fu;fer U;k;ihB Fkha] ftuesa ls 15 mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[;ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
Fkha 'ks"k nks t;iqj vkSj y•uÅ esaA tEew&d'ehj o yík• osaQæ'kkflr çns'kksa osQ fy;s ubZ U;k;ihB osQ
mn~?kkVu osQ ckn vc budh la[;k 18 gks xbZ gSA
bl vf/fu;e osQ vuqlkj] f'kdk;rdrkZ Lo;a viuh iSjoh dj ldrk gSA
oSQV dh lajpuk
oSQV ,d fo'ks"kK fudk; gS] ftlesa ç'kklfud lnL; vkSj U;kf;d lnL; 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks vius
fof'k"V Kku osQ vk/kj ij Rofjr vkSj çHkkoh U;k; djus osQ fy;s çfrc¼ gksrs gSaA
osaQæh; ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k dk çeq• bldk vè;{k gksrk gS] tks mPp U;k;ky; dk orZeku ;k
lsokfuo`Ùk U;k;k/h'k gks ldrk gSA
vè;{k ;k mikè;{k osQ fy;s lsok vof/ 5 o"kZ gksrh gSA lnL;ksa osQ fy;s vk;q lhek 62 o"kZ gksrh
gSA vè;{k] mikè;{k ;k osQV dk dksbZ Hkh lnL; ;fn pkgs rks vius dk;Zdky osQ chp esa gh viuk
bLrhiQk jk"Vªifr dks Hkst ldrk gSA
29
djsaV vQs;lZ
dk;Zç.kkyh
bldk vf/dkj {ks=k ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k vf/fu;e] 1985 ls tqM+s lsok ekeyksa rd gh gSA
;g fVªC;wuy ekeyksa dks r; djus esa çkÑfrd U;k; osQ fl¼karksa }kjk funZsf'kr gksrk gS vkSj flfoy
çfØ;k lafgrk }kjk fu/kZfjr çfØ;k ls ckè; ugha gksrk gSA
ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k vf/fu;e] 1985 dh /kjk 17 osQ rgr mPp U;k;ky; osQ :i esa Lo;a dh
voekuuk osQ lEca/ esa leku vf/dkj {ks=k vkSj vf/dkj dk ç;ksx djus osQ fy;s U;k;kf/dj.k dks
'kfÙkQ çnku dh xbZ gSA
dke djus dh Lora=krk
ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k (la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 2006 osQ vuqlkj oSQV osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh lsok
dh 'krs± mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k osQ lkeku gh gSaA
oSQV osQ vkns'kksa dks lEcaf/r mPp U;k;ky; (ftlosQ {ks=kkf/dkj esa U;k;kf/dj.k dh •aMihB fLFkr
gS) osQ le{k lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 226@227 osQ rgr fjV ;kfpdk osQ ekè;e ls pqukSrh nh tkrh gSA
paæ oqQekj okn (1997 bZ-) esa mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk Fkk fd U;k;kf/dj.k osQ vkns'k osQ f•ykiQ
lh/s mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy ugha dh tk ldrh gS vkSj blosQ fy;s ihfM+r O;fÙkQ dks igys
lEcaf/r mPp U;k;ky; ls lEioZQ djuk pkfg;sA
dSV ls tqM+h ç'kklfud leL;k,¡
i;kZIr dk;Zcy dh dehA
lq/kj dh reke vuq'kalkvksa osQ ckotwn dHkh mudk ikyu uk gksukA
vius iSr`d ea=kky;ksa osQ varxZr dk;Z djrs gq, mUgha osQ f•ykiQ vkns'k ikfjr djus osQ fy;s mudh
n;k ij fuHkZj gksukA
vusd xSj&U;kf;d lnL;ksa osQ ikl vko';d fof/d vgZrk dk uk gksuk ;k ;ksX;rk dh dehA
oqQN ekeyksa esa narghu ;k 'kfÙkQfoghu gksukA
(lzksr % n fganw)
dksfoM osQ ckn f'k{kk dk Lo:i

dksfoM&19 egkekjh dh otg ls yxHkx lHkh m|ksxksa vkSj layXu {ks=kksa esa vHkwriwoZ mrkj&p<+ko ns•us
dks feyk gS osQoy f'k{kk {ks=k gh dksbZ viokn ugha gSA ,sls dfBu le; esa egkekjh osQ dkj.k gq, O;o/
kuksa ls Hkfo"; esa cpko osQ fy;s lekt osQ lHkh oxks± esa dk;Z dks foosaQæhÑr djus vFkkZr~ ?kj ls dke
(Work-From-Home) ;k dgha ls Hkh dke djus (Work-From-Anywhere) dh ek¡x rs”k gks xbZ gSA
blh rjg] vf/dka'k dkWystksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vkWuykbu f'k{kk dh vo/kj.kk vc ubZ ekud
cu xbZ gSA gkyk¡fd] vkWuykbu f'k{kk Hkkjr esa ,d çdkj osQ vadh; foHkktu (fMftVy fMokbM) dk
dkj.k Hkh cu jgh gS vkSj bldh oqQN lhek,¡ Hkh gSaA
bl lanHkZ esa ljdkj vkSj f'k{kk {ks=k ls tqM+s vU; fgr/kjdksa dks egkekjh osQ dkj.k gq, bl O;o/ku
dks udkjkRed :i esa uk ns•dj lkoZtfud f'k{kk ç.kkyh dks csgrj cukus vkSj bls vf/d lerkoknh
cukus osQ mís'; osQ :i esa ns•uk pkfg;sA
vkWuykbu f'k{kk ds lkFk tqM+h pqukSfr;k¡
fMftVy fMokbM% bZ&f'k{kk tgk¡ mPp vkSj eè;e oxZ osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy;s ,d lkekU; ckr gS] ogha
fuEu eè;e oxZ osQ vkSj xjhch js•k ls uhps osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy;s ;g vHkh Hkh ,d liuk gh gSA
30
djsaV vQs;lZ
vusd
xjhc Nk=k ftuosQ ikl bZ&lalk/u] tSlsµ dEI;wVj] ySiVkWi] baVjusV dusfDVfoVh vkfn ugha
gS] os vius ?kjksa ls d{kk,¡ ugha ys ik,axsA
f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k% ,slh lEHkkouk gS fd egkekjh dky osQ ckn vkWuykbu f'k{kk osQ fy;s
dkWikZsjsV ?kjkus] çkS|ksfxdh iQeZ vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vkilh lkeatL; osQ lkFk feydj
dke djus dh iwjh dksf'k'k djsaxsA
gkyk¡fd] blls f'k{kk txr ij ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa rjg osQ çHkko iM+saxs] ldkjkRed ;g
fd tc f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k c<+sxk rks vke tu rd f'k{kk dh csgrj igq¡p lqfuf'pr gksxh vkSj
udkjkRed ;g fd ?kj&?kj tkdj VÔw'ku nsus okys f'k{kd bl çdkj dh çfrLi/kZ ls ckgj gks ldrs gSaA
lEHkkfor dne
osaQæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks lkoZtfud f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa çkS|ksfxdh dks vkSj vf/d O;ogk;Z ,oa loZlqyHk
cuk, tkus ij è;ku nsuk pkfg;sA
blosQ vykok] dkWikZsjsV lks'ky jsLiksaflfcfyVh osQ :i esa] futh Lrj osQ cM+s m|eh bu rduhdksa
dks xk¡o vkSj fupys rcdksa rd loZlqyHk cukus osQ fy;s ç;kl dj ldrs gSaA
f'k{kk ds vf/dkj ds nk;js esa foLrkj% f'k{kk osQ vf/dkj dh ifjHkk"kk dks vkWuykbu f'k{kk ls
tksM+dj vkSj vf/d çpkfjr djus dh vko';drk gS] rkfd bldk nk;jk vkSj ”;knk foLr`r gks losQ
vkSj cM+s Lrj ij Nk=kksa dks ;g tksM+ losaQ
fMftVy f'k{kk u osQoy uokpkj dks vfHkçsfjr djrh gS] cfYd ;g f'k{kk {ks=k osQ yksdra=khdj.k esa
Hkh lgk;rk djrh gSA bl çdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vkSj ”;knk çksRlkfgr fd;s tkus dh vko';drk
gS] rkfd f'k{kdksa dh Lok;Ùkrk cuh jgsA
ikjEifjd f'k{kk esa ”;knk&ls&”;knk vkWuykbu f'k{kk dks lekosf'kr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA gkyk¡fd]
lkekftd fodkl osQ :i esa LowQyh f'k{kk vifjgk;Z vkSj vfuok;Z gS] D;ksafd blls ,d Nk=k u osQoy
'kS{kf.kd Kku gkfly djrk gS] cfYd dbZ vU; lkekftd dkS'ky Hkh lh•rk gSA
ikBÔØe osQ Hkhrj oSKkfud lk{kjrk lqfuf'pr djuk% ;g lgh le; gS tc ikBÔØe esa oSKkfud
lksp ls tqM+h f'k{kk dk ”;knk&ls&”;knk çpkj fd;k tk,] rkfd va/fo'oklksa vkSj xyr lwpukvksa ls
;g lekt lfØ; :i ls yM+ losQ vkSj ckY;dky ls gh Nk=kksa esa oSKkfud dkS'ky dk fodkl gks losaQ
fu"d"kZ
dksfoM&19 }kjk u fliZQ gesa vkWuykbu f'k{kk dh mi;ksfxrk dk Kku gqvk gS] cfYd ;g Hkh irk pyk
gS fd lalk/uksa osQ vHkko esa ;g vlekurk dks Hkh iksf"kr djrh gSA ,sls esa ljdkj dh ;g f”kEesnkjh
cu tkrh gS fd ,slh vlekurkvksa ij u fliZQ è;ku ns] cfYd oSdfYid f'k{kk osQ :i esa vkWuykbu
;k fMftVy f'k{kk dk vkSj ”;knk çpkj vkSj çlkj dj losaQA
mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk ds :i esa fganh dh çklafxdrk

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa] gfj;k.kk jkT; osQ U;k;ky;ksa esa fganh Hkk"kk dks vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk osQ :i esa ykxw djus osQ
fu.kZ; dks lokZsPp U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nh xbZ gSA
D;k gS eqík\
gfj;k.kk ljdkj us 11 ebZ] 2020 dks ,d vf/lwpuk tkjh djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd jkT; osQ lHkh
U;k;k;yksa vkSj U;k;kf/dj.kksa esa fganh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
31
djsaV vQs;lZ
jkT; ljdkj }kjk gfj;k.kk jktHkk"kk (la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 1969 dh /kjk 3 esa la'kks/u dj 3(A)
dks tksM+k x;k gSA
bl vf/fu;e dks vc gfj;k.kk jktHkk"kk (la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 2020 dgk tkrk gSA
/kjk 3(A)µ U;k;ky;ksa vkSj U;k;kf/dj.kksa esa fganh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx% gfj;k.kk esa iatkc o gfj;k.kk
mPp U;k;ky; osQ v/huLFk lHkh flfoy vkSj vkijkf/d U;k;ky;ksa] lHkh jktLo U;k;ky;ksa] jsaV
fVªC;wuy ;k jkT; ljdkj }kjk xfBr vU; U;k;ky;ksa ;k U;k;kf/dj.kksa esa fganh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx gksxkA
;kfpdk ds eq[; fcanq
;kfpdk esa gfj;k.kk jktHkk"kk (la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 2020 osQ rgr fd;s x, la'kks/uksa ij vkifÙk
O;ÙkQ dh xbZ gSA
blesa vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk leFkZu djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ;g Hkk"kk Hkkjr esa loZ=k cksyh tkrh gS]
blfy;s vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dks U;k;ky;ksa ls gVkus esa cM+h leL;k •M+h gks ldrh gSA
;kfpdk esa dgk x;k gS fd gfj;k.kk ljdkj }kjk fy;k x;k ;g fu.kZ; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 14] 19 rFkk
21 dk mYya?ku gS] D;ksafd ;g fu.kZ; fganh ,oa xSj&fganh Hkk"kh osQ chp HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;ogkj djrk gSA
jkT; ljdkj dk ;g fu.kZ; blfy;s Hkh mfpr ugha gS] D;ksafd gfj;k.kk ,d vkS|ksfxd osaQæ gS vkSj
;gk¡ cM+h la[;k esa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa osQ dk;kZy; fLFkr gSa] ftuesa vf/drj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk gh
ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
;kfpdkdrkZvksa dk dguk gS fd jkT; ljdkj }kjk ;g la'kks/u bl ckr dks ekudj fd;k x;k gS fd
lHkh vf/oÙkQk fganh tkurs gSa vkSj mldk ç;ksx dj ldrs gSa] fdarq bl fu.kZ; ls Hkfo"; esa ck/k
mRiUu gksxhA
laoS/kfud çko/ku
lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 348 osQ •aM (1) osQ rgr mPpre U;k;ky; vkSj çR;sd mPp U;k;ky; esa lHkh
dk;Zokfg;k¡ vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa lapkfyr dh tk,axhA
vuqPNsn 348 osQ •aM (2) osQ vuqlkj] fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks ;g 'kfÙkQ çkIr gS fd os jk"Vªifr
dh iwoZ lgerh ls lEcaf/r jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; esa fganh Hkk"kk ;k ml jkT; dh jktHkk"kk osQ ç;ksx
dks çkf/Ñr dj ldrs gSaA
blh vuqPNsn dk ç;ksx djrs gq, jktLFkku] mÙkj çns'k] eè; çns'k vkSj fcgkj osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa
vaxzs”kh osQ lkFk&lkFk fganh Hkk"kk esa vnkyrh dk;Zokfg;ksa dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA
blh çdkj dh ekax tc vU; jkT;ksa }kjk dh xbZ rks mls •kfjt dj fn;k x;kA
fganh Hkk"kk ds i{k esa roZQ

mÙkj Hkkjr osQ vf/dka'k jkT;ksa esa fganh vkerkSj ij mi;ksx dh tkus okyh Hkk"kk gSA bl fu.kZ; ls jkT;
osQ yksxksa dh ç'kklu rFkk eqdneksa esa Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr gks ik,xhA
gfj;k.kk osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr dh vf/dka'k vkcknh xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh gS tks vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa
vlgtrk eglwl djrh gSA fganh Hkk"kk dks ykxw djus ls lkekftd fiNM+kiu de gksxk vkSj yksx
vfèkdkjksa osQ çfr ltx gksaxsA
vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dh tkudkjh u gksus osQ dkj.k vf/oÙkQk lEcaf/r i{k osQ lkFk okLrfod tkudkjh vkSj
okn dh fLFkfr dks lk>k ugha djrs vkSj mudk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k djrs jgrs gSaA
fganh Hkk"kk dks dk;kZy;ksa vkSj U;k;ky;ksa esa viuk;s tkus ls vke yksx vius gh ns'k esa ijk;k eglwl
ugha djsaxsA
32
djsaV vQs;lZ
vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ds i{k esa roZQ
Hkkjr
osQ vf/dka'k çfrf"Br fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj dkWystksa esa fof/ dk ikBÔØe vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa gS]
blfy;s U;k;ky;ksa dh vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk fganh fd;s tkus ls dbZ çdkj dh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gksaxhA
bl çdkj osQ fu.kZ;ksa ls fons'kksa esa fof/ (Law) dh f'k{kk çkIr djosQ Hkkjr esa dk;Z djus okys vf/oÙkQk
vf/dka'k le; fganh lh•us esa cckZn dj nsaxs] ftlls muosQ dkuwuh dkS'ky dk fodkl ugha gks ik,xkA
vkxs dh jkg
yksdrkaf=kd ns'k esa oqQN mPp U;k;;yksa esa fganh Hkk"kk esa dk;Zokgh djus dh vuqefr gS] tcfd oqQN
esa ughaA ;g HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;ogkj dks fufnZ"V djrk gSA fganh dks çkjEHk esa oqQN o"kks± osQ fy;s oSdfYid
Hkk"kk osQ :i esa LohÑfr çnku dh tkuh pkfg;sA bPNqd U;k;k/h'kksa vkSj vf/oÙkQkoksa dks vaxzs”kh esa
dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nsus osQ lkFk gh lEcaf/r i{kksa dks dk;Zokgh dh çfr;k¡ fganh esa miyC/ djkuh
pkfg;sA U;k;ky; yksdra=k dk vR;f/d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA vnkyrsa yksxksa osQ fy;s gksrh gSa] yksx
vnkyrksa osQ fy;s ugha gksrsA
egkekjh vkSj ;wfuolZy csfld bude

dksfoM&19 egkekjh }kjk mRiUu gqbZ vkfFkZd vlekurk] csjks”kxkjh vkSj xjhch ls fuiVus osQ fy;s vusd
fo'ks"kK ;wfuolZy csfld bude (Universal Basic Income–UBI) dks blosQ lek/ku osQ rkSj ij ns•
jgs gSaA
çeq• fcanq
dksfoM&19 egkekjh ls fuiVus osQ fy;s nqfu;k Hkj dh ljdkjksa us ykWdMkmu vkSj lks'ky fMLVsaflax
tSls mik; ykxw fd;s gSaA
gkyk¡fd] bu mik;ksa dh otg ls vFkZO;oLFkk osQ yxHkx gj {ks=k esa vPNh&•klh {kfr gqbZ gS] bruk
gh ugha varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (IMF) us orZeku vkfFkZd ladV dks o"kZ 1929 osQ ckn dh lcls xEHkhj
eanh osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA
Hkkjr esa yxHkx 90» dk;Zcy vukSipkfjd {ks=k esa dk;Zjr gSa] tgk¡ U;wure e”knwjh ;k lkekftd
lqj{kk vkfn fLFkfr;k¡ cnrj fLFkfr esa gSaA
egkekjh ls igys Hkh Hkkjr yk•ksa yksxksa dks ukSdjh osQ u, volj çnku djus osQ fy;s la?k"kZ dj
jgk FkkA
de&ls&de vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkekU; gksus rd ;wfuolZy csfld bude osQ ekè;e ls vukSipkfjd {ks=k
osQ Jfedksa dks fu;fer Hkqxrku djosQ muosQ fuoZgu dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
nqfu;k Hkj osQ ns'kksa] ftuesa osQU;k] czkthy] fiQuySaM vkSj fLoV~”kjySaM 'kkfey gSa] us Hkh ;w-ch-vkbZ- tSls
dk;ZØeksa dh fn'kk esa dke fd;k gSA
;w-ch-vkbZ- dk;ZØe osQ leFkZdksa esa vFkZ'kkL=k osQ ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk ihVj Mk;eaM vkSj fØLVksiQj
filjkbM~l vkSj rduhdh {ks=k osQ cM+s uke ekoZQ tqdjcxZ vkSj byksu eLd vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
;wfuolZy csfld bude dh vo/kj.kk
Hkkjr osQ 2016&17 osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k esa ;wfuolZy csfld bude dh vo/kj.kk dh odkyr dh
xbZ FkhA blesa ;wfuolZy csfld bude dks fofHkUu lkekftd dY;k.k ;kstukvksa }kjk xjhch dks de
djus osQ ç;kl esa ,d l'kÙkQ fodYi osQ :i esa crk;k x;k FkkA
33
djsaV vQs;lZ
;wfuolZy csfld bude osQ ihNs dk fopkj ;g gS fd ,d ukxfjd gksus osQ ukrs viuh ”k:jrksa dks
iwjk djus osQ fy;s çR;sd O;fÙkQ osQ ikl ewy vk; dk Hkh vf/dkj gksuk pkfg;sA
;w-ch-vkbZ- dk mís'; xjhch dks jksduk ;k de djuk gS vkSj ukxfjdksa esa lekurk dks c<+kuk gSA
;w-ch-vkbZ- osQ eq[; ?kVd fuEu gSa%
lkoZHkkSfedrk% ;g çÑfr esa lkoZHkkSfed gSA

vkof/d le;% fu;fer varjky ij Hkqxrku (,deq'r vuqnku ugha)A
udn esa Hkqxrku% (•k| okmpj ;k lsok owQiu ugha)A
fcuk 'krZ% ykHkkFkhZ dks udn gLrkarj.k (dksbZ iwoZ 'krZ ugha)A
;wfuolZy csfld bude ds ykHk
;w-ch-vkbZ- O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lqjf{kr vk; çnku djsxkA
;g ;kstuk lekt esa xjhch vkSj vk; dh vlekurk dks de djsxhA
;g gj xjhc dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks c<+k,xkA
bls ykxw djuk vklku gS] D;ksafd ykHkkFkhZ dh igpku djus dh dksbZ fo'ks"k t:jr ugha gSA
;g ljdkjh /u osQ viO;; dks de djsxk] D;ksafd bldk dk;kZUo;u cgqr ljy gSA
;wfuolZy csfld bude dks ykxw djus esa leL;k,¡
vR;f/d ykxr osQ dkj.k jktuhfrd bPNk'kfÙkQ dk vHkkoA
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k (2016&17) osQ fglkc ls 75» yksxksa dks `7]620 çfro"kZ nsus dh jktdks"kh;
ykxr th-Mh-ih- osQ yxHkx 4-9» osQ cjkcj FkhA
çfro"kZ nsus osQ fy;s # 7]620 dh ;g okf"kZd vk; o"kZ 2011&12 dh lqjs'k rsanqydj lfefr }kjk
crkbZ xbZ xjhch js•k osQ vk/kj ij fu/kZfjr dh xbZ FkhA
bl vk; osQ c¡Vokjs osQ ifj.kkeLo#i mRiUu ?kkVs dks larqfyr djus osQ fy;s ekStwnk lfClMh dks de
djuk iM+sxk ftlesa cgqr dfBukbZ vk,xhA
bl ckr dh dksbZ xkjaVh ugha gS fd nh xbZ udnh mRiknd xfrfof/;ksa] LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk vkfn ij •pZ
dh tk,xhA ;g udnh rEckowQ] 'kjkc] MªXl vkSj vU; yDtjh oLrqvksa vkfn ij •pZ dh tk ldrh gSA
yksxksa dks eqÝr udn nsus ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqækLiQhfr dh nj esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
Jfed e”knwj osQ :i esa dke djus ls budkj dj ldrs gSa ;k mPp e”knwjh dh ekax dj ldrs gSa]
ftlls Ñf"k {ks=k dh oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu dh ykxr c<+ ldrh gSA
vkxs dh jkg
2017 osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k esa ;w-ch-vkbZ- ;kstuk dks ^,d oSpkfjd :i ls vkd"kZd fopkj* osQ :i esa
fpfÉr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj xjhch dks de djus osQ fy;s yf{kr lkekftd dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa dk ,d
lEHkkfor fodYi crk;k x;k FkkA
;w-ch-vkbZ- ,d vlEc¼ lkekftd lqj{kk tky dh ifjdYiuk djrk gS tks lHkh dks xfjekiw.kZ thou
dk vk'oklu nsrk gSA ;g ,d ,slh vo/kj.kk gS tks oS'ohdj.k] rduhdh ifjorZu vkSj Lopkyu osQ
dkj.k vfuf'prrkvksa ls xzflr oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dks ,d çdkj dh ubZ ÅtkZ çnku dj ldrh gSA
lkoZHkkSfed cqfu;knh vk; dh bl le; cgqr ”;knk t:jr gSA bls dksfoM&19 egkekjh }kjk mRiUu
csjks”kxkjh] vk; vlekurk vkSj xjhch ls fuiVus osQ fy;s ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(lzksr % n fganw)
34
djsaV vQs;lZ
flfoy lsok cksMZ

gky gh esa] iatkc ljdkj }kjk jkT; esa Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok (IAS) vf/dkfj;ksa osQ LFkkukarj.k rFkk
fu;qfÙkQ;ksa ij fu.kZ; ysus gsrq rhu lnL;h; flfoy lsok cksMZ dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi ljdkj osQ
bl fu.kZ; ls çns'k osQ jktusrkvksa esa vlarks"k dh fLFkfr Li"V fn• jgh gSA
flfoy lsok cksMZ (CSB) D;k gS\
ukSdj'kkgh dks jktuhfrd gLr{ksi ls vyx djus osQ fy;s ,oa vf/dkfj;ksa osQ jktuSfrd fo}s"k osQ
pyrs ckj&ckj LFkkukarj.k dks lekIr djus osQ fy;s o"kZ 2013 esa mPpÙke U;k;ky; us osaQæ vkSj jkT;
ljdkjksa dks ukSdj'kkgksa osQ ”kcjnLrh fd;s tkus okys LFkkukarj.k rFkk jktuhfr eqÙkQ fu;qfÙkQ ij fopkj
djus osQ fy;s ^flfoy lsok cksMZ* osQ xBu dk funZs'k fn;k FkkA
jkT; ljdkj dh vf/lwpuk osQ vuqlkj] bldh vè;{krk çns'k osQ eq[; lfpo djsaxs ,oa blosQ
vykok dkfeZd lfpo vkSj foÙkh; vk;qÙkQ (jktLo) ;k x`g lfpo (tks Hkh Øe esa ofj"B gks) ;k
dksbZ led{k blosQ lnL; gksaxsA
è;krO; gS fd flfoy lsok cksMZ fdlh vkbZ-,-,l- osQ ços'k Lrj dh HkrhZ ls ysdj mlosQ vkxs dh
inksUufr (la;qÙkQ lfpo in ls uhps rd) osQ fy;s f”kEesnkj gksxkA
;g cksMZ jkT; ljdkjksa dks flfoy lsok osQ vf/dkfj;ksa osQ fy;s de&ls&de nks lky dk dk;Zdky
lqfuf'pr djus osQ osaQæ osQ fn'kk&funZs'kksa dk ikyu djus dh ckr djrk gSA
cksMZ }kjk ;g Hkh Li"V fd;k x;k fd 2 o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky ls igys mudk LFkkukarj.k ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj ;fn dksbZ jktusrk muosQ LFkkukarj.k dh fliQkfj'k djrk gS rks cksMZ mldh tk¡p djsxk
vkSj ;FkklEHko dk;Zokgh djsxkA
;|fi bl cksMZ ij vafre vf/dkj eq[;ea=kh dk gSA
fiNyh ljdkj dk joS;k

fiNyh ljdkj us bu fn'kk&funZs'kksa dk ikyu djus ls budkj djrs gq, roZQ fn;k Fkk fd vkbZ-,-,l-
vf/dkfj;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ vkSj mudk LFkkukarj.k jkT; dk fo'ks"kkf/dkj gSA
vf/dkfj;ksa osQ fLFkj dk;Zdky gksus osQ f•ykiQ ;g roZQ fn;k x;k Fkk fd blls u osQoy dk;kZRed
vkSj ç'kklfud leL;k,¡ iSnk gksaxh] cfYd blls jkT; ljdkj dk vf/dkj {ks=k Hkh •Re gks tk,xkA
jktusrk D;ksa ijs'kku gSa\
jkT; esa lÙkk:<+ ny osQ jktuhfrd usr`Ro dk vkerkSj ij jkT; osQ ftyk vf/dkfj;ksa dh iksfLVax vkSj
LFkkukarj.k esa cM+k n•y gksrk gSA
tc ls lÙkk:<+ ljdkj us lÙkk lEHkkyh gS rc ls gh mlosQ usrkvksa dk ;g nkok gS fd mUgsa vius
gh 'kklu esa mfpr lEeku ugha feyrk gSA
bl eqís dks ysdj vrhr esa dbZ Vdjko gq, gSaA
fLFkj vkSj fuf'pr dk;Zdky osQ fu;e vkSj cksMZ osQ eq[; lfpo osQ ikl LFkkukarj.k dk vf/dkj gksus
dh otg ls usrkvksa dks yxrk gS fd mudk çHkko 'kwU; gks x;k gS vkSj lkjh 'kfDr;k¡ eq[; lfpo
dks lkSai nh xbZ gSaA
;fn fdlh vf/dkjh dks mldk U;wure dk;Zdky iwjk djus ls igys LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gS] rks
cksMZ LFkkukarj.k osQ dkj.kksa dks ntZ djsxkA
cksMZ lEcaf/r vf/dkjh ls bl LFkkukarj.k ij mlosQ fopkj ekaxsxk vkSj fiQj bl ij fu.kZ; nsxk fd
D;k vf/dkjh dk dk;Zdky chp esa gh lekIr fd;k tkuk Bhd gS ;k ughaA
35
djsaV vQs;lZ
blds i{k esa ljdkj dk D;k rdZ gS\
ljdkj }kjk bl fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS fd ;fn vf/dkfj;ksa dk dk;Zdky fuf'pr gksrk gS rks os vkSj
csgrj ç'kklu ns ik,¡xsA
jktuhfrKksa dks •q'k j•us dh ctk; os Hkh fu;eksa dk ;Fkksfpr ikyu dj ik,¡xs vkSj fu;eksa dk ikyu
djrs gq, •qn dks lqjf{kr Hkh eglwl djsaxsA
ljdkj us ;g Hkh dgk fd çR;sd vf/dkjh dks viuh ubZ txg dks lgh rjhosQ ls le>us osQ fy;s
3&6 eghus dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks bl nkSjku fey losQxhA
vxj og nks lky rd ml txg jgsxk rks og yksxksa dks csgrj lsok ns ik,xkA
vkxs dh jkg
flfoy lsok osQ vf/dkfj;ksa dks vdlj jktuSfrd ncko esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS ftlls u
fliZQ mudh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk çHkkfor gksrh gS] cfYd {ks=k fo'ks"k dk fodkl Hkh çHkkfor gksrk gSA vr%
fuf'pr :i ls fdlh ,d ,sls cksMZ dh l[r t:jr gS tks flfoy lsodksa osQ dk;Z dks fdlh jktuSfrd
ncko esa vkus ls jksosQ ,oa muosQ dk;Zdky dks fLFkjrk Hkh nsA
bl fygkt ls iatkc ljdkj }kjk flfoy lsok cksMZ dh LFkkiuk fd;k tkuk ,d Lokxr ;ksX; dne gSA
36
4 varjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukØe
Hkkjr dh 'kkar o lSU; owQVuhfr% vkarfjd ck/k,¡

i`"BHkwfe
twu osQ nwljs lIrkg dh 'kq#vkr esa Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ lSfudksa osQ eè; gksus okyh >M+iksa esa oqQN deh
vkbZ gSA Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ eè; iwohZ yík• esa ykbu vkWiQ ,Dpqvy oaQVªksy (LAC) ij xfrjks/ ebZ
ekg dh 'kq#vkr esa çkjEHk gqvk FkkA vkf/dkfjd :i ls ;g igyk ekeyk gS tc Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ
eè; ,y-,-lh- ij ,d lkFk dbZ xfrjks/ksa dh iqf"V dh xbZ gSA owQVuhfr osQ Lrj ij bl çdkj osQ xfrjksèkksa
ls fuiVus osQ fy;s j.kuhfrd cgl ehfM;k vkSj lkoZtkfud :i ls 'kq: gks xbZ gSA lhek ekeyksa dks gy
djus esa jktuhfrd fojks/ rFkk turk o ehfM;k dh jk; dh vis{kk 'kkar owQVuhfrd pSuyksa dk ç;ksx
”;knk çHkkoh jgk gSA
phu vkSj Hkkjr ds eè; xfrjks/ dh okLrfodrk
çkjafHkd okrkZ ls laosQr feyrk gS fd xfrjks/ dks gy djus dh çfØ;k vkjafHkd pj.k esa gS u fd
vafre pj.k esa gSA nksuksa i{kksa osQ chp ik¡p fcanqvksa ij vlgefr gSA buesa ls pkj fcanqvksa ij xfrjks/
dks gy djus osQ fy;s nksuksa ns'kksa }kjk ,d O;kid ;kstuk ij lgefr O;ÙkQ dh xbZ gSA
xyoku ?kkVh vkSj mÙkjh flfDde dh rjg gh xfrjks/ osQ ik¡posa fcanq iSaxksax Rlks (Pangong Tso)
>hy dh fLFkfr vfuf'pr cuh gqbZ gSA bl >hy ij phuh lSfudksa us ,y-,-lh- ls Hkkjrh; {ks=k dh
vksj VsaV vkfn dks LFkkfir dj fy;k gSA nksuksa osQ eè; erHksn dk ;g ,d çeq• fcanq gS ftldk gy
vklku ugha gSA
,sls xfrjks/ksa ds fy;s iwoZ esa viukbZ xbZ j.kuhfr
iwoZ esa bl çdkj osQ lhek xfrjks/ksa dks gy djus osQ fy;s vkilh lgefr osQ fcanqvksa dk iSVuZ 'kkar
owQVuhfr (Quiet Diplomacy) }kjk fuHkkbZ xbZ egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks js•kafdr djrk gSA
iwoZorhZ (UPA) vkSj orZeku (NDA) nksuksa ljdkjksa us ,sls eqíksa dks gy djus esa ,d ,sls n`f"Vdks.k
dk ikyu fd;k gS] ftlesa lSU; fLFkfr osQ e”kcwr çn'kZu osQ lkFk 'kkar owQVuhfr dks Hkh lkFk j•k
x;k gSA ;g ,y-,-lh- ij phu dh pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus dh O;kid j.kuhfr gS vkSj bl j.kuhfr }kjk
vke rkSj ij eqíksa dks lqy>kus esa dke;kch feyh gSA
o"kZ 2013 esa Hkh phu }kjk nsilkax (Depsang Plains) esa Hkh iSaxksax Rlks tSlk vfrØe.k fd;k x;k
FkkA blosQ ckjs esa iwoZ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk lykgdkj f'ko'kadj esuu us ^PokWblsl % bulkbM fn esfoaQx vkWiQ
bafM;kt iQkWjsu ikWfylh* esa fy•k gS fd bl ekeys dks gy djus gsrq lkoZtfud c;kuck”kh osQ LFkku
ij lSU; e”kcwrh osQ lkFk 'kkar owQVuhfr dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blesa O;fÙkQxr rkSj ij phu dks
mlosQ ljdkj osQ çeq• yh osQfd;kax dh vkxkeh ;k=kk dks jí djus tSls lans'k nsus o vU; mik;ksa
dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
,u-Mh-,- ljdkj us pqekj esa o"kZ 2014 osQ xfrjks/ osQ nkSjku Hkh ,slh gh j.kuhfr viukbZ FkhA ml
le; jk"Vªifr 'kh ftufiax Hkkjr dh ;k=kk ij vkus okys FksA
o"kZ 2017 osQ yxHkx 72 fnolh; Mksdyke xfrjks/ dks Hkh 'kkar owQVuhfr ls gy dj fy;k x;k
Fkk] ftldh 'krks± osQ vuqlkj Hkkjrh; lsuk dks fookfnr LFky ls igys gVuk 'kkfey FkkA Mksdyke
37
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr&HkwVku&phu osQ f=kdks.k ij HkwVku esa fLFkr gSA bl çdkj] mijksÙkQ rhu cM+s ekeyksa esa lSU; e”kcwrh
osQ lkFk 'kkar owQVuhfr vf/d iQynk;d fl¼ gqbZ gSA
varr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd yxHkx lHkh ekeyksa esa jktuhfrd rFkk turk o ehfM;k dh jk;
vkSj ek¡x dh vis{kk owQVuhfr osQ 'kkafriw.kZ ç;ksx ij ”;knk ”kksj fn;k x;kA
vkarfjd okLrfodrk
,y-,-lh- ij bl rjg dk ruko u rks ;g igyh ckj gS vkSj u gh ;g vafre gSA Hkkjr esa bl çdkj
osQ eqíksa dk jktuhfrdj.k cgqr vke ckr gSA blls bu çdkj osQ ekeyksa dks lqy>kus vkSj 'kkar owQVuhfr
dks lfØ; djus esa ck/k,¡ vkrh gSaA
blesa lks'ky ehfM;k ij vuko';d o lqfu;ksftr nq"çpkj vkSj turk dh jk; o Hkkoukvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
ehfM;k esa dh xbZ vukf/dkfjd c;kuck”kh Hkh leL;k,¡ iSnk djrh gS] ftlls nksuksa i{kksa dks fdlh
urhts ij igq¡pus esa leL;k gksrh gSA
lko/kfu;k¡
bu leL;kvksa ls fuiVus osQ fy;s ljdkj dks ,d fuf'pr :ijs•k dk ikyu djuk pkfg;sA lcls igys]
bu eqíksa dh okLrfodrk ls foi{k dks lwfpr djus dh vko';drk gSA nwljk] bu ekeyksa esa ehfM;k
dks yxkrkj viMsV djus dh ”k:jr gSA Hkys gh eqís de egÙoiw.kZ gks] ijarq ehfM;k osQ ekè;e ls
turk osQ chp tqckuh tax ls cpk tk ldrk gSA
lkFk gh lhek xfrjks/ ij ckrphr osQ le; lhek dh isphnfx;ksa ij turk esa lkoZtfud cgl ls
cpus osQ lkFk&lkFk gj ekeys esa ç/kuea=kh }kjk c;ku dh ek¡x ugha dh tkuh pkfg;sA blosQ vfrfjÙkQ]
ljdkj esa Hkh cM+s Lrj ij la;e cjrus dh ”k:jr gksrh gSA bu lcdh vuns•h rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa dks
vkSj HkM+dk nsrh gS] ftlls nksuksa i{kksa esa fdlh urhts ij igq¡pus esa yphysiu dk vkHkko gks tkrk gSA
;g lqfuf'pr djuk ljdkj osQ fgr esa gS fd ehfM;k tks fjiksVZ dj jgk gS og iwjh rjg ls lgh vkSj
lR;kfir gS ;k ughaA
fu"d"kZ
lhek lEca/h O;kid mís'; jktuhfrd cgl esa ugha •ks tkus pkfg;sA bldk mís'; Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk
fgrksa dks lqjf{kr j•us osQ lkFk&lkFk ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd Hkkjr dh lhekvksa esa cyiwoZd dksbZ
cnyko u fd;k tk losQA vrhr dh ?kVukvksa ls ;g lh•k tk ldrk gS fd 'kkafriwoZd owQVuhfr
e”kcwr lSU; ladYi osQ lkFk feydj fdlh Hkh phuh nqLlkgl dks jksdus esa lkoZtkfud cgl dh
vis{kk vf/d çHkkoh jgh gSA lekt ,d ,sls ehfM;k okrkoj.k ls xq”kj jgk gS] tgk¡ 'kkfCnd eq•jrk
dks e”kcwrh vkSj 'kkafr dks de”kksjh osQ :i esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
½.k dh fpark vkSj ch-vkj-vkbZ-

i`"BHkwfe
dksfoM&19 egkekjh us LFkkuh;] {ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od /jkry ij dbZ çdkj osQ çkÑfrd vkSj ekuoh;
cnykoksa dks tUe fn;k gSA bu cnykoksa dk vlj vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lEca/ksa ij Hkh iM+k gSA orZeku
leL;k osQ dkj.k phu osQ csYV vkSj jksM igy (Belt and Road Initiative) esa Hkkxhnkj ns'kksa us ½.k
Hkqxrku ij viuh fpark,¡ O;ÙkQ dh gSaA bl fpark osQ ifj.kkeLo:i phu us bl ifj;kstuk dks tkjh j•us
osQ fy;s oqQN cnyko osQ laosQr fn;s gSaA
38
djsaV vQs;lZ
csYV vkSj jksM igy
^csYV vkSj jksM igy* (ch-vkj-vkbZ-) dh 'kq#vkr phu }kjk o"kZ 2013 esa dh xbZ FkhA bldk vkSipkfjd
'kqHkkjEHk dtkfdLrku esa fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ,d fo'kky cqfu;knh <k¡pk ifj;kstuk gSA bls ôu csYV
ou jksM* (OROB) igy osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
phu dk y{; blosQ ekè;e ls viuh eè;dkyhu flYd jksM dks iquthZfor djuk gSA bl igy osQ
varxZr phu ,f'k;k] vÚhdk vkSj ;wjksi osQ 150 ls vf/d ns'kksa esa canjxkgksa] iqyksa vkSj jsy ykbuksa
tSls cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrk gSA
phu dk nkok gS fd ;g iwjh rjg ls ,d vkfFkZd igy gS] tcfd Hkkjr] tkiku vkSj vesfjdk lfgr
dbZ ns'k bl rdZ dks lgh ugha ekurs gSaA ifj;kstuk dk fojks/ djus okys ns'kksa dks bl ckr dk Mj
gS fd blls phu&osQafær çHkko esa o`f¼ gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk ^½.k tky* esa Hkh o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
oSf'od] jktuhfrd vkSj j.kuhfrd çHkko osQ fy;s ;g phu dh vkfFkZd vkSj vkS|ksfxd :i esa lcls
vf/d çHkko'kkyh ifj;kstuk gSA ch-vkj-vkbZ- ,d vyx çdkj osQ oS'ohdj.k dh 'kq#vkr dk laosQr
ekuk tk ldrk gSA
FkkbZySaM] ratkfu;k] Jhyadk vkSj usiky tSls ns'k phu osQ ½.k tky esa iQ¡l pqosQ gSaA ifj;kstukvksa osQ
cgqr ”;knk eg¡xs gksus rFkk LFkkuh; BsosQnkjksa o dkexkjksa dks cgqr lhfer ek=kk esa gh dke esa Hkkxhnkjh
nsus osQ dkj.k dbZ ns'kksa us ;k rks bl igy ls ckgj gksus ;k iqu% eksy&Hkko djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA
o"kZ 2018 esa eysf'k;k us jsyos lfgr oqQN ifj;kstukvksa dks LFkfxr djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k FkkA
o"kZ 2017 esa Jhyadk dks gEcaVksVk iksVZ dk fu;a=k.k phu dks cspus osQ fy;s etcwj gksuk iM+k FkkA bVyh
G-7 lewg dk igyk ,slk ns'k gS ftlus bl igy dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
bl igy dh lcls egÙokdka{kh ifj;kstukvksa esa ls ,d ^phu&ikfdLrku vkfFkZd xfy;kjk* (CPEC)
gS] ftldk mís'; phu osQ f'kuft;kax çkar dks vjc lkxj ls tksM+uk gSA
39
djsaV vQs;lZ
orZeku leL;k vkSj cnyko ds ladsr
gky gh esa] ,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk osQ dbZ ns'kksa us phu ls d”kZ pqdkus esa eksgyr nsus ;k mUgsa ekiQ
djus dk vkÞoku fd;k gSA bl rjg dh ek¡x ij çfrfØ;k nsus osQ fy;s phu fiNys dbZ fnuksa ls
fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu dj jgk FkkA
phu dh laln ^jk"Vªh; turk dkaxzsl* (NPC) dh 'kq#vkr ij phu ljdkj osQ çeq• yh osQfd;kax us
ôkf"kZd ljdkjh dk;Z* uke ls ,d fjiksVZ çLrqr dh gSA bl fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd ch-vkj-vkbZ- osQ
la;qÙkQ y{;ksa osQ rgr ^xq.koÙkk* ij è;ku fn;k tk,xkA
,u-ih-lh- fjiksVZ phu osQ lokZf/d egÙoiw.kZ uhfrxr nLrkos”kksa esa ls ,d gSA ,u-ih-lh- fjiksVZ dk
vkerkSj ij phu osQ uhfr&fuekZ.k osQ lEca/ esa fdlh Hkh çdkj osQ cnyko gsrq lko/kuhiwoZd ewY;kadu
fd;k tkrk gSA
bl nLrkos”k esa o"kZ 2019 ls ch-vkj-vkbZ- dks ,d vko';d mi&•aM osQ :i esa 'kkfey fd;k tk
jgk gSA ch-vkj-vkbZ- dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr dks js•kafdr djrs gq, o"kZ 2017 esa phu dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ
osQ lafo/ku esa bldk mYys• fd;k x;k FkkA
o"kZ 2019 esa tkjh bl fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k Fkk dh phu ch-vkj-vkbZ- osQ la;qÙkQ y{;ksa dks çksRlkfgr
djsxk] tcfd blesa ^xq.koÙkk* 'kCn dk mYys• ugha fd;k x;k FkkA o"kZ 2019 dh fjiksVZ esa bldk Hkh
mYys• fd;k x;k gS fd phu cqfu;knh <k¡pk dusfDVfoVh dks vkxs c<+kuk pkgrk gS] tcfd bl o"kZ
dh fjiksVZ esa bldks LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gSA
bl o"kZ dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd phu îjke'kZ vkSj lg;ksx osQ ekè;e ls lk>k fodkl çkIr
djus* ij è;ku osQafær djsxk rFkk ^ch-vkj-vkbZ- Hkkxhnkjksa osQ lkFk ikjLifjd :i ls ykHkdkjh
ifj.kkeksa* osQ fy;s dk;Z djsxkA
bu lcosQ chp ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd yksu dks ^jkbV&vkWiQ* djus tSls lkekU; mik;ksa dh txg phu
dks bu ifj;kstukvksa dks iquthZfor djus vkSj lrr~ ykHk dks okLrfod cukus tSls ç;kl djus pkfg;sA
foÙkh; lgk;rk o phu }kjk ½.k dh fLFkfr
bu mik;ksa esa phu foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku dj ldrk gSA bu forh; mik;ksa esa vuqnku (xzkaV)] C;kt eqÙkQ
½.k rFkk rjthgh ½.k tSls lk/uksa dk ç;ksx gks ldrk gSA phuh ljdkj }kjk fn;s tkus okys C;kt
eqÙkQ ½.k tSls mik; ½.k jkgr osQ fy;s ykxw gksrs gSaA rjthgh ½.k tSls mik; ½.k jkgr osQ fy;s
ykxw ugha gksrs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh tfVy ½.k leL;kvksa osQ lEca/ esa vf/d isphnk gksrs gSaA
d”kZnkj ns'kksa osQ nkf;Roksa dks ekiQ djus tSls lek/ku cgqr çHkkoh fl¼ ugha gksaxsA ;fn fdlh nsunkj
(d”kZnkj) dks le; ij Hkqxrku djus esa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] rks C;kt Hkqxrku dh
frfFk;ksa dk iqufuZ/kj.k djus ;k phu }kjk foÙkiks"k.k esa o`f¼ tSlh ;kstuk,¡ çHkkoh gks ldrh gSaA blls
lEcaf/r ifj;kstukvksa dks iqu% 'kq: djus o ykHk vftZr djus esa vlkuh gksxhA
phu dk lq>ko gS fd ½.k osQ iquHkZqxrku dh leL;k dbZ foÙkh; vkSj vU; n`f"Vdks.kksa }kjk gy dh
tk ldrh gSA buesa vfrfjÙkQ vuqnku] ½.k&bfDoVh LoSi dk lapkyu ;k ifj;kstukvksa dks tkjh j•us
gsrq phuh iQeks± dh lgk;rk ysus tSls mik; 'kkfey gSaA
,MMkVk (AidData) vuqla/ku ç;ksx'kkyk osQ vuqlkj] o"kZ 2000 ls o"kZ 2014 osQ eè; phu }kjk çnku
fd;s x, vuqnku vkSj yksu oqQy feykdj 354-4 fcfy;u MkWyj gSaA blesa ls 23 » vuqnku osQ :i
esa fn;k x;k gS] tcfd 'ks"k ck”kkj ;k yxHkx ck”kkj nj ij fn;k x;k okf.kfT;d yksu gSA
teZuh osQ dhy laLFkku osQ vuqlkj] nqfu;k }kjk phu dks fn;k x;k d”kZ o"kZ 2000 ls 2017 osQ eè;
10 xquk c<+ x;k gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ ikl phu dk 380 fcfy;u MkWyj cdk;k gSA
40
djsaV vQs;lZ
csYV vkSj jksM igy rFkk yík• xfrjks/% ,d fo'ys"k.k

i`"BHkwfe
phu }kjk yík• esa uohure ?kqliSB osQ mís';ksa esa vDlkbZ fpu esa viuh fLFkfr dks vkSj e”kcwr djuk
'kkfey gSA owQVuhfrd rkSj ij vçSy 2018 osQ oqgku vukSipkfjd f'k•j lEesyu esa bldh tM+sa •ksth
tk ldrh gSaA bl lEesyu osQ ckn chftax us Hkkjr dks my>kus vkSj yxke yxkus osQ fy;s dbZ fodYiksa
dk ç;ksx fd;k gS ftlls og vius ewy fgrksa dh j{kk dj losQA oqgku f'k•j lEesyu osQ ckn phu us
vius iM+ksl esa chftax rFkk ubZ fnYyh osQ lk>k fgrksa osQ çca/u ls lEcaf/r fdlh le>kSrs ij igq¡pus
osQ fy;s jktuf;d VªSd dks lfØ; dj fn;k gSA ;g igy phu }kjk ;wjsf'k;k osQafær (ch-vkj-vkbZ) osQ
fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; leFkZu dh O;kid vkdka{kk osQ vuq:i FkhA lkFk gh yík• o ,y-,-lh- osQ ekè;e ls
phu viuh lSU; {kerk dks Hkh çnf'kZr djuk pkgrk gS tks dbZ ek;uksa esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa
fiNys oqQN le; ls phu }kjk Hkkjr osQ lkFk c<+rs lhek xfrjks/ dk fo'ys"k.k vko';d gSA
phu dh owQVuhfr esa cnyko dh vko';drk
phu dh owQVuhfr tc fgan&ç'kkar fl¼kar (Indo-Pacific Doctrine) osQ rgr la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk osQ
lkFk Hkkjr osQ c<+rs lEca/ksa lfgr dbZ dkj.kksa ls dke ugha dj ikbZ] rks ikfdLrku ij vf/d fuHkZjrk
osQ lkFk phu dh ;kstuk&ch (Plan-B) us vkdkj ysuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
okf'kaxVu dh fgan&ç'kkar j.kuhfr osQ çfr Hkkjr osQ dfFkr >qdko dk eqdkcyk djus osQ fy;s chftax
dh j.kuhfr esa ikfdLrku dk lekos'k rc gqvk] tc phu us vDVwcj 2019 esa ikfdLrku osQ 'kh"kZ LraHkksa
ç/kuea=kh] lsuk çeq• vkSj baVj lfoZlst baVsfytsal (ISI) osQ çeq• dks vkeaf=kr fd;k FkkA
chftax esa ;s cSBosQa Hkkjr }kjk d'ehj ls vuqPNsn 370 dks fujLr djus dh i`"BHkwfe esa gqb±A bl dne
dh ikfdLrku o phu }kjk igys ls gh Li"V :i ls vkykspuk dh tk jgh FkhA
bu cSBdksa ls iwoZ Hkkjr us U;w;kWdZ esa la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklHkk l=k osQ nkSjku fons'k ea=kh Lrj dh fgan&ç'kkar
DokM (Indo-Pacific Quad) osQ ,d laokn esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA
fxyfxV&ckfYVLrku dk eqík
phu vius ewy fgrksa osQ eísu”kj ;g pkgrk gS fd Hkkjr fxyfxV&ckfYVLrku dks iqu% çkIr djus
lEca/h fopkj dks n`<+rk ls [kkfjt dj ns] D;ksafd Hkkjr o"kZ 1994 esa loZlEefr ls ikfjr ,d lalnh;
çLrko esa d'ehj dks ,dtqV djus osQ y{; dks iwjk djus gsrq dfVc¼ gSA
oqgku f'k•j lEeysu ls iwoZ gh phu ^phu ikfdLrku vkfFkZd xfy;kjk* esa vjcksa MkWyj fuos'k dj
pqdk gSA bl xfy;kjs osQ fxyfxV&ckfYVLrku ls xq”kjus osQ dkj.k ifdLrku osQ lkFk&lkFk phu osQ
fy;s Hkh ;g {ks=k egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
chftax osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls] fxyfxV&ckfYVLrku ij dC”kk djus dk dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; ç;kl (ch-vkj-vkbZ)
dh ,d çeq• ifj;kstuk lh-ih-bZ-lh- dks cckZn dj nsxkA lh-ih-bZ-lh- Xoknj canjxkg osQ ekè;e ls phu
dks fgan egklkxj rd igq¡p çnku djsxkA bl ifj;kstuk us 'kh ftufiax dh O;fÙkQxr vkSj jktuhfrd
çfr"Bk dks nk¡o ij yxk fn;k gSA
;g vesfjdk osQ çHkqRo okys eyDdk tyMe:eè; ij chftax dh fuHkZjrk dks de djus esa Hkh enn
djsxkA vesfjdk us ,f'k;k&/qjh fl¼kar (Asia-Pivot Doctrine) osQ lkFk if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj n xYiQ
(The Gulf) ls viuh lsukvksa dks ,f'k;k&ç'kkar esa LFkkukarfjr djus dk bjknk trk;k FkkA
41
djsaV vQs;lZ
phu vDlkbZ fpu dks ysdj Hkh eq•j jgk gSA vDlkbZ fpu frCcr vkSj f'kuft;kax osQ chp ,d vko';d
fyad gS] D;ksafd phu dk jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k 219 blh njZs ls gksdj xq”kjrk gS] blfy;s vDlkbZ
fpu&phu dh {ks=kh; ,drk vkSj ,d&phu fl¼kar (One-China Principle) osQ osQaæ esa gSA Hkkjrh;
x`g ea=kh }kjk vDlkbZ fpu dks Hkkjr esa 'kkfey djus lEca/h c;ku dks phu xEHkhjrk ls ys jgk gSA
Hkkjr osQ lkFk okLrfod fu;a=k.k js•k (,y-,-lh-) ij cqfu;knh <k¡ps osQ fodkl ls Hkh phu vlgt
gks x;k gS] D;ksafd ;g •kldj vDlkbZ fpu ij ncko dk dkj.k gSA
Hkkjr }kjk gokbZ ifêð;ksa dk iqu#RFkku
o"kZ 2008 rd Hkkjr us nkSyr csx vksYMh (Mh-ch-vks-) vkSj iqQd ps (Fukche) osQ gokbZ {ks=kksa dks
iqu% lfØ; dj fn;k FkkA ;s gokbZ {ks=k yík• osQ fy;s eq[; gokbZ lgk;rk osQaæ osQ :i esa ysg ij
fuHkZjrk dks de djrk gSA blosQ ,d o"kZ ckn gh U;ksek (Nyoma) ,;jiQhYM dks Hkh iqu% 'kq: dj
fn;k x;k FkkA
Mh-ch-vks- dkjkdksje njZs osQ ekè;e ls iqjkus ysg&rkfje csflu O;kikj ekxZ ij fLFkr gSA ;g vDlkbZ
fpu ls osQoy ukS fdyksehVj mÙkj&if'pe esa gSA ,d iwoZ jktuf;d osQ vuqlkj] ;g blfy;s Hkh
egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd Hkkjr dk phu osQ f'kuft;kax çkar osQ lkFk HkkSfrd :i ls fyad Mh-ch-vks- :V
osQ ekè;e ls fd;k x;k gSA
foekuu {ks=k esa cqfu;knh <k¡ps osQ iqu#¼kj us ,y-,-lh- rd lSfud o lSU; vkiwfrZ;ksa dks rhoz xfr ls
igq¡pkus esa Hkkjr dh {kerk esa o`f¼ dh gSA
Hkkjr }kjk lM+d fuekZ.k xfrfof/;ksa tSls fd yxHkx 250 fdeh- yEch njcwd&';ksd&nkSyr csx vksYMh
(Mh-,l-Mh-ch-vks-) lM+d dh e”kcwrh osQ dkj.k vDlkbZ fpu ls lEcaf/r eqíksa ij ncko c<+ x;k gSA
;g lM+d ,y-,-lh- osQ lkFk Hkkjr dh dusfDVfoVh dh jh<+ gSA
2$1 iQkWeZwyk
oqgku lEeysu osQ ckn Hkkjr vkSj phu us {ks=k esa la;qÙkQ :i ls dk;Z djus dh vksj viQxku jktuf;dksa
dks çf'k{k.k nsus dk ,d NksVk&lk dne mBk;kA bl viQxku igy osQ rqjar ckn] phu us {ks=k esa ,d
Hkkxhnkj osQ :i esa Hkkjr osQ lkFk lefUor n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA bldh 'kq#vkr
^2$1 n`f"Vdks.k* dks tkjh j•rs gq, usiky osQ lkFk dh xbZA
u;s ^2$1 iQkWeZwyk* osQ rgr Hkkjr vkSj phu nksuksa ns'k fdlh rhljs ns'k osQ lkFk ,d lkekU; n`f"Vdks.k
dk leUo; djuk pkgrs gSaA ;g iQkWeZwyk usiky osQ ç/kuea=kh osQ-ih- vksyh }kjk twu 2018 esa phu dh
;k=kk osQ nkSjku iqu% çdk'k esa vk;kA
phuh jk"Vªifr us dgk fd og usiky esa cqfu;knh <k¡ps osQ fodkl osQ fy;s usiky osQ vuqjks/ ij fopkj
djus gsrq rS;kj gS] ijarq phu us Li"V dj fn;k fd og usiky esa thjks&le (Zero-sum) n`f"Vdks.k osQ
lkFk vkxs c<+us esa dksbZ #fp ugha j•rk gSA
^2$1 iQkWeZwyk* ckn esa ^phu&Hkkjr Iyl eSosQfuTe* esa cny x;k ftlus E;kaekj osQ jksfgaX;k vkSj bZjku
osQ ijek.kq le>kSrs osQ eqís ij nksuksa ns'kksa }kjk nh xbZ çfrfØ;k dks funZsf'kr fd;k FkkA
blosQ vykok] phu ch-vkj-vkbZ- dks liQy cukus osQ fy;s Hkkjr dks blesa 'kkfey djus osQ lkFk&lkFk
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ eè; xfrjks/ dks Hkh lekIr djuk pkgrk gSA twu 2019 esa ,l-lh-vks- (SCO)
osQ fc'osQd lEeysu osQ nkSjku phu us d'ehj eqís dks gy djus vkSj 'kkafr LFkkfir djus dk Hkh
çLrko fn;k FkkA
42
djsaV vQs;lZ
fiNys o"kZ d'ehj dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu osQ ckn phu us Iyku&ch ij dk;Z djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
blosQ rgr ,y-,-lh- osQ ikj yík• ij è;ku osQafær fd;k x;k vkSj bldh ifj.kfr uohure ?kqliSB
osQ :i esa gqbZA
vDlkbZ fpu ij Hkkjr dk nkok
Hkkjr us vkerkSj ij ges'kk ls vDlkbZ fpu ij viuk nkok fd;k gS] ijarq d'ehj dk fo'ks"k ntkZ gVk;s
tkus osQ ckn vDlkbZ fpu osQ eqís ij phu us u;s fljs ls fo'ys"k.k djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
phu us bl eqís dks fons'k ea=kky; osQ lkeus mBk;kA Hkkjr us ,y-,-lh- esa fdlh çdkj osQ cnyko
rFkk fdlh vfrfjÙkQ {ks=k osQ nkos dks budkj dj fn;k Fkk] ijarq phu Hkkjr osQ vkxkeh dneksa dks
ysdj iwjh rjg ls lpsr jguk pkgrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
i;Zos{kdksa dk dguk gS fd phu yík• esa lSU; ncko Mkydj dbZ lans'k nsuk pkgrk gSA og vDlkbZ
fpu rFkk fxyfxV&ckfYVLrku osQ eqís ij ubZ fnYyh ij ncko cukuk pkgrk gSA lkFk gh ^2$1 iQkWeZwys*
osQ n`f"Vdks.k osQ rgr usiky] HkwVku rFkk viQxkfuLrku vkfn ns'kksa esa viuh fLFkfr dks e”kcwr djuk
pkgrk gSA blosQ vykok] fgan&ç'kkar fl¼kar osQ rgr VªEi ç'kklu osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ c<+rs tqM+ko ij
vaoqQ'k yxkuk pkgrk gSA lh-ih-bZ-lh- osQ lkFk&lkFk fxyfxV&ckfYVLrku dk j.kuhfrd :i ls vR;f/d
egÙo gksus osQ dkj.k gh gky osQ o"kks± esa ikfdLrku vkSj phu }kjk bl {ks=k dh volajpuk esa Hkkjh
fuos'k fd;k tk jgk gSA fn;kej&ck'kk tSls ck¡/ bldk uohure mnkgj.k gSA
phu ds lkFk O;kikj ij çfrca/ dk fopkj% fdruk çklafxd

i`"BHkwfe
okLrfod fu;a=k.k js•k ij gq, lhek fookn osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa phu osQ lkFk tkjh O;kikj ij çfrca/
yxkus dk vkÞoku fd;k tk jgk gSA xyoku ?kkVh esa >M+i osQ ckn Hkkjr esa phuh lekuksa (Chinese
Goods) osQ cfg"dkj osQ fopkj us ”kksj idM+ fy;k gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us phu osQ lkFk O;kikj lEca/ksa ij
leh{kk dh 'kq#vkr djosQ lhek fookn ij oqQN çfrfØ;k nsus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA gkyk¡fd] vuqeku gS
fd ;fn phu ls O;kikj ij çfrca/ yxk;k tk,xk rks Hkkjr dks phu dh vis{kk vf/d uqdlku mBkuk
iM+ ldrk gSA Hkkjr dh dbZ bdkb;ksa esa phu dk cgqr vf/d fuos'k gSaA lkFk gh Hkkjr vk;kr osQ fy;s
phu ij cgqr vf/d fuHkZj gS] tcfd phu osQ oqQy vk;kr dk cgqr de fgLlk Hkkjr ls tkrk gSA uhps
phu ls O;kikj ij çfrca/ osQ rdks± lfgr oqQN ewyHkwr çHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
O;kikj ?kkVk
phu ls O;kikj ij çfrca/ yxkus osQ eq[; rdks± esa ,d O;kikj ?kkVs dk vf/d gksuk crk;k tk jgk
gSA lkekU;r;k O;kikj ?kkVs dks lgh ugha ekuk tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd] rF; fcYoqQy vyx gSA O;kikj ?kkVk@
vf/'ks"k osQoy ys•kadu djus dk ,d rjhdk gS] ftldk eryc ;g dnkfi ugha gS fd fdlh ns'k
osQ fo#¼ O;kikj ?kkVk gksus ls ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk de”kksj ;k cnrj gks tkrh gSA
mnkgj.kLo:i] ;fn Hkkjr osQ lkFk O;kikj djus okys 'kh"kZ 25 ns'kksa dks ns•k tk, rks vesfjdk] ;wukbVsM
foaQxMe vkSj uhnjySaM osQ lkFk Hkkjr O;kikj vf/'ks"k dh fLFkfr esa gS] ijarq bldk eryc ;g ugha
gS fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh ls Hkh e”kcwr ;k csgrj gSA
blh rjg] Hkkjr vU; 22 (phu lfgr) ns'kksa osQ lkFk O;kikj ?kkVs dh fLFkfr esa gS] Hkys gh mudk
vkdkj o HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr oqQN Hkh gksA blesa Úkal] teZuh] ukbthfj;k o nf{k.k vÚhdk osQ lkFk&lkFk
;w-,-bZ] drj] :l] nf{k.k dksfj;k] tkiku rFkk fo;ruke o baMksusf'k;k vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
43
djsaV vQs;lZ
fiQj Hkh] O;kikj ?kkVs dk vko';d :i ls ;g rkRi;Z ugha gS fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk nf{k.k vÚhdk
dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls cnrj gSA phu osQ lkFk O;kikj ?kkVs dk eryc osQoy ;g gS fd phu }kjk Hkkjr
ls •jhns x, mRikn dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr vf/d ek=kk esa phuh mRikn •jhnrk gS] ijarq ,slk gksuk lnSo
cqjh ckr ugha gSA
lHkh ns'kksa esa yxkrkj py jgs O;kikj ?kkVs ls nks eq[; eqís lkeus vkrs gSaA igyk] D;k fdlh ns'k osQ
ikl vk;kr osQ Hkqxrku osQ fy;s i;kZIr fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj gSA vHkh Hkkjr osQ ikl $ 500 fcfy;u ls
vf/d fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj gS] tks fd 12 eghuksa osQ vk;kr osQ Hkqxrku gsrq i;kZIr gSA
nwljk fu"d"kZ ;g fudyrk gS fd Hkkjr oqQ'ky rjhosQ ls vius yksxksa dh ”k:jr dh ph”kksa dk mRiknu
djus esa l{ke ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] dksbZ Hkh ns'k vkRefuHkZj ugha gS] vr% O;kikj ,d vko';d fopkj gSA
O;kikj djus osQ dkj.k dbZ ns'k fdlh oLrq osQ mRiknu ;k lsokvksa esa vU; ns'kksa dh vis{kk vf/d
oqQ'ky ;k fo'ks"kK gks tkrs gSa vkSj vPNs mRiknksa dk fu;kZr djrs gSa] tcfd vU; ns'k mldh oqQ'kyrk
dk iQk;nk mBkrs gq, vk;kr djrs gSaA
fujarj O;kikj ?kkVk ;fn ljdkjksa (Hkkjr) osQ xq.k&nks"k dks çnf'kZr djus okyk gS rks ljdkj dks çfrLièkkZ
c<+kus okyh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus osQ lkFk&lkFk cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg;sA yksxksa dks
tcju O;kikj djus ls jksdus dh n'kk esa n{krk osQ lkFk&lkFk miHkksÙkQvksa dks gksus okys ykHk o fodYiksa
esa deh vkrh gS] ftldh dher xzkgdksa dks gh pqdkuh iM+rh gSA
xjhc ,oa [kqnjk O;kikfj;ksa ij çHkko
phu ls O;kikj çfrca/ osQ dkj.k fupys rcosQ osQ xjhc miHkksÙkQk lcls ”;knk çHkkfor gksaxs] D;ksafd
os ewY;ksa osQ çfr vR;f/d laosnu'khy gSaA
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] vk;kr osQ ckn Hkkjr vk pqosQ phuh mRiknksa osQ fy;s Hkqxrku fd;k tk pqdk gSA mudh
fcØh ij çfrca/ yxkus ;k mldk ckW;dkV djus ls Hkkjrh; •qnjk foØsrkvksa dks gh uqdlku igq¡psxkA
bl çdkj osQ vçR;kf'kr uqdlku ls fuiVus esa vleFkZrk osQ dkj.k •qnjk O;kikfj;ksa dks ”;knk gkfu gksxhA
Hkkjrh; mRikndksa o fu;kZrdksa ij çHkko

oqQN yksxksa dk rdZ gS fd phu osQ lkFk O;kikj djus ls dbZ Hkkjrh; mRikndksa dks uqdlku gksrk gSA
;g lp gS] ijarq lkFk esa ;g Hkh okLrfodrk gS fd tgk¡ O;kikj osQoy de oqQ'ky Hkkjrh; mRikndksa
dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gS] ogha vf/d oqQ'ky Hkkjrh; O;olk;ksa o fu;kZrdksa osQ fy;s O;kikj ennxkj
lkfcr gksrk gSA
44
djsaV vQs;lZ
mYys•uh; gS fd Hkkjrh; miHkksÙkQk phu ls u osQoy vafre :i ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djrs
gSa] cfYd Hkkjr esa dbZ ,sls O;kikjh gS tks eè;orhZ vkSj dPps eky dk vk;kr Hkh phu ls djrs gSaA
bldk mi;ksx oLrqvksa osQ vafre mRiknu esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftldk çHkko ?kjsyw Hkkjrh; ck”kkj osQ
lkFk&lkFk oSf'od ck”kkj esa Hkh Hkkjrh; fu;kZr ij iM+rk gSA
vke /kj.kk osQ foijhr] Hkkjr esa phuh vk;kr dk ,d cM+k fgLlk eè;orhZ eky osQ :i esa vkrk gSA
blesa fo|qrh; e'khujh] ijek.kq fj,DVj] moZjd] vkWfIVdy o iQksVksxzkiQh esa ç;qÙkQ midj.k o dkcZfud
jlk;u vkfn 'kkfey gSaA ,sls vk;krksa dk mi;ksx vafre oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk
gS tks ;k rks ?kjsyw ck”kkjksa esa csps tkrs gSa ;k mudk fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
dkiQh vk;kfrr mRikn ,sls gSa] ftuosQ fy;s Hkkjr lcls vf/d phu ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i]
Hkkjr }kjk vk;kfrr lHkh ,aVhck;ksfVd nokvksa dk yxHkx 76-3» phu ls vkrk gSA lkFk gh dbZ Hkkjrh;
bdkb;ksa esa ($ 1 fcfy;u ls vf/d ewY; osQ LVkVZ&vi) Hkkjh ek=kk esa phu dk fuos'k gSA
45
djsaV vQs;lZ
phuh mRiknksa ij ,drjiQk o iw.kZ çfrca/ mu lHkh O;olk;ksa dks uqdlku igq¡pk,xk tks dksfoM&19
osQ dkj.k igys ls gh •Re gksus dh dxkj ij gSa ;k Lo;a dks cpk, j•us osQ fy;s la?k"kZjr gSaA blosQ
vykok] Hkkjr }kjk vafre o rS;kj eky dk mRiknu djus dh {kerk ij Hkh udkjkRed çHkko iM+sxkA
la{ksi esa] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;kikj ?kkVk vko';d :i ls cqjk ugha gS] ;fn og mRikndksa
o fu;kZrdksa lfgr Hkkjrh; miHkksÙkQkvksa osQ fy;s ykHknk;d gSA lkFk gh Hkkjr dk dbZ ns'kksa osQ lkFk
O;kikj ?kkVk gS rks osQoy phu dks gh D;ksa O;kikj ls ckgj fd;k tk,A
phu ij çHkko
lhek ij gqbZ >M+i osQ fojks/ esa phu ls O;kikj ij çfrca/ dk vkdyu bl vk/kj ij Hkh fd;k tkuk
pkfg;s fd blls phu dks fdruk uqdlku gksxk] ysfdu okLrfodrk Bhd blosQ foijhr gSA blls phu
dks gksus okys uqdlku dh vis{kk Hkkjr dks vf/d uqdlku gksus dh vk'kadk gSA
Hkkjr osQ fu;kZr esa phu dk fgLlk yxHkx 5» gS rFkk Hkkjr osQ vk;kr esa phu dh fgLlsnkjh yxHkx
14» dh gSA US $ osQ inksa esa] Hkkjr }kjk phu ls vk;kr (;k phu dk fu;kZr) phu osQ oqQy fu;kZr
dk ek=k 3» osQ vkl&ikl gSA blls Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr ls phu dk vk;kr mlosQ
oqQy vk;kr dk 1» ls Hkh de gSA
bl çdkj ;fn Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp O;kikj can gks tkrk gS rks phu dks mlosQ fu;kZr dk yxHkx
3» rFkk vk;kr dk 1» ls Hkh de dk uqdklku gksxk] tcfd Hkkjr vius fu;kZr dk 5» ls vf/d
vkSj vk;kr dk yxHkx 14» fgLlk •ks nsxkA
blosQ vykok] ;fn phu osQ mRiknksa dk ckW;dkV djuk gS rks Hkkjrh;ksa dks mu lHkh mRiknksa o lsokvksa
dks Hkh •jhnus ls cpuk pkfg;s] ftlesa phu dh cuh oLrqvksa o Jecy dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gksA
46
djsaV vQs;lZ
tSlsµ vkbZiQksu ,d vesfjdh dEiuh gS] ijarq Hkkjr esa csps tkus okys mlosQ mRikn vf/dka'kr% phu
fufeZr ;k phuh eè;orhZ mRiknksa ls fufeZr gksrs gSaA
ijs'kkuh osQoy ;g ugha gS fd oSf'od O;kikj o oSf'od ewY; Ükà•ykvksa esa phu dh osQaæh; mifLFkfr
osQ dkj.k O;kikj ij çfrca/ yxHkx vlEHko gS] cfYd ç'kklu }kjk lHkh O;kikjksa esa fj;y&Vkbe ij
vk/kfjr phu dh Hkkxhnkjh dks eSi djuk Hkh vR;ar dfBu dk;Z gSA
oqQy feykdj] O;kikj osQ ekeys esa phu }kjk Hkkjr dks çfrLFkkfir djus dh vis{kk Hkkjr }kjk phu
dks çfrLFkkfir djuk dfBu gSA NksVs vkSj eè;e vof/ osQ fy;s phuh mRiknksa dks çfrLFkkfir djuk
eqf'dy vkSj eg¡xk nksuksa gksxkA ;fn Hkkjr phu dh txg tkiku o teZuh tSls ns'kksa ls vk;kr dks
çfrLFkkfir djus dh dYiuk djs rks oLrq] lsok vkSj Jecy eg¡xk gksus osQ dkj.k oqQy O;kikj ?kkVs
esa o`f¼ gh gksxhA
Hkkjr dh uhfrxr fo'oluh;rk
;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k tk jgk gS fd Hkkjr dks phu osQ lkFk ekStwnk vuqca/ksa ij fiQj ls fopkj djuk
pkfg;sA ,sls fu.kZ; vYidky osQ fy;s gh lgh ijarq fuos'kdksa osQ lsaVhesaV~l (Hkkoukvksa) dks çHkkfor
djrs gSa ;g Hkkjr tSls ns'k osQ fy;s csgn gkfudkjd gksxk tks fons'kh fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus dh
dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA
dksbZ Hkh fuos'kd (fo'ks"k :i ls fons'kh) fuos'k ls iwoZ dbZ igyqvksa ij fopkj djrk gS] ftlesa
uhfrxr fo'oluh;rk o fuf'prrk (Policy Credibility and Certainty) egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;fn uhfr;ksa dks
vpkud ls cny fn;k tk, ;k djksa dks Hkwry{kh çHkko ls ykxw dj fn;k tk, ;k ljdkj }kjk Lo;a
ls vuqcaèkksa ij jksd yxk nh tk, rks dksbZ Hkh fuos'kd fuos'k ugha djsxkA ;fn os fuos'k djrs Hkh gSa
rks c<s+ gq, tksf•e osQ fy;s mPp fjVuZ dh ek¡x djsaxsA
VSfjiQ esa o`f¼ dk çHkko
;g rdZ Hkh fn;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr dks phuh mRiknksa ij mPp vk;kr 'kqYd yxkuk pkfg;sA tcfd
oqQN yksxksa dk lq>ko gS fd Hkkjr 'kwU; 'kqYd (Zero Duty) ij phu ls çkFkfed vkSj eè;orhZ lkekuksa
osQ vk;kr dh vuqefr ns ldrk gS] ijarq vafre :i ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa ij fu"ks/kRed 'kqYd ykxw
dj nsuk pkfg;sA
;fn fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ fue;ksa dks ,d rjiQ NksM+ nsa (,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr fu;eksa dk mYya?ku
dj jgk gksxk) rc Hkh ;g ,d cqjh j.kuhfr gS] D;ksafd phu Hkh blh rjg ls VSfjiQ esa o`f¼ dj
ldrk gSA oSf'od O;kikj o ewY; Ükà•ykvksa esa Hkkjr dh vis{kkÑr egÙoghu mifLFkfr Hkh Hkkjr dks
udkjkRed :i ls çHkkfor djsxhA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks nqfu;k osQ fy;s Hkkjr dks njfdukj djuk vklku gS vkSj ;fn Hkkjr fu;eksa dk
ikyu djrk gS] rks O;kikj djuk vklku gSA
fu"d"kZ
bl ckr dks le>uk gksxk fd lhek fookn dks O;kikj ;q¼ esa cnyus ls lhek fookn osQ gy gksus
dh lEHkkouk ugha gSA
phu osQ lkFk lHkh çdkj osQ O;kikj ij vpkud çfrca/ yxkus dk ;g lcls dfBu le; gS D;ksafd
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk igys ls gh de”kksj fLFkfr esa gS vkSj th-Mh-ih- rhoz laoqQpu dk lkeuk dj jgh gSA
gkyk¡fd] o"kZ 2008 osQ oSf'od vkfFkZd ladV dh 'kq#vkr ls laj{k.kokn vkSj oS'ohdj.k fojks/h
Hkkoukvksa esa o`f¼ ns•h tk jgh gS] ijarq ;g Hkh ,d lPpkbZ gS fd O;kikj yksxksa dks csgrj cukrk gSA
47
djsaV vQs;lZ
lHkh voqQ'ky ?kjsyw m|ksx vkfFkZd jk"Vªokn osQ uke ij vk;kr ij mPp 'kqYdksa }kjk laj{k.k pkgrs gSa]
ysfdu ;g laj{k.k osQoy ?kjsyw miHkksÙkQkvksa osQ •pks± esa o`f¼ djsxkA
okLro esa] Hkkjr us 'kq#vkrh pkj n'kdksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk] vk;kr çfrLFkkiu vkSj NksVs ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dh
j{kk djus dk ç;kl fd;k] ijarq blesa og foiQy jgk gSA
Hkkjr dks viuh çfrLi/kZRed {kerk c<+kdj oSf'od O;kikj osQ ,d cM+s fgLls dks vkØked :i
ls gkfly djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg;sA ;fn blesa lko/kuh ugha cjrh xbZ rks NksVs ns'k dksbZ nwljk
jkLrk ns•saxsA mngkj.k osQ fy;s fiNys o"kZ Hkkjr }kjk vkj-lh-bZ-ih- esa 'kkfey u gksus osQ fu.kZ; rFkk
le>kSrs esa gksus okyh nsjh osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fo;ruke us bl ekg dh 'kq#vkr esa ;wjksih; la?k ls ,d
eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrk fd;k gSA ;wjksih; la?k esa Hkkjrh; fu;kZrdksa dh fLFkfr igys ls gh de”kksj gks jgh
gSA fo;ruke ls 'kwU; vk;kr 'kqYd ij lkeku dk fu;kZr fd;s tkus ls Hkkjr vkSj Hkh çHkkfor gksxkA
th&11 lewg vkSj Hkkjr ds fy;s fufgrkFkZ

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
vesfjdh jk"Vªifr MksukYM VªEi us ^th&11* (G-11) uke ls ,d u, lewg dk çLrko fn;k gSA
th&11 lewg
th&11 lewg ,d çdkj ls th&7 lewg dk foLrkj gksxkA th&7 ;k ^xzqi vkWiQ lsou* ,d varlZjdkjh
vkfFkZd laxBu gSA
th&7 lewg esa fo'o dh lkr fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ 'kkfey gSaA blesa dukMk] Úkal] teZuh] bVyh
osQ lkFk&lkFk tkiku] ;wukbVsM foaQxMe o la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk 'kkfey gSaA
^th&11* lewg esa ^th&7* osQ ns'kksa osQ vykok Hkkjr] vkWLVªsfy;k] nf{k.k dksfj;k vkSj :l 'kkfey gksaxsA
O;kid :i ls bls ^phuh fojks/h eap* osQ :i esa ns•k tk jgk gSA
th&11 lewg dh igy dk dkj.k
th&11 lewg dh igy dk ,d çeq• dkj.k th&7 lewg dk vçpfyr gksuk gSA VªEi us th&7 f'k•j
lEesyu dks dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ dkj.k jí dj fn;kA ewy :i ls ;g lEeysu bl o"kZ twu esa
osQai MsfoM esa gksuk fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
VªEi us 45 o"kZ iqjkus bl laxBu dks orZeku le; vkSj ifjfLFkr;ksa osQ ifjçs{; esa vçpfyr djkj fn;k
gS] muosQ vuqlkj ;g lewg fo'o dk lgh çfrfuf/Ro ugha djrk gSA
th&7 lewg
th&7 lewg dk xBu o"kZ 1975 esa nqfu;k osQ çeq• vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa dks ,d vukSipkfjd eap çnku
djus osQ fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA
o"kZ 1998 esa :l dks th&7 lewg esa ,d vkSipkfjd lnL; osQ :i esa 'kkfey fd;s tkus osQ ckn
;g lewg th&8 cu x;kA
:l }kjk iwohZ ;wØsu osQ Øhfe;k ij lSfud dkjZokbZ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i :l dh lnL;rk jí dj nh
xbZA bl çdkj] o"kZ 2014 esa ;g lewg iqu% th&7 osQ Lo:i esa vk x;kA
th&7 }kjk fy;s x, iQSlys dkuwuh :i ls ckè;dkjh ugha gksrs gSa] ijarq ;s ,d e”kcwr jktuhfrd
çHkko Mkyrs gSaA
48
djsaV vQs;lZ
;g ;g nkok fujk/kj ugha gS fd ftl lewg us fiNyh vk/h lnh osQ nkSjku oSf'od vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ
dk vglkl djk;k gS mlosQ iqufuZ/kZj.k dk le; vk x;k gSA
;wukbVsM foaQxMe dh igys ls gh fxjrh gqbZ oSf'od gSfl;r dks czsfDtV osQ ckn dh fLFkfr vkSj
vf/d de”kksj djsxhA
blosQ vykok] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (th-Mh-ih-) osQ ekeys esa bVyh Hkkjr ls ihNs gks x;k gSA
gkyk¡fd] nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk phu dks bl lewg ls ckgj j•us osQ fu.kZ; us VªEi
osQ fo'o osQ lgh çfrfuf/Ro osQ bjkns ij loky •M+s dj fn;s gSaA
Hkkjr dh fLFkfr
Hkkjr osQ fy;s cM+k loky ;g gS fd phu osQ lkFk vius ekStwnk rukoiw.kZ lEca/ksa dks ns•rs gq, mls
bl lewg esa 'kkfey gksuk pkfg;s vFkok ughaA
larqfyr :i ls ns•k tk, rks Hkkjr dks vius Hkw&lkefjd fgr dks ns[krs gq, bl lewg esa 'kkfey
gksuk pkfg;sA
gkyk¡fd] phu dks bl lewg ls ckgj j•us osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dks •qn bl lewg ls ckgj ugha gks tkuk
pkfg;s] cfYd blesa viuk çHkqÙo cuk, j•uk pkfg;sA
Hkkjr dks ykHk
th&11 tSlk eap Hkkjr osQ fy;s egÙoiw.kZ eqíksa ij fopkjksa osQ vknku&çnku dk volj çnku djrk gS
tks Hkkjr osQ fy;s dkiQh ewY;oku gks ldrk gSA
fo'ks"k :i ls ;g nqfu;k osQ oqQN lcls egÙoiw.kZ usrkvksa osQ lkFk oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ij dksfoM&19
osQ çHkko ij ppkZ djus dk volj çnku dj ldrk gSA
;g lewg lefUor çfrfØ;k osQ fy;s :ijs•k rS;kj djus esa ennxkj lkfcr gksxkA
phu }kjk Hkkjr dh LohÑfr ij n`f"Vdks.k

,slsle; esa tc phu lhek eqís ij Hkkjrh; {ks=kksa esa iSB c<+kus osQ fy;s vkØked #• vf[r;kj dj
jgk gS rks ,sls fdlh Hkh vkea=k.k ij Hkkjr dh LohÑfr dk ç'u bl le; phu dks HkM+dkus okyk
ekuk tk ldrk gSA
bl dne dks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vesfjdk dh vksj c<+rs >qdko osQ ifjçs{; esa phu osQ fo#¼ vkaf'kd
çfr'kks/ osQ :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd vesfjdk dk joS;k gky osQ o"kks± esa phu osQ çfr yxkrkj
çfrowQy jgk gSA
orZeku osQ ?kVukØeksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, Hkkjr dks th&11 lewg esa 'kkfey gksuk pkfg;sA
Hkkjr dk i{k D;k gksuk pkfg;s\

bl lewg esa 'kkfey gksus ;k u gksus osQ fu.kZ; }kjk Hkkjr osQ ikl bl lans'k dks çlkfjr djus dk ekSdk
gksxk fd dksbZ vU; ns'k Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dks fu/kZfjr ugha dj ldrk gSA
phu dh lsuk }kjk flfDde vkSj yík• esa ckj&ckj ruko dh ?kVuk,¡ vkSj owQVuhfrd Lrj ij ,sls
ekeyksa dks lqy>kus esa gksus okyh nsjh osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dks phu ij ncko cukus osQ fy;s tkiku o
vkWLVªsfy;k osQ lkFk lk>snkjh dks xgjk djus dh ”k#jr gSA
tkiku vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k nksuksa vesfjdk osQ lkFk feydj 13 o"khZ; prq"dks.kh; lqj{kk laokn dk fgLlk gSaA
blosQ vykok] Hkkjr mu cM+s lewgksa esa Hkh 'kkfey gS ftldk lnL; phu ugha gSA ^bafM;u vksf'k;u
fje ,lksfl,'ku* (vkbZ-vks-vkj-,) buesa ls ,d gSA
bl çdkj] th&11 dh lnL;rk Lohdkj djus dks fdlh ubZ felky osQ :i esa ugha ns•k tkuk pkfg;sA
49
djsaV vQs;lZ
bafM;u vksf'k;u fje ,lksfl,'ku (IORA)

^bafM;u vksf'k;u fje ,lksfl,'ku* (Indian Ocean Rim Assosiation– IORA) ,d xfr'khy
varj&ljdkjh laxBu gSA fgan egklkxj dh lhek ls yxs 22 rVh; ns'k bl lewg osQ lnL; gSaA
bl laxBu dk mís'; vius lnL; jkT;ksa vkSj 10 laokn Hkkxhnkjksa osQ ekè;e ls fgan egklkxj {ks=k
osQ Hkhrj lg;ksx vkSj lrr~ fodkl dks e”kcwr djuk gSA
vkbZ-vks-vkj-,- dk leUo; lfpoky; ,csus (Ebene)] ekWjh'kl esa fLFkr gSA vkbZ-vks-vkj-,- fnol
07 ekpZ dks euk;k tkrk gSA
bl laxBu dh çkFkfedrk,¡ vkSj yf{kr {ks=k fuEu gSa%
I. leqæh lqj{kk] O;kikj vkSj fuos'k lqfo/k] eRL; çca/u rFkk uhyh vFkZO;oLFkk
II. vkink tksf[ke çca/u] i;ZVu vkSj lkaLÑfrd vknku&çnku] 'kS{kf.kd] foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh
rFkk efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd l'kDrhdj.kA
iwoZ esa bl laxBu dks fgan egklkxj fje igy vkSj bafM;u vks'ku fje ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj jhtuy
dksvkWijs'ku (IOR-ARC) osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA
prq"dks.kh; lqj{kk laokn (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue–Quad)
D;w-,l-Mh- ns'kksa Hkkjr] vkWLVªsfy;k] tkiku vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk dk lao`Ùk lewg gSA bldh
'kq#vkr o"kZ 2007 esa tkiku us dh FkhA
bl eap dks lkeqfæd yksdrkaf=kd xBca/u osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blosQ ekxZn'kZd fl¼karksa esa
fu;e vk/kfjr oSf'od O;oLFkk] mnkj O;kikj ç.kkyh vkSj usfoxs'ku dh Lora=krk esa fo'okl çeq• gSaA
varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/d U;k;ky;% vf/dkj {ks=k vkSj fookn

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa vesfjdh jk"Vªifr MksukYM VªEi }kjk ,d dk;Zdkjh vkns'k (Executive Order) ikfjr dj
viQxkfuLrku esa dfFkr :i ls ;q¼ vijk/ksa esa 'kkfey vesfjdh lSfud vkSj vU; yksxksa osQ ÑR;ksa dh
tk¡p dj jgs varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/d U;k;ky; (International Criminal Court– ICC) osQ vf/dkfj;ksa
ij vkfFkZd o i;ZVu lEca/h çfrca/ yxkus osQ funZs'k fn;s x, gSaA
;g vkns'k vesfjdk osQ jkT; lfpo (US Secretary of State) dks vkbZ-lh-lh- vf/dkfj;ksa dh vesfjdk
esa fLFkr lEifÙk dks ”kCr djus osQ lkFk gh buosQ vesfjdk esa ços'k dks Hkh çfrcaf/r djrk gSA
D;k gS eqík\
varjkZ"Vªh;vkijkf/d U;k;ky; us viQxkfuLrku vkSj mldh lhek osQ ckgj dfFkr ;q¼ vijk/ksa vkSj
ekuork osQ fo#¼ dfFkr vijk/ksa osQ ekeyksa dh tk¡p gsrq vuqefr nh FkhA
vkbZ-lh-lh-osQ U;k;k/h'kksa us bl çdkj dh tk¡p dks ohVks djus okys vius ,d iqjkus fu.kZ; dks loZlEefr
ls iyVrs gq, viQxku lqj{kk cyksa] rkfycku vkSj vesfjdh lSU;&dfeZ;ksa ij yxs ;q¼ vijk/ksa dh tk¡p
'kq: djus osQ i{k esa iSQlyk fn;k FkkA
vkbZ-lh-lh- osQ vfHk;kstd (Prosecutor) iQrkS csulkSnk o"kZ 2003 ls 2014 osQ eè; fd;s x,
lEHkkfor vijk/ksa dh tk¡p djuk pkgrs gSa] ftuesa rkfycku }kjk ukxfjdksa dh lkewfgd gR;k,¡] viQxku
vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk osQfn;ksa dks nh xbZ ;kruk,¡ vkSj oqQN gn rd vesfjdh lsuk rFkk vesfjdh tk¡p ,tsalh
(lh-vkbZ-,-) dh ;q¼ vijk/ksa esa Hkwfedk 'kkfey gSA
50
djsaV vQs;lZ
vkbZ-lh-lh-osQ vfHk;kstu i{k }kjk viuh çkjfEHkd tk¡p osQ i'pkr~ o"kZ 2017 esa tk¡p 'kq: djus dk
fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA vfHk;kstu i{k dk dguk gS fd viQxkfuLrku esa ;q¼ vijk/ksa dh tk¡p osQ fy;s
mfpr vk/kj ik, x, gSa rFkk ;g vkbZ-lh-lh- dk vf/dkj {ks=k Hkh gSA
vesfjdk }kjk gsx fLFkr vkbZ-lh-lh- dh dk;Zç.kkyh ij ;q¼ vijk/ksa] ujlagkj vkSj ekuork osQ fo#¼
vijk/ksa dh tk¡p osQ lEca/ esa dbZ ckj vkifÙk ntZ djkbZ xbZ gSA
vesfjdk dk i{k gS fd U;k;ky; dk vf/dkj {ks=k osQoy rc gS tc dksbZ lnL; ns'k vius ;gk¡
?kfVr vR;kpkjksa osQ fo#¼ eqdnes dh dk;Zokgh djus esa vleFkZ ;k vfuPNqd gSA lkFk gh vesfjdk
dHkh Hkh U;k;ky; dk lnL; ugha jgk gSA
vkbZ-lh-lh- dk vf/dkj {ks=k
vkbZ-lh-lh-osQoy lnL; ns'kksa osQ eqdneksa ;k ekeyksa dh gh lquokbZ dj ldrk gS rFkk blesa ekeys
dh lquokbZ dh oqQN 'krs± Hkh fu/kZfjr dh xb± gSaµ
tc fdlh ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vnkyr }kjk ml eqís ;k vijk/ dh lquokbZ ;k tk¡p djus ls budkj
dj fn;k x;k gksA
tc la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ }kjk fdlh eqís dks vkbZ-lh-lh- osQ ikl Hkstk x;k gksA
orZeku esa vkbZ-lh-lh- osQ oqQy 124 lnL; ns'k gSaA Hkkjr bldk lnL; ns'k ugha gS] lkFk gh :l]
phu] b”kjkby] E;kekaj Hkh vkbZ-lh-lh- osQ lnL; ns'k ugha gSaA
Kkr gks fd vesfjdk Hkh vkbZ-lh-lh- dk lnL; ns'k ugha gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/d U;k;ky; (vkbZ-lh-lh-)

varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/d U;k;ky; 1 tqykbZ 2002 dks ^jkse lafof/* (Rome Statute) osQ rgr vfLrRo
esa vk;kA ;g U;k;ky; ^gsx* (uhnjySaM) esa fLFkr gSA
;g igyk LFkkbZ vkSj laf/ vk/kfjr varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/d U;k;ky; gS] tks ujlagkj (Genocide)] ;q¼
vijk/ksa (War Crimes) vkSj ekuork osQ fo#¼ vijk/ksa osQ vfHk;kstu (Prosecution) gsrq lquokbZ
dk vafre fodYi gSA
eq[; :i ls U;k;ky; dk foÙkiks"k.k lnL; ns'kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd] U;k;ky; }kjk ljdkjksa]
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa] fuxeksa] O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj vU; laLFkkvksa ls Hkh LoSfPNd ;ksxnku çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
lajpuk vkSj er ç.kkyh
U;k;ky; dk çca/u] fujh{k.k vkSj fo/k;h dk;Z lnL; ns'kksa dh lHkk (Assembly) }kjk fd;k tkrk
gS] ftldk fuekZ.k çR;sd lnL; ns'k (jkse lafof/ osQ i{kdkj) osQ ,d çfrfuf/ }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
çR;sd lnL; ns'k dk ,d er gksrk gS rFkk vke lgefr (Consensus) ls fu.kZ; ysus gsrq ^gj lEHko
ç;kl* (Every Effort) fd;k tkrk gSA vxj vke lgefr ugha cu ikrh gS rks fu.kZ; er çfØ;k
}kjk fy;k tkrk gSA
lHkk dh vè;{krk ,d vè;{k vkSj nks mikè;{kksa }kjk dh tkrh gS] ftUgsa lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk rhu o"kZ
osQ dk;Zdky osQ fy;s fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gSA

lHkk }kjk U;k;k/h'kksa vkSj vfHk;kstdksa dk pquko fd;s tkus osQ lkFk gh U;k;ky; osQ ctV lEca/h
fu.kZ; Hkh fy;s tkrs gSaA
51
djsaV vQs;lZ
vkykspuk,¡
bl U;k;ky; osQ ikl lafnX/ksa dks fxjÝrkj djus dh 'kfÙkQ çkIr ugha gSA lquokbZ vkSj tk¡p esa lg;ksx
gsrq ;g lnL; jkT;ksa ij fuHkZj gSA tk¡p vkSj naM nsus gsrq çkFkfed mÙkjnkf;Ro lnL; ns'kksa ij NksM+
fn;k tkrk gSA
vkbZ-lh-lh- ij HksnHkkoiw.kZ joS;s dk vkjksi yxrk jgk gS fd ;g if'peh lkezkT;okn ls çsfjr gksus osQ
dkj.k /uh vkSj 'kfÙkQ'kkyh ns'kksa osQ usrkvksa }kjk fd;s x, vijk/ksa dh vuns•h djrs gq, NksVs] xjhc
vkSj de”kksj ns'kksa osQ usrkvksa dks nafMr djrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
varjkZ"Vªh;
vkijkf/d U;k;ky; dk mís'; dfFkr ;q¼ vijk/ksa dh tk¡p ^Lora=k] fu"i{k vkSj rVLFk*
Hkko ls djus osQ i'pkr gh eqdnes dh dk;Zokgh 'kq: dh tkuh gSA
bl ckr ls iw.kZr% lpsr jgus dh vko';drk gS fd cgqi{kh; laLFkk,¡ ,d f”kEesnkj usr`Ro osQ vHkko
osQ dkj.k jktuSfrd çfr'kks/ ysus dk ekè;e u cuus ik,¡A
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn esa Hkkjr }kjk vLFkkbZ lnL;rk gsrq vfHk;ku
i`"BHkwfe
Hkkjr us la;Ùq kQ jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn (;w-,u-,l-lh-) esa ik¡p vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa osQ fy;s pquko ls igys vfHk;ku foojf.kdk
(Campaign Brochure) ykWUp fd;k gSA Hkkjr ;w-,u-,l-lh- lfgr dbZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa esa
vko';drkuqlkj cnyko vkSj lq/kj dh ek¡x djrk jgk gSA ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ lcls cM+s gksus rFkk
vU; egk}hiksa dh vis{kk lokZf/d tula[;k fuokl djus osQ ckotwn ;w-,u-,l-lh- esa bl egk}hi
ls osQoy ,d LFkkbZ lnL; gSA Hkkjr us vLFkkbZ lnL;rk osQ fy;s ,d vfHk;ku foojf.kdk ykWUp dh
gS tks fd mlosQ ,tsaMs vkSj LFkkbZ lnL;rk osQ fy;s ekxZn'kZd osQ :i esa gSA fons'k ea=kh lqcze.;e
t;'kadj us la;e dh vkokt] laokn osQ iSjksdkj vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuksa osQ leFkZd osQ :i esa Hkkjr
dh nh?kZdkfyd Hkwfedk ij ”kksj fn;k gSA
;w-,u-,l-lh- ds fy;s Hkkjr dk ,tsaMk
varjkZ"Vªh;'kklu dh lkekU; çfØ;k esa VdjkgV osQ dkj.k ruko c<+ jgk gSA ikjEifjd vkSj xSj&
ikjEifjd lqj{kk pqukSfr;k¡ vfu;af=kr :i ls c<+ jgh gSaA vkradokn bl rjg osQ mnkgj.kksa esa lcls
çcy gSA
oSf'od laLFkkuksa esa lq/kjksa osQ vkHkko rFkk de”kksj çfrfuf/Ro osQ lkFk&lkFk dksfoM&19 egkekjh o
blosQ vkfFkZd çHkko osQ dkj.k ;w-,u-,l-lh- osQ fy;s pqukSfr;k¡ c<+ ldrh gSaA
Hkkjr us vfHk;ku foojf.kdk fuEufyf[kr esa çkFkfedrkvksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k gSµ
çxfr vkSj fodkl osQ u, volj
varjkZ"Vªh; vkradokn osQ çfr ,d çHkkoh çfrfØ;k
oSf'od fudk; }kjk 'kkafr vfHk;kuksa dks lqO;ofLFkr djuk
varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy;s ,d O;kid n`f"Vdks.k
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª esa lq/kj o lqj{kk ifj"kn dk foLrkj
fofHkUu rduhdh igy osQ lkFk çkS|ksfxdh dks c<+kok nsukA

Hkkjr us dgk gS fd og o"kZ 2021&22 dh le;kof/ osQ nkSjku ;w-,u-,l-lh- esa vLFkkbZ lnL; osQ
rkSj ij mijksÙkQ eqíksa osQ çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u osQ fy;s dk;Z djsxkA
52
djsaV vQs;lZ
blosQ vykok] bl vfHk;ku osQ fy;s Hkkjr dk n`f"Vdks.k ç/kuea=kh }kjk fu/kZfjr ik¡p ^,l* osQ usr`Ro
osQ varxZr gSA ;s ik¡p ^,l* bl çdkj gSa%
1- lEeku 2- laokn 3- lg;ksx
5- 'kkafr 4- le`f¼
u, ,u-vks-vkj-,e-,l- (NORMS) dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cukuk
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn esa mÙkQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr dk lexz mís'; ,u-vks-vkj-,e-,l- dks
liQy cukuk gSA ,u-vks-vkj-,e-,l- dk vFkZ gS% ^,d lq/jh gqbZ cgqi{kh; ç.kkyh osQ fy;s ,d ubZ
fn'kk* (New Orientation for a Reformed Multilateral System)A
;g vkBok¡ ekSdk gksxk tc Hkkjr ;w-,u-,l-lh- dk vLFkkbZ lnL; cusxkA blls iwoZ Hkkjr o"kZ 2011&2012
esa bldk lnL; cuk FkkA Hkkjr loZçFke vk”kknh osQ ckn o"kZ 1950&1951 esa vLFkkbZ lnL; cuk FkkA
Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼ osQ ckn o"kZ 1967&1968 vkSj 1972&1973 esa Hkkjr fiQj bldk lnL; cuk FkkA
vkikrdky osQ ckn o"kZ 1977&1978 esa rFkk o"kZ 1984&1985 esa Hkkjr bldk lnL; cuk FkkA vkfFkZd
lq/kjksa osQ nkSjku o"kZ 1991&1992 osQ fy;s Hkh Hkkjr vLFkkbZ lnL; cuk FkkA
Hkkjr vkSj ;w-,u-,l-lh-
gky gh esa Hkkjr dks ;w-,u-,l-lh- dk vLFkkbZ lnL; pqu fy;k x;k gSA fu£ojks/ pqus tkus osQ ckn
Hkkjr o"kZ 2021&22 rd osQ fy, lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ vLFkkbZ lnL; osQ ”kksj ij ekStwn jgsxkA Hkkjr
^,f'k;k&ç'kkar lewg* ls vLFkkbZ lhV osQ fy;s ,dek=k mEehnokj FkkA Hkkjr dks 192 esa ls 184 oksV feysA
o"kZ 2011&2012 osQ fy;s tc Hkkjr us o"kZ 2010 esa ;w-,u-,l-lh- lhV osQ fy;s mEehnokjh is'k dh
rks mls oqQy iM+s 190 erksa esa ls 187 er çkIr gq, FksA
u;s lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky tuojh 2021 ls 'kq: gksuk gSA ijEijkxr :i ls] ;w-,u-,l-lh- pquko egklHkk
gkWy esa vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gSa] ftlesa çR;sd lnL; xqIr ernku djrk gSA
fdlh Hkh ns'k dks ;w-,u-,l-lh- dh vLFkkbZ lnL;rk osQ fy, egklHkk osQ oqQy 193 ns'kksa esa nks frgkbZ
lnL;ksa osQ leFkZu dh ”k:jr gksrh gSA
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn (United Nations Security Council)
;w-,u-,l-lh- la;qÙkQ jk"Vª osQ Ng çeq• vaxksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks
cuk, j•us osQ fy;s f”kEesnkj gSA
bldh 'kfÙkQ;ksa esa 'kkafr vfHk;kuksa (Peace-keeping) dh LFkkiuk] varjkZ"Vªh; çfrca/ksa dk vkjksi.k
vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ çLrkoksa osQ ekè;e ls lSU; dkjZokbZ dk vkf/dkj 'kkfey gSA
;g lnL; ns'kksa osQ fy;s ckè;dkjh ladYi tkjh djus dk vf/dkj j•us okyk la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dk
,dek=k fudk; gSA
lqj{kk ifj"kn ,d ^15 lnL;h;* fudk; gSA :l] ;wukbVsM foaQxMe] Úkal] phu vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT;
vesfjdk blosQ ik¡p LFkkbZ lnL; gSaA ;s LFkkbZ lnL; u, lnL; jkT;ksa osQ ços'k ;k egklfpo dh
mEehnokjh lfgr lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ fdlh Hkh çLrko ij ohVks dj ldrs gSaA
bl 15 lnL;h; lqj{kk ifj"kn esa 10 vLFkkbZ lnL; gksrs gSaA çR;sd o"kZ egklHkk nks o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky
osQ fy;s ik¡p vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa (oqQy 10 esa ls) dk pquko {ks=kh; vk/kj ij djrh gSA lqj{kk ifj"kn
dh vè;{krk ekfld vk/kj ij lnL;ksa osQ chp jksVsV gksrh gSA
bu 10 vLFkkbZ lhVksa dk vkoaVu {ks=kh; vk/kj ij fd;k tkrk gSaA buesa ls ik¡p lhV vÚhdh o
,f'k;kbZ jkT;ksa osQ fy;s gSaA iwohZ ;wjksih; jkT;ksa osQ fy;s ,d lhV osQ vykok ySfVu vesfjdh o
osQjsfc;u jkT;ksa osQ fy;s nks rFkk if'peh ;wjksih; o vU; jkT;ksa osQ fy;s nks lhVsa fu/kZfjr gSaA
53
djsaV vQs;lZ
;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr
ljdkj us ;w-,u-,l-lh- dh vLFkkbZ lhV osQ fy;s viuh ;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr o"kZ 2013 esa dh FkhA
Hkkjr o"kZ 2021 dh vLFkkbZ lhV dh lnL;rk dk bPNqd gS] D;ksafd ;g Lora=krk dk 75ok¡ o"kZ gSA
Hkkjr ;g pkgrk Fkk fd vLFkkbZ lhV osQ fy;s mldk pquko fufoZjks/ rjhosQ ls gks] ijarq blesa leL;k
;g Fkh fd bl rjg dk igyk LykWV o"kZ 2026 esa miyC/ gksrkA
lkSHkkX;o'k ^bLykfed fjifCyd vkWiQ viQxkfuLrku* fe=krk dk laosQr nsus osQ fy;s o"kZ 2021&22
dh lhV osQ fy;s vius dne ihNs •hapus ij lger gks x;kA blosQ fy;s viQxku eaf=keaMy }kjk bl
fu.kZ; dks eatwjh çnku dh xbZ vkSj fiQj la;qÙkQ :i ls egklHkk dks bldh tkudkjh nh xbZA
blosQ ckn vxyh cM+h pqukSrh ,f'k;k&ç'kkar lewg ls vafre {k.k rd Hkkjr osQ f•ykiQ fcuk fdlh
nkosnkjh osQ ukekadu dks vkxs c<+kuk FkkA
ns'kksa osQ chp owQVuhfr us fuf'pr :i ls enn dh vkSj erksa dks ”kehuh Lrj ij ckrphr ls vius i{k
esa djuk iM+kA Hkkjr dh mEehnokjh dk leFkZu phu vkSj ikfdLrku lfgr ,f'k;k&ç'kkar lewg osQ 55
lnL;h; ns'kksa }kjk fiNys o"kZ twu esa loZlEefr ls fd;k x;k FkkA
lh-,-,- vkSj vuqPNsn 370 tSls eqíksa ij Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku o phu osQ eè; ruko esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
lkFk gh rqdhZ vkSj eysf'k;k tSls ns'kksa o vks-vkbZ-lh- (OIC) tSls lewgksa ls vkykspuk osQ dkj.k egklHkk
esa vf/dre er çkIr djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
Hkkjr dks çkIr erksa dh vf/d&ls&vf/d la[;k mldh LFkkbZ lnL;rk osQ vfHk;ku dks e”kcwrh vkSj
xfr çnku djsxhA jktuf;dksa us phu ij xqipqi rjhosQ ls lq/kjksa dks xfr çkIr djus osQ fy;s elkSnk
çLrko dks jksdus gsrq vfHk;ku pykus dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA Hkkjr ;w-,u-,l-lh- dh LFkkbZ lhV dk
gdnkj gksus osQ fy;s tula[;k] vkfFkZd dn esa o`f¼ vkSj 'kkafr LFkkiuk vkfn oSf'od f”kEesnkfj;ksa
tSls rdZ ij fuHkZj gks x;k gSA
twu fnol dk vesfjdh bfrgkl esa egÙo

i`"BHkwfe
'kkjhfjd] {ks=kh;] vkfFkZd] lkekftd o vU; çdkj dh fHkUurkvksa osQ ckotwn gj O;fÙkQ osQ ekuoh; ewY;
vkSj vf/dkj leku gksrs gSa vkSj mÙkQ vk/kjksa ij yksxksa osQ chp varj ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA jax ;k
vU; vk/kjksa ij yksxksa dks çeq•rk nsuk ledkyhu oSf'od leL;kvksa esa ls ,d gSA lkekftd vkSj {ks=kh;
vk/kjksa ij bl HksnHkko esa fHkUurk Hkh ikbZ tkrh gS ijarq bl leL;k dk ewy vk/kj leku gSA fodflr
ls ysdj fodkl'khy ns'kksa rd ;g leL;k tM+ tek, cSBh gSA gky gh esa] vesfjdk esa v'osr fojks/h
Hkkouk,¡ blosQ uohure mnkgj.k gSaA blh lanHkZ esa] vesfjdh bfrgkl esa twu fnol dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku
gSA
twu fnol% çeq• fcanq
gky gh esa] vesfjdh jk"Vªifr MksukYM VªEi }kjk 19 twu dks vksDykgksek (Oklahoma) jkT; osQ VqYlk
(Tulsa) 'kgj esa gksus okyh pqukoh jSyh dks jí dj fn;k x;kA vesfjdh bfrgkl esa ;g 'kgj o"kZ 1921
esa v'osrksa osQ fo#¼ gksus okys lcls cqjs ujlagkjksa esa ls ,d dk xokg jgk gSA
54
djsaV vQs;lZ
twuVhaFk ;k twu fnol (Juneteenth: June+Nineteenth – June 19th) nks 'kCnksa dk esy gSA v'osrksa
osQ çfr ,dtqVrk fn•kus osQ fy;s 19 twu dks vesfjdk dh dbZ fnXxt dEifu;ksa us vodk'k ?kksf"kr
dj fn;k gSA gkyk¡fd] bl fnu vesfjdk esa la?kh; vodk'k ugha gksrk gSA
;g fnu vesfjdk esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij euk;k tkus okyk xqykeh ;k nklrk dh lekfIr dk lcls iqjkuk
Lekjd fnol gSA bl fnu dks eqfÙkQ fnol ;k twuVhaFk Lora=krk fnol osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
01 tuojh] 1863 dks rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr vczkge fyadu us eqfÙkQ çLrkouk dh mn~?kks"k.kk dh FkhA
dkaxzsl fjlpZ lfoZl (CRS) osQ vuqlkj] bl ?kks"k.kk osQ 2-5 o"kZ ckn Hkh dbZ xqyke ekfydksa us nklksa
dks xqyke osQ :i esa canh cukuk tkjh j•kA
twu fnol dk egÙo
19 twu] 1865 dks estj tujy xkWMZu xzsatj us VsDlkl esa x`g ;q¼ vkSj nklrk nksuksa dh lekfIr dh
?kks"k.kk dhA rc ls gh] twu fnol vÚhdh vesfjfd;ksa osQ fy;s Lora=krk dk çfrfuf/Ro djus okyh
çrhdkRed rkjh• cu x;k gSA
bl ?kks"k.kk esa Lokeh o nklksa osQ chp O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa vkSj lEifÙk osQ vf/dkjksa dh iw.kZ lekurk
'kkfey FkhA blosQ miy{; esa VsDlkl esa lu~ 1866 ls igyk twu fnol dk mRlo 'kq: gqvk] ftlesa
leqnk; osaQfær dk;ZØe] tSlsµ ijsM] çkFkZuk lHkk] ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkaLÑfrd jhfMax vkSj laxhr dyk
osQ çn'kZu 'kkfey FksA
bl fnu dks o"kks± ls yksxksa o leqnk;ksa }kjk viuh ijEijkvksa rFkk jhfr&fjoktksa dks fodflr djus osQ
:i esa ekU;rk çkIr gSA 1 tuojh] 1980 dks VsDlkl esa vkf/dkfjd vodk'k osQ :i esa twu fnol
dks ekU;rk nh xbZ FkhA
jk"Vªh; twu fnol vkWCtoZsal iQkmaMs'ku (National June Observance Foundation– NJOF) osQ vuqlkj]
^vk/qfud twu fnol vkanksyu* o"kZ 1994 esa 'kq: gqvkA
VqYlk tkfr ujlagkj] 1921
çFke fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn VqYlk dh igpku lEiUu vÚhdh vesfjdh leqnk; dh otg ls Fkh] ftls
xzhuoqM fMfLVªDV ;k ^CySd okWy LVªhV* osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk FkkA twu 1921 esa ;gk¡ ?kfVr dbZ
?kVukvksa us iwjs xzhuoqM {ks=k dks yxHkx u"V dj fn;kA
30 ebZ] 1921 dks ,d v'osr O;fÙkQ dks tsy esa Mkyus osQ ckn v'osrksa vkSj 'osrksa osQ eè; Vdjko
iSnk gks x;kA
1 twu] 1921 dh lqcg rd xzhuoqM {ks=k dks 'osr naxkb;ksa }kjk ywVus osQ lkFk&lkFk tyk fn;k x;kA bl
?kVuk dks VqYlk tkfr ujlagkj ;k VqYlk tkrh; naxs osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blesa dbZ yksxksa dh ekSr
gqbZ] ftls vesfjdh bfrgkl esa uLyh; fgalk osQ lcls cqjs çdj.kksa esa ls ,d osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
orZeku fLFkfr
vesfjdk esa uLyh; HksnHkko o vlekurk dh ?kVuk,¡ ubZ ugha gSaA o"kks± ls iqfyl }kjk v'osrksa osQ fo#¼
xyr rjhosQ ls fuiVus dh ?kVuk,¡ lkeus vkrh jgh gSaA egkekjh ls iwoZ 4» 'osrksa dh rqyuk esa 10»
v'osr fuoklh csjks”kxkj FksA
vesfjdk esa v'osrksa osQ çfr uLyh; HksnHkko ;wjksi dh vis{kk vf/d gSA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd
vesfjdk esa tkrh; vkSj uLyh; HksnHkko laLFkkxr gSA feuhiksfyl esa gkfy;k iqfyfl;k ?kVuk Hkh bldk
,d mngkj.k gSA
55
djsaV vQs;lZ
vkj-lh-bZ-ih- okrkZ dk iqu% çorZu vkSj Hkkjr ds le{k volj

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
vkfl;ku dh vxqokbZ okys vkj-lh-bZ-ih- ({ks=kh; O;kid vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh& Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership) osQ lnL; ns'kksa us Hkkjr dks fiQj ls blesa 'kkfey gksus osQ fy;s fdlh le>kSrs
ij igq¡pus dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k gSA
{ks=kh; O;kid vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh
vkj-lh-bZ-ih- ,d çdkj dk O;kikj le>kSrk gSA orZeku esa ;g le>kSrk 16 ns'kksa osQ eè; ckrphr
osQ nkSj esa gSA
blesa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa osQ laxBu ^vkfl;ku* (ASEAN) osQ 10 lnL; ns'kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk 6
vU; ns'k Hkh 'kkfey gSaA ;g 6 ,sls ns'k ftuosQ lkFk vkfl;ku CykWd dk eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrk (FTA) gSA
,iQ-Vh-,- osQ lk>snkj ns'kksa esa ,f'k;k dh pkj cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk,¡& Hkkjr] phu] tkiku o nf{k.k dksfj;k
osQ vfrfjÙkQ vkWLVªsfy;k egk}hi osQ U;w”khySaM vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k tSls ns'k 'kkfey gSaA
vkj-lh-bZ-ih- ls lEcaf/r eqíksa ij okrkZ o"kZ 2013 ls gh tkjh gSA vkj-lh-bZ-ih- dh O;kikj okrkZ lfefr
(TNC) }kjk Hkkjr dks ,d i=k Hkstk x;k gSA blesa Hkkjr }kjk okrkZ dks iqu% 'kq: djus dh fLFkfr esa
^lhfer la[;k esa mRiknksa* osQ fy;s ck”kkj igq¡p ij Hkkjr dh vkifÙk;ksa ij iqufoZpkj djus dk çLrko
j•k x;kA
blosQ vuqlkj] vkj-lh-bZ-ih- dksfoM&19 osQ dkj.k bl {ks=k esa O;kikj vkSj fuos'k osQ fy;s vko';d
fjdojh esa lgk;rk djus osQ fy;s ,d vf/d fLFkj o vuqekfur vkfFkZd okrkoj.k çnku djsxkA
xfrjks/ dk eqík
fiNys o"kZ uoEcj esa FkkbZySaM esa vkj-lh-bZ-ih- dk f'k•j lEeysu lEiUu gqvk FkkA Hkkjr us vafre
le; esa bl le>kSrs ls ckgj gksus dk ,syku dj fn;k FkkA bldk dkj.k phu lfgr ckrphr osQ vU;
Hkkxhnkj ns'kksa }kjk Hkkjr dh oqQN ekaxksa ij iwjh rjg ls fopkj ugha fd;k tkuk FkkA blosQ fy;s Hkkjr
us Ñf"k o vU; {ks=kksa esa laj{k.k dh deh dk gokyk fn;k FkkA
Hkkjr fo'ks"k :i ls phu ls gksus okys vk;kr dks ysdj fpafrr gS tks vçR;{k :i ls lfClMh ;k NwV
çkIr dj ldrs gSaA blosQ fy;s fuf'pr :i ls vkj-lh-bZ-ih- jk"Vªksa vkSj Hkkjr osQ eè; eqíksa dks le>us
o gy fudkyus osQ fy;s fo'ks"kKksa }kjk ppkZ vkSj ç;kl djus gksaxsA
phuh (Chinese) vk;kr osQ f•ykiQ oqQN lqj{kk mik;ksa rFkk ck”kkj ig¡qp dh ekax tSls eqís okLrfod
gSa vkSj budks gy fd;s tkus dh t:jr gSA
bu lcosQ chp] fdlkuksa osQ eqíksa osQ lqy>us dh fLFkfr esa fdlh u fdlh le>kSrs ij igq¡pus dh
mEehn çrhr gksrh gSA
orZeku fookn
bl le>kSrs esa vkxs c<+us osQ rjhdksa dks ysdj Hkkjr ljdkj osQ Hkhrj gh Li"V :i ls foHkktu ns•k
tk jgk gSA
gky osQ o"kks± esa O;kikj le>kSrksa dks ysdj okf.kT; ea=kky; vke rkSj ij la'k; esa jgk gSA gkyk¡fd] de
ls de ;g O;kikj eqíksa ij vkj-lh-bZ-ih- jk"Vªksa ls vkus okys lq>koksa rFkk mlls •qyus okyh lEHkkoukvksa
dh tk¡p o vkdyu djus osQ fy;s rS;kj gSA
56
djsaV vQs;lZ
blosQ foijhr] fons'k ea=kky; (MEA) Li"V :i ls Hkkjr }kjk fdlh Hkh n`<+ le>kSrs osQ f•ykiQ gSA
blosQ fy;s fons'k ea=kky; dh fpark,¡ vkSj çLrqr rdZ dkiQh gn rd mfpr gSaA
dksjksuk ok;jl osQ ckn dh fLFkfr;ksa esa phu ij oSf'od fparkvksa us bl lewg osQ fy;s Hkkjr osQ fojks/
dks e”kcwr fd;k gSA fons'k ea=kky; osQ uhfr lykgdkjksa osQ vuqlkj] dksfoM&19 osQ nkSjku] vk;kr osQ
fy;s phu ;k fdlh ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ij fuHkZj ns'kksa osQ vuqHkoksa us Hkkjr }kjk vkj-lh-bZ-ih- ls ckgj
jgus osQ fu.kZ; dks çcy vkSj iqulZR;kfir dj fn;k gSA
bUgha uhfr lykgdkjksa osQ vuqlkj] vrhr esa Hkkjr }kjk O;kikj le>kSrksa us ns'k esa fofuekZ.k dks •ks•yk
dj fn;k rFkk ;g ljdkj dh êsd bu bafM;k* uhfr osQ fy;s çfrc¼rk dks u, fljs ls ckf/r djsxkA
oqQN fo'ks"kK Hkkjr dks vkj-lh-bZ-ih- esa 'kkfey gksus osQ fy;s chftax osQ usr`Ro esa O;kikfjd vkns'k
osQ rkSj ij ns• jgs gSa D;ksafd bl n`f"Vdks.k ls vkj-lh-bZ-ih- vesfjdk osQ usr`Ro okyh Vªkal&iSflfiQd
ikVZujf'ki (Vh-ih-ih-) dk ,d çfr:i gSA gkyk¡fd vesfjdk Vh-ih-ih- ls ckgj gks x;k gSA
orZeku esa fiQygky chftax osQ lkFk lEca/ksa dh fLFkfr dks ns•rs gq, fons'k ea=kky; dk rdZ lgh yx
ldrk gS fd ;g le; dksbZ ,slh fj;k;r nsus dk ugha gSA
D;k gks vkxs dh ;kstuk\
vkWLVªsfy;k vkSj tkiku vkj-lh-bZ-ih- esa Hkkjr dks fiQj ls 'kkfey djus osQ ç;klksa esa lcls vkxs jgs gSaA
;g ç;kl bl lewg esa phu dks lEHkkfor tokc osQ :i esa ns•k tk jgk gS] ijarq tc ckr vkfFkZd
uhfr;ksa dh vkrh gS rks Hkkjr osQ O;kid fgrksa dks egÙo fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) osQ de”kksj gksus rFkk dksfoM&19 egkekjh tSlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ eísu”kj]
oSf'od O;kikj ç.kkyh dks O;o/ku dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkkjr dks oSf'od vkiwfrZ Ükà•ykvksa esa Lo;a dks tksM+us dk rjhdk gj dher ij
•kstuk pkfg;sA blosQ fy;s] vkj-lh-bZ-ih- orZeku fLFkfr;ksa esa ,d vPNk fodYi gSA
,d] nwljk fopkj ;g gS fd fiNys n'kd esa dbZ eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd;s x, ijarq blls
Hkkjr dks vf/d enn çkIr ugha gqbZA blosQ fy;s le>kSrksa dks nks"k nsuk mfpr ugha gS cfYd çfrLi/kZ
esa o`f¼ tSls lq/kjksa dks ykus vkSj ykxw djus esa dh xbZ nsjh dks nks"k fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA vc ljdkj
us Hkh ;g Li"V dj fn;k gS fd ,sls lq/kj mlosQ çeq• ,tsaMksa esa ls ,d gSA
gkyk¡fd vkj-lh-bZ-ihns'kksa osQ lkFk O;kikj 'kq: djus dh fLFkfr esa çfrLi/kZ esa o`f¼ osQ fy;s vkSj
ncko c<+us dh mEehn gSA ;g Hkh ,d çdkj dk Li"V laosQr gS fd orZeku esa pfpZr ^vkRefuHkZjrk*
dk ,tsaMk ?kjsyw mRiknu {kerk esa o`f¼ osQ ckjs esa vf/d gSA
vkWLVªsfy;kbZ mPpk;qÙkQ osQ vuqlkj] vkj-lh-bZ-ih- okrkZ dks fiQj ls 'kq: djus osQ fy;s Hkkjr osQ ikl
blls csgrj le; ugha gksxk] D;ksafd ;g nqfu;k dks ,d laosQr nsxk fd Hkkjr u osQoy fuos'k djus
osQ fy;s ,d vkd"kZd LFkku gS cfYd ljdkj dh êsd bu bafM;k* uhfr }kjk ifjdfYir ,d oSf'od
fofuekZ.k osQaæ cuus dh Hkh iwjh {kerk gSA
,d O;kikj fo'ks"kK osQ vuqlkj] egkekjh osQ dkj.k ekax vkSj •ir ij vfuf'prrk dks ns•rs gq, Hkkjrh;
dEifu;ksa esa vk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k mRiUu djus osQ fy;s Hkkjr vkj-lh-bZ-ih- dk Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA
oqQy feykdj] Hkkjr vafre {k.kksa esa çnku fd;s x, çLrko }kjk fofuekZ.k fu;kZr osQ volj dks pwdus
dk tksf•e ugha mBk ldrk gSA vkj-lh-bZ-ihus VSfjiQ csl njksa vkSj fo'ks"k O;kikj lqj{kk mik;ksa ij
Hkkjr dh fparkvksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, ,d iSosQt dk çLrko fn;k gSA
varr%] ljdkj }kjk vius vkarfjd erHksnksa dks lqy>kus osQ lkFk&lkFk vkj-lh-bZ-ih- esa 'kkfey gksus dh
lEHkkouk ij fiQj ls fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
57
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr&phu fookn vkSj flfDde&frCcr vfHkle; dh lkFkZdrk

i`"BHkwfe
flfDde osQ ukoqQyk esa Hkkjrh; vkSj phuh lSfudksa osQ eè; >M+i vkSj xfrjks/ dks lqy>k fy;k x;k gS
ijarq bls phu }kjk lhek {ks=kksa ij u, nkos osQ ç;kl osQ :i esa ns•k tk jgk gSA j{kk fo'ks"kKksa us Hkkjr
dks bl {ks=k esa LokfeRo fn•kus osQ fy;s o"kZ 1890 esa ,sfrgkfld :i ls flfDde (fczfV'k Hkkjr) vkSj
frCcr (phu) osQ eè; lEiUu gqbZ laf/ ij ”kksj fn;k gSA bls ^flfDde&frCcr vfHkle;* (Sikkim-
Tibet Convention) ;k laf/ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl laf/ }kjk flfDde vkSj frCcr osQ eè; lhek dks
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA phu vkSj Lora=krk osQ ckn Hkkjr us bl laf/ rFkk lhekadu dk ikyu fd;kA o"kZ
1975 esa flfDde osQ Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; dk fgLlk cuus ls iwoZ rd ,slh gh fLFkfr pyrh jghA ukoqQyk
esa phuh lSfudksa }kjk vfrØe.k dk ekeyk blfy;s egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS D;ksafd bl {ks=k esa blls igys
dHkh fookn ugha gqvk Fkk vkSj u gh bls fookfnr {ks=k ekuk tkrk gSA
flfDde&frCcr vfHkle;] 1890
Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ eè; 3]488 fdeh- yEch lhek esa osQoy 220 fdeh- dk flfDde&frCcr •aM gh
,slk Hkkx gS ftl ij nksuksa ns'k lger Fks vkSj nksuksa osQ chp de ls de fookn gSA
bldk dkj.k gS o"kZ 1890 dh laf/] ftlosQ rgr flfDde&frCcr lhek dks ysdj lgefr cuh FkhA
blh osQ vuqlkj] o"kZ 1895 esa la;qÙkQ :i ls nksuksa i{kksa osQ eè; HkkSfrd :i ls lhekadu dk dk;Z
fd;k x;k FkkA bl {ks=k esa lhek dk fu/kZj.k ty&foHkktu osQ fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr FkkA
;g laf/ fczVsu] flfDde vkSj frCcr (foaQx jktoa'k& Qing) osQ eè; lEiUu gqbZ FkhA bl le>kSrs
ij fczfV'k Hkkjr dh vksj ls rRdkyhu ok;ljk; ykWMZ ySalMkmu rFkk 'ksax rk; (Sheng Tai) uked
frCcrh us gLrk{kj fd;s FksA
bl laf/ ij o"kZ 1890 esa dydÙkk dUosa'ku esa gLrk{kj fd;k x;k FkkA bl laf/ osQ vkB vuqPNsnksa
esa ls çFke vuqPNsn egÙoiw.kZ gSA
bl laf/ osQ vuqPNsn (1) osQ vuqlkj] bl ckr ij le>kSrk gqvk Fkk fd flfDde vkSj frCcr osQ
eè; lhek dk fu/kZj.k flfDde esa rhLrk o mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa }kjk gksus okys ty çokg rFkk
frCcr osQ eksapq (Mochu) o vU; mÙkjh ufn;ksa esa gksus okys ty osQ çokg dks vyx djus okyh
ioZr Ükà•yk osQ f'k•j }kjk gksxkA
phu osQ vuqlkj] o"kZ 1890 vfHkle; osQ vuqPNsn (1) osQ rgr] flfDde] frCcr vkSj HkwVku osQ
eè; f=k&dks.kh; taD'ku ekmaV fxieksph (Mount Gipmochi) gSA
gkyk¡fd frCcr us o"kZ 1890 dh laf/ dks voS/ ekurs gq, blosQ çko/kuksa dks ykxw djus ls budkj
dj fn;k Fkk] ftlosQ ckn o"kZ 1904 esa Ygklk esa xzsV fczVsu vkSj frCcr osQ eè; ,d vU; laf/ ij
gLrk{kj fd;s x, FksA
lu~ 1904 osQ vfHkle; osQ vuqlkj] frCcr o"kZ 1890 dh laf/ dks ekurs gq, vuqPNsn (1) esa fyf•r
flfDde o frCcr osQ chp lhek dks ekU;rk nsus ij lger gqvkA vçSy 1906 esa fczVsu vkSj phu osQ
eè; isfoaQx esa o"kZ 1904 dh laf/ dh iqf"V gsrq gLrk{kj fd;s x,A
xkSjryc gS fd o"kZ 1949 esa lÙkk lEHkkyus okyh phu dh ubZ ljdkj us 26 fnlEcj] 1959 dks Hkkjr
ljdkj osQ lkFk ,d vkSipkfjd uksV osQ ekè;e ls bl laf/ dh iqf"V Hkh dh FkhA
o"kZ 1975 esa flfDde osQ Hkkjr esa foy; ls iwoZ rd phuh i{k ty&foHkktu ij vk/kfjr lhekadu
dks varjkZ"Vªh; lhek osQ :i esa Lohdkj djrk FkkA
58
djsaV vQs;lZ
flfDde&frCcr lhek dks vkSipkfjd :i ls yEcs le; rd lhekafdr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA lkFk gh]
nksuksa i{kksa osQ chp u rks ekufp=kksa dks ysdj dksbZ folaxfr Fkh vkSj u gh O;kogkfjd :i ls dksbZ
fookn Fkk] tSlk fd vU; {ks=kksa esa ns•us dks feyrk gSA
Hkkjrh; i{k
lhekvksadk HkkSxksfyd lhekadu bruk Li"V Fkk fd bls vklkuh ls igpkuk vkSj Lohdkj fd;k tk
ldrk FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd foxr esa miyC/ xwxy best dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, ukoqQ yk dh vofLFkfr
dks ty&foHkktd osQ :i esa vklkuh ls ns•k tk ldrk gSA
njZs dh vofLFkfr osQ lEca/ esa dksbZ vLi"Vrk ugha gS D;ksafd HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dks ifjofrZr ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mYys•uh; gS fd flfDde o"kZ 1965 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku la?k"kZ osQ nkSjku lqf•Z;ksa esa rc vk;k] tc
fcuk fdlh mdlkos osQ vpkud phu us bl {ks=k dks ysdj dM+h vkifÙk dh FkhA
59
djsaV vQs;lZ
rRdkyhu ç/kuea=kh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh us ;g dgdj bl eqís dks njfdukj dj fn;k Fkk fd phu osQ
rjiQ cus cadjksa dks mUgsa èoLr djus dk vf/dkj gSA
phu bl LFkku dks lSU; ls ”;knk jktuhfrd ekeyk cukus osQ i{k esa Fkk D;ksafd og ;q¼ osQ le;
ikfdLrku dks vkRecy çnku
djuk pkgrk FkkA gkyk¡fd ;w-,l-
,l-vkj- (USSR) vkSj ;w-,l-
,- dh vkifÙk osQ lkFk&lkFk
Hkkjr dh e”kcwrh osQ dkj.k
flfDde&frCcr lhek osQ ekeys
esa phu dh /edh dk dksbZ
O;kid vlj ugha gqvkA
o"kZ 1967 esa] phu us
flfDde&frCcr lhek dks iqu%
lfØ; dj fn;kA bl nkSjku
nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp lSU; la?k"kZ
Hkh ns•k x;k FkkA
orZeku fLFkfr
o"kZ 2003 esa Hkh blls lEcaf/r
egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukØe gqvk FkkA
rRdkyhu ç/kuea = kh vVy
fcgkjh oktis;h us phu ;k=kk
osQ nkSjku Lohdkj fd;k fd
'kh&tSax (frCcr Lok;Ùk {ks=k&
TAR) phu dk fgLlk gSA lkFk gh] mUgksaus ;g Hkh dgk fd phu Hkh flfDde dks Hkkjr dk vax ekusA
blosQ ckn] vçSy 2005 esa rRdkyhu phu osQ jkT; çeq• osu ft;kckvks vkSj eueksgu flag us ,d
la;qÙkQ c;ku osQ rgr flfDde dks Hkkjr dk vfHkUu vax ekuk FkkA lkFk gh] phu }kjk flfDde dks
Hkkjr dk fgLlk fn•krs gq, ,d ekufp=k Hkh Hkkjr dks lkSaik x;k FkkA
flfDde&frCcr lhek ij orZeku >M+i ubZ ugha gSA blls iwoZ Mksdyke {ks=k esa lM+d fuekZ.k dks ysdj
nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp >M+i gks pqdh gSA
lhek fu/kZj.k osQ ekeys esa phu }kjk fookn fdlh fNis gq, ,tsaMs dk ifj.kke gks ldrk gSA okLrfod
fu;a=k.k js•k (LAC) ij dbZ LFkkuksa ij phu }kjk fookn vkSj nf{k.k phu lkxj o rkboku tyMe:eè;
esa py jgh vkØkedrk Hkh bl ckr dk çek.k gSA
vkxs dh jkg
lhek osQ vU; {ks=kksa lfgr flfDde esa bl çdkj dh ?kVukvksa dh 'kq#vkr phuh ljdkj vkSj phu dh
lsuk osQ chp fdlh iwoZ fu;ksftr ;kstuk dk fgLlk ekywe iM+rk gSA o"kZ 1967 dh rjg] Hkkjr dks phu
dh ekaxksa osQ vkxs >qdus dk u rks dksbZ loky gS u gh dksbZ dkj.kA Hkkjrh; lsuk dk ihNs u gVuk
phu osQ fy;s i;kZIr lcd gksxkA phu dh vkfFkZd vkSj lSU; çxfr dh vdM+ ls fuiVus gsrq Hkkjr
}kjk lsuk osQ ç;ksx o n`<+rk osQ lkFk&lkFk jktuf;d pSuyksa o owQVuhfr dk ç;ksx Hkh vko';d gSA
60
djsaV vQs;lZ
fo'o cSad }kjk lefFkZr LVklZ (STARS) ifj;kstuk dk fo'ys"k.k

i`"BHkwfe
^vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr vfHk;ku* ,d ,sls Hkkjr dk vkÞoku djrk gS] tks vius ukxfjdksa dks LFkkuh; oLrqvksa
o lsokvksa osQ mRiknu rFkk forj.k esa l{ke gksA ^lHkh cPpksa osQ fy;s f'k{kk* tSls {ks=kksa ij Hkh ;g leku
:i ls ykxw gksrk gSA fo'kky o fofo/rkiw.kZ tula[;k dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, f'k{kk tSlh lsokvksa osQ forj.k
o çca/u gsrq jkT; dk l{ke gksuk vko';d gSA vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh vo/kj.kk dk ewy vkèkkj
;gh gS] vr% f'k{kk tSlh lqfo/kvksa dks vkmVlkslZ (fdlh dk;Z dks rhljs i{k dks lkSaiuk ;k mlls djokuk)
ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
LVklZ ifj;kstuk
LVklZ ifj;kstuk dk iwjk uke& ^jkT;ksa osQ f'k{k.k&vf/xe o ifj.kke osQ lqn`<+hdj.k gsrq dk;ZØe*
(Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States Program– STARS) gSA
fo'o cSad }kjk ½.k lgk;rk osQ :i esa $ 500 fefy;u dh ;g ifj;kstuk Hkkjr osQ Ng jkT;ksa esa
f'k{kk lq/kj ls lEcaf/r gSA bl ifj;kstuk osQ rgr LowQyh f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kklu esa
lq/kj ij Hkh ”kksj fn;k tk,xkA ;g ½.k fo'o cSad osQ ?kVd varjkZ"Vªh; iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl cSad
(IBRD) }kjk çnku fd;k x;k gSA
jk"Vªh; Lrj ij] ^lexz f'k{kk* osQ ekè;e ls o jkT;ksa osQ lkFk lk>snkjh }kjk ;g ifj;kstuk vf/xe
ewY;kadu (Learning Assessment) ç.kkfy;ksa dks csgrj cukus esa enn djus osQ lkFk&lkFk d{kk esa
lh•us dh {kerk o iqufoZrj.k dks e”kcwr djsxhA lkFk gh] LowQy&Vw&odZ lEca/h cnyko dh lqfo/k
rFkk 'kklu o foosQaæhÑr çca/u dks Hkh l'kÙkQ djsxhA
bl ifj;kstuk esa 6 Hkkjrh; jkT; fgekpy çns'k] osQjy o eè; çns'k osQ lkFk&lkFk egkjk"Vª] vksfM'kk
vkSj jktLFkku 'kkfey gSaA bl ifj;kstuk osQ ekè;e ls yxHkx 1-5 fefy;u LowQyksa esa vuqekur% 10
fefy;u f'k{kd vkSj 6 ls 17 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ rdjhcu 250 fefy;u LowQyh Nk=kksa dks ykHk gksxkA
LVklZ dk;ZØe lkoZtfud LowQyh f'k{kk dks e”kcwr djus vkSj ^lc osQ fy;s f'k{kk* çnku djus osQ
y{; gsrq Hkkjr o fo'o cSad (1994 ls) osQ chp yEch lk>snkjh ij vk/kfjr gSA LVklZ ls igys]
cSad us bl y{; osQ fy;s $ 3 fcfy;u ls vf/d dh lgk;rk çnku dh FkhA
LVklZ ifj;kstuk dh vko';drk
Hkkjr esa LowQy tkus okys cPpksa dh la[;k o"kZ 2004 esa 219 fefy;u ls c<+dj o"kZ 2019 esa 248
fefy;u gks xbZ gS ijarq Nk=kksa osQ lh•us o vf/xe osQ urhts yxkrkj fuEu Lrj ij cus gq, gSaA LVklZ
osQ ekè;e ls fo'o cSad vf/xe lEca/h pqukSrh dks gy djus osQ ç;klksa dk leFkZu djsxkA lkFk gh]
Nk=kksa dks ukSdfj;ksa osQ fy;s csgrj rjhosQ ls rS;kj djus esa enn djsxkA
bldk mís'; de”kksj oxks± osQ Nk=kksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk gSA ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr LowQyksa esa 52» ls
vf/d cPps vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr rFkk vYila[;d leqnk; ls lEcaf/r gSaA blosQ fy;s
,d ,sls ikBÔØe dk fuekZ.k djuk vko';d gS] tks ck”kkj dh rs”kh ls fodflr gks jgh t:jrksa osQ
vuq:i jks”kxkj çkIr djus esa lgk;d gks losQA
;g dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s oS;fÙkQÑr o vko';drk vuq:i çf'k{k.k dk leFkZu djsxkA blls
f'k{kdksa dks Nk=kksa osQ fy;s çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks vkdkj nsus vkSj mudh f'k{k.k vko';drkvksa dks
çklafxd cukus dk volj çnku djsxkA
61
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr dh ekuo iwath esa vf/d fuos'k djus dh t:jr gSA blls Hkfo"; dh Je ck”kkj dh t:jrksa
dks iwjk djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA blosQ fy;s d{kk 1 ls 3 rd dh ewyHkwr f'k{kk dks e”kcwr djus
gsrq laKkukRed vkSj lkekftd&O;ogkj osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk dkS'ky dks c<+kok nsuk Hkh bl igy dk
,d fgLlk gSA
LVklZ ifj;kstuk ds varxZr lq/kjkRed igysa
LowQyh lq/kj dh fn'kk esa LFkkuh; Lrj osQ vuqowQy lek/ku çnku djosQ jkT;] ftyk vkSj mi ftyk&Lrjksa
ij f'k{kk lsokvksa osQ forj.k ij vf/d è;ku osQafær djukA
vf/dre tokcnsgh vkSj lekos'ku osQ fy;s lHkh fgr/kjdksa] fo'ks"k :i ls ekrk&firk dh ekaxksa ij
fopkj djuk vkSj mudk lek/ku djukA
f'k{kdksa dks bl çdkj osQ ifjorZu dk çca/u djus gsrq lqlfTtr vkSj rS;kj djukA
Hkkjr dh ekuo iwath dks fodflr djus osQ fy;s vf/d fuos'k djukA
;g f'k{kk osQ fy;s lrr fodkl y{; 4 (,l-Mh-th- 4) osQ vuq:i rFkk vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl
laxBu (OECD) osQ ihlk (PISA- Programme for International Student Assessment) dk;ZØe
esa Hkkjr dh Hkkxhnkjh oSf'od Lrj ij Hkkjr osQ vf/xe Lrjksa dh rqyuk djus lEca/h MkVk çkIr djus
gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fy;k x;k ,d ,sfrgkfld j.kuhfrd fu.kZ; gSA
dbZ cPps ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ pj.k esa gh LowQy NksM+ nsrs gSa rFkk NksVs&eksVs jks”kxkj esa layXu gks tkrs
gSaA LVklZ osQ rgr] çR;sd jkT; ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og u osQoy bl ço`fÙk ij jksd yxk,
cfYd ekè;fed Lrj dh f'k{kk dks iwjk djus dh nj esa Hkh lq/kj djsA
ifj;kstuk ls lEcaf/r eqís
fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; gS fd LVklZ osQ n`f"Vdks.k dk ç;ksx djosQ jkT; dh {kerkvksa dks fodflr djuk
nks"kiw.kZ gSA blosQ fy;s oqQN dkj.k crk, tk jgs gSaA
çFke eqík f'k{kk osQ vk/kjHkwr {kerk vkSj <kaps lEca/h leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku esa foiQyrk gSA ftyk
f'k{kk ,oa çf'k{k.k laLFkku (DIET)] ftyk vkSj CykWd f'k{kk dk;kZy; rFkk LowQyksa esa f'k{kdksa lfgr
fofHkUu f'k{kk ç.kkfy;ksa esa çeq• in •kyh iM+s gSaA l{ke vkSj çsj.kkiw.kZ ladk; osQ fcuk f'k{kdksa osQ
f'k{k.k o çf'k{k.k esa lq/kj dh mEehn ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
blh rjg] CykWd Lrj ij igys ls gh vfr&O;Lr ukSdj'kkgh ls çf'kf{kr tu'kfÙkQ] lgk;d deZpkfj;ksa
vkSj laLFkkxr leFkZu esa i;kZIr o`f¼ fd;s fcuk fdlh vFkZiw.kZ ifj.kke dh mEehn ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
nwljk] fo'o cSad us foosQaæhÑr fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk dh Hkh vuns•h dh gSA foosQaæhÑr fu.kZ;u {kerk
/u osQ gLrkarj.k vkSj okLrfod fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfÙkQ osQ fy;s vko';d gksrh gSA vf/d foosaQæhdj.k
}kjk î;Zos{k.k vf/dkfj;ksa* dh ctk; yksxksa osQ çfr tokcnsgh dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
blosQ fy;s u osQoy vfxze iafÙkQ dh ukSdj'kkgh dh {kerk esa fuos'k dh vko';drk gS] cfYd lkekftd
tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsrs gq, foosdk/hu 'kfÙkQ;ksa esa o`f¼ djus dh Hkh vko';drk gSA
rhljk çeq• eqík fo'okl dk gSA jkT; dh {kerk lao/Zu osQ fy;s bl egÙoiw.kZ rÙo ij è;ku nsus dh
vko';drk gSA bl ifj;kstu esa fo'okl dh vuns•h dh xbZ gSA fo'o cSad dh fuHkZjrk ^lwpuk vkSj
lapkj çkS|ksfxdh* (ICT) ls çkIr vk¡dM+ksa ij vf/d gS] ftlesa lk{;ksa }kjk çfriqf"V dk vHkko gksrk gSA
;g bl fopkj ij vk/kfjr gS fd fdlh =kqfViw.kZ ç.kkyh dks vf/d vkSj csgrj rduhd osQ ekè;e
ls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA okLro esa çkS|ksfxdh] ç.kkyhxr rFkk laLFkkxr vkSj 'kklu dh vf/dka'k
pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku djus osQ ctk; mUgsa ckbikl dj nsrh gSA vrhr esa jkT;ksa dks l{ke cukus esa
çkS|ksfxdh us 'kkWVZ&dV osQ rkSj ij dk;Z ugha fd;k gSA
62
djsaV vQs;lZ
pkSFkkeqík çn'kZu osQ ekiu esa lq/kj djus osQ rjhosQ ls lEcaf/r gSA D;k vf/xe {kerk esa lq/kj djus
osQ fy;s ;k cqfu;knh <k¡ps osQ ijh{k.k gsrq osQoy /u dk fuos'k djuk gh mfpr gSA osQoy /u dk
fuos'k gh ekudhÑr vkdyu osQ fy;s egÙoiw.kZ ugha gSA
varr% osQoy futh igyksa dk foLrkj djrs gq, ljdkjh dk;ks± o Hkkxhnkjh dks de djuk vkSj mlosQ
ekè;e ls vk/kjHkwr ç'kklfud o 'kSf{kd dk;ks± dks vkmVlkslZ djuk Hkkjr tSls ns'k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
osQ vuqowQy ugha gSA f'k{kk dks LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i vf/d çklafxd cukus osQ lkFk&lkFk
LFkkuh; Lrj osQ vf/dkfj;ksa dks l'kÙkQ cukdj yksdrkaf=kd :i ls yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsus
tSls ewY;ksa o y{;ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy;s vkmVlksflZax tSls mik; mi;qÙkQ ugha gSaA
lq>ko
Mk;V (DIET)] CykWd o lkeqnkf;d lalk/u osQaæksa vkSj LowQyksa dks ;fn vkRefuHkZj cukrs gq, lq/kj
djuk gS rks mUgsa Lo;a dh vko';drkuqlkj {kerk fodflr djus dh ”k:jr gSA
ç'kklu dks i;kZIr HkkSfrd] foÙkh; vkSj ekuo lalk/uksa ls lqlfTtr gksuk pkfg;sA bu lalk/uksa osQ
vHkko esa c<+rh gq, buiqV ykxr lalk/uksa dh cckZnh gS D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa mldk mi;ksx v{ke
rjhosQ ls fd;k tkrk gSA
ç'kklfud ;k 'kkldh; lq/kjksa }kjk LFkkuh; eqíksa dk lek/ku djus vkSj vko';drkuq:i uokpkj djus
osQ fy;s ukSdj'kkgh dks vf/d foosdk/hu 'kfÙkQ;k¡ çnku djuh pkfg;sA
ç'kklu rFkk laLFkkvksa ij fo'okl osQ lkFk&lkFk vf/dkfj;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa osQ eè;
rkyesy vkSj fo'okl gksuk pkfg;sA
vkmVlksflZax] ekudhÑr vkdyu }kjk eki ij vf/d fuHkZjrk vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- osQ vR;f/d mi;ksx
ls vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr osQ y{; dks çkIr djuk vklku ugha gksxkA
orZeku Lo:i esa LVklZ dks vius ewy mís';] ^f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj 'kklu ç.kkfy;ksa esa lq/kj* gsrq
vf/d O;kid n`f"Vdks.k viukus dh vko';drk gSA
fo'o LokLF; laxBu vkSj Hkkjr

i`"BHkwfe
^fo'o LokLF; laxBu* (World Health Organization) varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij lnL; ns'kksa osQ eè; leUo;]
chekfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk iQSykus vkSj lykg nsus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g oSf'od Lrj ij LokLFk
,tsaMs dks r; djus vkSj mldks ykxw djus dh fn'kk esa ç;Ru'khy jgrk gSA fiNys oqQN o"kks± esa rFkk
fo'ks"kdj dksfoM&19 osQ lanHkZ esa bldh Hkwfedk ij loky mBus 'kq: gks x, gSaA bl mFky&iqFky Hkjs
le; esa Hkkjr dks MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ dk;Zdkjh cksMZ osQ lapkyu dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gSA nqfu;k bl le;
LokLF; ladV ls tw> jgh gS vkSj MCY;w-,p-vks- dksfoM&19 osQ dkj.k fo'oluh;rk osQ ladV dk lkeuk
dj jgk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa lapkyd osQ :i esa oqQN ,sls rÙo gSa] ftls Hkkjr }kjk uhfrxr n`f"Vdks.k dk
fgLlk cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
Hkkjr ds lkeus MCY;w-,p-vks- ds dk;Zdkjh cksMZ ds çeq• ds :i esa pqukSfr;k¡
ebZosQ pkSFks lIrkg esa LokLF; vkSj ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kh MkW- g"kZo/Zu dks fo'o LokLF; laxBu osQ
dk;Zdkjh cksMZ (Executive Board) dk vè;{k pquk x;k gSA
bl 34 lnL;h; fudk; dks gky gh esa lEiUu fo'o LokLF; lHkk (WHA) osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks ykxw djus
dk dke lkSaik x;k gSA
63
djsaV vQs;lZ
;g dksfoM&19 tSlh vkink osQ çfr oSf'od lkoZtfud LokLF; çfrfØ;k ij ekxZn'kZu çnku djus osQ
fy;s Hkkjr dks ,d egÙoiw.kZ eap çnku djrk gSA ;g le; blfy;s Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd vkink osQ
lkFk&lkFk MCY;w-,p-vks- jktuhfrd :i ls brus vf/d mFky&iqFky dk f'kdkj igys dHkh ugha gqvkA
MCY;w-,p-vks- rFkk MCY;w-,p-,- (WHO - WHA)
fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO)& ;g la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh ,d fo'ks"k ,tsalh gS tks varjkZ"Vªh; lkoZtfud
LokLF; osQ fy;s dk;Z djrh gSA
fo'o LokLF; lHkk (WHA)& ;g MCY;w-,p-vks- dh fu.kZ; ysus okyh ,d laLFkk gSA blesa
MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ lHkh lnL; jkT;ksa@ns'kksa osQ çfrfuf/eaMy Hkkx ysrs gSaA dk;Zdkjh cksMZ }kjk rS;kj
fd;s x, fdlh fof'k"V LokLFk ,tsaMs ij bl laLFkk }kjk è;ku osQafær fd;k tkrk gSA
MCY;w-,p-,- dk eq[; dk;Z laxBu dh uhfr;ksa dk fu/kZj.k djuk] MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ egkfuns'kd
(D.G) dh fu;qfÙkQ djuk] foÙkh; uhfr;ksa dk i;Zos{k.k djus osQ lkFk&lkFk çLrkfor dk;ZØeksa
osQ ctV dh leh{kk o vuqeksnu djuk gSA
orZeku esa MCY;w-,p-vks- esa 194 lnL; gSaA ;w-,u- osQ lHkh lnL; ns'k MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ lafo/ku
dks Lohdkj djosQ mlosQ lnL; cu ldrs gSaA bl ,tsalh esa vU; ns'kksa dks lnL;rk rHkh nh tk
ldrh gS] tc mlosQ vkosnu dks MCY;w-,p-,- }kjk lk/kj.k cgqer ls vuqeksfnr fd;k x;k gksA
MCY;w-,p-vks- dk eq[;ky; ftusok (fLoV~”kjySaM) esa gS vkSj ;gha ij MCY;w-,p-,- dh okf"kZd
cSBd dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA 07 vçSy] 1948 dks MCY;w-,p-vks- dk lafo/ku ykxw gqvk
FkkA vr% çR;sd o"kZ 07 vçSy dks fo'o LokLF; fnol euk;k tkrk gSA MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ orZeku
egkfuns'kd bFkksfi;k osQ iwoZ LokLF; vkSj fons'k ea=kh VsMªksl ,MgkukWe (Tedros Adhanom) gSaA
dk;Zdkjh cksMZ (Executive Board)
MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ dk;Zdkjh cksMZ dk xBu 34 rduhdh :i ls ;ksX;rk çkIr lnL;ksa }kjk gksrk
gSA bldk xBu 3 o"kZ osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
bldh cSBdksa esa lnL; MCY;w-,p-,- osQ ,tsaMs o LokLF; lHkk }kjk fopkj fd;s tkus okys
çLrkoksa ij lger gksrs gSaA
cksMZ dk eq[; dk;Z MCY;w-,p-,- osQ fu.kZ;ksa o uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djuk] lykg tkjh djuk vkSj
vius dk;kZs dks vkSj lqfo/ktud cukuk gSA
MCY;w-,p-vks- rFkk vesfjdk o phu ds eè; la?k"kZ
gky gh esa] vesfjdh jk"Vªifr }kjk MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ egkfuns'kd dks ,d i=k fy•k x;k gSA bl i=k esa
Jh VªEi us dgk gS fd ;fn 30 fnuksa osQ Hkhrj MCY;w-,p-vks- esa visf{kr çeq• Bksl lq/kj ugha fd;s
tkrs gSa rks vesfjdk }kjk nh tk jgh iQafMax ij yxh vLFkkbZ jksd dks LFkkbZ dj fn;k tk,xkA lkFk gh
;g Hkh dgk fd vesfjdk bl laxBu esa viuh lnL;rk ij iqufoZpkj djsxkA
blosQ foijhr] fo'o LokLF; lHkk osQ vf/os'ku osQ nkSjku phuh jk"Vªifr 'kh ftufiax us ok;jl ls
yM+us osQ fy;s $ 2 fcfy;u dh lgk;rk dk opu fn;k gSA
blosQ vykok] phu us 30 vÚhdh vLirkyksa dks Hkh lgk;rk çnku djus vkSj vÚhdh jksx fu;a=k.k
osQaæ osQ eq[;ky; osQ fuekZ.k dk;Z esa rs”kh ykus dk oknk fd;k gSA lkFk gh phu }kjk oSDlhu osQ
fodkl dh fLFkfr esa oSf'od fgr esa bls lkoZtkfud :i ls miyC/ djkus dk vk'oklu fn;k x;k gSA
phu osQ c<+rs çHkqÙo vkSj Hkkjr }kjk MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ dk;Zdkjh cksMZ dh vè;{krk tSlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
osQ chp Hkkjr dks bl 'kfÙkQ ifjn`'; esa Li"Vokfnrk vkSj pkrq;Z osQ lkFk vkxs c<+uk pkfg;sA
64
djsaV vQs;lZ
egkekjh ds jksdFkke o fu;a=k.k dks çkFkfedrk nsuk
loZçFke] Hkkjr dks bl ckr ij ”kksj nsuk pkfg;s fd egkekjh dh jksdFkke o fu;a=k.k varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk;
dh çeq• çkFkfedrk gksA
tSls gh ok;jl osQ laØe.k dh Ükà•yk VwVrh gS] SARS-CoV-2 osQ i'kq&ls&ekuo esa laØe.k dh
mRifÙk dh igpku o tk¡p osQ fy;s è;ku osQafær fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
dksfoM&19 osQ twuksfVd mRifÙk (i'kq&ls&ekuo laØe.k) dh tk¡p djus osQ fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; igq¡p dks
lqfo/ktud cukus esa phu dh #fp gS D;ksafd blesa phu osQ lk>k fgr tqM+s gq, gSaA
phu dh #fp dk ,d dkj.k oqgku vkSj igys ls laØfer vU; {ks=kksa esa vHkh Hkh ok;jl osQ iqu%
laØe.k osQ tksf•e gsrq vfrlaosnu'khy fLFkfr gSaA
egkekjh ds çfr phu vkSj MCY;w-,p-vks- dh çfrfØ;k dh leh{kk
egkekjh osQ laØe.k osQ çfr MCY;w-,p-vks- o phu }kjk 'kq#vkrh çfrfØ;k dh Lora=k vkSj O;kid
leh{kk djus osQ fy;s Hkkjr dks MCY;w-,p-vks- lfpoky; dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg;sA
MCY;w-,p-vks- osQ usr`Ro vkSj {kerk osQ lkFk&lkFk lnL; jkT;ksa }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; LokLF; fofu;eksa osQ
dk;kZUo;u osQ fy;s leh{kk osQ fu"d"kkZs esa lokZsÙke rjhdksa dks Li"V djus vkSj lq/kj okys {ks=kksa dks
çeq•rk ls vafdr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
fo'o&Lrj osQ çfl¼ egkekjh foKkfu;ksa us MCY;w-,p-vks- o phu osQ la;qÙkQ ç;klksa osQ rgr dksfoM&19
osQ çfr phu dh 'kq#vkrh çfrfØ;k dks chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke osQ bfrgkl esa lcls egÙokdka{kh]
iQqrhZyk o vkØked ç;kl dgk gSA
,slh fLFkfr esa leh{kk fjiksVZ osQ fu"d"kZ Hkkjr lfgr vU; dbZ ns'kksa dks fujk'k dj ldrs gSa tks phu
ij ncko cukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs FksA gkyk¡fd Hkkjr us vHkh rd bl ekeys esa dksbZ vkf/dkfjd
çfrfØ;k ugha O;ÙkQ dh gS] fiQj Hkh fjiksVZ osQ fu"d"kks± vkSj fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ eè; lkeatL; cukuk
Hkkjr dh çkFkfedrk gksuh pkfg;sA
vf/dre yksxksa rd dksfoM&19 dh oSDlhu rd U;k;laxr igq¡p lqfuf'pr djuk
dksfoM&19 osQ mipkjksa o Vhdksa rd lHkh ns'kksa osQ fy;s leku igq¡p lqfuf'pr djus gsrq Hkkjr dks
,d mi;qÙkQ cgqi{kh; 'kklu ra=k dh LFkkiuk dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg;s A
lkFk gh] isVsaV vf/dkjksa vkSj fofu;ked ijh{k.k osQ vk¡dM+ksa dks ,d=k djus osQ fy;s ifjdfYir
LoSfPNd iwfyax ra=k dks ladV dh vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
blosQ vykok] fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) osQ ckSf¼d lEink vf/dkjksa osQ çko/kuksa dks Hkh fuyfEcr
fd;k tkuk pkfg;s D;ksafd lkoZtfud LokLF; vkikrdky osQ nkSjku lLrs Vhdk dh miyC/rk lqfuf'pr
djus gsrq fu;eksa esa NwV dh vuqefr nh tkrh gSA
fo'o LokLF; lHkk vkSj rkboku dk eqík
Hkkjr dks fo'o LokLF; lHkk esa i;Zos{kd osQ :i esa rkboku dks fiQj ls LFkku fnykus osQ if'pe osQ
vfHk;ku ls ;k rks vyx ;k rVLFk jguk pkfg;sA
o"kZ 2016 esa rkbis us vafre ckj blesa Hkkx fy;k FkkA ml le; la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklHkk dh çLrko la[;k
2758] ftlosQ rgr la;qÙkQ jk"Vª rkboku dks ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWiQ pkbuk dk vfHkUu vax ekurk gS]
osQ nkSjku Hkkjr us Li"V :i ls ,slk gh fd;k FkkA
Lora=k rkboku osQ rjiQ >qdko okyh lkbZ ljdkj (Tsai) viuh mifLFkfr osQ fy;s mijksÙkQ vk/kj dks
Lohdkj djus osQ fy;s rS;kj ugha gSA ;g phu ;k varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ls leFkZu çkIr djus dh vis{kk
?kjsyw Lrj ij jktuhfrd iSarjsckth vf/d ekywe iM+rh gSA
65
djsaV vQs;lZ
taxyh tkuojksa ds miHkksx ij oSf'od çfrca/
varr% Hkkjr dks oSKkfud vuqla/ku] çtkfr;ksa osQ laj{k.k vkSj ikjEifjd vkthfodk osQ fgrksa tSls
lhfer vioknksa dks NksM+dj taxyh tkuojksa osQ miHkksx o O;kikj ij ,d LFkkbZ rFkk oSf'od çfrca/
dk usr`Ro djuk pkfg;sA
u, laØe.k o chekfj;ksa osQ yxHkx nks&frgkbZ ekeys oU;thoksa osQ dkj.k mRiUu gks jgs gSaA lkFk gh]
çkÑfrd vkoklksa osQ fouk'k vkSj tSo fofo/rk osQ uqdlku dks vkSj vf/d xEHkhjrk ls fy;s tkus
dh ”k:jr gSA
fu"d"kZr%
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr dks dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ dkj.k fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa mtkxj gqbZ dfe;ksa
dks nwj djus vkSj MCY;w-,p-vks- dh fo'oluh;rk dks iqu% dk;e djus osQ fy;s rs”kh vkSj cqf¼eÙkk
ls dk;Z djrs gq, oSf'od usr`Ro djuk pkfg;sA
dksfj;kbZ ;q¼&fojke le>kSrk

gky gh esa la;qÙkQ jk"Vª la?k us ,d fo'ks"k tk¡p }kjk mÙkjh dksfj;k vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k osQ chp fMfefyVjhÑr
”kksu (Demilitarized Zone) osQ Hkhrj gqbZ xksyhckjh osQ eqís ij nksuksa ns'kksa dh vkykspuk dh gSA lkFk gh
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª us ;g Hkh dgk gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa us 1950&53 osQ dksfj;kbZ ;q¼ dks lekIr djus okys ;q¼fojke
le>kSrs dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA
dksfj;kbZ ;q¼&fojke le>kSrk (The Korean Armistice Agreement)

27 tqykbZ] 1953 dks gLrk{kfjr dksfj;kbZ ;q¼&fojke le>kSrs }kjk nksuksa dksfj;kbZ ns'kksa osQ chp ;q¼&fojke
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj 'k=kqrk dks jksdus dh igy dh xbZ FkhA
okLro esa ;g ,d ;q¼ dk var ugha Fkk] ysfdu 'k=kqrk dh lekfIr vkSj LFkkbZ 'kkafr osQ fy;s ckrphr
dk ek=k ,d ç;kl FkkA
bl le>kSrs esa phu vkSj mÙkj dksfj;k osQ lSU; dekaMjksa us ,d rjiQ le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s Fks]
ogha vesfjdk osQ usr`Ro okys la;qÙkQ jk"Vª la?k us varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dh vksj ls gLrk{kj fd;s FksA
66
djsaV vQs;lZ
fMfefyVjhÑr ”kksu (Demilitarized Zone - DMZ) D;k gS\
DMZ ml txg dks fpfUgr djrk gS tgk¡ 1950&53 osQ dksfj;kbZ ;q¼ osQ ckn ;q¼&fojke gqvk FkkA
bl ;q¼ esa phu vkSj mÙkj dksfj;k us vesfjdk dh vxqokbZ esa la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh lsuk osQ f•ykiQ ;q¼
yM+k FkkA è;krO; gS fd bl nkSjku fdlh çdkj dh laf/ ugha gqbZ Fkh] fliQZ ;q¼&fojke gqvk FkkA
;g fMfefyVjhÑr {ks=k eq[;r% 2 fdeh- pkSM+k ciQj {ks=k gS] tks fd dksfj;kbZ çk;}hi osQ rV rd iQSyk
gqvk gS vkSj nksuksa rjiQ ls d¡Vhys rkjksa] Hkkjh vk;q/ vkSj VSad tky ls f?kjk gqvk gSA
;g fl;ksy ls 60 fdeh- vkSj mÙkj dksfj;k dh jkt/kuh I;ksax;kax ls 210 fdeh- nwj gSA DMZ osQ
vanj ,d la;qÙkQ lqj{kk {ks=k (JSA) Hkh fLFkr gSA
iuequtkse (Panmunjom) dk fo'ks"k ^'kkafr xk¡o*] tgk¡ o"kZ 1953 esa dksfj;kbZ ;q¼ dks jksdus okys
;q¼fojke ij gLrk{kj fd;s x, Fks] 800 ehVj pkSM+s vkSj 400 ehVj yEcs la;qÙkQ lqj{kk {ks=k (JSA)
osQ vanj gh fLFkr gSA
,d lSU; lhekadu js•k (Military Demarcation Line -MDL) nksuksa dksfj;kbZ ns'kksa osQ chp dh lhek
dks fpfÉr djrh gSA
;g {ks=k egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa gS\
DMZ {ks=k esa foxr 60 o"kks± ls vf/d le; esa fdlh O;fÙkQ us dne ugha j•k gS vkSj iwjs {ks=k esa
fliZQ >kfM+;k¡ gh iQSyh gqbZ gSaA
foxr o"kZ vesfjdh jk"Vªifr MksukYM VªEi us mÙkj dksfj;k osQ usrk fde tksax mu osQ lkFk iuequtkse
osQ fMfefyVjhÑr ”kksu esa gh eqykdkr dh FkhA
(lzksr % VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k)
n fcx fiDpj% fgan egklkxj }hih; dwVuhfr

orZeku esa iwjs fo'o esa py jgh egkekjh osQ dkj.k] i;ZVu m|ksx esa Hkkjh eanh ns•h xbZ gS] ftlosQ dkj.k
}hih; ns'kksa] ekWjh'kl vkSj ls'ksYl ij çfrowQy çHkko iM+k gS D;ksafd bu ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk eq[; :i
ls i;ZVu ij fuHkZj gSaA ;s nksuksa }hih; jk"Vª Hkkjr dh leqæh lqj{kk j.kuhfr dk ,d çeq• fgLlk gSa vkSj
blfy;s buls tqM+h fdlh Hkh xfrfof/ dks owQVuhfrd :i ls vkxs foLrkj nsus dh vko';drk gSA fgan
egklkxj esa phu dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh }hih; ns'kksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ lEca/ksa osQ fy;s ,d lEHkkfor •rjk
gks ldrh gS vkSj blls Hkkjr dh leqæh lqj{kk Hkh de”kksj iM+ ldrh gSA
fe=kns'kksa dks lgk;rk nsus ds Hkkjr ds ç;kl
Hkkjr us 108 ns'kksa dks yxHkx 85 fefy;u gkbMªkWDlhDyksjksDohu (HCQ) VScysV vkSj 500 fefy;u osQ
djhc iSjkflVkeksy VScysV dh vkiwfrZ dh gSA
Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk osQ fo'ks"k foekuksa }kjk ekWjh'kl vkSj ls'ksYl dks lg;ksx osQ :i esa HCQ VScysV
dh •si Hksth xbZ FkhA
Hkkjr us fgan egklkxj {ks=k esa fLFkr ns'kksa] tSlsµ ekynho] ekWjh'kl] esMkxkLdj] dkseksjksl vkSj ls'ksYl
vkfn dks fpfdRlk Vheksa rFkk nok vkfn dh vkiwfrZ osQ fy;s ukSlsuk osQ 5600 Vu osQ ySafMax tgkt
vkbZ-,u-,l- osQljh dks rSukr fd;k FkkA
Hkkjr }kjk ;q¼iksr ij nks fpfdRldh; lgk;rk ny ekWjh'kl vkSj dkseksjksl esa rSukr fd;s tkus dh
;kstuk Hkh gSA
67
djsaV vQs;lZ
}hih; ns'kksa dk lkefjd egÙo
Hkkjr }kjk bu }hih; jk"Vªksa osQ j.kuhfrd egÙo dks muosQ LFkku osQ vuqlkj lapkj dh eq[; leqæh
js•kvksa (Sea Lines of Communication -SLOCs) }kjk js•kafdr fd;k x;k gSA
;s }hi owQVuhfrd vkSj O;kikfjd :i ls vfr egÙoiw.kZ gSa vkSj çeq• varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ekxks± osQ lkFk
gh ukSlsuk dh mifLFkfr osQ fy;s j.kuhfrd LFkku Hkh miyC/ djkrs gSa] ftlls ukSlsuk dks 'kkafr osQ
le; esa x'r vkSj SLOCs dh lqjf{kr fuxjkuh rFkk la?k"kZ osQ le; esa ;k çfrowQy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
gLr{ksi djus dk ,d fodYi Hkh feyrk gSA
Hkkjr&Jhyadk lEca/
gky gh esa] Jhyadk us Hkkjrh; lgk;rk çkIr fodkl ifj;kstuk esa rs”kh ykus vkSj Hkkjr osQ futh {ks=kksa
}kjk fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus dh ckr ij lgefr O;ÙkQ dh gSA
Jhyadk osQ jk"Vªifr us Hkkjrh; ç/kuea=kh dks dksyEcks canjxkg osQ iwohZ VfeZuy osQ fodkl ij tYn
ls tYn fuos'k djus dk vkxzg fd;k gSA
Hkkjr us fiNys oqQN lIrkg esa ln~Hkkouk osQ :i esa Jhyadk esa thou&j{kd nokvksa vkSj fpfdRlk
vkiwfrZ ls tqM+h 25 Vu ls ”;knk dh pkj •si Hksth gSaA
gky gh esa Jhyadk us dksjksuk ok;jl egkekjh osQ dkj.k mith vkfFkZd eanh osQ eísutj ns'k osQ fxjrs
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy;s Hkkjr ls 1-1 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dh ,d fo'ks"k eqæk
fofue; lqfo/k (currency swap facility) dk vkxzg fd;k gSA
eqæk fofue; dk ;g vkxzg 400 fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dh ml jkf'k ls vyx gS] ftls Jhyadk us
nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ lg;ksx laxBu (lkdZ) osQ rgr Hkkjr ljdkj ls ekaxk FkkA
eqæk fofue; vuqca/ (Currency Swap Agreement)
nks ns'kksa osQ chp eqæk fofue; iwoZ fu/kZfjr fu;eksa vkSj 'krks± osQ fglkc ls eqækvksa dk vknku&çnku
djus osQ fy;s ,d çdkj dk vuqca/ gSA
osQaæh; cSad vkSj ljdkjsa vius fons'kh led{kksa osQ lkFk eqæk fofue; djrh gSa] tc rd vYidkfyd
fons'kh eqæk rjyrk ls tqM+h vko';drk,¡ iwjh ugha gks tkrha ;k tc rd fd Hkqxrku larqyu (ch-vks-ih-)
ladV ls cpus osQ fy;s i;kZIr fons'kh eqæk dh O;oLFkk ugha gks tkrhA
Hkkjr&ekWjh'kl lEca/
gky gh esa nksuksa ns'kksa us dbZ {ks=kksa esa lg;ksx c<+kus ij ppkZ dh gS] ftlesa foÙkh; {ks=k dks e”kcwr
djus osQ mik; Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
Hkkjr us vko';d nok vkiwfrZ dh ,d •si dks ukSlsuk osQ tgkt vkbZ-,u-,l- osQljh osQ ”kfj;s ekWjh'kl
osQ iksVZ yqbZ Hkstk FkkA
Hkkjr ekWjh'kl dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd lk>snkj gS vkSj o"kZ 2007 ls ekWjh'kl esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
dk lcls cM+k fu;kZrd gSA
Hkkjr vkSj ekWjh'kl us dbZ f}i{kh; le>kSrksa vkSj MoU ij gLrk{kj fd;s gSa%
vkradokn osQ f•ykiQ lg;ksx (2005)
foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh lg;ksx (2012)
MSME lsDVj esa lg;ksx (2013)
egklkxjh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa lg;ksx (2015)
68
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjrh; ç/kuea=kh us o"kZ 2015 esa viuh ekWjh'kl ;k=kk osQ nkSjku lkxj uhfr dh 'kq#vkr dh FkhA
lkxj uhfr&{ks=k esa lHkh ds fy;s lqj{kk vkSj fodkl
(Security and Growth for All in the Region-SAGAR)
2015 esa uhyh vFkZO;oLFkk dh rjiQ è;kukd"kZ.k osQ fy;s ekWjh'kl dh ;k=kk ij x, Hkkjrh; ç/kuea=kh
}kjk bl n`f"Vdks.k dks uhfrxr :i esa is'k fd;k x;k FkkA
;g uhfr leqæh lqj{kk vkSj lg;ksx osQ c<+rs egÙo dks n'kkZrh gSA
lkxj uhfr osQ ekè;e ls Hkkjr vius leqæh iM+ksfl;ksa osQ lkFk vkfFkZd vkSj lqj{kk lg;ksx dks vkSj
foLrkj nsus vkSj mudh leqæh lqj{kk {kerkvksa osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk djuk pkgrk gSA
blosQ fy;s] Hkkjr lwpuk osQ vknku&çnku] rVh; fuxjkuh] cqfu;knh <k¡ps osQ fuekZ.k vkSj mudh {kerkvksa
dks e”kcwr djus esa lg;ksx djsxkA
lkxj uhfr dh çeq• çklafxdrk rc ”;knk Li"V gksrh gS] tc bls Hkkjr dh vU; uhfr;ksa] tSls fd
yqd bZLV ikWfylh] lkxjekyk çkstsDV rFkk çkstsDV ekSle vkfn osQ lkFk la;ksftr :i ls tksM+ dj
ns•k tkrk gSA
uhyh vFkZO;oLFkk (Blue Economy)
fo'o cSad osQ vuqlkj ¶vkfFkZd fodkl] csgrj vkthfodk rFkk jks”kxkj vkfn osQ fy;s egklkxjh;
ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k dk laj{k.k djrs gq, egklkxjh; lalk/uksa dk LFkkbZ vkSj la/kj.kh; mi;ksx uhyh
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ varxZr vkrk gSA¸
fgan egklkxj esa phu dk çHkqÙo
fgan egklkxj osQ mÙkjh Hkkx esa phu dh rs”kh ls c<+rh mifLFkfr osQ lkFk&lkFk {ks=k esa phuh iuMqfCc;ksa
vkSj tgktksa dh rSukrh Hkkjr osQ fy;s ,d pqukSrh gSA
phu us tgkt fuekZ.k osQ {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh vU; jk"Vª dh rqyuk esa lcls ”;knk fuos'k fd;k gSA
phu dk tkiku osQ lkFk iwohZ phu lkxj esa leqæh fookn gS vkSj og nf{k.k phu lkxj osQ 90 iQhlnh
fgLls ij nkok Hkh djrk gSA
blosQ vykok] phu us viuh csYV vkSj lM+d igy (belt and road initiative) osQ rgr Jhyadk tSls
}hi ns'kksa esa cqfu;knh <k¡ps ls tqM+h ifj;kstukvksa dks fodflr djus ij ”kksj fn;k gSA
phu dh csYV vkSj jksM igy (China's Belt and Road Initiative)
phu dh csYV vkSj lM+d igy (BRI)] ftls dHkh&dHkh U;w flYd jksM osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS]
phu dh lcls egÙokdka{kh ifj;kstukvksa esa ls ,d gSA
ifj;kstuk esa nks Hkkx 'kkfey gSa&
1- flYd jksM vkfFkZd csYV% ;g Hkwfe vk/kfjr gS vkSj blesa phu dks eè; ,f'k;k] iwohZ ;wjksi
vkSj if'peh ;wjksi ls tksM+us dk y{; fu/kZfjr gSA
2- 21oha 'krkCnh dh leqæh flYd jksM% ;g leqæ&vk/kfjr gS vkSj blesa phu osQ nf{k.kh rV dks
Hkweè;lkxj] vÚhdk] nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj eè; ,f'k;k ls tksM+us dk y{; fu/kZfjr gSA
vkxs dh jkg
Hkkjr 'kh"kZ 10 vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa 'kkfey gS vkSj mu 'kfÙkQ'kkyh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ ihNs oSf'od leqæh
O;kikj ,d eq[; vk/kj gSA
69
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjrdks vius leqæh iM+ksfl;ksa osQ lkFk lEca/ çxk<+ djus dh vko';drk gSA
}hih; jk"Vª dksfoM&19 dh otg ls cqjh rjg çHkkfor gq, gSa vkSj Hkkjr dks fe=k osQ :i esa mudk
;FkklEHko lg;ksx djuk pkfg;s %
fdlh Hkh vko';drk ij Rofjr lgk;rk miyC/ djkbZ tk,A
Hkfo"; esa mudk leFkZu djus osQ lkFk gh lqj{kk vkSj lgk;rk çnku djuk pkfg;sA
phuh lfØ;rk dk çfrdkj djus ds fy;s

rkdr vkSj 'kfÙkQ osQ ekeys esa phu osQ lkFk çfrLi/kZ djus osQ ctk;] Hkkjr dks ,d owQVuhfrd
vkSj ln~Hkkouk ;qÙkQ n`f"Vdks.k cuk, j•uk pkfg;s vkSj osQoy blh rjg ls fgan egklkxj ij fu;a=k.k
gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(lzksr % https%@@youtu-be@Os1fYOGn1N4)
/Ee pØ fnol vkSj ckS¼ dwVuhfr

varjkZ"Vªh; ckS¼ ifjla?k (International Buddhist Confederation-IBC) us Hkkjr ljdkj osQ laLÑfr
ea=kky; osQ lkFk feydj vk"kk<+ iwf.kZek (4 tqykbZ] 2020) dks /Ee pØ fnol (Dharma Chakra Day)
dk vk;kstu fd;kA
eq[; fcanq
;g ifo=k fnol Hkkjrh; lw;Z osQysaMj osQ vuqlkj vk"kk<+ eghus dh igyh iwf.kZek dks euk;k tkrk gS]
ftls Jhyadk esa ,lkyk iks;k (Esala Poya) rFkk FkkbZySaM esa vlkUgk cqpk (Asanha Bucha) osQ uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA cq¼ iwf.kZek ;k oslkd (Vesak) osQ ckn ckS¼ksa /eZ dk ;g nwljk lcls ifo=k fnol gSA
Hkxoku cq¼ osQ Kku çkIr djus osQ ckn okjk.klh (mÙkj çns'k) osQ fudV lkjukFk (½f"kiÙkue~) osQ
fgj.k m|ku esa vk"kk<+ eghus dh igyh iwf.kZek dks igys ik¡p riLoh f'k";ksa (iapofxZdk) dks mins'k
fn;s tkus osQ miy{; esa ;g fnol euk;k tkrk gSA
^/EepozQizorZu* lqÙk (ikyh) ;k /eZ pØ çorZu lw=k (laLÑr) dk ;g mins'k /eZ osQ çFke pØ
osQ ?kweus ;k /eZpØçorZu osQ uke ls Hkh fo[;kr gS vkSj ;g mins'k pkj ifo=k lR; rFkk vk"Vkafxd
ekxZ ls feydj cuk gSA
è;krO; gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; ckS¼ ifjla?k fnYyh fLFkr lcls çeq• ckS¼ la?k gSA ykek yksc”kax (Lama
Lobzang) dk blosQ fuekZ.k esa çeq• ;ksxnku gSA ;g la?k iwjh nqfu;k esa ckS¼ksa dks ,dtqV djrk gSA
orZeku esa O;kIr dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ dkj.k ;g lekjksg opZqvy ,oa cq¼ osQ infpUgksa ij leknsf'kr
ifo=k Hkwfe ls fu;eksa ,oa fofu;euksa osQ l[r vuqikyu osQ rgr vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA blosQ vfrfjÙkQ]
Fksjkoknh ,oa fo'o Hkj osQ dbZ ns'kksa ls egk;ku ijEijkvksa nksuksa esa gh lekjksgksa ,oa /EepozQizorZu lqr
osQ tkiksa dk lh/k çlkj.k Hkh fd;k x;kA
laU;kfl;ksa rFkk laU;kflfu;ksa osQ fy;s Hkh o"kkZ ½rq fuorZu (o"kkZ oLlk) Hkh blh fnu ls vkjEHk gksrk
gS tks tqykbZ ls vÙkQwcj rd rhu paæ eghuksa rd pyrk gS] ftlosQ nkSjku os fdlh ,dy LFkku ij
lk/kj.kr;k vius eafnjksa esa xgu lk/uk djrs gSaA bl vof/ osQ nkSjku mudh lsok x`gLFk leqnk;
}kjk dh tkrh gS tks miksLFkk vFkkZr~ vkB fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSa rFkk vius xq#vksa osQ fn'kk&funZs'k
esa è;ku djrs gSaA
xkSjryc gS fd bl fnu dks ckS¼ksa ,oa fganqvksa }kjk vius xq#vksa osQ çfr lEeku çdV djus osQ fy;s
xq# iwf.kZek osQ :i esa Hkh euk;k tkrk gSA
70
djsaV vQs;lZ
xq# iwf.kZek
fganw iapkax osQ vuqlkj] xq# iwf.kZek vkerkSj ij vk"kk<+ eghus dh iwf.kZek osQ fnu iM+rh gSA
;g iwf.kZek egf"kZ Ñ".k}Sik;u osn O;kl dks lefiZr gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd blh fnu osn O;klth
dk tUe gqvk FkkA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd osn O;klth us ifo=k fganw xzaFk osnksa dk lEiknu fd;k vkSj 18
iqjk.kksa] egkHkkjr vkSj JhenHkxorxhrk dh jpuk dhA
ckS¼ksa osQ fy;s ;g R;ksgkj Hkxoku cq¼ osQ igys mins'k dk çrhd gS] tks mUgksaus lkjukFk esa fn;k FkkA
;g fnu ekulwu dh 'kq#vkr osQ fy;s Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
ckS¼ /eZ vkSj dwVuhfr

ckS¼ /eZ fo'ks"k :i ls ,f'k;k esa ledkyhu Hkw&jktuhfr esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j•rk gS vkSj ;g
Li"V gS fd tks Hkh ns'k ckS¼ çopu vkSj xfrfof/;ksa dks fu;af=kr djsxk] og ,f'k;k esa çHkqÙo LFkkfir
dj ik,xkA
/EepØ fnol dks ,d R;ksgkj osQ vykok owQVuhfrd dne osQ :i esa Hkh ns•k tk jgk gS] fo'ks"kdj
tc Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp ruko pje ij gSA bl lekjksg }kjk Hkkjr viuh ckS¼ fojklr fn•kus esa
Hkh liQy jgk vkSj phu dks NksM+dj vf/drj ,f'k;kbZ ns'k Hkh bl lekjksg esa 'kkfey gq,A
bl R;ksgkj osQ vk;kstu dk le; Hkh cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS vkSj ;g ,f'k;k esa j.kuhfrd :i ls Hkkjr
dks viuh fopkj/kjk ls tqM+s ns'kksa dks •qn ls tksM+us esa Hkh iQk;nsean lkfcr gqvkA
osQaæh; frCcrh ç'kklu (Central Tibetan Administration) us Hkh frCcrh ckS¼ yksxksa ls dgk Fkk fd
os yksx cM+h la[;k esa vkWuykbu dk;ZØe esa Hkkx ysa vkSj bldk ”;knk ls ”;knk leFkZu djsaA
osQaæh; frCcrh ç'kklu (lh-Vh-,-) ,d laxBu gS] ftldk eq[;ky; eSdykWM xat (/eZ'kkyk]
fgekpy çns'k) esa fLFkr gSA bls fuokZflr frCcrh ljdkj osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ftls phu
us dHkh ekU;rk ugha nhA
CTA frCcr dks ,d vyx jk"Vª ekurk gS] ftldk jk"Vª osQ :i esa Lora=krk dk ,d yEck bfrgkl
jgk gS] lkFk gh ;g phu }kjk frCcr osQ ç'kklu dks uktk;t lSU; vf/dkj ekurk gSA
;g laxBu Hkkjr esa frCcfr;ksa osQ fy;s LowQyksa vkSj vU; lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/;ksa osQ çca/u dk
dk;Z Hkh ns•rk gSA
lq>ko
;|fi ckS¼ /eZ Hkkjr esa ,d çeq• /eZ osQ :i esa foyqIr&lk gks x;k gS ysfdu ;g vHkh Hkh Hkkjr
osQ lH;rkxr yksdkpkj dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA
Hkkjr dks eè; çns'k] mÙkj çns'k] fcgkj] xqtjkr vkSj vka/z çns'k osQ vykok yík•] fgekpy çns'k
,oa v#.kkpy çns'k lfgr vU; txgksa ij ckS¼ xfy;kjs cukus pkfg;sA
vU; ckS¼ ns'kksa ls vkus okys yksxksa osQ fy;s fo'ks"k lqfo/kvksa dks 'kq: djuk pkfg;sA
;|fi dksbZ vU; ns'k ckS¼ usr`Ro ls Hkkjr dks vyx ugha dj ldrk gS] fiQj Hkh Hkkjr esa ckS¼ /eZ
dh fLFkfr dkiQh vyx gSA
Hkkjr •qn ls tqM+h ckS¼ /kjkvksa dks c<+kok ugha ns jgk gS ;k ewy ckS¼ /eZ dks e”kcwr djus osQ
fy;s ç;kl ugha dj jgk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
phu esa Hkh yk•ksa&djksM+ksa yksx gSa ftudh ckS¼ /eZ osQ çfr xgjh J¼k gSA nh?kZdkfyd ykHk osQ fy;s
71
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr dks mu phuh {ks=kksa rd Hkh igq¡pus dh t:jr gSA orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns•rs gq, Hkkjr dks
gj Lrj ij ç;kl djus gksaxs rkfd oks u fliQZ {ks=kh; usr`RodÙkkZ osQ :i esa e”kcwrh ls mHkjs cfYd
phu osQ f•ykiQ viuh fLFkfr dks vkSj ”;knk e”kcwr dj losQA
iQkjl dh •kM+h % {ks=k esa 'kkafr vkSj j.kuhfrd egÙo
iQkjl dh •kM+h {ks=k esa dPps rsy vkSj çkÑfrd xSl osQ çeq• mRikndksa dh mifLFkfr gksus dh otg ls
oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa bl {ks=k dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
vr% HkkSxksfyd :i ls vfr egÙoiw.kZ bl {ks=k dks jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls fLFkj j•us osQ fy;s
;gk¡ {ks=kh; ns'kksa vkSj vU; vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ;ksa }kjk 'kkafr cuk, j•s tkus dk ç;kl djuk lkefjd :i ls
cgqr vko';d gSA
iQkjl dh •kM+h dk {ks=k
iQkjl dh •kM+h dks vkB ns'k] cgjhu] bZjku] bjkd] oqQoSr] vkseku] drj] lÅnh vjc vkSj la;qÙkQ
vjc vehjkr lk>k djrs gSaA
;s lHkh ns'k la;qÙkQ jk"Vª la?k osQ lnL; gSaA
la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr (;w-,-bZ-)] cgjhu] lÅnh vjc] vkseku] drj ,oa oqQoSr tks fd •kM+h lg;ksx
ifj"kn (th-lh-lh-) osQ lnL; ns'k gSaA
bZjku] bjkd] oqQoSr] la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr (;w-,-bZ-) vkSj lÅnh vjc vksisd osQ lnL; gSaA
dPps rsy vkSj çkÑfrd xSl osQ çeq• mRiknd gksus osQ dkj.k] bu ns'kksa osQ vkilh fgrksa esa dkiQh
lekurk gSA
fgrksa dh bl lekurk us u fliQZ bu ns'kksa dks le`¼ fd;k gS cfYd muosQ chp vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd
my>uksa dks Hkh tUe fn;k gSA
72
djsaV vQs;lZ
i`"BHkwfe
fczfV'k ;qx
1970 ls igys yxHkx vkB n'kdksa rd] iQkjl dh •kM+h dks ,d fczfV'k >hy osQ :i esa tkuk
tkrk Fkk vkSj vaxzstksa }kjk bls lajf{kr fd;k tkrk FkkA
fczfV'k ;qx osQ var osQ ckn] {ks=kh; Lrj ij çHkqÙo'kkyh ns'kksa esa varj&{ks=kh; çfr}af}rk dh 'kq#vkr
gqbZ vkSj dbZ ckj ns'kksa ij tcjnLrh lg;ksx djus osQ fy;s Hkh ncko Mkyk x;kA
{ks=k esa jktuhfrd ruko
eLdV lEesyu (1975)] bZjku dh Økafr (1979) vkSj bjkd&bZjku ;q¼ (1980) tSlh ?kVukvksa
us bl {ks=k esa jktuhfrd ruko dks vkSj c<+k fn;kA blosQ ckn vesfjdk osQ fgrlk/u dh uhfr;ksa
vkSj neudkjh Hkwfedk us Hkh {ks=k esa ruko vkSj oSf'od ncko dks vkSj ”;knk c<+k;kA
eLdV lEeysu (1975) dk mís'; {ks=k esa lsukvksa osQ ,dhÑr lg;ksx dks fodflr djuk Fkk rkfd
•kM+h osQ ns'kksa esa lqj{kk dks c<+k;k tk losQ vkSj bl {ks=k osQ lHkh ns'kksa dks iQkjl dh •kM+h esa ncko
eqÙkQ O;kikj&ifjpkyu vkSj vkokxeu dks vk'oLr fd;k tk losQA
ckn esa] bZjku vkSj bjkd osQ chp fof'k"V ;q¼fojke lqfuf'pr djus vkSj {ks=k esa lqj{kk ,oa fLFkjrk
dks c<+kus osQ mik;ksa dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy;s la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ çLrko la[;k 598
(1987) dks ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
orZeku ifjn`';
{ks=k esa c<+rs la?k"kZ

gky gh esa] if'pe ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kµ ;eu] lhfj;k ,oa yhfc;k esa Hkw&jktuhfrd dkjdksa vkSj la?k"kks± dh
otg ls oSf'od vkSj {ks=kh; Lrj ij lEca/ksa esa cgqr ”;knk cnyko vkSj ruko ns•k tk ldrk gSA
la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk dh ?kVrh Hkwfedk
mi;ZqÙkQ la?k"kks± osQ vykok vesfjdk&bZjku fookn us Hkh bl {ks=k dks ruko esa gh j•k gS vkSj bl
otg ls bZjkuh ukfHkdh; dk;ZØe ij yxh jksd dk lk{kh iwjk fo'o gqvkA
bZjku osQ lkFk jktuhfrd vkSj oSpkfjd vlgefr osQ dkj.k la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk osQ bl {ks=k dh
lqj{kk osQ fy;s çfrc¼rk esa fxjkoV dk eqík •kM+h lg;ksx ifj"kn~ osQ lnL;ksa }kjk vDlj mBk;k
tkrk jgk gSA
th-lh-lh- ds Hkhrj mHkjrs foHkktu
ijLij fojks/h lkefjd vkSj j.kuhfrd fgrksa vkSj O;fÙkQijd fopkjksa osQ gkfy;k mHkkj us th-lh-lh- osQ
lnL;ksa osQ chp ,d çdkj dk foHkktu mRiUu dj fn;k gSA
th-lh-lh esa fuEufyf•r dkj.kksa dh otg ls foHkktu vkSj c<+rk tk jgk gS%
oSf'od vkfFkZd ladV
{ks=kh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij dksfoM&19 dk rkRdkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd çHkko
vksisd esa py jgk vkarfjd xfrjks/
orZeku esa rsy dh dherksa esa fxjkoV
73
djsaV vQs;lZ
{ks=k esa fLFkjrk ds fy;s lEHkkfor ÚseodZ
{ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od lqj{kk
{ks=kesa fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy;s fdlh Hkh lEHkkfor <k¡ps dks u osQoy {ks=kh; 'krks± ij] cfYd
oSf'od 'krks± ij Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dh vko';drk gSA
fliQZ •kM+h ns'kksa osQ chp gh •kM+h {ks=k dh lqj{kk dk eqík ugha gS] cfYd bl {ks=k ls ckgj Hkh
;g eq[; eqík gS vkSj yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa dh fuxkgsa bl {ks=k ij yxh jgrh gSaA
vU; igyw
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] <k¡ps esa fuEufyf•r 'krks± dks Hkh lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk%
lHkh ns'kksa esa LFkkuh; Lrj ij 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrkA
•kM+h osQ lHkh ns'kksa dks muosQ gkbMªksdkcZu vkSj vU; çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk nksgu djus dh Lora=krkA
iQkjl dh •kM+h osQ ikuh esa gkseZqt tyMe:eè; }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d vkokxeu dh Lora=krkA
gj ml la?k"kZ dks jksdus ij ”kksj nsuk tks O;kikj dh Lora=krk ij çHkko Mky ldrk gSA
•kM+h lg;ksx ifj"kn (Gulf Co-operation Council - GCC)

;g vjc çk;}hi esa fLFkr Ng ns'kksa dk ,d fo'ks"k jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd xBca/u gS] ftlesa cgjhu]
oqQoSr] vkseku] drj] lÅnh vjc vkSj la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr 'kkfey gSaA bldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1981 esa
gqbZ FkhA
;g lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp vkfFkZd lqj{kk rFkk lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsus osQ
fd;s ç;kljr gSA bldk eq[;ky; lÅnh vjc dh jkt/kuh fj;kn esa fLFkr gS ,oa bldh dk;Zdkjh
Hkk"kk vjch gSA
iQkjl dh •kM+h {ks=k ds lkFk Hkkjr dk lEca/
Hkkjr vkSj th-lh-lh
th-lh-lh- osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lEca/ gky osQ o"kks± esa lqn`<+ gq, gSaA ,slk
ns•k x;k gS fd orZeku esa th-lh-lh- lnL; ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa osQ vuqowQy gSaA
;g eS=khiw.kZ lEca/ yxHkx 121 fcfy;u MkWyj osQ f}i{kh; O;kikj vkSj 90 yk• ls vf/d
yksxksa osQ dk;Zcy }kjk jsfeVsal osQ :i esa 49 fcfy;u MkWyj osQ Hkkjr Hksts tkus ls Li"V :i ls
ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
Hkkjr osQ dPps rsy osQ vk;kr esa th-lh-lh- vkiwfrZdrkZvksa dh fgLlsnkjh yxHkx 34» gSA
Hkkjr vkSj bZjku

Hkkjrus ges'kk bZjku osQ lkFk eS=khiw.kZ lEca/ lk>k fd;s gSa ysfdu Hkkjr&bZjku lEca/ la;qÙkQ jkT;
vesfjdk osQ ncko dh otg ls bl le; lcls tfVy nkSj ls xq”kj jgs gSaA
ebZ 2018 esa la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk us bZjkuh ijek.kq le>kSrs dks jí djosQ bZjku ij vkfFkZd çfrca/ksa
dks fiQj ls cgky dj fn;k FkkA
{ks=k esa Hkkjr dh lexz Hkwfedk
Hkkjr bl {ks=k esa LFkkuh; ;k {ks=kh; fooknksa esa 'kkfey gksus ls vf/drj cprk vk;k gSA
bl {ks=k esa 'kkafr vkSj {ks=kh; fLFkjrk Hkkjrh; fgrksa osQ fy;s vfr vko';d gSA
74
djsaV vQs;lZ
vkxs dh jkg
;g ns•k tk jgk gS fd •kM+h {ks=k esa lÅnh vjc dh 'kfÙkQ de gksrh tk jgh gS] tcfd la;qÙkQ vjc
vehjkr] drj vkSj bZjku u, {ks=kh; usr`RodÙkkZvksa osQ :i esa mHkj jgs gSaA
vkseku vkSj bjkd dks viuh lEçHkq igpku cuk, j•us osQ fy;s vHkh dkiQh la?k"kZ djuk gksxkA
Hkkjr dks •kM+h {ks=k esa lkewfgd lqj{kk uhfr dk leFkZu djuk pkfg;sA bl {ks=k esa 'kkafr o LFkkf;Ro
Hkkjr osQ fy;s y?kq ,oa nh?kZdkfyd nksuksa vof/;ksa osQ fy;s ykHkdkjh lkfcr gksxkA
Hkkjr&HkwVku ds eè; le>kSrk Kkiu

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa osQaæh; eaf=keaMy }kjk Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku osQ eè; i;kZoj.k osQ {ks=k esa lg;ksx ij le>kSrk Kkiu
(Memorandum of Unders”kanding-MoU) dks LohÑfr çnku dh xbZ gSA
i`"BHkwfe
Hkkjr ljdkj osQ i;kZoj.k] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ea=kky; (MoEFCC) osQ osQaæh; çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k
cksMZ (CPCB) vkSj HkwVku ljdkj osQ jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k vk;ksx (National Environment Commission-
NEC) osQ chp 11 ekpZ] 2013 dks tks le>kSrk Kkiu fd;k x;k Fkk] mldh le;kof/ 10 ekpZ]
2016 dks lekIr gks xbZ FkhA
blh le>kSrk Kkiu osQ ykHkksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, i;kZoj.k osQ {ks=k esa lg;ksx vkSj leUo; dks cuk,
j•us osQ mís'; ls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ eè; ,d u;k le>kSrk Kkiu fd;k x;k gSA
u, le>kSrk Kkiu ds eq[; fcanq
u;k le>kSrk Kkiu gLrk{kj djus dh frfFk ls ysdj nl o"kZ dh vof/ rd osQ fy;s ykxw jgsxkA
bl le>kSrs osQ rgr f}i{kh; fgrksa vkSj ikjLifjd :i ls lger çkIr çkFkfedrkvksa dks è;ku esa
j•rs gq, ok;q] vif'k"V] jklk;fud çca/u vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu tSls {ks=kksa esa lg;ksx fd;k tk,xkA
le>kSrk Kkiu osQ mís';ksa dks iwjk djus gsrq ikjLifjd xfrfof/;ksa osQ fy;s lHkh Lrjksa ij laxBuksa]
futh dEifu;ksa] ljdkjh laLFkkuksa ,oa nksuksa ns'kksa osQ vuqla/ku laLFkkuksa dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xkA
ikjLifjd xfrfof/;ksa dh çxfr dh leh{kk ,oa fo'ys"k.k gsrq la;qÙkQ dk;Zlewg ;k f}i{kh; cSBdksa
dk vk;kstu fd;k tk,xkA
nksuksa i{kksa }kjk lEcaf/r ea=kky;ksa ;k ,tsafl;ksa dks çxfr vkSj miyfC/;ksa osQ lEca/ esa fof/or tkudkjh
çnku dh tk,xhA
Hkkjr&HkwVku lEca/
nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk NksVk&lk ns'k HkwVku rFkk Hkkjr osQ eè; lEca/ 'kq#vkr ls gh e/qj jgs gSaA nksuksa ns'kksa
osQ chp lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd fudVrk gSA
o"kZ 1910 esa fczVsu }kjk HkwVku osQ lkFk iquk•k dh laf/ osQ i'pkr Hkkjr&HkwVku lEca/ksa dh uhao j•h xbZA
Hkkjr rFkk HkwVku osQ eè; lhek •qyh gksus osQ dkj.k lhek lqj{kk gsrq f}i{kh; Hkkjr&HkwVku lewg lhek
çca/u vkSj lqj{kk dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
Hkkjr }kjk la;qÙkQ jk"Vª esa HkwVku tSls NksVs ns'k osQ ços'k dk leFkZu djus osQ i'pkr ls gh HkwVku osQ
fy;s fo'ks"k vkfFkZd lgk;rk dk ekxZ •qy ik;k gSA
75
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku osQ eè; 8 vxLr] 1949 dks nkftZfyax esa 'kkafr vkSj eS=kh laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd;s x,
FksA bl laf/ dks Hkkjr&HkwVku laf/ osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr&HkwVku laf/ dks Hkkjr rFkk HkwVku osQ fons'kh lEca/ksa dk vk/kj ekuk tkrk gS rFkk blh vk/kj
ij nksuksa ns'k fons'k uhfr rS;kj djrs gSaA bl eS=kh laf/ osQ vuqlkj] HkwVku dks fons'kh ekeyksa esa Hkkjr
dh jk; ysuk vko';d Fkk] foaQrq o"kZ 2007 esa blesa la'kks/u djosQ çko/ku fd;k x;k fd HkwVku vc
osQoy Hkkjr osQ fgrksa dks çHkkfor djus okys ekeyksa osQ lEca/ esa gh jk; ysxkA
HkwVku ,d fgeky;h jk"Vª gS ftls Hkkjr vius lqj{kk çgjh osQ :i esa ns•rk gS] lkFk gh Hkkjr lEçHkqrk
vkSj yksdra=k osQ çfr HkwVku dh çxfr dk Hkh leFkZu djrk gSA
HkwVku dh vFkZO;oLFkk eq[;r% ty&fo|qr fu;kZr ij fuHkZj gSA HkwVku dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd lg;ksxh
Hkkjr gh jgk gSA o"kZ 1961 esa 'kq: gqbZ HkwVku dh igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ ckn ls Hkkjr ogk¡ fujarj
foÙkh; fuos'k dj jgk gSA Hkkjr ,oa HkwVku osQ eè; eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrk (Free Trade Agreement)
o"kZ 1972 esa gqvk FkkA
Hkkjr&HkwVku ds lEca/ksa esa ubZ pqukSfr;k¡
Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku osQ eè; lg;ksx dk lcls çeq• {ks=k iufctyh gSA ;g nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp vkfFkZd
lEca/ksa dk osQaæfcanq gSA HkwVku dh th-Mh-ih- esa bldk lcls vf/d ;ksxnku gSA Hkkjr fofHkUu iufctyh
la;a=kksa osQ fuekZ.k esa HkwVku dks lfØ; lg;ksx çnku djrk jgk gSA
iufctyh gh Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku osQ eè; fpark dk çeq• dkj.k Hkh gSA HkwVku ij yxkrkj iufctyh d”kZ
c<+rk tk jgk gS rFkk bl lkoZtfud ½.k osQ Hkqxrku osQ fy;s phu yxkrkj HkwVku osQ lkeus çLrko
j• jgk gSA HkwVku Hkh Hkkjr ij viuh fuHkZjrk dks de djuk pkgrk gSA
HkwVku fujarj viuh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fofo/rk dk jkLrk viuk jgk gSA bl lg;ksx osQ fy;s og phu
dks Hkkjr osQ fodYi osQ :i esa ns• jgk gSA gkyk¡fd] orZeku esa phu rFkk HkwVku osQ eè; O;kikfjd
,oa vkfFkZd lEca/ lhfer gh gSaA
HkwVku }kjk ,d frgkbZ oLrqvksa dk vk;kr phu ls fd;k tkrk gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd phu HkwVku
osQ lkFk O;kikfjd ekeyksa esa iSj tekus dk ç;kl dj jgk gSA
76
djsaV vQs;lZ
phu dh HkwVku esa c<+rh iSB Hkkjr dh lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls Hkh fpark dk fo"k; gSA phu bl fgeky;h
jk"Vª esa viuk çHkko c<+kus osQ fy;s laLÑfr vkSj i;ZVu tSlh lkWÝV ikWoj dh owQVuhfr dk ç;ksx dj
jgk gSA HkwVku esa yxkrkj phuh i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gks jgh gS] ftls HkwVku viuh vkfFkZd c<+r
osQ :i esa ns• jgk gS] lkFk gh HkwVku dh th-Mh-ih- esa nwljh lcls cM+h fgLlsnkjh i;ZVu dh gh gSA
vkxs dh jkg
Hkkjr dks HkwVku osQ lkFk vius fj'rksa esa fofo/rk ykus osQ lkFk&lkFk viuh Hkwfedk Hkh cnyuh gksxhA vc
HkwVku de fodflr ns'kksa osQ lewg ls ckgj fudyuk pkgrk gS vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls vf/d vkRefuHkZj
cuuk pkgrk gSA Hkkjr HkwVku esa vius fuos'k esa o`f¼ dj HkwVku dh çxfr esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA
eS=kh laf/ osQ vuqPNsn&2 osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr HkwVku osQ ç'kklfud ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djsxk] foaQrq
mlosQ ckgjh lEca/ksa esa lykg ns ldrk gSA phu }kjk bl çko/ku dk fojks/ fd;k tkrk jgk gS ysfdu
Mksdyke fookn osQ le; esa HkwVku dk çeq• lg;ksxh Hkkjr gh jgk Fkk] ftlus vius iM+kslh ns'k
(HkwVku) dh j{kk osQ fy;s phu dk fojks/ fd;k FkkA
phu] HkwVku osQ lkFk vius lEca/ksa dks osQoy vkfFkZd :i ls gh lhfer ugha j•uk pkgrk] cfYd
HkwVku dh ?kjsyw ,oa fons'kh uhfr;ksa dks Hkh çHkkfor djuk pkgrk gSA fiQygky rks HkwVku esa Hkkjr osQ
fy;s •rjs dh ckr ugha gS] foaQrq viQlksl djus ls igys lqjf{kr gks tkuk ges'kk csgrj jgrk gSA
Hkkjr&vkWLVªsfy;k opZqvy lfeV% xBtksM+ dk u;k ekWMy

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
4 twu] 2020 dks Hkkjr vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k osQ ç/kueaf=k;ksa }kjk vkWuykbu ekè;e ls opZqvy lfeV dk vk;kstu
fd;k x;k] ftlesa nksuksa ns'kksa osQ f}i{kh; lEca/ksa ij ppkZ djus osQ lkFk gh vkilh lEca/ksa dks vkSj e”kcwr
cukus ij cy fn;k x;kA ;g igyk volj gS] tc Hkkjrh; ç/kuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh us fdlh fons'kh usrk
(vkWLVªsfy;k osQ ç/kuea=kh LdkWV ekWfjlu) osQ lkFk f}i{kh; opZqvy lfeV esa fgLlk fy;k gSA
opZqvy lfeV ds eq[; fcanq
opZqvy lfeV esa Hkkjr vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k osQ chp lkr egÙoiw.kZ le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd;s tkus osQ
lkFk gh nks la;qÙkQ ?kks"k.kk,¡ Hkh dh xbZaA nksuksa ns'kksa osQ eè; gq, le>kSrksa esa ,d&nwljs osQ lSU; fBdkuksa
,oa lktks&lkeku dh igq¡p ls lEcaf/r le>kSrs Hkh 'kkfey gSaA ;s le>kSrs vkSj ?kks"k.kk,¡ fuEu gSa%
1- lkbcj vkSj lkbcj&,uscYM fØfVdy rduhdh lg;ksx le>kSrk
2- •uu rFkk nqyZHk o j.kuhfrd •futksa osQ çlaLdj.k osQ {ks=k esa lg;ksx gsrq le>kSrk Kkiu (MoU)
3- E;qpqvy ykWftfLVd liksVZ osQ çca/u lEca/h nLrkos”kksa ij gLrk{kj
4- j{kk foKku rFkk rduhd esa lg;ksx gsrq le>kSrk
5- ç'kklu esa lq/kj osQ fy;s lg;ksx ij le>kSrk
6- O;kolkf;d f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa lg;ksx gsrq djkj
7- ty&lalk/u çca/u osQ fy;s le>kSrk
I. nksuksa ns'kksa osQ eè; j.kuhfrd lk>snkjh ij la;qÙkQ ?kks"k.kkA
II. fgan&ç'kkar {ks=k esa leqæh lg;ksx ij la;qÙkQ ?kks"k.kkA
opZqvy lfeV esa nksuksa i{kksa }kjk c<+rs vkradokn osQ eqíksa ij rFkk fo'o O;kikj laxBu (W.T.O.) esa
lq/kjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk dksfoM&19 egkekjh ls fuiVus gsrq mik;ksa ij Hkh ppkZ dh xbZA
77
djsaV vQs;lZ
bl vkWuykbu f}i{kh; okrkZ osQ i'pkr nksuksa i{kksa }kjk lk>k j{kk pqukSfr;ksa dk eqdkcyk djus osQ fy;s
j{kk lg;ksx c<+kus ,oa lSU; vH;kl lfgr vU; xfrfof/;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ij lgefr çnku dh xbZA
opZqvy lfeV esa dgk x;k fd Hkkjr rFkk vkWLVªsfy;k osQ eè; fgan&ç'kkar {ks=k esa leqæh lg;ksx c<+kus
osQ lkFk&lkFk nksuksa ns'k lEçHkqrk rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuksa dk ikyu djrs gq, fu;e vk/kfjr leqæh
O;oLFkk dks ysdj çfrc¼ gSaA
Hkkjr vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k osQ lk>k leqæh lqj{kk fgrksa ij ”kksj nsus osQ lkFk gh ukSlSfud lg;ksx c<+kus ij
Hkh lgefr cuh gSA vkWLVªsfy;k us la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ foLrkj rFkk blesa Hkkjr dh lnL;rk
dks ysdj Hkkjr osQ i{k dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
ukxfjd mís';ksa gsrq ijek.kq dk;ZØe osQ lEca/ esa nksuksa ns'kksa }kjk f}i{kh; lg;ksx ij cy nsus osQ
lkFk gh oSf'od Lrj ij ijek.kq vçlkj fu;eksa dks vkSj dBksj cukus ij ”kksj fn;k x;kA vkWLVªsfy;k
us ijek.kq vkiwfrZdrkZ lewg (N.S.G.) jk"Vªksa esa Hkkjr dh lnL;rk dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
nksuksa ns'kksa osQ lkFk vkus dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ mís'; phu dks lkaosQfrd :i ls lans'k nsuk Hkh gS fd og
vU; ns'kksa dh lEçHkqrk dk ikyu djus osQ lkFk&lkFk fgan&ç'kkar {ks=k esa 'kkafr O;oLFkk cuk, j•sA
Hkkjr&vkWLVªsfy;k lEca/
nksuksa ns'kksa osQ lEca/ o"kZ 2009 esa lkefjd xBtksM+ osQ Lrj ij igq¡ps rFkk dbZ egÙoiw.kZ {ks=kksa esa
lg;ksx xfrfof/;ksa dks ,d ubZ fn'kk feyhA o"kZ 2017 esa fons'k uhfr ij 'osr i=k esa vkWLVªsfy;k us
Hkkjr dks fgan egklkxj osQ ns'kksa esa egÙoiw.kZ ukSogu 'kfÙkQ rFkk vkWLVªsfy;k osQ vfxze lg;ksxh osQ
:i esa ekU;rk çnku dh FkhA
Hkkjr vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k osQ eè; foxr o"kks± esa vkfFkZd lEca/ csgrj gq, gSaA o"kZ 2018&19 esa nksuksa ns'kksa
osQ eè; dkjksckj 21 vjc MkWyj dk FkkA mYys[kuh; gS fd nksuksa ns'k O;kikj rFkk fuos'k esa o`f¼ dks
ysdj dk;Z dj jgs gSaA
vkWLVªsfy;k osQ lqij isa'ku iQaM us Hkkjr esa us'kuy bUosLVesaV ,aM baÚkLVªDpj iQaM (N.I.I.F.) esa ,d
vjc MkWyj dk fuos'k fd;k gSA
foxr oqQN o"kks± esa vkWLVªsfy;k us Hkkjr osQ lkFk ukSogu lg;ksx c<+kus ij Hkh cy fn;k gSA vkWLVªsfy;k
,oa Hkkjr us igyk f}i{kh; ukSlsuk vH;kl o"kZ 2015 esa fd;k FkkA o"kZ 2019 esa caxky dh •kM+h esa
bl çdkj dk rhljk vH;kl lEiUu fd;k x;k FkkA
vkWLVªsfy;k lhek ikj vkradokn osQ eqís ij Hkh Hkkjr dk leFkZd jgk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
Hkkjr vkWLVªsfy;k osQ lkFk vius lEca/ksa dks O;kid rkSj ij vkSj e”kcwr djus osQ fy;s çfrc¼ gSA
;g u osQoy nksuksa ns'kksa osQ fy;s egÙoiw.kZ gS] cfYd fgan&ç'kkar {ks=k vkSj oSf'od fLFkjrk osQ fy;s
Hkh vko';d gSA
oSf'od egkekjh osQ bl dky esa Hkkjr&vkWLVªsfy;k osQ lexz lkefjd xBtksM+ dh Hkwfedk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ
gksxh rFkk fo'o dks bl egkekjh osQ vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd nq"çHkkoksa ls 'kh?kz gh ckgj vkus osQ fy;s
,d lefUor vkSj ,dtqV igy dh vko';drk gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj orZeku ladV dks ,d volj osQ :i esa ns• jgh gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx lHkh {ks=kksa esa
O;kid lq/kjksa dh çfØ;k 'kq: dh tk pqdh gSA 'kh?kz gh bu lq/kjksa osQ ifj.kke tehuh Lrj ij ns•us
dks fey ldrs gSaA Hkkjr&vkWLVªsfy;k lEca/ksa dks l'kÙkQ cukus dk ;g mi;qÙkQ le; vkSj volj gS ,oa
fe=krk dks vkSj e”kcwr cukus osQ fy;s nksuksa ns'kksa osQ ikl vlhe lEHkkouk,¡ gSaA
78
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr&rkfycku lehdj.k vkSj i'rwuksa ls tqM+s loky

viQxkfuLrku esa rkfycku dk çHkkoh fu;a=k.k gky osQ o"kks± esa c<+k gSA
bl otg ls vc viQxkfuLrku ls ”;knk rkfycku osQ lkFk Hkkjr dh lh/h ckrphr dk loky FkksM+k
”;knk çklafxd gks x;k gSA
vesfjdk }kjk viQxkfuLrku ls viuh lsukvksa dks gVkus dh ?kks"k.kk djus vkSj bl lky dh 'kq#vkr
esa rkfycku osQ lkFk 'kkafr le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj djus osQ ckn vc rkfycku jktuSfrd :i ls ”;knk
egÙokdka{kh fn• jgk gSA
blosQ vykok] gky gh esa viQxkfuLrku osQ fy;s fo'ks"k vesfjdh nwr tYek; •yhytkn us Hkkjr ls
rkfycku osQ lkFk ,d jktuhfrd ckrphr 'kq: djus dh odkyr Hkh dh FkhA
Hkkjr dks D;k djuk pkfg;s\
rkfycku osQ lkFk lh/h ckrphr dh ckr djus okyksa dk rdZ gS fd Hkkjr] orZeku viQxku jktuhfr
esa bruk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j•us okyh rkdr dks u”kjvank”k ugha dj ldrhA
ysfdu ,d nwljk rdZ rg Hkh gS fd rkfycku ls ckrphr djus osQ fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; HksM+pky esa 'kkfey
gksus dk Hkkjr osQ ikl dksbZ fo'ks"k dkj.k ugha gSA
gkyk¡fd mudk dguk gS fd ;fn rkfycku ,d 'kkafriw.kZ bdkbZ cu tk, vkSj viQxkfuLrku osQ lkFk
jktuhfrd le>kSrs dh ryk'k esa 'kkfey gks tk,] rks Hkkjr dh rkfycku osQ lkFk lh/h ckrphr esa
fdlh dks dksbZ vkifÙk ugha gSA
bl izdkj] rkfycku osQ lkFk ,d laokn 'kq: djuk Hkkjr osQ fy;s ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dk lkefjd eqík
gS] tks reke 'krks± ij fuHkZj gSA
rkfycku dh i`"BHkwfe
rkfycku esa lcls cM+k u`tkrh; lewg i'rwu gS] ftlls tqM+h jktuhfr cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA
i'rwuksa ls tqM+s loky Hkkjr osQ fgr osQ fy;s cgqr vko';d gSaA
rkfycku eq[;r% ,d lqUuh] bLykfed dêðjiaFkh jktuhfrd vkanksyu gS] ftldh 'kq#vkr 1990 osQ
n'kd esa nf{k.kh viQxkfuLrku esa gqbZ FkhA
rkfycku i'rks Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn rkfyc ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS KkukFkhZ (Nk=k)A è;krO; gS fd
ikfdLrku rFkk viQxkfuLrku osQ enjlksa osQ bLykfed dêðjiaFk ij fo'okl j•us okys Nk=k blls cM+s
iSekus ij tqM+sA
1990 dh 'kq#vkr esa mÙkjh ikfdLrku esa rkfycku dk mn; ekuk tkrk gSA i'rwu vkanksyu osQ lgkjs
rkfycku us viQxkfuLrku esa viuh tM+s tek yh FkhaA
o"kZ 1996 ls ysdj o"kZ 2001 rd viQxkfuLrku esa rkfyckuh 'kklu osQ nkSjku eqYyk mej ns'k dk
lokZsPp /kfeZd usrk FkkA
o"kZ 2001 osQ viQxkfuLrkuh ;q¼ osQ ckn rkfycku yqIrçk; gks x;k Fkk ysfdu o"kZ 2004 osQ ckn blus
viuh xfrfof/;k¡ nf{k.kh viQxkfuLrku vkSj if'peh ikfdLrku esa iqu% c<+kbZaA
rkfycku us 'kq#vkr esa ikfdLrku vkSj viQxkfuLrku osQ i'rwu bykdksa esa lqj{kk vkSj 'kkafr dk;e djus
dk oknk fd;k Fkk rFkk yksxksa dks Hkjkslk fnyk;k Fkk fd os bLyke osQ lk/kj.k 'kfj;k dkuwuksa dks gh
ykxw djsaxsA gkyk¡fd] oqQN gh le; ckn rkfycku yksxksa osQ fy;s fljnnZ gh lkfcr gqvkA
79
djsaV vQs;lZ
'kfj;k dkuwu osQ rgr efgykvksa ij dbZ rjg dh dM+h ikcafn;k¡ yxk nh xbZa FkhaA laxhr] Vhoh vkSj
irax mM+kus tSls euksjatu osQ dk;ks± ij çfrca/ yxk fn;k x;kA nl o"kZ ls Åij dh yM+fd;ksa osQ
LowQy&dkWyst tkus ij iw.kZr% çfrca/ yxk fn;k x;k FkkA lkFk gh ltk nsus osQ ohHkRl rjhdksa osQ
dkj.k ogk¡ osQ lekt esa rkfyckuh fopkj/kjk dk fojks/ gksus yxkA
nks ewy eqís tks rkfycku vkSj i'rwu ls tqM+h ckrksa dks fn'kk nsaxs
1- u`tkrh; lewgksa ds chp ,drk LFkkfir djuk
lcls igys viQxkfuLrku esa vusd u`tkrh; lewgksa osQ fgrksa ij lekos'kh :i ls è;ku nsus dh
vko';drk gSA
;gk¡ i'rwuksa dh vkcknh yxHkx 42 çfr'kr gSA
cM+s viQxku vYila[;dksa esa 27» rkftd] 9» gtkjk vkSj m”csd 'kkfey gSaA
fiNys pkj n'kdksa esa viQxkfuLrku esa reke jktuSfrd ljdkjksa osQ jgus osQ ckotwn ,d fLFkj
vkarfjd larqyu dh deh fn•h gSA
;fn rkfycku viQxkfuLrku esa jktuSfrd :i ls vkSj ”;knk çHkko'kkyh gks tk,xk rks ;g fnDdr
vkSj Hkh c<+ ldrh gSA
mYys•uh; gS fd o"kZ 1990 osQ n'kd osQ var esa vius laf{kIr 'kklu osQ nkSjku rkfycku us
vYila[;dksa dks csjgeh ls oqQpy fn;k FkkA gkyk¡fd] ,slh •cjsa Hkh vk jgh gSa fd rkfycku vc
vYila[;dksa rd viuh igq¡p cukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA
2- viQxkfuLrku esa ikfdLrku dk n•y
ikfdLrku dh eè;LFkrk ls viQxkfuLrku esa vkarfjd larqyu osQ fuekZ.k dh leL;k tfVy gks xbZ gSA
ikfdLrku pkgrk gS fd viQxkfuLrku ij mldk ”;knk&ls&”;knk çHkqRo gksA bl otg ls iwoZ esa
Hkh og rkfycku dks vusd Lrjksa ij leFkZu nsrk vk;k gSA
ikfdLrku esa i'rwu vYila[;dksa dh fLFkfr
ikfdLrku esa viQxkfuLrku osQ yxHkx 2 xqus ls ”;knk i'rwu yksx jgrs gSa] ftudh viQxkfuLrku esa
vkcknh 1-5 djksM+ osQ vkl&ikl gS vkSj ikfdLrku esa 3-5 djksM+ osQ yxHkx gSA
gkyk¡fd] i'rwu vyxkookn yEcs le; ls ikfdLrku esa ns•k x;k gSA blfy;s ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd
rkfycku ifdLrku dh ctk; igys i'rwuksa dks çkFkfedrk nsxkA
fiNys pkj n'kdksa esa viQxkfuLrku ij fu;a=k.k djus osQ ifdLrku osQ ç;klksa dh otg ls MwjaM js•k
ij i'rwu yksxksa dks cgqr ls d"V mBkus iM+s gSaA vr% rkfycku us ikfdLrku osQ lkFk viQxkfuLrku
dh oS/ lhek osQ :i esa dHkh Hkh MwjaM js•k dk leFkZu ugha fd;k gSA
i'rwu rgiQwt vkanksyu us i'rwuksa osQ cqfu;knh ekuokf/dkjksa ls tqM+h ekaxksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ fuokj.k osQ
vusd ç;kl fd;s ysfdu ikfdLrku us mudk cM+s iSekus ij neu gh fd;k gSA
blds vfrfjDr] ikfdLrku Hkh bl fo"k; esa vk'oLr ugha gS fd D;k rkfycku dk leFkZu djus ij
og viuh i'rwuh u`tkrh; igpku osQ Åij ikfdLrku dks ojh;rk nsxk\
fu"d"kZ
viQxkfuLrku esa ikfdLrku osQ O;kid lSU; vkSj jktuhfrd fuos'k osQ ckotwn ifdLrku dh if'peh
lhek ij lqj{kk vHkh lqfuf'pr ugha gS vkSj ;fn viQxkfuLrku jktuhfr esa rkfycku çHkkoh gks tkrk
80
djsaV vQs;lZ
gS rks ;g Hkkjr osQ fy;s Hkh ”;knk lq•n ckr ugha gksxh] ;|fi Hkkjr dks rkfycku ls okrkZ djus osQ
fy;s •qn dks rS;kj djuk gksxkA
(lzksr % n bafM;u ,Dlçsl)
Hkkjr&:l lEca/ksa dk iquxZBu

gky gh esa] Hkkjr osQ j{kkea=kh us f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ fot; fnol dks eukus osQ fy;s :l dk nkSjk fd;kA
j{kk ea=kh us :l dks S-4000 ,;j fMiQsal flLVe osQ igys ykWV dh fMyhojh esa rs”kh ykus osQ fy;s Hkh
dgkA
:l osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ lEca/ksa dh ,d ldkjkRed ckr ;g gS fd :l dk phu ij ges'kk ,d fo'ks"k
çHkko jgk gS vkSj phu }kjk Hkkjrh; lhek ij vfrØe.k osQ eqís ij vDlj :l us Hkkjr dk i{k fy;k gSA
;|fi Hkkjr vkSj :l osQ chp j.kuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd lg;ksx dk ,d o`gr bfrgkl jgk gS ysfdu
'khr ;q¼ osQ ckn :l vkSj phu osQ chp mRiUu gqvk j.kuhfrd tqM+ko Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr osQ fy;s
ges'kk ls ,d Toyar eqík jgk gSA
mYys•uh; gS fd orZeku esa Hkh :l Hkkjr osQ fy;s ,d vfuok;Z lg;ksxh cuk gqvk gS vr% Hkkjr
dks viuh :l dh uhfr ij iqufoZpkj djus dh vko';drk gSA
:l vkSj phu ds chp j.kuhfrd tqM+ko
vkfFkZd lg;ksx% 'khr ;q¼ osQ ckn :l&phu lEca/ksa dks muosQ eè; vkfFkZd lg;ksx dh otg ls
,d û;k j.kuhfrd vk/kj* feyk gSA
phu u fliQZ :l dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd lk>snkj gS] cfYd :l esa fuos'k djus okyk lcls
cM+k ,f'k;kbZ fuos'kd ns'k Hkh gSA
phu :l dks dPps eky osQ ikojgkml vkSj viuh oLrqvksa osQ fy;s mi;qÙkQ ck”kkj osQ :i esa
ns•rk gSA
vesfjdk ds fy;s lkeku Hkko% vesfjdh uhfr ls :l vkSj phu nksuksa esa le; osQ lkFk vlarks"k
c<+k gS] ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp ?kfu"Brk vkSj c<+h gS] D;ksafd nksuksa ns'kksa dk j.kuhfrd fojks/h ,d
gh ns'k gSA
o"kZ 2014 esa Øhfe;k ij vf/xzg.k osQ ckn ls if'peh ns'kksa osQ yxkrkj fojks/ osQ chp phu us
:l dk leFkZu fd;k Fkk ftlls ;s nksuksa ns'k vkSj ”;knk djhc vk,] ;|fi phu us :l osQ fgLls
osQ :i esa Øhfe;k dks dHkh ekU;rk ugha nhA
phu] csYV vkSj jksM igy }kjk lEiw.kZ ;wjksi osQ ck”kkjksa rd viuh igq¡p c<+kuk pkgrk gS vkSj phu
osQ bl ç;kl esa :l mldk çkÑfrd j.kuhfrd Hkkxhnkj gS] D;ksafd leqæh ekxZ ij lkekU;r%
la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk dk çHkqRo gSA
lg;ksx ds {ks=k% gky gh esa] :l us phu dks viuh uohure lSU; çkS|ksfxdh (tSls S-400 lrg ls
gok esa ekj djus okyh felkby vkSj ,l;w&35 yM+kowQ tsV foeku vkfn) cspus dk fu.kZ; fy;k vkSj
lkFk gh vius lcls cM+s lSU; fMªy esa Hkkx ysus dk fuea=k.k Hkh fn;kA
blosQ vykok] :l vkSj phu osQ chp dbZ vU; {ks=kksa esa jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd rkyesy yxkrkj
c<+rk tk jgk gS] tSlsµ ÅtkZ] gfFk;kjksa dk mRiknu] ,d&nwljs dh jk"Vªh; eqækvksa esa O;kikj ,oa
vU; j.kuhfrd ifj;kstuk,¡ vkfnA
81
djsaV vQs;lZ
:l&phu lEca/% lqfo/k dh fe=krk
dbZ fons'k uhfr fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; gS fd Hkkjr dks :l&phu lEca/ksa esa fudVrk ls Mjuk ugha pkfg;s
D;ksafd bldh çÑfr vLFkkbZ gS vkSj ;g orZeku Hkw&jktuhfrd fLFkfr dk ifj.kke ek=k gSA bls fuEufyf•r
fcanqvksa }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS %
:l dk iqu#RFkku% :l ,d egku 'kfÙkQ osQ :i esa viuh fLFkfr fiQj ls gkfly djuk pkgrk gS]
blfy;s og phu dks Hkfo"; osQ lEHkkfor j.kuhfrd fojks/h osQ :i esa ns•rk gSA
eè; ,f'k;k esa opZLo ds fy;s yM+kbZ% :l ;wjsf'k;k {ks=k esa lg;ksx osQ fy;s ”;knk ç;kljr gS]
rkfd ml {ks=k esa :l viuk çHkqRo LFkkfir dj losQA
;wjsf'k;k esa vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k ewy :i ls :l }kjk gh 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA
gkyk¡fd] orZeku le; esa phu us Hkh bl {ks=k esa e”kcwr lEca/ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k gSA
pw¡fd nksuksa gh ns'kksa us bl {ks=k esa vius fgr ls tqM+h ifj;kstukvksa dks vkxs c<+k;k gS] blfy;s bl
{ks=k esa bu nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp opZLo dk la?k"kZ gksus dh lEHkkouk Hkh gSA
è;krO; gS fd vHkh rd phu us Øhfe;k dks :l osQ fgLls osQ :i esa ekU;rk ugha nh gS vkSj :l
Hkh nf{k.kh phu lkxj esa phu osQ nkoksa ij rVLFk #• gh viukrk vk;k gSA
Hkkjr vkSj :l lEca/
:l yEcs le; ls Hkkjr dk lg;ksxh ,oa fe=k jgk gSA :l us u osQoy Hkkjr dks lSU; gfFk;kjksa osQ {ks=k
esa cfYd fofHkUu çdkj osQ {ks=kh; eqíksa vkSj ;kstukvksa esa vewY; jktuf;d leFkZu Hkh fn;k gSA
gkyk¡fd] foxr oqQN o"kks± esa Hkkjr us lfØ; :i ls vU; ns'kksa ls viuh ubZ j{kk •jhn esa fofo/rk ykbZ
gS] ysfdu vHkh Hkh Hkkjr cM+h ek=kk esa (60 ls 70») vius j{kk midj.kksa dks :l ls gh •jhnrk gSA
blosQ vykok] Hkkjr dks :lh j{kk m|ksx ls Lis;j ikV~lZ dh fu;fer vkSj fo'oluh; vkiwfrZ dh
”k:jr yxkrkj cuh jgrh gSA
;|fi gky osQ fnuksa esa :l&phu osQ chp c<+rs v/Z&xBca/u ls vyx Hkh Hkkjr&:l lEca/ksa esa ,d
fopyu&lk ns•k x;k gSA
Hkkjr osQ lkFk reke j{kk vkSj vk;q/ le>kSrksa osQ ckotwn vc :l vius gfFk;kjksa dh fcØh osQ
fy;s ikfdLrku dk #• Hkh dj jgk gSA
blosQ vykok] :l osQ viQxkfuLrku esa rkfycku dk leFkZu djus dh otg ls Hkh Hkkjr vkSj :l
osQ chp fj'rksa esa fopyu ns•k tk ldrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
:l vkSj phu osQ chp j.kuhfrd utnhfd;ksa dks ns•rs gq, ;g egÙoiw.kZ gS fd Hkkjr vius jk"Vªh; fgrksa
dh j{kk djus osQ fy;s fo'ks"k j.kuhfr rS;kj djs] ftlesa fuEufyf•r fcanq 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa%
:l ds lkFk e”kcwr lEca/% Hkkjr dks :l osQ lkFk vius lEca/ksa dks vkSj e”kcwr djuk iM+sxk
D;ksafd :l Hkkjr osQ fy;s çk;}hi esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ larqyudÙkkZ osQ :i esa ges'kk ls mifLFkr jgk gSA
lkFk gh Hkkjr dks :l osQ lkFk vius lSU;&vk;q/ lEca/ksa dks iqu% e”kcwr vkSj lqn`<+ djus dh
vko';drk gS] fo'ks"kdj rc tc Hkkjr vc gfFk;kj vkfn cM+h ek=kk esa vU; ns'kksa ls Hkh •jhnus
yxk gSA
ÅtkZ vkSj lkefjd •fut lg;ksx osQ vU; {ks=k gks ldrs gSa] tgk¡ Hkkjr :l osQ lkFk vius lEcaèkksa
dks çxk<+ dj ldrk gSA
82
djsaV vQs;lZ
phu ls fuiVus ds fy;s dwVuhfr dk mi;ksx djuk% :l osQ lkFk mRÑ"V lSU; lEca/ksa osQ <k¡ps osQ
Hkhrj Hkkjr dks ;g è;ku j•uk gksxk fd :l phu dks ,slh rduhd gLrkarfjr u djs tks nh?kZdkfyd
vof/ esa Hkkjr dh lqj{kk osQ fy;s gkfudkjd lkfcr gksA
cgqi{kh; laLFkkuksa dk ç;ksx% Hkkjr dks :l] phu osQ lkFk ikjLifjd :i ls ykHkçn f=ki{kh; lg;ksx
dks c<+kok nsuk gksxk tks Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp vfo'okl vkSj lansg dks de djus esa lgk;d gksxkA
bl lanHkZ esa 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu vkSj vkj-vkbZ-lh- tSls f=ki{kh; laLFkkuksa dk ykHk mBk;k tkuk
pkfg;sA
vesfjdk&:l&Hkkjr f=kdks.k% var esa] Hkkjr dks u osQoy :l osQ lkFk] cfYd la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk
osQ lkFk Hkh ?kfu"B lEca/ksa dks fodflr djus dh vko';drk gSA ;g phu vkSj :l osQ chp j.kuhfrd
lk>snkjh dh fn'kk esa fdlh Hkh dne dks oSf'od :i ls Hkkjr osQ i{k esa larqfyr dj ldrk gSA
83

djsaV vQs;lZ
lkekU; vè;;u
djsaV vQs;lZ
iz'ui=k - 3
vkfFkZd ?kVukØe
ewMh”k }kjk Hkkjr dh jsfVax esa deh ds fufgrkFkZ----------------------------------------------85
varjkZ"Vªh; rqyuk dk;ZØe vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk-----------------------------------------87
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa ,sfrgkfld o`f¼ ,oa bldk egÙo----------------------------------89
O;kikj ds vf/d fMftVyhdj.k dh vko';drk--------------------------------------------91
th-,e- iQlysa% mi;ksx ij c<+rk fookn-----------------------------------------------------------93
i;kZoj.kh; ?kVukØe
ok;q xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj ds lkFk vks”kksu çnw"k.k
esa o`f¼% dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke----------------------------------------------------------------------------96
tyok;q ifjorZu ij Hkkjr dh igyh fjiksVZ-----------------------------------------------------98
mÙkjk•aM esa taxy dh vkx---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
if'peh ?kkV ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh;
:i ls laosnu'khy {ks=k----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102
oSf'od ou lalk/u ewY;kadu] 2020------------------------------------------------------------- 104
foKku ,oa izks|ksfxdh

ôu lu & ou oYMZ & ou fxzM* ;kstuk------------------------------------------------------- 107
lfØ; vkS"k/h; vo;o (,-ih-vkbZ-)% lEcaf/r eqís--------------------------------------- 108
fØIVks&tSfdax% mHkjrh gqbZ lkbcj pqukSrh------------------------------------------------------- 110
bu&Lisl rFkk varfj{k {ks=k ds futhdj.k dk fufgrkFkZ -------------------------------- 112
ck;ks&flfeyj mRikn rFkk isVsaV -------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
foaVj Mhty% vFkZ ,oa egÙo ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal ij oSf'od lk>snkjh (GPAI)------------------------ 118
HkkjrusV ifj;kstuk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119
fyMkj rduhd% mi;ksx ds fofHkUu vk;ke---------------------------------------------------- 120
lekukarj czãkaM--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122
lkSj ÅtkZ% ÅtkZ lqj{kk dk c<+rk egÙo--------------------------------------------------------- 124
lqj{kk lEcaèkh eqís

nf{k.k dksfj;k esa ^FkkM+* felkby j{kk ç.kkyh vkSj phu dh fpark,¡------------- 127
n fcx fiDpj% lkefjd rsy HkaMkj vkSj ÅtkZ lqj{kk------------------------------------ 129

5 vkfFkZd ?kVukØe
ewMh”k }kjk Hkkjr dh jsfVax esa deh ds fufgrkFkZ

i`"BHkwfe
foxr fnuksa ØsfMV jsfVax ,tsalh ewMh”k (bUosLVlZ lfoZl) us Hkkjr ljdkj dh fons'kh&eqæk vkSj LFkkuh;&eqæk
nh?kZdkfyd b';qvj jsfVax (Long-term Issuer Ratings) dks de dj fn;k gSA vU; çeq• ØsfMV jsfVax
,tsafl;ksa tSls] ^fiQp* vkSj ^LVSaMMZ ,aM iwvlZ* (S & P) dh rqyuk esa ewMh”k Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa ,sfrgkfld
:i ls vf/d vk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k j•rk gS] vr% ewMh”k }kjk Hkkjr dh jsfVax esa deh djuk vius vki
esa vR;f/d egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA ewMh”k }kjk ekStwnk jsfVax esa dh xbZ deh Hkkjr dks fuEure fuos'k dh
Js.kh esa ykdj •M+k dj nsrh gSA
jsfVax esa orZeku deh
ewMh”k bUosLVlZ lfoZl us Hkkjr dh lkWojsu (jk"Vªh;) ØsfMV jsfVax dks fiNys 2 n'kd ls Hkh vf/d
le; esa igyh ckj ^ch,,2* (Baa2) ls ,d ik;nku ?kVkdj ^ch,,3* (Baa3) dj fn;k gSA
^ch,,3* lcls fupyh fuos'k xzsM okyh jsfVax gSA blosQ uhps dckM+ ;k csdkj (Junk) okyh jsfVax
gh cprh gSA
ewMh”k us blls igys uoEcj 2017 esa 13 lky osQ varjky osQ ckn Hkkjr dh lkojsu ØsfMV jsfVax dks
1 ik;nku c<+kdj ^ch,,2* fd;k FkkA
ewMh”k us Hkkjr ljdkj dh fons'kh&eqæk vkSj LFkkuh;&eqæk nh?kZdkfyd b';qvj jsfVax (Long-term
Issuer Ratings) dks Hkh ^ch,,2* ls ^ch,,3* dj fn;k gSA
lkFk gh ewMh”k us LFkkuh;&eqæk lhfu;j vuflD;ksMZ jsfVax dks ^ch,,2* (Baa2) ls ^ch,,3* (Baa3)
djus osQ lkFk&lkFk vYidkfyd LFkkuh; eqæk jsfVax dks Hkh ih&2 (P - 2) ls ?kVkdj ih&3 (P - 3)
dj fn;k gSA
,tsalh us dgk gS fd uhfr fuekZrkvksa osQ le{k vkus okys le; esa fuEu vkfFkZd o`f¼] fcxM+rh foÙkh;
fLFkfr vkSj foÙkh; {ks=k osQ ncko tksf•e dks de djus esa pqukSfr;k¡ iSnk djsaxhA
ewMh”k dk vuqeku gS fd pkyw foÙk o"kZ (FY21) osQ nkSjku Hkkjr dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (th-Mh-ih-)
esa 4 çfr'kr rd laoqQpu gks ldrk gSA Hkkjr osQ ekeys esa fiNys 4 n'kd ls vf/d le; esa ;g
igyk ekSdk gksxk] tc iwjs o"kZ osQ vk¡dM+ksa esa th-Mh-ih- esa fxjkoV vk,xhA
è;krO; gS fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vafre ckj th-Mh-ih- laoqQpu (udkjkRed o`f¼ nj) o"kZ
1979&80 esa ns•k x;k FkkA foÙk o"kZ 1979&80 esa o`f¼ nj (&) 5-2» FkhA blosQ iwoZ Hkh Hkkjr dh
vFkZO;oLFkk esa 4 ckj vkSj laoqQpu ns•k tk pqdk gSA
bu lcosQ vfrfjÙkQ] ewMh”k us Hkkjr osQ vkmVyqd (n`f"Vdks.k) dks Hkh ûdkjkRed* j•k gSA ewMh”k us
uoEcj 2019 esa Hkkjr osQ vkmVyqd dks ^fLFkj* (Stable) ls ûdkjkRed* dj fn;k FkkA
Hkkjr dh jsfVax de djus dk dkj.k
ewMh”k us bl iQSlys osQ ihNs pkj eq[; dkj.k crk, gSa
o"kZ 2017 ls vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dk de”kksj dk;kZUo;u
,d fujarj vof/ rd vis{kkÑr fuEu vkfFkZd fodkl
85
djsaV vQs;lZ
osQaæ o jkT; ljdkjksa dh jktdks"kh; fLFkfr esa Hkkjh fxjkoV] rFkk
Hkkjr osQ foÙkh; {ks=k esa c<+rk ncko
fiNys o"kZ uoEcj esa ewMh”k us Hkkjr osQ vkmVyqd (n`f"Vdks.k) dks ^ch,,2* jsfVax osQ varxZr gh
^fLFkj* (Stable) ls ûdkjkRed* (Negative) dj fn;k Fkk D;ksafd tksf•eksa esa o`f¼ gks jgh FkhA
uoEcj 2019 dh dbZ vkfFkZd vk'kadkvksa osQ ckn ls] ewMh”k us ûdkjkRed* n`f"Vdks.k dks cuk, j•rs
gq, jsfVax dks 'Baa2' ls de djosQ 'Baa3' dj fn;k gSA
ewMh”k osQ vkf/dkfjd c;ku osQ vuqlkj] ;g fu.kZ; n'kkZrk gS fd ns'k osQ uhfr fu/kZj.k laLFkkuksa dks
,slh uhfr;ksa dks fØ;kfUor vkSj ykxw djus esa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxk] ftuosQ fØ;kUo;u ls
yEch vof/ rd fuEu o`f¼] ljdkj dh lkekU; foÙkh; fLFkfr osQ vkSj fcxM+us rFkk foÙkh; {ks=k esa
c<+rs ncko osQ tksf•e dks de djus esa enn feysA
ûdkjkRed* n`f"Vdks.k dk rkRi;Z
udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj foÙkh; ç.kkyh esa xgjs ruko dks çHkko'kkyh] ikjLifjd :i
vkfJr vkSj udkjkRed tksf•eksa dks n'kkZrk gS tks jktdks"kh; e”kcwrh osQ vf/d xEHkhj gksus vkSj yEcs
le; rd fxjkoV dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
fo'ks"k :i ls] ewMh”k us rs”k vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy;s yxkrkj vkus okyh lajpukRed pqukSfr;ksa dks
mtkxj fd;k gS] tSls& de”kksj cqfu;knh <k¡pk] Je] Hkwfe vkSj mRikn cktkjksa ls lEcaf/r dBksj fu;e
rFkk foÙkh; {ks=k esa c<+rs tksf•eA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks ûdkjkRed* vkmVyqd dk rkRi;Z gS fd Hkkjr dh jsfVax dks vkSj de fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
D;k jsfVax esa fxjkoV dk dkj.k dksfoM&19 dk çHkko gS\
ewMh”k us Li"V fd;k gS fd ;|fi jsfVax esa ;g fxjkoV dksjksuk ok;jl egkekjh osQ le; esa gks jgh
gS ijarq ;g egkekjh osQ çHkko ls çsfjr ugha gSA blosQ ihNs egkekjh ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa foÙkh; lq/kjksa
dh xfr dk lqLr gksuk gSA
ewMh”k osQ vuqlkj] egkekjh Hkkjr dh igys ls gh ekStwn ØsfMV çksiQkby dh de”kksfj;ks esa o`f¼ djrh
gS] ftlus fiNys o"kZ gh udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k dks çsfjr fd;k FkkA
uoEcj 2017 esa ewMh”k us Hkkjr dh jsfVax dks 1 ik;nku c<+kdj ^fLFkj* n`f"Vdks.k osQ lkFk ^ch,,2*
dj fn;k Fkk tks bl mEehn ij v/kfjr Fkk fd egÙoiw.kZ lq/kjksa dk çHkkoh fØ;kUo;u fd;k tk,xk
vkSj blls vFkZO;oLFkk] laLFkkuksa vkSj foÙkh; e”kcwrh esa yxkrkj lq/kj vk,xkA
o"kZ 2017 esa jsfVax esa o`f¼ osQ ckn ls lq/kjksa dk dk;kZUo;u vis{kkÑr de”kksj jgk gS tks uhfr;ksa osQ
lhfer çHkko'khyrk dks n'kkZrk gSA uhfr;ksa dh de çHkko'khyrk vkSj o`f¼ dh xfr esa ifj.kkeh uqdlku
Hkkjr dh th-Mh-ih- o`f¼ nj esa rs”k fxjkoV dk lcwr gSA
2019&20 osQ fy;s th-Mh-ih- o`f¼ nj esa vuafre (Provisional) vuqeku 4-2» vkadk x;k Fkk tks fd
fiNys ,d n'kd esa lcls de okf"kZd o`f¼ nj gSA ;gk¡ rd fd bu vuqekuksa dks la'kksf/r djosQ
vkSj de fd;s tkus dh lEHkkouk gSA
çR;sd o"kZ] osQaæ ljdkj vius foÙkh; ?kkVs osQ (vfuok;Z :i ls ck”kkj ls oqQy m/kjh) y{; dks
iwjk djus esa foiQy jgh gSA blosQ dkj.k oqQy ljdkjh ½.kksa esa fu;fer o`f¼ gqbZ gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
ljdkjh ½.k igys ls gh dkiQh vf/d FkkA
86
djsaV vQs;lZ
jsfVax esa deh dk çHkko
fofnr gS fd jsfVax vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lexz igyqvksa vkSj ljdkjh foÙk dh fLFkfr ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSaA
jsfVax esa fxjkoV dk rkRi;Z gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd;s x, ckW.M vc igys dh rqyuk esa
vf/d tksf•e ;qÙkQ gksaxs D;ksafd de”kksj vkfFkZd o`f¼ vkSj fcxM+rh jktdks"kh; fLFkfr ljdkj }kjk
iquHkZqxrku dh {kerk dks de”kksj djrh gSaA
U;wure tksf•e vis{kkÑr csgrj gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g ml ns'k dh ljdkjksa vkSj dEifu;ksa dks de C;kt
nj ij ½.k nsus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
tc Hkkjr dh lkWojsu (jk"Vªh;) ØsfMV jsfVax esa deh dh tkrh gS rks Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lkFk&lkFk lHkh
Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa osQ fy;s iQaM tqVkuk eg¡xk gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa nqfu;k ,sls ½.kksa dks
tksf•e osQ :i esa ns•rh gSA
ewMh”k dk vkfFkZd o`f¼] ukSdfj;ksa vkSj çfrO;fDr vk; lEca/h n`f"Vdks.k
ewMh”k dks mEehn gS fd pkyw foÙk o"kZ esa Hkkjr dh okLrfod th-Mh-ih- esa 4-0» dh fxjkoV gksxhA
blosQ ckn foÙk o"kZ 2021&22 esa rs”k fjdojh dh mEehn O;ÙkQ dh xbZ gSA
nh?kkZof/ esa] ;g crkrk gS fd futh {ks=k osQ fuos'k esa yxkrkj deh] ukSdfj;ksa osQ l`tu esa dfBukbZ
vkSj fcxM+h gqbZ foÙkh; ç.kkyh osQ dkj.k o`f¼ nj igys dh rqyuk esa de gks ldrh gSA
blesa dgk x;k gS fd yEch vof/ osQ fy;s fuEu o`f¼ nj thou Lrj esa lq/kj dh xfr dks de
dj ldrh gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; rqyuk dk;ZØe vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk

gky gh esa] fo'o cSad us varjkZ"Vªh; rqyuk dk;ZØe (International Comparison Program-ICP) osQ
rgr lanHkZ o"kZ 2017 osQ fy;s ubZ Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk,¡ (Purchasing Power Parities- PPPs) tkjh dh gSa]
tks fo'o Hkj dh lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa oLrqvksa dh ek=kk vkSj muosQ lkis{k ewY;ksa esa varj dks n'kkZrh
gSaA
oSf'od :i ls 176 vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us vkbZ-lh-ih- osQ 2017 pØ esa Hkkx fy;kA
varjkZ"Vªh; rqyuk dk;ZØe (vkbZ-lh-ih-)] la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lkaf[;dh vk;ksx (UN Statistical Commission–
UNSC) osQ fn'kk&funZs'k osQ rgr nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vk¡dM+k&laxzg igy gS] ftldk y{; Ø;
'kfÙkQ lerkvksa (ih-ih-ih-) dks n'kkZuk gS] tks lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ chp rqyuk fd;s tkus osQ fy;s
vko';d gSaA
ih-ih-ih- osQ vkykok] vkbZ-lh-ih- }kjk ewY; Lrj lwpdkadksa (Price Level Indices-PLI) vkSj
th-Mh-ih- O;; osQ vU; {ks=kh; rqyukRed ekiksa dh tkudkjh Hkh gksrh gSA
Hkkjr us o"kZ 1970 esa bldh 'kq#vkr osQ ckn ls yxHkx lHkh varjkZ"Vªh; rqyuk dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx fy;k
gSA lkaf[;dh ,oa dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; Hkkjr osQ fy;s jk"Vªh; dk;kZUo;u ,tsalh (National
Implementing Agency - NIA) gS] ftlosQ ikl jk"Vªh; vkbZ-lh-ih- ls tqM+s dk;ks± dh ;kstuk fuekZ.k]
leUo;u rFkk dk;kZUo;u dh f”kEesnkjh gSA
vkbZ-lh-ih- o"kZ 2017 pØ osQ fy;s vkWfLVª;k osQ lkFk Hkkjr vkbZ-lh-ih- xofuZax cksMZ dk lg vè;{k
Hkh fu;qÙkQ gqvk gSA
87
djsaV vQs;lZ
oSf'od fLFkfr
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (th-Mh-ih-) Lrj ij çfr MkWyj osQ eqdkcys Hkkjrh; #i, dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk
(ih-ih-ih-) o"kZ 2017 esa 20-65 gS tks o"kZ 2011 esa 15-55 FkhA Hkkjrh; #i, dh vesfjdh MkWyj osQ
lkFk fofue; nj blh vof/ osQ nkSjku 46-67 osQ eqdkcys vc 65-12 gks xbZ gSA
blosQ vuqlkj gh ck”kkj fofue; nj dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk osQ vuqikr (;k ewY; Lrj lwpdkad) dk
mi;ksx Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh dher osQ Lrjksa dh rqyuk osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gS] tks o"kZ 2011 esa
42-99 osQ rqyuk esa o"kZ 2017 esa 47-55 gks xbZ gSA
Hkkjr dh fLFkfr
o"kZ 2017 esa] rhljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk osQ :i esa Hkkjr us viuh oSf'od fLFkfr dks u fliQZ
cuk, j•k gS cfYd bls vkSj e”kcwr fd;k gS] tks Øe'k% phu (16-4») vkSj vesfjdk (16-3») dh
rqyuk esa ih-ih-ih- osQ fygkt ls oSf'od ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (th-Mh-ih-) dk 6-7» (oSf'od :i ls
oqQy 119]547 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj esa ls 8]051 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj) FkkA
Hkkjr oSf'od okLrfod ,dy miHkksx ,oa oSf'od ldy iwath fuekZ.k esa viuh Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk
vk/kfjr fgLls osQ fygkt ls Hkh fo'o dh rhljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gSA
{ks=kh; fLFkfr% ,f'k;k&ç'kkar {ks=k
o"kZ 2017 esa] Hkkjr us nwljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk osQ :i esa viuh {ks=kh; fLFkfr cuk, j•h tks
ih-ih-ih- osQ fygkt ls {ks=kh; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (th-Mh-ih-) dk 20-83 çfr'kr (,f'k;k ç'kkar
osQ oqQy 232]344 fcfy;u gkaxdkax MkWyj esa ls 48]395 gkaxdkax MkWyj) Fkk] tgk¡ phu dk çfr'kr
50-76 çfr'kr (çFke) rFkk baMksusf'k;k dk 7-49 çfr'kr (r`rh;) FkkA
Hkkjr {ks=kh; okLrfod ,dy miHkksx ,oa {ks=kh; ldy iwath fuekZ.k esa vius ih-ih-ih- vk/kfjr fgLls
osQ fygkt ls Hkh nwljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gSA
,f'k;k ç'kkar {ks=k esa 22 çfrHkkxh ns'kksa osQ chp ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ fglkc ls çfr gkaxdkax MkWyj
ij Hkkjrh; #i, dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ lekrk (ih-ih-ih-) o"kZ 2017 esa 3-43 jgh] tcfd o"kZ 2011 esa ;g
2-97 FkhA Hkkjrh; #i, ls gkaxdkax MkWyj dh fofue; nj blh vof/ dh rqyuk esa 6-00 ls c<+dj
vc 8-36 gks xbZ gSA Hkkjr dk ewY; Lrj lwpdkad (ih-,y-vkbZ-) o"kZ 2011 osQ 71-00 dh rqyuk esa
o"kZ 2017 osQ fy;s 64-00 gks x;kA
Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk (PPP)
Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk dk vFkZ fdUgha nks ns'kksa osQ chp oLrq ;k lsok dh dher esa çHkkoh varj ls gS]
lkekU;r;k blls fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkdkj dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
blosQ }kjk ;g irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd nks ns'kksa osQ chp eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ esa fdruk varj
;k fdruh lekurk gSA eqæk fofue; nj (Currency Eñchange Rate) r; djus esa Hkh bldh fo'ks"k
Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
vklku 'kCnksa esa fdlh ns'k esa ,d MkWyj esa ;fn dksbZ oLrq feyrh gS rks ogh oLrq Hkkjr esa fdrus #i,
(;k fdlh Hkh ns'k dh eqæk] ftlls lerk fudkyuh gS) esa fey jgh gSA oLrq dh ek=kk vkSj ewY; esa
tks Hkh ekStwnk varj gksxk] mlls gekjs ns'k dh eqæk dh dher r; gks tk,xhA
Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vk; dh rqyuk Hkh dh tkrh gS] fdlh ns'k dh xjhch osQ
Lrj dks ukius osQ fy;s ;g ,d csgrj ekè;e gSA
(lzksr% ih-vkbZ-ch-)
88
djsaV vQs;lZ
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa ,sfrgkfld o`f¼ ,oa bldk egÙo

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
dksfoM&19 egkekjh ladV osQ le; esa vFkZO;oLFkk ls lEcaf/r fujarj udkjkRed vk¡dM+ksa osQ chp
Hkkjr osQ fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa vc rd dh ,sfrgkfld o`f¼ gqbZ gSA fj”koZ cSad osQ vk¡dM+ksa osQ vuqlkj]
29 ebZ] 2020 dks Hkkjr dk fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj 3-43 fcfy;u MkWyj dh o`f¼ osQ lkFk 493-48 fcfy;u
MkWyj (yxHkx 37 yk• djksM+ #i,) gks x;kA
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj (Foreign Eñchange Reserves- Forex)
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa fons'kh eqæk ifjlEifÙk;k¡] Lo.kZ HkaMkj] fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj (,l-Mh-vkj-)
,oa varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (vkbZ-,e-,iQ-) dh HkaMkj vofLFkfr;k¡ (Reserve Tranche) 'kkfey gSaA bUgsa
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA bls vkjf{kr fuf/;ksa dk HkaMkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj (Special Drawing Rights-SDR)
Lo.kZvkSj MkWyj esa vR;f/d vfLFkjrk osQ pyrs varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (International Monetary
Fund) }kjk o"kZ 1969 esa ,l-Mh-vkj- dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA
;g Ñf=ke rkSj ij rS;kj dh xbZ ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dh vkjf{kr eqæk gS] ftldk mi;ksx varjkZ"Vªh;
Lrj ij iwjd eqæk osQ :i esa rjyrk esa o`f¼ gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
29 ebZ] 2020 dks fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh fLFkfr

Foreign Exchange Reserves
As on May 29, 2020 Varoation Over
Week End-March 2020 Year
Item US$
Cr. Cr. US$ Mn. Cr. US$ Mn. Cr. US$ Mn.
Mn.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total
3731592 493480 9774 3436 129437 15673 786722 71612
Reserves
Foreign
Currency 3442185 455208 11477 3503 108370 12996 690895 61074
Asscts
Gold 247132 32682 -1824 -97 16605 2104 86872 9723
SDRs 10826 1432 -50 0 26 -1 756 -11
Reserve
Position in 31449 4158 171 31 4436 575 8199 827
the IMF
*Difference, if any, is due to rounding off
fons'kheqæk ifjlEifÙk;k¡ (F.S.A.)% 455-208 fcfy;u MkWyj

vkjf{kr Lo.kZ% 32-682 fcfy;u MkWyj
SDR: 1-432 fcfy;u MkWyj
vkbZ-,e-,iQ- dh HkaMkj vofLFkfr;k¡% 4-158 fcfy;u MkWyj
89
djsaV vQs;lZ
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dk egÙo
vkf/dkfjd fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj ekSfæd uhfr osQ fuekZ.k rFkk fu;a=k.k esa lgk;rk osQ lkFk&lkFk fofue;
nj osQ çca/u esa Hkh enn djrk gSA
;g oSf'od ck”kkj esa mrkj&p<+ko ls mRiUu ladV ,oa vfLFkjrk osQ le; eqæk dh rjyrk dks fu;af=kr
djus osQ lkFk gh fLFkjrk çnku djrk gSA
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k
Hkkjr lfgr fo'o osQ vf/drj fgLlksa esa ykWdMkmu osQ dkj.k dPps rsy dh ekax esa deh osQ pyrs
ewY;ksa esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA blfy;s Hkkjr osQ rsy vk;kr osQ fcy (Oil Import Bill) esa vR;f/d
deh vkbZ gS] ftlls cgqewY; fons'kh eqæk esa vR;f/d cpr gqbZ gSA Kkr gks fd Hkkjr osQ lEiw.kZ
vk;kr esa dPps rsy dk lokZf/d fgLlk gSA
Hkkjrh; LVkWd ck”kkj esa ,iQ-ih-vkbZ- vkSj ,iQ-Mh-vkbZ- esa fuos'k c<+us osQ dkj.k fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj
esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
Hkkjr ls ckgj tkus okys çs"k.k (jsfeVsal) rFkk fons'kh ;k=kkvksa esa deh osQ dkj.k Hkh cM+h ek=kk esa
fons'kh eqæk esa cpr gqbZ gS] ftlus fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh o`f¼ esa lgk;rk çnku dh gSA
c<+rs fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dk egÙo
dksfoM&19 egkekjh ladV osQ le; esa fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa o`f¼] Hkkjr ljdkj rFkk Hkkjrh; fj”koZ
cSad dks vkarfjd rFkk ckgjh foÙkh; leL;kvksa ls fuiVus esa lgk;rk çnku djsxkA
oSf'od ladV osQ le; esa Hkkjr osQ fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa o`f¼ gksuk ns'k osQ fy;s vkfFkZd ekspZs ij cgqr
cM+h miyfC/ gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls Hkkjr vkxkeh ,d o"kZ rd osQ vk;krksa dk Hkqxrku dj ldrk gSA
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa o`f¼ ls MkWyj osQ eqdkcys Hkkjrh; #i, dks e”kcwr gksus esa enn feyrh gS]
ftlls ?kjsyw eqæk esa fLFkjrk vkrh gSA
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh e”kcwr fLFkfr ck”kkj rFkk fuos'kdksa esa fo'okl iSnk djrh gS] ftlls ?kjsyw ,oa
fons'kh fuos'kd vf/d fuos'k djus osQ fy;s çksRlkfgr gksrs gSaA
vkjf{kr fuf/;ksa dks i;kZIr Lrj ij cuk, j•us ls ns'k esa jk"Vªh; vkink ,oa vkikrdky ls fuiVus
rFkk buosQ vkfFkZd nq"çHkkoksa dks de djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dk çko/ku
vkj-ch-vkbZ- vf/fu;e] 1934 fons'kh eqæk ifjlEifÙk;ksa] Lo.kZ osQ vkj{k.k] eqækvksa osQ O;kid ekunaMksa]
midj.kksa] tkjhdrkZvksa vkSj çfri{kksa (Counterparties) osQ lEca/ esa egÙoiw.kZ dkuwuh çko/ku djrk gSA
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj ls lEcaf/r egÙoiw.kZ fcanq
29 ebZ] 2020 dks Hkkjr dk fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj 493 fcfy;u MkWyj osQ Lrj ij FkkA Hkkjr fons'kh eqæk
HkaMkj osQ ekeys esa ikaposa LFkku ij gSA
phu osQ ikl nqfu;k dk lcls vf/d fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj (3-1 fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj) gSA
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa vesfjdh MkWyj dk fgLlk lcls vf/d gSA bldk dkj.k] oSf'od Lrj ij
vesfjdh MkWyj esa lcls vf/d O;kikj gksuk gSA lkFk gh] vesfjdh MkWyj vU; eqækvksa dh rqyuk esa
vf/d fLFkj vkSj fo'oluh; eqæk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ LokLF; ehVj osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ftl ns'k osQ fons'kh eqæk
HkaMkj dh fLFkfr e”kcwr gksrh gS] og ?kjsyw rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij foÙkh; pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk csgrj
rjhosQ ls dj ldrk gSA
90
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh de”kksjh dh Hk;kogrk dks o"kZ 1990 osQ Hkqxrku larqyu ladV (B.O.P.
Crisis) osQ :i esa ns• pqdk gSA fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh [kjkc fLFkfr u osQoy ?kjsyw o ckgjh foÙkh;
pqukSfr;ksa dks c<+k nsrh gS cfYd ns'k dh vkfFkZd lEçHkqrk dks Hkh •rjs esa Mky ldrk gSA blfy;s
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dk i;kZIr Lrj gksuk vfr vko';d gSA
O;kikj ds vf/d fMftVyhdj.k dh vko';drk

i`"BHkwfe
vçSy 2020 esa Hkkjr osQ fu;kZr esa vçSy 2019 dh vis{kk 60» dh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA lkFk gh] vçSy
2019 dh rqyuk esa vçSy 2020 esa tokgjyky usg: canjxkg }kjk lapkfyr chl&iQqV osQ lerqY; bdkb;ksa
(Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units-TEU) okys daVsuj esa 37» dh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA fo'o O;kikj esa Hkkjh
fxjkoV us ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa dks de djrs gq, vf/d fMftVyhÑr dkjksckjh ekgkSy osQ egÙo dks c<+k
fn;k gSA tSls&tSls ns'k egkekjh ls ckgj fudysaxs] ubZ ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ Ükà•ykvksa dk fodkl gksxk D;ksafd
ns'k ekStwnk O;kikj lajpukvksa dks fiQj ls x<+us dh dksf'k'k djsaxsA ekax o vkiwfrZ dh ubZ Ükà•ykvksa osQ
fodklkuq:i O;kikj esa rs”kh ls cnyko vkSj fMftVyhdj.k dh t:jr gSA blosQ fy;s oqQN lq/kjksa dh
vko';drk gSA
chl&iqQV lerqY; bdkbZ (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units-TEU)
I. Vh-bZ-;w- (TEU) rFkk ,iQ-bZ-;w- (FEU) tSls 'kCn çk;% daVsuj tgktksa vkSj daVsuj VfeZuyksa dh {kerk
dk o.kZu djus osQ fy;s ç;ksx dh tkus okyh dkxkZs {kerk dh bdkb;k¡ gSaA Vh-bZ-;w- dk vkarfjd
vk;ke çk;% 20 iQhV yEck] 8 iQhV pkSM+k vkSj 8 iQhV Å¡pk gksrk gSA
II. ;g ,d 20&iQqV yEcs (6-1 ehVj) baVjekWMy daVsuj dh ek=kk ij vk/kfjr gS] tks ,d ekud
vkdkj dk fMCck gSA bls ifjogu osQ fofHkUu lk/uksa] tSls& tgktksa] Vªsuksa vkSj Vªdksa osQ chp vklkuh
ls LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vixzsMs'ku] fMftVyhdj.k vkSj Lopkyu (Upgradation, Digitisation, Automation) dh vko';drk
oSf'od Lrj ij] O;kikj dh çfØ;kvksa osQ fMftVyhdj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk U;wure ekuoh; gLr{ksi ,sls
nks çeq• vk/kj gSa] tks lhekvksa osQ vkj&ikj rhoz O;kikj esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
Hkkjr us vçSy 2016 esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) osQ O;kikj lqxerk le>kSrs (TFA& Vh-,iQ-,-) dk
vuqleFkZu fd;kA ftlosQ ckn O;kikj lEca/h vf/drj lq/kj cqfu;knh <k¡ps osQ mUu;u] fMftVyhdj.k
vkSj Lopkyu ij osQafær gSaA
Vh-,iQ-,-] O;kikj dh lqxerk rFkk lhek 'kqYd vuqikyu lEca/h eqíksa ij lhek 'kqYd o vU; mi;qÙkQ
vf/dkfj;ksa osQ chp çHkkoh lg;ksx osQ fy;s mik;ksa dks fu/kZfjr djrk gSA
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ dqN igysa
Mk;jsDV iksVZ ,aVªh vkSj Mk;jsDV iksVZ fMyhojh (Direct Port Entry and Direct Port Delivery) osQ
lkFk&lkFk jsfM;ks vko`fÙk vk/kfjr tk¡p ç.kkyh (RFID) rFkk O;kikj lqxerk osQ fy;s ,dy f•M+dh
baVjiQsl (SWIFT) tSlh lHkh ;kstukvksa dk mís'; eky dh fudklh osQ le; o ykxr dks de djuk gSA
fu;kZr osQ ekeys esa Mk;jsDV iksVZ ,aVªh eky osQ fjyht esa yxus okys le; o ykxr dks de djus
osQ fy;s lhek 'kqYd foHkkx dh ,d ;kstuk gS] tcfd RFID VSfxax o Vªsflax çfØ;k] fu;kZrdksa o
vk;krdksa dks eky VªSd djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
91
djsaV vQs;lZ
mYys•uh; gS fd iksVZ dE;qfuVh flLVe (PCS) Hkkjrh; iÙku la?k }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k ,d bZ&dkWelZ
iksVZy gS] ftldk mís'; leqæh O;kikj ls lEcaf/r lHkh fgr/kjdksa dks ,d eap ij ,dhÑr djuk gSA
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] ^bZ&lafpr* (e-SANCHIT) osQaæh; mRikn ,oa lhek 'kqYd cksMZ }kjk lapkfyr dkxt
jfgr çlaLdj.k djus o nLrkos”kksa dks viyksM djus dk ,d vkWuykbu eap gSA bldk iwjk uke
^vçR;{k dj nLrkos”kksa dk dEI;wVjhÑr lapkyu vkSj bZ&HkaMkj.k* gS] ftldk mís'; ekuo gLr{ksi
dks U;wure djuk FkkA
bu igyksa dk çHkko
bl çdkj dh igysa ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrh; lhekvksa ij çHkkoh ykWftfLVDl rFkk fu;kZr&vk;kr (EXIM)
dh lqpk# çfØ;kvksa ij è;ku osQafær djus dh ckr djrs gSaA bu dkj.kksa ls Hkkjr osQ O;kikj lqxerk
lwpdkad (63osa) esa fujarj lq/kj gqvk gSA fo'ks"kdj ^lhek ikj O;kikj* ekunaM esa vf/d lq/kj ns•k
x;k gS] ftlesa Hkkjr o"kZ 2020 esa 12 vadksa osQ lq/kj osQ lkFk 68 osa LFkku ij gSA
orZeku ladV osQ nkSjku eky dh 'kh?kz vkoktkgh] fjyht vkSj fudklh esa rs”kh ykus osQ fy;s lEiw.kZ
Hkkjr osQ canjxkgksa ij vf/d O;kikj lqxerk mik;ksa dh vko';drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA
;|fi ljdkj }kjk fd;s tk jgs fofHkUu çdkj dh igyksa us iksVZ bdksflLVe dks ldkjkRed :i ls
fodflr gh fd;k gS fiQj Hkh oqQN ;kstukxr] laLFkkxr vkSj çfØ;kxr pqukSfr;k¡ gSaA
pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj leL;k,¡
^dkxt jfgr O;kikj ç.kkfy;ksa* dks viukus esa gksus okyh nsjh tSls oqQN dkj.k fMftVy IysViQkWeZ osQ
çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa osQ fy;s f”kEesnkj gSaA
;s leL;k,¡ fo'ks"kdj canjxkgksa ij çfØ;kvksa osQ ekudhdj.k o leUo; ls lEcaf/r gSaA lkFk gh]
mi;ksxdrkZvksa osQ chp ubZ igyksa osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk dh deh vkSj mldh Lohdk;Zrk ls tqM+h
leL;k,¡ Hkh gSaA ;g vuqowQyu rFkk fofHkUu ç.kkfy;ksa osQ chp lEidZ dh lgtrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] lw{e Lrj ij Hkh dbZ vU; leL;k,¡ gSaA
blesa igyh leL;k] laLFkkxr ç.kkyh dh dk;Z{kerk esa deh rFkk rduhdh xM+cfM+;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i
flLVe osQ lhfer ç;ksx osQ lkFk&lkFk gkMZ dkWih dk lekukarj mi;ksx gksuk gSA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij]
lhek 'kqYd vkSj VfeZuy flLVe esa ^f'kfiax ykbu fMyhojh vkWMZj* osQ vHkko esa dkxkZs osQ vkoktkgh
osQ fy;s gkMZ dkWih dk mi;ksx gksrk gS
nwljk eqík] fofHkUu fgr/kjdksa ,oa mudh ç.kkfy;ksa osQ chp dusfDVfoVh rFkk lwpukvksa o lans'kksa osQ
vknku&çnku esa deh osQ dkj.k dkxkZs dh fudklh esa gksus okyh nsjh gSA
rhljh leL;k] mi;ksxdrkZvksa osQ chp çf'k{k.k vkSj {kerk fuekZ.k ls lEcaf/r eqís gSa] tks fMftVy
IysViQkWeks± osQ b"Vre mi;ksx dks lhfer dj nsrs gSaA
nqfu;k osQ ckdh fgLlksa dh rjg] Hkkjr esa Hkh dLVe czksdlZ] f'kfiax ykbu (dkxkZs dks tgktksa ls Hkstus
dk O;olk;)] eky HkkM+k] ifjogu vkWijsVj] iksVZ dLVksfM;u] daVsuj ÚsV LVs'ku vkSj lhek çca/u
çkf/dj.k lfgr ykWftfLVDl o O;kikj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa cgq&fgr/kjdksa osQ lapkyu dks lhfer
dj fn;k x;k gSA
dLVe czksdlZ
dLVe czksdlZ dks la'kksf/r D;ksVks vfHkle; esa ,d ,sls rhljs i{k osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k
gS] tks fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dh vksj ls eky osQ vk;kr] fu;kZr] vkoktkgh ;k HkaMkj.k osQ lEca/ esa
lhek 'kqYd foHkkx osQ lkFk lh/s lkSnk djrk gSA
92
djsaV vQs;lZ
mik;
fMftVyhdj.k osQ lEca/ esa fiNys oqQN ekg esa ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu fn'kk&funZs'k tkjh fd;s x, gSa] tks
eky fudklh dh çfØ;k dks lqfo/ktud cukus osQ lkFk&lkFk rs”k djus osQ mik;ksa ij vk/kfjr gSA bu
fn'kk&funZs'kksa dk mís'k Lopkfyr] dkxt jfgr vkSj vkWuykbu dk;Z ç.kkyh dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk gSA
eky dh vkoktkgh] fjyht vkSj fudklh esa rs”kh ykus osQ fy;s O;kikj lqxerk tSls mik; fd;s tkus
dh vko';drk gSA
orZeku fLFkfr O;kikj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa fMftVy cqfu;knh <+k¡ps esa o`f¼ dh vko';drk dks bafxr
djrh gSA O;kikj dh ek=kk esa deh vkus rFkk vkfFkZd laosQrdksa esa fxjkoV osQ lkFk gh orZeku ladV
esa ubZ ç.kkfy;ksa dks fodflr djus vkSj ekStwnk IysViQkWeks± dks c<+kus dk ,d volj çLrqr djrk gS]
D;ksafd bl le; tehuh Lrj ij fgr/kjdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa cnyko vk jgk gSA
ç.kkfy;ksa dk csgrj ,dhdj.k rFkk muosQ chp leUo; fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rkfd fj;y&Vkbe vk/kfjr
lwpukvksa o lans'kksa osQ vknku&çnku rFkk buiqV MkVk dks lk>k fd;k tk losQA
iksVZ dE;qfuVh flLVe tSls vU; cgq&fgr/kjd ,dy eap osQ mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsdj vk;kr&fu;kZr
çfØ;kvksa dks dkjxj cuk;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls fMftVyhdj.k vkSj lEof/Zr O;kikfjd okrkoj.k dh
vksj xfr'khy gqvk tk losQA
blosQ vykok] ladV ls mcjus gsrq oqQN rkRdkfyd dneksa dh Hkh vko';drk gSA lkFk gh] ,d LFkkbZ
jksM eSi ij dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gS tks Åij crkbZ xbZ oqQN pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku djrk gksA
vkxs dh jkg
O;kikj dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns•rs gq, rduhdh mUu;u] fMftVyhdj.k vkSj Lopkyu tSlh
xfrfof/;k¡ vR;f/d egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSaA ;s ç;kl Hkkjr osQ O;kikfjd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa lq/kj
osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kikj lqxerk lwpdkad (50 ls de jSafdax) osQ fy;s fu/kZfjr y{; dks çkIr djus gsrq
egÙoiw.kZ gksaxsA O;kikj lqxerk osQ cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks ftruk vf/d fMftVkbt fd;k tk,xk] Hkfo";
esa gksus okys O;o/kuksa dks mruk gh de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
th-,e- iQlysa% mi;ksx ij c<+rk fookn

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
pkyw •jhiQ ekSle esa fdlkuksa }kjk vkuqoaf'kd :i ls lEof/Zr chtksa (Genetically Modified Seeds/
GM Seeds) tSlsµ eDdk] lks;kchu] ljlksa] cSaxu vkSj ,p-Vh- dikl (Herbicide Tolerant- HT
Cotton) dh iQlyksa ij jksd osQ ckotwn cM+s iSekus ij cqokbZ dh tk,xhA
bl lEca/ esa fdlku la?k 'ksrdkjh laxBu }kjk th-,e- iQlyksa osQ mRiknu dks ysdj igys ls tkjh
vkanksyu esa oqQN vkSj ubZ ekaxsa dh xbZ gSaA
vkanksyu ds ckjs esa
laxBu dk i{k gS fd tks fdlku bl o"kZ cM+s Lrj ij vLohÑr th-,e- iQlyksa] tSlsµ eDdk]
,p-Vh- dikl] lks;kchu vkSj cSaxu dh cqokbZ djsaxs] mUgsa iQly dh th-,e- çÑfr osQ ckjs esa ?kks"k.kk
djrs gq, •srksa esa cksMZ yxkdj fpfUgr djuk gksxkA
laxBu dh bl igy ls •srksa esa uohu çkS|ksfxdh osQ mi;ksx dh vko';drk ij è;ku vkdf"kZr gks losQxkA
93
djsaV vQs;lZ
th-,e-cht@iQly
tsusfVd bathfu;fjax }kjk fdlh cht] tho ;k ikS/s osQ thu dks nwljs cht ;k ikS/s esa vkjksfir dj
,d ubZ çtkfr fodflr dh tkrh gSA
bl çkS|ksfxdh dh lgk;rk ls thu Lrj rd ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA bl çfØ;k esa fdlh cht esa u,
thu vFkkZr~ Mh-,u-,- dks Mkydj mlesa vko';drkuqlkj xq.kksa dk lekos'k fd;k tkrk gS] tks mlosQ
çkÑfrd xq.kksa osQ vfrfjÙkQ gksrs gSaA
csflyl FkwfjfUtusfll dikl (Bacillus Thuringiensis cotton/BT Cotton) ,dek=k ,slh th-,e- iQly
gS] ftls Hkkjr esa •srh osQ fy;s vuqefr çnku dh xbZ gSA ch-Vh- dikl dk fuekZ.k e`nk esa mifLFkr
thok.kq csflyl FkwfjfUtusfll rFkk nks fons'kh thu dks feykdj fd;k x;k gSA
bl thu dks Cry 1AC uke fn;k x;k gSA blesa dhVuk'kdksa osQ ç;ksx dh vko';drk ugha iM+rh gS
D;ksafd ;g dhVksa osQ çfr çfrjks/drk iSnk dj nsrk gS] ftlls fiad ckWyokeZ (Pink Bollworm) uked
dhV bls uqdlku ugha igq¡pk ikrsA
ch-Vh- cSaxu esa izwQV vkSj 'kwV cksjj uked thu dhV osQ geyksa ls ikS/ksa dk cpko djrk gSA lkFk gh]
DMH-11 ljlksa esa vkuqoaf'kd lEo/Zu ij&ijkx.k (Cross-Pollination) dh vuqefr nsrk gS] tcfd
lkekU; ljlksa esa Lo&ijkx.k (Self-Pollination) gksrk gSA
Hkkjr esa th-,e- iQlyksa dk dkuwuh igyw
Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ea=kky; osQ varxZr dk;Z djus okyh tsusfVd bathfu;fjax
ewY;kadu lfefr (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee- G.E.A.C.) th-,e- iQlyksa osQ
okf.kfT;d mi;ksx dh vuqefr çnku djus okyh 'kh"kZ fu;ked laLFkk gSA
fcuk vuqefr osQ th-,e- cht ;k iQlyksa dk ç;ksx djus ij i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/fu;e] 1986 osQ
varxZr 5 o"kZ rd osQ dkjkokl vkSj ,d yk• #i, osQ tqekZus dk çko/ku gSA
o"kZ 2002 esa ch-Vh- dikl dks dkuwuh :i ls ekU;rk çnku dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr esa vkuqoaf'kd :i ls
lEof/Zr •k| iQlyksa dh •srh djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA
Hkkjr esa ch-Vh- cSaxu] ch-Vh- pkoy] ch-Vh- fHkaMh] th-,e- VekVj rFkk vU; th-,e- iQlyksa dks LohÑfr
çnku djus gsrq budk ijh{k.k fd;k tk jgk gSA
th-,e- iQlyksa ds ykHk
orZeku esa ck”kkj esa miyC/ vkuqoaf'kd :i ls lEof/Zr iQlyksa dk eq[; mís'; dhV ;k fo"kk.kqtfur
jksxksa ls iQlyksa dh lqj{kk djuk gS] tks muosQ thu ifjorZu }kjk gh lEHko gSA
oSf'od Lrj ij tula[;k esa rhoz xfr ls o`f¼ gksus osQ dkj.k Hkfo"; esa •k| inkFkks± dk mRiknu
c<+rh tula[;k osQ fy;s i;kZIr ugha gksxkA blfy;s thu esa ifjorZu djosQ •k| mRiknu esa dbZ xquk
o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA ,slk djuk le; dh ekax gSA
vkuqoaf'kd :i ls lEo£/r iQly mRiknd ,oa miHkksÙkQk nksuksa osQ fy;s ykHknk;d gSA blls mRiknd
dh ykxr vkSj Je esa deh gksus osQ lkFk gh mRikndrk esa dbZ xquk o`f¼ gksrh gSA ogha miHkksÙkQk dks
de dher ij vfrfjÙkQ iks"kd rÙo okys mRikn çkIr gksrs gSaA
ch-Vh- dikl osQ ç;ksx ls fdlkuksa dh dhVuk'kd vkSj fujkbZ (Weeding) lEca/h mPp ykxr de
gks tkrh gSA
Hkkjr esa dikl dh •srh esa ch-Vh- dikl dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksus osQ dkj.k oSf'od Lrj ij dikl
osQ mRiknu esa Hkkjr nwljs LFkku ij igq¡p x;k gSA
94
djsaV vQs;lZ
gfj;k.kk jkT; esa dhVuk'kd ij vkus okyh ykxr esa vR;f/d deh osQ dkj.k ch-Vh- cSaxu dk mRiknu
dkiQh vf/d {ks=k ij fd;k tkrk gSA
th-,e- iQlyksa ls lEHkkfor gkfu;k¡
th-,e- iQlyksa osQ ç;ksx ls çkÑfrd ijEijkxr •srh osQ lekIr gksus dk •rjk cuk gqvk gSA
LokLF; dh n`f"V ls Hkh th-,e- iQlyksa osQ mi;ksx ij vHkh lansg gS] blfy;s ch-Vh- cSaxu osQ mRiknu
ij jksd yxkbZ xbZ gSA
fdlkuksa }kjk iQly mRiknu gsrq th-,e- chtksa dk mi;ksx osQoy ,d ckj gh fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh]
th-,e- chtksa osQ fy;s Hkkjrh; fdlku vf/drj fons'kh dEifu;ksa ij fuHkZj gSaA blls Hkfo"; esa bu
dEifu;ksa }kjk fdlkuksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;s tkus dh lEHkkouk gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy;s] ch-Vh-dikl vkSj •jirokj uk'kd nokb;ksa ls osQoy eksulsaVks tSlh fons'kh cgqjk"Vªh;
dEifu;ksa dks equkiQk gks jgk gS] tks fd Hkkjr dh •k| lqj{kk o lH;rk osQ fy;s Hkh •rjk cu ldrh gSaA
th-,e- iQlyksa dks i;kZoj.k vkSj tSo fofo/rk osQ fy;s gkfudkjd ekuk tkrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
bl ckr dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk fd fdlkuksa us bl çkS|ksfxdh dks Lohdkj fd;k gS rFkk bls ysdj
mudk vuqHko Hkh vPNk jgk gSA •k| dh miyC/rk vkSj •k| lqj{kk esa o`f¼ osQ fy;s th-,e- iQlysa
vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ lkfcr gks jgh gSaA
fiQj Hkh iw.kZr% lpsr jgus dh vko';drk gS rkfd th-,e- osQ thu çkÑfrd ifjos'k esa feydj
•k| Ükà•yk dk fgLlk u cu tk,¡A th-,e- iQlyksa dk euq"; ,oa i;kZoj.k ij iM+us okys çHkko dk
nh?kZdkfyd ijh{k.k fd;s fcuk buosQ mRiknu dh vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg;sA
95
7 i;kZoj.kh; ?kVukØe
ok;q xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj ds lkFk vks”kksu çnw"k.k esa o`f¼% dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke
ppkZ esa D;ksa\
foKku vkSj i;kZoj.k osaQæ (Centre for Science and Environment- CSE) osQ vuqlkj] ykWdMkmu 'kq:
gksus osQ ckn ls Hkkjr osQ 22 esxk o egkuxjh; 'kgjksa esa vks”kksu çnw"k.k esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA lkFk gh] dbZ
'kgjksa esa ;g r; ekudksa dks ikj dj x;k gSA
i`"BHkwfe
oSf'od Lrj ij ykWdMkmu osQ dkj.k vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa Bgjko osQ pyrs ok;q dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj
ns•k x;k gSA gkyk¡fd] ,d u, vè;;u ls irk pyk gS fd bl nkSjku ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM (NO2)
vkSj ih-,e- 2-5 (PM 2.5) osQ Lrj esa deh vkbZ gS ijarq vks”kksu çnw"k.k esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA fnYyh fLFkr
foKku vkSj i;kZoj.k osaQæ us blls lEcaf/r vè;;u tkjh fd;k gSA lkekU; rkSj ij vks”kksu dk mi;ksx
Cyhfpax] nqx±/ jks/h vfHkdÙkkZ vkSj gok rFkk ihus osQ ikuh dks folaØfer djus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
vks”kksu% ,d çnw"kd ds :i esa
vks”kksu ,d vR;f/d fØ;k'khy xSl gSA i`Foh osQ lerkieaMy (Stratosphere) esa vks”kksu xSl (O3)
thou j{kd dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA lerkieaMy esa ;g xSl vks”kksu ijr dk fuekZ.k djrh gS tks lw;Z
ls vkus okyh ijkcSaxuh fofdj.k dks fiQYVj djrh gSA ok;qeaMy esa ekStwn leLr vks”kksu dk yxHkx
90» lerkieaMy esa ik;k tkrk gSA lerkieaMyh; vks”kksu dks ^xqM vks”kksu* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
gkyk¡fd] {kksHkeaMy (Troposphere& i`Foh dh lrg osQ vkl&ikl) esa] vks”kksu ,d çnw"kd dh rjg
dk;Z djrk gSA tgk¡ ;g lqHks| lewgksa esa dbZ LokLF; leL;kvksa dks iSnk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk 'olu
rFkk ân; o jÙkQokfgdk lEca/h jksx Hkh mRiUu dj ldrk gSA
{kksHkeaMy esa ikbZ tkus okyh vks”kksu lkekU;r% ekuo fufeZr gksrh gSA cgqr de ek=kk esa gksus osQ
ckotwn Hkh ;g euq";ksa vkSj isM+&ikS/ksa dks gkfu igq¡pk ldrh gS vr% {kksHkeaMyh; vks”kksu dks ^cSM
vks”kksu* Hkh dgrs gSaA
ih-,e- 2-5 vkSj ih-,e- 10 (PM 2.5 and PM 10)
ih-,e- (PM) dks ikfVZoqQysV eSVj ;k df.kdk rÙo ;k d.kh; çnw"k.k Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g okrkoj.k
esa ekStwn Bksl d.kksa vkSj rjy cwanksa dk feJ.k gSA ikfVZoqQysV eSVj dkfy•] /qvk¡] /krq o ukbVªsV]
lYiQsV lfgr /wy] ikuh vkSj jcM+ vkfn dk ,d tfVy feJ.k gSA
gok esa ekStwn ;s d.k brus lw{e gksrs gSa fd budks uXu vk¡•ksa ls ugha ns•k tk ldrk gS vkSj oqQN
d.kksa dk rks osQoy bysDVªkWu ekbØksLdksi osQ mi;ksx }kjk gh irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
ih-,e- 2-5 ,sls ok;qeaMyh; d.kksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS ftldk O;kl 2-5 ekbØksehVj ls de gksrk
gSA ;g ekuo osQ cky osQ O;kl dk yxHkx 3» gksrk gSA

ih-,e- 10 ,sls d.k gSa] ftudk O;kl 10 ekbØksehVj gksrk gSA bUgsa lw{e d.k ;k iQkbu ikfVZdy
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ih-,e- 10 dks jsfLijscy ikfVZoqQysV eSVj osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
96
djsaV vQs;lZ
ikfVZoqQysV eSVj fofHkUu vkdkj osQ gksrs gSa rFkk ;g ekuoh; o çkÑfrd nksuksa lzksrksa ls mRiUu gks
ldrs gSaA blosQ çkFkfed lzksr esa vkWVkseksckby mRltZu] /wy vkSj •kuk idkus dk /qvk¡ vkfn 'kkfey
gSaA çnw"k.k dk f}rh;d ;k xkS.k lzksr lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM rFkk ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM tSls jlk;uksa dh
tfVy çfrfØ;kvksa osQ dkj.k gks ldrk gSA
buosQ vykok] taxy dh vkx] ydM+h osQ tyus] Ñf"k vo'ks"kksa osQ ngu] m|ksx ls fudyus okys
/q,¡] fofHkUu fuekZ.k LFkyksa ls fudyus okyh /wy vkfn Hkh ok;q osQ çnw"k.k dk dkj.k curh gSaA
;g 'okl osQ ekè;e ls iQsiQM+ksa dks çnwf"kr djrk gS ftlls diQ vkSj vLFkek gks ldrk gSA lkFk
gh] mPp jÙkQpki] fny dk nkSjk rFkk LVªksd vkfn xEHkhj chekfj;k¡ Hkh gks ldrh gSa
;fn ok;q esa ih-,e- 2-5 dh ek=kk 60 ekbØksxzke D;wfcd ehVj vkSj ih-,e- 10 dh ek=kk 100
ekbØksxzke D;wfcd ehVj gS rks ,slh gok dks lk¡l ysus osQ fy;s lqjf{kr ekuk tkrk gSA
ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM (NO2) vkSj ikfVZoqQysV eSVj (PM 2.5 vkSj PM 10) osQ lkFk] {kksHkeaMyh;
vks”kksu cká ok;q çnw"k.k osQ dkj.k gksus okys dbZ nq"çHkkoksa osQ fy;s f”kEesnkj gSA
blosQ vykok] iQSfDVª;ksa o okguksa ls mRlftZr gksus okyh dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM rFkk vU; xSlksa dh
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k Hkh vks”kksu çnw"kdksa osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
vU; xSlksa (çnw"kd) dh eki osQ fy;s 24 ?kaVs dk vkSlr fy;k tkrk gS] tcfd vks”kksu dh eki
osQ fy;s 8 ?kaVs osQ vkSlr vk¡dM+ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k vks”kksu xSl dk vR;f/d
fØ;k'khy gksuk gSA bu 8 ?kaVksa esa vks”kksu çnw"kd dh ek=kk 100 ekbØksxzke çfr ?kuehVj ls vf/d
ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
lh-,l-bZ- ds vè;;u dk lkj
lh-,l-bZ- us tuojh 2019 rFkk ebZ 2020 dh le;kof/ osQ fy;s pkj çeq• çnw"kdksa& ih-,e- 2-5 o
ih-,e- 10 osQ lkFk&lkFk ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM o vks”kksu dh ço`fÙk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA
bl fo'ys"k.k esa fnYyh&jk"Vªh; jkt/kuh {ks=k osQ lkFk&lkFk dksydkrk] psUubZ o eqEcbZ osQ vykok
vU; çeq• 'kgjksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA bl vè;;u osQ varxZr p;fur 'kgjksa esa vks”kksu osQ
LFkkfud ço`fÙk osQ fo'ys"k.k dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
vè;;u osQ vuqlkj] vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa Bgjko osQ dkj.k vf/dka'k 'kgjksa esa ih-,e- 2-5 vkSj
ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM osQ Lrj esa deh vkbZ gSA gkyk¡fd] bu 'kgjksa esa vn`'; vks”kksu çnw"k.k dk
vfèkdre vkSlr dbZ fnuksa rd ekud Lrjksa ls vf/d FkkA vgenkckn esa vks”kksu dk vf/dre vkSlr
43 fnuksa rd ekud ls vf/d FkkA
fnYyh&,u-lh-vkj- vkSj vgenkckn osQ de ls de ,d çnw"kd ekid LVs'ku esa ykWdMkmu osQ nks&frgkbZ
fnuksa esa vks”kksu dk Lrj ekud ls vf/d ik;k x;k FkkA
vks”kksu ds Lrj esa o`f¼ dk dkj.k
fo'o osQ dbZ fgLlksa esa xzh"e ½rq osQ nkSjku vks”kksu çnw"k.k esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA lkFk gh] 'kq¼ okrkoj.k
okys {ks=kksa esa Hkh blesa o`f¼ ns•h tkrh gSA
lh-,l-bZ- osQ vuqlkj] gkyk¡fd vks”kksu fdlh Hkh lzksr }kjk lh/s mRlftZr ugha gksrh gS] ijarq bldk
fuekZ.k gok esa lw;Z osQ rhoz çdk'k rFkk Å"ek osQ çHkko esa ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbMksa (NOx) rFkk vU;
ok"i'khy dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa (VOCs) osQ eè; ijLij çdk'k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k osQ iQyLo:i gksrk gSA
ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbMksa dk mPp Lrj iqu% vks”kksu osQ lkFk çfrfØ;k dj ldrk gS vkSj blosQ Lrj
dks de dj ldrk gSA ok"i'khy dkcZfud ;kSfxd esa fofHkUu çdkj osQ gkbMªksdkcZu 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
97
djsaV vQs;lZ
vr% okrkoj.k osQ 'kq¼ gksus ;k okrkoj.k esa ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbMksa dh deh gksus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i bu
{ks=kksa esa vks”kksu dh lkaærk esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA vè;;u osQ vuqlkj] vks”kksu dks osQoy rHkh fu;af=kr
fd;k tk ldrk gS] tc lHkh lzksrksa ls xSlksa dks fu;af=kr dj fn;k x;k gksA
è;krO; gS fd Hkkjr esa ykWdMkmu xzh"e ½rq osQ nkSjku yxk;k x;k gSA vr% ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbMksa dk
lkekU; ls de Lrj vkSj mPp rkieku osQ çHkko osQ ifj.kkeLo:i vks”kksu osQ Lrj esa rhoz o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
ebZ ekg esa eSupsLVj fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fd;s x, ,d vè;;u esa ;w-osQ- esa Hkh blh rjg dh ço`fÙk;ksa
dks ns•k x;k] tgk¡ ykWdMkmu osQ nkSjku ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM osQ Lrj esa 20 ls 80» dh deh vkbZ
ijarq vks”kksu osQ Lrj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
eSupsLVj fo'ofo|ky; dh Vhe us vuqeku yxk;k fd 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa xfeZ;ksa osQ nkSjku vks”kksu dk
çdk'k&jklk;fud mRiknu ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbM dh de ek=kk osQ dkj.k ”;knk egÙoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA
tSls&tSls ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM osQ Lrj esa deh vkrh gSa] çdk'k&jklk;fud mRiknu vf/d çHkkoh
gks ldrk gS vkSj blls xfeZ;ksa esa vks”kksu dh lkaærk vf/d gks ldrh gSA mPp rkieku osQ dkj.k
çkÑfrd lzksrksa tSls fd o`{kksa ls ck;kstsfud gkbMªksdkcZu dk mRltZu c<+rk gS] tks 'kgjh vks”kksu Lrj
dks dkiQh çHkkfor djrk gSA
bl tkudkjh dk egÙo
nqfu;k Hkj esa] ykWdMkmu vkSj lkekftd nwjh osQ dkj.k ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbMksa vkSj ikfVZoqQysV eSVj
osQ Lrj esa deh vkbZ gS] ftlls gok lkiQ gks xbZ gSA gkyk¡fd ;g ,d ldkjkRed ifj.kke gS] fiQj
Hkh gkfudkjd vks”kksu osQ mPp Lrj ls ;g laosQr feyrk gS fd orZeku esa lq/jh gqbZ fLFkfr;k¡ vHkh
Hkh ekuo LokLF; dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gSaA
egkekjh osQ ckn Hkh bl vof/ dk ykHk ysus osQ fy;s LoPN vkdk'k vkSj LoLFk iQsiQM+ksa osQ fy;s ,d
,tsaMs dh vko';drk gSA blosQ lkFk&lkFk vks”kksu lfgr xSlh; mRltZu vkSj ikfVZoqQysV eSVj nksuksa osQ
Lrj esa deh osQ la;qÙkQ ykHk dks Hkh lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
tyok;q ifjorZu ij Hkkjr dh igyh fjiksVZ

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa osaQæh; i`Foh foKku ea=kky; (Union Ministry Of Earth Sciences-MoES) }kjk Hkkjr esa
osQafær tyok;q ifjorZu dk igyk vkdyu çdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g fjiksVZ fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjrh; {ks=kksa
osQ tyok;q ifjorZu osQ çHkkoksa vkSj muls fuiVus osQ mik;ksa ls lEcaf/r gS] tcfd la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dk tyok;q
ifjorZu ij varj&ljdkjh iSuy (United Nations Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change-
IPCC) dh fjiksVZ oSf'od Lrj ij tkjh dh tkrh gSA
fjiksVZ ds eq[; fcanq

o"kZ 1900 vkSj 2018 osQ eè; Hkkjr osQ vkSlr rkieku esa 0-7 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA xzhugkml xSlksa
osQ mRltZu vkSj Hkwfe mi;ksx ,oa Hkw&vkoj.k ls tqM+s ifjorZuksa osQ dkj.k rkieku esa bl o`f¼ dks cM+s
Lrj ij oSf'od rkiu (Global Warming) osQ fy;s mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k x;k gSA
lcls [kjkc fLFkfr ifjn`'; dks RCP 8-5 (jsçtsaVsfVo dkWulsUVªs'ku ikFkos@Representative Concentration
Pathways& ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] tks ok;qeaMy esa c<+rs xzhugkml xSl mRltZu osQ dkj.k 8-5
okWV çfr oxZ ehVj osQ ,d fofdj.k cy (Radiative Force) dh x.kuk djrk gSA
fofdj.k cy (Radiative Force) i`Foh (blosQ ok;qeaMy lfgr) }kjk vo'kksf"kr lw;Z dh çdk'k ÅtkZ
vkSj varfj{k esa okil vkus okyh ÅtkZ osQ chp dk varj gSA
98
djsaV vQs;lZ
RCP 4-5 osQ ,d eè;orhZ ifjn`'; osQ rgr ns'k osQ vkSlr rkieku esa 2-4 fMxzh lsfYl;l dh o`f¼
gks ldrh gSA fganqoqQ'k fgeky;h {ks=k osQ rkieku esa vf/d o`f¼ gksus dh lEHkkouk gS] tgk¡ vkSlr
rkieku 5-2 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd c<+ ldrk gSA ;g {ks=k rkieku] o"kkZ vkSj ciQZckjh esa tyok;q ls
lEcaf/r ifjorZu'khyrk osQ fy;s igys ls gh vR;f/d laosnu'khy gSA
o"kZ 1950 vkSj 2015 osQ eè; ekulwuh ekSle osQ nkSjku oqQy o"kkZ esa 6 çfr'kr dh deh vkbZ gSA o"kZ
1976 rFkk 2005 osQ eè; dh vof/ dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa vkSlr gok osQ rkieku esa lnh osQ var
rd 4-4 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd dh o`f¼ gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA
o"kZ 1975 ls 2005 dh rqyuk esa o"kZ 2100 rd xeZ fnuksa vkSj xeZ jkrksa dh vko`fÙk esa Øe'k% 55
çfr'kr vkSj 70 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA ns'k esa xeZ gokvksa dh ?kVukvksa esa Hkh 3 ls 4 xquk
rd dh o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
gky gh osQ 2&3 n'kdksa dh rqyuk esa bl lnh osQ var rd leqæ osQ Lrj esa 30 lsaVhehVj rd dh
o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
ekulwuh ckfj'k esa 14 çfr'kr rd dk ifjorZu gks ldrk gS] tks o"kZ 2100 rd vf/dre 22-5
çfr'kr rd igq¡p ldrk gSA fjiksVZ esa osQoy ifjorZu'khyrk dk mYys• fd;k x;k gSA ;g ifjorZu
o`f¼ ;k deh fdl :i esa gksxk] bl lEca/ esa mYys• ugha gSA
fgeky;h {ks=k esa rkieku esa o`f¼ dk vFkZ gS ciQZ ,oa fgeunksa osQ fi?kyus ls Hkkjr dh oqQN lcls
egÙoiw.kZ ckjgeklh ufn;ksa esa ck<+ vkus ls Hkkjr dk mÙkjh Hkkx vf/d çHkkfor gksxk] lkFk gh eè;
vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa o"kkZ dh vko`fÙk esa rhoz xfr ls o`f¼ gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA
uohure oSf'od tyok;q ifjorZu vkdyu dk vuqeku gS fd ;fn ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa ls ekStwnk nj
ij xzhugkml xSl dk mRltZu gksrk jgk rks bl lnh osQ var rd nqfu;k osQ vkSlr lrg osQ rkieku
esa 5 fMxzh lsfYl;l dh o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
fjiksVZ esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa osQ dkj.k 1-5 fMxzh lsfYl;l (iwoZ
vkS|ksfxd Lrj ij oSf'od rkieku esa o`f¼) dk y{; çkIr djus ;ksX; ugha gSA
tSlk fd vkbZ-ih-lh-lh- dh fjiksVZ esa Hkh dgk x;k gS fd bl çdkj dh fLFkfr dks ns•rs gq, tyok;q
ifjorZu osQ dkjdksa dks fu;af=kr djus gsrq rkRdkfyd :i ls mfpr dne mBkus dh vko';drk gSA
vkbZ-ih-lh-lh-@IPCC
tyok;q ifjorZu ij varj&ljdkjh iSuy (baVjxoe±sVy iSuy vkWiQ DykbesV psat&vkbZ-ih-lh-lh-)
tyok;q ifjorZu ls lEcaf/r oSKkfud vkdyu gsrq la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dk ,d fudk; gS] ftldk xBu o"kZ
1988 esa la;qÙkQ jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe (IPCC) rFkk fo'o ekSle foKku laxBu }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
bldk eq[;ky; ftusok (fLoV~”kjySaM) esa fLFkr gSA orZeku esa fo'o osQ 195 ns'k blosQ lnL; gSaA
vU; egÙoiw.kZ vk¡dM+s

fjiksVZ
osQ vkdyu osQ vuqlkj] fiNys oqQN n'kdksa esa ekulwuh ekSle osQ nkSjku 'kq"d nkSj (Dry Spell)
dh vko`fÙk esa o`f¼ gqbZa gS] ftlesa o"kZ 1951&1980 dh rqyuk esa 1981&2011 osQ eè; 27 çfr'kr
dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
'kq"d nkSj (Dry Spell)% 'kq"d le;kof/] ftlesa o"kkZ dk iw.kZr% ;k yxHkx vHkko jgrk gSA
eè; Hkkjr esa o"kZ 1950 vkSj 2015 osQ chp 75 çfr'kr vf/d pje o"kkZ dh ?kVuk,¡ gqbZ gSA bu
vk¡dM+ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ckfj'k ;k rks cgqr de gqbZ gS ;k cgqr vf/dA
bldk mnkgj.k o"kZ 2018 ,oa 2019 osQ ekulwuh ekSle ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ Hkkjr osQ dbZ
lw•kxzLr {ks=kksa esa Hkkjh o"kkZ osQ dkj.k ck<+ vk xbZ rFkk dbZ ck<+xzLr {ks=kksa esa lw•s dh fLFkfr cu xbZ FkhA
99
djsaV vQs;lZ
fjiksVZ esa tyok;q ifjorZu ds lek/ku gsrq lq>ko
tyok;q ifjorZu osQ çHkkoksa dh {ks=kh; fHkUurkvksa dks le>us osQ fy;s vkSj vf/d vuqla/ku vkSj
fodklkRed xfrfof/;ksa dh vko';drk gSA
ty lap;u (Water Harvesting) dks O;kid Lrj ij çksRlkfgr fd;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA
lrr Ñf"k (Sustainable Farming) dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
ouhdj.k (Afforestation) osQ ç;klksa esa rhozrk ykuh pkfg;s
thok'e bZa/u ls uohdj.kh; bZa/u osQ mi;ksx ij è;ku osQafær fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
dkcZu djk/ku (Carbon Taxation) osQ çko/ku ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
tula[;k osQ lcls laosnu'khy oxZ dks tyok;q ifjorZu osQ çHkkoksa ls vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk
çnku dh tkuh pkfg;sA
fjiksVZ dk egÙo
Hkkjr osQ fy;s ;g igyh tyok;q ifjorZu vkdyu fjiksVZ gSA
;g fjiksVZ Hkfo"; osQ lEHkkfor tyok;q ifjorZu vuqekuksa ij ,d Li"V ,oa O;kid n`f"Vdks.k çnku
djrh gS] tks uhfr fuekZrkvksa vkSj f'k{kkfonksa osQ fy;s vR;f/d mi;ksxh gSA
;g igyk ,slk ewY;kadu gS] tgk¡ ekStwnk vuqekuksa dks Hkwfe ,oa leqæ osQ rkieku] ekulwuh o"kkZ] ck<+
rFkk lw•k vkfn dks ,sfrgkfld #>kuksa osQ lanHkZ esa j•dj vkdyu fd;k x;k gSA
;g fjiksVZ tyok;q ifjorZu ij dk;Zokgh djus gsrq fodflr ns'kksa }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ foÙkiks"k.k
osQ eqís ij ekSu gS (;g eqík fjiksVZ osQ nk;js ls ckgj gS)
jsçtsaVsfVo dkWulsUVªs'ku ikFkos (Representative Concentration Pathways-RCPs)
o"kZ 2013&14 esa çdkf'kr tyok;q ifjorZu ij varj&ljdkjh iSuy (IPCC) dh ikapoha vkdyu
fjiksVZ (Assessment Report 5-AR5) bl fjiksVZ osQ fu"d"kZ ,d u, lsV ij vk/kfjr gksaxs] tks fd
¶mRltZu ifjn`'; ij oSf'od fjiksVZ¸ (Special Report On Emissions Scenarios) osQ ekudksa dks
çfrLFkkfir djrs gSa] ftUgsa fiNyh nks fjiksVks± esa Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA bUgha u, ifjn`';ksa dks
jsçtsaVsfVo dkWulsUVªs'ku ikFkos (RCPs) dgrs gSaA budh la[;k pkj gSa% RCP8.5, RCP6, RCP4.5,
RCP2.6 (RCP3-PD)
vkxs dh jkg
;g mfpr gS fd Hkkjr vius jk"Vªh; tyok;q dk ewY;kadu Lo;a djsA bl igy ls Hkkjr rFkk blosQ
vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa osQ vkdyu ,oa fo'ys"k.k Hkkjr osQ Ñf"k {ks=k dks vR;f/d ykHk igq¡psxkA
tyok;q ifjorZu ,d oSf'od leL;k gS] ftldk lek/ku Hkh lHkh ns'kksa dks feydj lkewfgd :i
ls fudkyuk gksxkA
mÙkjk•aM esa taxy dh vkx

yxkrkj c<+rs rkieku osQ lkFk] mÙkjk•aM esa taxy dh vkx ;k oukfXu yxkrkj c<+rh gh tk jgh gS] ;|fi
gky gh esa bl oukfXu ls tqM+h oqQN xyr rLohjsa Hkh lks'ky usVo²dx osclkbV ij lk>k dh xbZ Fkha]
ftudk jkT; ljdkj us •aMu fd;k FkkA foxr oqQN o"kks± ls taxyksa esa vkx yxus dh vusd •cjsa vkbZ
Fkha] ftUgksaus iwjs fo'o dks >d>ksj fn;k FkkA
100
djsaV vQs;lZ
çeq• fcanq
taxyksa esa yxh vkx eq[;r% vfu;ksftr vkx gksrh gS tks vDlj ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa ;k vkdk'kh;
fctyh fxjus tSlh çkÑfrd ?kVuk osQ dkj.k yxrh gSA
vaVkoZQfVdk dks NksM+dj yxHkx gj egk}hi esa bl çdkj dh taxy esa vkx yxus dh ?kVuk,¡ ns•h xbZ gSaA
lkekU;r% taxy dh vkx yxus osQ nks çkFkfed dkj.k gksrs gSa] ekuotfur vkSj çkÑfrdA
ekuotfur dkj.k (Human Causes)

vè;;uksa osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 90» taxyksa dh vkx ekuotfur gksrh gSaA
ekuotfur ykijokgh] tSls fd dSaiiQk;j dks fcuk cq>k, NksM+ fn;k tkuk ;k flxjsV ihus osQ ckn
dgha Hkh ykijokgh ls iQsad nsuk vkfn bl çdkj dh vkx iQSyus dh eq[; otgsa gSaA
nq?kZVuk,¡] tkucw>dj dh xbZ vkxtuh dh gjdrsa] owQM+s&eycs vkfn dks xyr rjhosQ ls tykuk vkSj
vkfr'kckth vkfn Hkh taxy dh vkx osQ vU; çeq• dkj.kksa esa ls gSaA
çkÑfrd dkj.k (Natural Causes)
vkdk'kh; fctyh % taxy esa yxus okyh vkx osQ ihNs vkdk'kh; fctyh çeq• dkj.kksa esa ls
,d gSA
Tokykeq•h foLiQksV % i`Foh dh Åijh ijr esa mifLFkr xeZ eSXek vkerkSj ij Tokykeq•h foLiQksV
osQ nkSjku ykok osQ :i esa ckgj fudy tkrk gSA xeZ ykok fiQj ckn esa ckgj vkdj taxy esa vkx
dk dkj.k curk gSA
rkieku % mPp ok;qeaMyh; rkieku vkSj lw•kiu taxyksa esa vkx yxus osQ fy;s vuqowQy ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
tyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k /hjs&/hjs i`Foh dh lrg ij gok dk rkieku c<+ jgk gS] ftlls
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj taxy dh vkx iQSyus dh çfr'krrk esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
taxy dh vkx ds rhu cqfu;knh çdkj gksrs gSaµ
Økmu vkx (Crown fires) ls isM+ viuh iwjh yEckbZ vFkkZr~ Åij rd ty tkrs gSaA ;s lcls rhoz
vkSj •rjukd taxyh vkx gksrh gSA
lrg dh vkx osQoy lrg osQ owQM+s vkSj eycs dks tykrh gSA ;s lcls lk/kj.k vkx gS tks taxy
dks de ls de uqdlku igq¡pkrh gSA
xzkmaM iQk;j (dHkh&dHkh Hkwfexr ;k milrg vkx dgk tkrk gS) áwel] ihV vkSj blh rjg dh
e`r ouLifr tyus osQ fy;s i;kZIr 'kq"d gks tkrs gSa ] buesa yxh vkx dks milrg dh vkx dgk
tkrk gSA ;s vkx cgqr /heh xfr ls pyrh gS] ysfdu iwjh rjg ls blls ckgj fudyuk ;k bl
vkx dks cq>kuk cgqr eqf'dy gksrk gSA
i;kZoj.k ij ou dh vkx ds çHkko
taxyksa dh vkx osQ eq[; ikfjfLFkfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çHkko fuEu gSa&
ewY;oku ydM+h lalk/uksa dk uqdlkuA
tyxzg.k okys {ks=kksa dk {kj.kA
tSo fofo/rk] ikS/ksa vkSj tkuojksa osQ foyqIr gksus dk MjA
oSf'od rkieku dk c<+ukA
101
djsaV vQs;lZ
dkcZu flad lalk/u dh gkfu vkSj okrkoj.k esa CO2 osQ çfr'kr esa o`f¼A
ekbØkWDykbesV (fdlh fo'ks"k NksVs txg dh tyok;q) esa ifjorZuA
e`nk vijnu feêðh vkSj mRiknu dh mRikndrk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
vks”kksu ijr fjÙkQhdj.kA
vkfnoklh yksxksa vkSj xzkeh.k rcosQ osQ yksxksa dh vkthfodk dk uqdlkuA
Hkkjr esa ou vfXu fuokj.k vkSj çca/u (Forest Fire Prevention and Management in India)
ou] Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh lkroha vuqlwph esa nh xbZ leorhZ lwph (42osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e]
1976 osQ ekè;e ls bl lwph osQ rgr yk;k x;k) esa 'kkfey gSaA
i;kZoj.k] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ea=kky; (MoEFCC) osQ taxyksa dh vkx ij jk"Vªh; dk;Z&;kstuk
(National Action Plan on Forest Fires - NAPFF-2018) }kjk Hkh bldk çca/u gksrk gSA
MoEFCC osaQæ }kjk çk;ksftr ou vfXu fuokj.k vkSj çca/u (Forest Fire Prevention and Management
-FPM) ;kstuk osQ rgr taxy dh vkx ls cpko vkSj çca/u osQ mik;ksa dh ns•js• dh tkrh gSA
,iQ-ih-,e- osQ rgr vkoafVr /ujkf'k osaQæ&jkT; ykxr&lk>kdj.k lw=k osQ vuqlkj gS] ftlesa iwokZsÙkj
vkSj if'peh fgeky;h {ks=kksa esa osaQæh; vkSj jkT; fuf/ dk vuqikr 90%10 gS vkSj vU; lHkh jkT;ksa osQ
fy;s 60%40 dk vuqikr gSA
vkxs dh jkg
taxyksa esa yxus okyh vkx Hkkjr dh çeq• vkinkvksa esa ls ,d gS] ftlls vDlj tu&/u dh Hkkjh
gkfu gksrh gS vkSj i;kZoj.k ij udkjkRed çHkko Hkh iM+rk gSA
jksdFkke] 'keu vkSj fu;a=k.k osQ csgrj mik; fd;s tkus ls ,oa ,d lexz ;kstuk osQ ekè;e ls taxyksa
dh vkx ij dkcw ik;k tk ldrk gS] lkFk gh ekuotkfr dks ekuotfur dkjdksa dks de djus osQ
fy;s o`gr&Lrj ij ç;kl djus gksaxsaA
(lzksr & Mkmu Vw vFkZ)
if'peh ?kkV ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh; :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=k

gky gh esa] osaQæh; i;kZoj.k] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ea=kh us Ng jkT;ksa osQ eq[;eaf=k;ksa osQ lkFk ,d
ohfM;ks dkWUÚsal osQ ekè;e ls if'peh ?kkV osQ ikfjfLFkfrdh; :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=kksa (Ecologically
Sensitive Areas - ESAs) dh vf/lwpuk ls lEcaf/r eqíksa ij ppkZ dhA
bu Ng jkT;ksa esa osQjy] dukZVd] xksok] egkjk"Vª] xqtjkr vkSj rfeyukMq 'kkfey gSaA
i`"BHkwfe
ljdkj us if'peh ?kkV {ks=k osQ lrr~ vkSj lekos'kh fodkl dh vuqefr nsrs gq, if'peh ?kkVksa dh
tSo fofo/rk osQ laj{k.k vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy;s MkW- dLrwjhjaxu dh vè;{krk esa ,d mPp&Lrjh; lfefr
dk xBu fd;k FkkA
lfefr us fliQkfj'k dh Fkh fd Ng jkT;ksa osQjy] dukZVd] xksok] egkjk"Vª] xqtjkr vkSj rfeyukMq esa
iM+us okys HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa dks ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=k ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dLrwjhjaxu lfefr us if'peh ?kkVksa osQ fliQZ 37» {ks=k dks ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=k
(ESA) osQ rgr ykus dh fliQkfj'k dh] tcfd iwoZ esa xkMfxy lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa 64»
{ks=k dks blosQ varxZr yk, tkus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA
102
djsaV vQs;lZ
è;krO; gS fd] o"kZ 2011 esa if'peh ?kkV ikfjLFkfrdh fo'ks"kK iSuy osQ :i esa i;kZoj.k vuqlaèkku
osQ fy;s xkMfxy lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
çeq• fcanq
lHkh 'kkfey jkT;ksa us if'peh ?kkVksa dh j{kk djus dh vko';drk dks Lohdkj fd;kA gkyk¡fd] jkT;ksa
us elkSnk vf/lwpuk esa mfYyf•r vuqeU; xfrfof/;ksa vkSj {ks=k dh lhek ls lEcaf/r viuh fparkvksa
dks Hkh O;ÙkQ fd;kA
blosQ vykok] ;g Hkh r; fd;k x;k gS fd jkT;ksa osQ fof'k"V eqíksa ij ppkZ dh tk,xh vkSj loZlEefr
ls lek/ku fudkyk tk,xkA
ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=k
ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=k (ESAs) eq[;r% lajf{kr {ks=kksa] jk"Vªh; m|kuksa vkSj oU;tho
vHk;kj.;ksa osQ vklikl 10 fdyksehVj osQ Hkhrj fLFkr {ks=k gSaA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/fu;e 1986 osQ rgr i;kZoj.k] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ea=kky; (MoEFCC)
}kjk bu {ks=kksa dks vf/lwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA
bUgsa vf/lwfpr djus dk ewy mís'; jk"Vªh; m|kuksa vkSj oU;tho vHk;kj.;ksa osQ vklikl oqQN
xfrfof/;ksa dks fofu;fer djuk gS rkfd lajf{kr {ks=kksa esa 'kkfey lqHks| ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ij bl çdkj
dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ udkjkRed çHkkoksa dks de fd;k tk losQA
if'peh ?kkV ikfjfLFkfrdh fo'ks"kK iSuy (Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel)
o"kZ 2011 esa ikfjfLFkfrdh fo'ks"kK ek/o xkMfxy dh vè;{krk okyh ,d lfefr us fliQkfj'k dh Fkh
fd lHkh if'peh ?kkVksa dks ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=k (bZ-,l-,-) ?kksf"kr fd;k tk,] tgk¡
osQoy lhfer ek=kk esa gh fodklkRed dk;ks± dh vuqefr gksA
iSuy us if'peh ?kkVksa dks ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=kksa (bZ-,l-,-) 1] 2 vkSj 3 esa oxhZÑr
fd;k Fkk] ftuesa ls bZ-,l-,-&1 mPp çkFkfedrk okys {ks=k osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k Fkk] yxHkx
lHkh fodklkRed xfrfof/;k¡ (•uu] rkifo|qr osaQæ vkfn) blesa çfrcaf/r FkhaA
bl lfefr us funZsf'kr fd;k Fkk fd i;kZoj.k ç'kklu dh ç.kkyh Åij ls uhps dh ctk; uhps ls
Åij osQ n`f"Vdks.k vFkkZr xzke&lHkkvksa ls 'kq: gksdj Åij osQ Lrjksa dh vksj mUeq• gksuh pkfg;sA
bl lfefr us i;kZoj.k vkSj ou ea=kky; osQ rgr ,d oS/kfud çkf/dj.k osQ :i esa ,d if'peh ?kkV
ikfjfLFkfrdh çkf/dj.k (Western Ghats Ecology Authority -WGEA) osQ xBu dh fliQkfj'k Hkh dh
Fkh] ftls i;kZoj.k (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1986 dh /kjk&3 osQ rgr 'kfÙkQ;k¡ nsus dh ckr dh xbZ FkhA
;|fi lfefr dh fjiksVZ dh tehuh okLrfodrkvksa ls nwj gksus vkSj i;kZoj.k dh vksj oqQN ”;knk yf{kr
gksus osQ dkj.k vkykspuk Hkh dh xbZ FkhA
dLrwjhjaxu lfefr (Kasturirangan Committee)
dLrwjhjaxu lfefr us xkMfxy lfefr }kjk çLrkfor ç.kkyh osQ foijhr fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k
dks larqfyr djus dh ckr dh FkhA lfefr dh çeq• fliQkfj'ksa Fkha%&
if'peh ?kkVksa osQ oqQy {ks=kiQy dh ctk,] oqQy {ks=kiQy dk osQoy 37» bZ-,l-,- osQ rgr yk;k tk,A
bZ-,l-,- esa •uu (mining)] mR•uu (quarrying) vkSj jsr •uu ij iw.kZ çfrca/A
fdlh Hkh rki fo|qr~ ifj;kstukvksa dh vuqefr fcyoqQy Hkh ugha nh tk, vkSj ty&fo|qr
ifj;kstukvksa dks foLr`r vè;;u osQ ckn gh vuqefr nh tk,A
jsM baMLVªht (vR;f/d çnw"k.k djus m|ksx) ij l[rh ls jksd yxkbZ tk,A
103
djsaV vQs;lZ
vkxs dh jkg
;g ,d fodkl cuke laj{k.k cgl gSA blfy;s] lEcaf/r fparkvksa dks nwj djosQ fofHkUu fgr/kjdksa osQ
chp vke lgefr osQ ckn] oSKkfud vè;;u ij vk/kfjr ,d mfpr fo'ys"k.k dh rRdky vko';drk gSA
ou Hkwfe] mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa ij •rjksa vkSj ekaxksa osQ ckjs esa lexz n`f"Vdks.k osQ fy;s uhfr rS;kj
djus dh vko';drk gSA
bl çfØ;k esa 'kkfey vf/dkfj;ksa dks Li"V :i ls ?kksf"kr i;kZoj.kh; mís';ksa osQ çfr lpsr fd;s
tkus dh vko';drk gSA
dk;kZUo;u esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh nsjh ns'k osQ lcls cs'kdherh çkÑfrd lalk/uksa osQ {k; dk dkj.k
cu ldrh gS] vr% vfr'kh?kz dk;Z&;kstuk cukuk ,oa mlosQ dk;kZUo;u ij vR;f/d ”kksj fn;s tkus
dh fo'ks"k vko';drk gSA
(lzksr % ih-vkbZ-ch-)
oSf'od ou lalk/u ewY;kadu] 2020

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa la;qÙkQ jk"Vª (United Nations) osQ •k| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (Food and Agricultural
Organization- FAO) }kjk oSf'od ou lalk/u ewY;kadu 2020 (Global Forest Resources
Assessment- FRA 2020) fjiksVZ tkjh dh xbZA fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj o"kZ 1990 ls 2020 dh vof/ esa
fuoZuhdj.k dh nj esa fxjkoV osQ lkFk gh fo'o osQ ou {ks=k esa Hkh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
fjiksVZ ds egÙoiw.kZ fcanq
ou lalk/u ewY;kadu] 2020 foxr rhl o"kks± dh vof/ esa 236 ns'kksa vkSj 60 ls vf/d ou lEca/h
Hkw&Hkkx osQ ewY;kadu dkjdksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd o"kZ 1990 osQ ckn ls 178 fefy;u gsDVs;j ou u"V gks pqosQ gSa ysfdu
lrr~ ou çca/u (Sustainable Forest Management- SFM) tSls dneksa ls ouksUewyu dh nj esa
fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZ gSA
104
djsaV vQs;lZ
1990 osQ n'kd esa fuoy ou gkfu dh nj (Net Forest Loss Rate) 7-8 fefy;u gsDVs;j çfr o"kZ
ls ?kVdj o"kZ 2000 ls 2010 osQ chp 5-2 fefy;u gsDVs;j çfr o"kZ vkSj 2010 ls 2020 osQ chp
4-7 fefy;u gsDVs;j çfr o"kZ gks xbZ gSA
o"kZ 2015 ls 2020 osQ chp ou gkfu dh nj 12 fefy;u gsDVs;j ls ?kVdj 10 fefy;u gsDVs;j
gks xbZ gSA
oSf'od fLFkfr
oSf'od Lrj ij 2010 ls 2020 dh vof/ osQ eè; ouksUewyu dh lokZf/d okf"kZd nj vÚhdk esa
Fkh] tks fd 3-9 fefy;u çfr gsDVs;j FkhA 2-6 fefy;u gsDVs;j dh ouksUewyu dh nj osQ lkFk nf{k.k
vesfjdk nwljs LFkku ij FkkA
ogha nwljh rjiQ egk}hiksa esa ouhdj.k dh nj esa lcls vf/d çxfr Øe'k% ,f'k;k ,oa ;wjksi esa jghA
gkyk¡fd buesa 'kq¼ ykHk dh nj esa deh ns•h xbZA
ou {ks=k
bl fjiksVZ esa crk;k x;k gS fd i`Foh osQ Hkw&Hkkx dk 31 çfr'kr (4-06 fcfy;u gsDVs;j) ou {ks=k
gS] tksfd çfr O;fÙkQ 0-52 gsDVs;j osQ leku gSA
nqfu;k osQ 50 » ls vf/d ou osQoy ik¡p ns'kksa :l] czkthy] dukMk] l;qaÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk rFkk
phu esa gSaA
oSf'od Lrj ij ouksa dk lcls vf/d fgLlk m".kdfVca/h; taxyksa (Tropical Forest) dk gS] tks
fd 45 » gSA blosQ ckn 'khrks".k vkSj miks".kdfVca/h; {ks=k vkrs gSaA
oSf'od ouksa osQ oqQy {ks=kiQy esa yxHkx 3 çfr'kr (131 fefy;u gsDVs;j) dh fgLlsnkjh o`{kkjksi.k
dh gSA 1990 osQ i'pkr fo'o esa çkÑfrd :i ls iquthZfor ou {ks=kksa esa deh vkbZ gS] fdarq jksfir
ouksa (Planted forest) osQ {ks=k esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
fo'o esa lajf{kr ou {ks=k yxHkx 726 fefy;u gsDVs;j gS vkSj bldk lokZf/d fgLlk nf{k.k vesfjdk
(31») esa gSA
ouksUewyu dk dkj.k
Ñf"k {ks=k esa o`f¼ gsrq cM+s iSekus ij o`{kksa ,oa ouksa dh dVkbZ dh tk jgh gSA
•uu xfrfof/;ksa ,oa 'kgjh foLrkj dh uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k Hkh ouksa dks dkVk tk jgk gSA
o`{kksa dh ydM+h dk dPps eky osQ :i esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] blfy;s Hkh ouksa dh dVkbZ gks jgh gSA
ouksUewyu
ouksUewyu dk vFkZ o`{kksa dh dVkbZ ;k mUgsa tykdj vFkok vU; rjhosQ ls lekIr ;k u"V djus ls gS]
ftlosQ dkj.k ouksa dk fouk'k gks tkrk gSA yksx vius LokFkZ osQ fy;s o`{kksa vkSj taxyksa dks dkVdj
taxy dh Hkwfe dks Ñf"k vFkok vU; mi;ksx osQ fy;s ;k ydM+h dks cspdj i;kZoj.k dks vR;f/d
gkfu igq¡pk jgs gSaA
taxyksa esa vkx yxus (vkdk'kh; fctyh ;k ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa osQ dkj.k)] ck<+ vkus] Tokykeq•h
osQ iQVus ,oa vU; çkÑfrd dkj.kksa ls Hkh ou {ks=k esa deh vk jgh gSA
i'kqvksa osQ vR;f/d pkj.k ls cM+s ikS/ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk NksVs ikS/s Hkh u"V gks tkrs gSa rFkk e`nk vijnu
Hkh gksrk gSA
105
djsaV vQs;lZ
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª •k| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (FAO)
•k| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu dh LFkkiuk la;qÙkQ jk"Vª la?k osQ varxZr vDVwcj 1945 esa dh xbZ FkhA bldk
eq[;ky; jkse (bVyh) esa fLFkr gSA
;g laxBu ljdkjksa ,oa fofHkUu fodkl laLFkkvksa dks Ñf"k] okfudh] eRL;ikyu] Hkwfe vkSj ty lalkèkuksa
ls lEcaf/r xfrfof/;ksa osQ lapkyu esa lgk;rk çnku djus osQ lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy;s
rduhdh lgk;rk ,oa 'kks/ dk;Z djrk gSA
bl laLFkk dk y{; oSf'od Lrj ij •k| lqj{kk osQ fy;s dk;Z djus osQ lkFk&lkFk iks"k.k osQ Lrj
esa o`f¼ djuk Hkh gSA orZeku esa FAO osQ 197 lnL; gSa] ftuesa 194 ns'k ,d laxBu ,oa nks layXu
lnL; (Associate Member) gSaA
vkxs dh jkg
i`Foh ij ouksUewyu osQ çkÑfrd dkj.kksa dh rqyuk esa ekuotfur dkj.k vf/d gSaA bls jksdus osQ fy;s
dBksj dkuwuksa dk çko/ku] voS/ o`{kksa ,oa ouksa dh dVkbZ ij jksd rFkk 'kgjh foLrkj ,oa fodkl osQ
fy;s o`{kksa dh dVkbZ ij jksd tSls ç;kl fd;s tkus pkfg;sA
vk/kjHkwr lajpuk osQ fodkl gsrq o`{kksa ,oa ouksa osQ uqdlku dks de fd;s tkus osQ lkFk gh Ñf"k {ks=k
esa uokpkjh •srh tSls gkbMªksikWfuDl (fcuk feêðh osQ] ty dh lgk;rk ls ikS/s mxkus dh rduhd)
dks viuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA vkS|ksfxd xfrfof/;ksa gsrq bZa/u osQ :i esa ç;ksx dh tkus okyh taxy dh
ydM+h osQ LFkku ij ckal dk mi;ksx djosQ ouksa dh dVkbZ dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ou i;kZoj.k dk ,d vfuok;Z fgLlk gksus osQ lkFk gh ekuo tkfr osQ fy;s ,d ojnku gS fdarq nqHkkZX;
ls euq"; fofHkUu çdkj osQ mís';ksa dh iw£r gsrq o`{kksa dks dkV jgk gS] ftlls ikfjfLFkfrdh larqyu
fcxM+ jgk gSA o`{kksa ,oa ouksa dks cpkus osQ fy;s vkSj vf/d xEHkhjrk dh vko';drk gSA
106
8 foKku ,oa izks|ksfxdh
ôu lu & ou oYMZ & ou fxzM* ;kstuk

gky gh esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us ôu lu&ou oYMZ&ou fxzM* (One Sun One World One Grid -
OSOWOG) ;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr djus dh ckr dh gSA
;g ;kstuk oSf'od lg;ksx dks lqfo/ktud cukus osQ fy;s ,d fo'ks"k :ijs•k ij osaQfær gS] tks ijLij
uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lalk/uksa (eq[; :i ls lkSj ÅtkZ) osQ ,sls oSf'od ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk fuekZ.k
djrh gS ftls vck/ :i ls lHkh ns'kksa osQ lkFk lk>k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
çeq• fcanq
OSOWOG osQ ihNs dk eq[; n'kZu gS ^n lu usoj lsV~l* vFkkZr~ lw;Z dHkh ugha Mwcrk vkSj pw¡fd lw;Z
fdlh Hkh HkkSxksfyd LFkku ij fdlh fo'ks"k le; ij fLFkj gh jgrk gS] vr% ;g ;kstuk Hkh fo'o esa
ÅtkZ {ks=k esa fLFkjrk yk,xh] ,slk vuqeku gSA
;g fdlh Hkh ns'k }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ lcls egRokdka{kh ;kstukvksa esa ls ,d gSA
bls fo'o cSad dh rduhdh lgk;rk dk;ZØe osQ rgr 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA
OSOWOG dh ;kstuk dks Hkkjr }kjk lg&LFkkfir varjkZ"Vªh; lkSj xBca/u (ISA) dk Hkh ykHk fey
ldrk gS] ftlesa 67 ns'k lnL; gSaA
lkSj LisDVªe dks vklkuh ls nks O;kid {ks=kksa (Hkkjr ftuosQ chp esa fLFkr gS) esa foHkkftr fd;k tk
ldrk gS] tks fuEu gSa%
lqnwj iwoZ esa E;kaekj] fo;ruke] FkkbZySaM] ykvksl rFkk dEcksfM;k vkfn tSls ns'k 'kkfey gSaA
lqnwj if'pe esa eè;&iwoZ osQ ns'k vkSj vÚhdk osQ {ks=k 'kkfey gSaA
;kstuk ds rhu pj.k

igyk pj.k% ;g pj.k eè; iwoZ] nf{k.k ,f'k;k vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k (MESASEA) osQ ikjLifjd
lEcaèkksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
lhek ikj ÅtkZ O;kikj dks c<+kok nsuk Hkkjr dh iM+kslh&çFke uhfr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA
Hkkjr] ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky dks fctyh dh vkiwfrZ dj jgk gS vkSj miegk}hih; {ks=k esa fctyh
dh ekax dks iwjk djus osQ fy;s lkoZQ fctyh fxzM esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA
çkjfEHkd ;kstukvksa esa vkseku osQ lkFk leqæ osQ uhps ls fyad LFkkfir djuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
nwljk pj.k% ;g pj.k MESASEA fxzM osQ lkFk vÚhdh ikoj iwy osQ lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA
rhljk pj.k% ;g pj.k oSf'od varlZEca/ksa osQ ckjs esa gSA
egÙo
çLrkfor ,dhdj.k ls lHkh çfrHkkx djus okys ns'kksa dh ÅtkZ ifj;kstukvksa esa yxus okys •pZs esa deh
vk,xh] lHkh dh mRiknu {kerk c<+sxh vkSj bu ns'kksa dh ifjlEifÙk;ksa esa o`f¼ gksxhA
bl ;kstuk osQ fy;s osQoy o`f¼'khy fuos'k dh vko';drk gksxh D;ksafd ekStwnk fxzM flLVe osQ lkFk
gh dke djus osQ dkj.k fdlh vU; lekukarj fxzM volajpuk dh vko';drk ugha gksxhA
107
djsaV vQs;lZ
;g uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksrksa esa fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ lkFk&lkFk dkS'ky] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj foÙk
dk mi;ksx djus esa lHkh çfrHkkxh ns'kksa dh enn djsxkA
vkfFkZd ykHk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ikuh] LoPNrk] Hkkstu vkSj xjhch mUewyu vkfn vU; lkekftd&vkfFkZd
pqukSfr;ksa dks de djus esa ldkjkRed cnyko ns•us dks feysaxsA
;g Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; v{k; ÅtkZ çca/u osaQæksa dks {ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od çca/u osaQæksa osQ :i esa fodflr
djus esa lgk;d gksxkA
dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ nkSjku ;g dne] Hkkjr dh oSf'od j.kuhfr;ksa dks fodflr djus vkSj lEiw.kZ
fo'o dk usr`Ro djus osQ ç;kl osQ :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
i`"BHkwfe
Hkkjr igys ls gh yxHkx 10 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dh iwath osQ lkFk fo'o lkSj cSad (WSB)
dks LFkkfir djus osQ fy;s ISA dh ;kstukvksa esa rs”kh yk jgk gSA
fo'o lkSj cSad dk mís'; Hkh vU; uo&fufeZr oSf'od foÙkiks"k.k laLFkkuksa tSls ,f'k;kbZ baosLVesaV
cSad (,-vkbZ-vkbZ-ch-) vkSj U;w MsoyiesaV cSad (,u-Mh-ch-) osQ lkFk O;kikfjd çfrLi/kZ djuk gSA
OSOWOG] vU; m|ksx /a/ksa osQ tyok;q ij cqjs çHkkoksa dks de djus osQ fy;s LoPN vkSj
uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksr çnku djus esa enn djsxkA lnL; ns'kksa dks oSf'od Å"eu de djus dh
fn'kk esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij fu/kZfjr ;ksxnku (Nationally Determined Contributions-NDC) dks
iwjk djus esa leFkZ djsxkA
phu us Hkh viuh csYV ,aM jksM bfuf'k,fVo igy esa ,f'k;k] vÚhdk vkSj ;wjksi lfgr jsyos] canjxkgksa
vkSj fctyh fxzMksa lfgr vjcksa MkWyj dh volajpuk ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k djus osQ fy;s vusd
dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;s gSaA
OSOWOG Hkkjr dks ,d çdkj dk u;k j.kuhfrd larqyu LFkkfir djus esa enn djsxk vkSj ,f'k;kbZ
miegk}hi esa c<+rs phuh çHkqÙo dks fu;af=kr Hkh djsxk vkSj blls vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks ,d vkSj
csgrj fodYi Hkh feysxkA
vkxs dh jkg
;g dne fo'o Lrj ij v{k; ÅtkZ ç.kkfy;ksa osQ Hkfo"; dh oqQ¡th gS D;ksafd {ks=kh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
Lrj ij ijLij tqM+s xzhu fxzM] varjkZ"Vªh; lhekvksa ij v{k; ÅtkZ osQ lk>kdj.k vkSj blosQ larqyu
dks c<+kok nsaxsA
;g oSf'od fodkl ls cgqr oqQN lh•us] oSf'od dkcZu iqQVfçaV dks de djus vkSj egkekfj;ksa ls
lekt dks lqjf{kr j•us osQ fy;s] leLr fo'o esa v{k; ÅtkZ lalk/uksa dks lk>k djus osQ voljksa dks
igpkuus vkSj muosQ lnqi;ksx dks Hkh c<+kok nsxkA
(lzksr % ykbo feaV)
lfØ; vkS"k/h; vo;o (,-ih-vkbZ-)% lEcaf/r eqís

i`"BHkwfe
osaQæ ljdkj us iSjkflVkekWy osQ lfØ; vkS"k/h; vo;o (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients- API)
dks fu;kZr dh çfrcaf/r lwph ls ckgj dj fn;k gSA blosQ lkFk gh ns'k bldk fu;kZr djus osQ fy;s iqu%
rS;kj gks x;k gSA ns'k esa fufeZr iSjkflVkekWy ,-ih-vkbZ- dk yxHkx 40» ?kjsyw ck”kkj esa •ir gks tkrk
108
djsaV vQs;lZ
gS] tcfd blosQ 'ks"k fgLls dk fu;kZr dj fn;k tkrk gSA mYys•uh; gS fd dksfoM&19 osQ pyrs ekpZ
ekg esa gh Hkkjr ljdkj us fu;kZr fu;eksa esa ifjorZu djrs gq, oqQN fo'ks"k ,-ih-vkbZ- lfgr vU; vkS"kf/;ksa
(;k iQkeZwys'ku) ij fu;kZr çfrca/ yxk fn;k FkkA
,-ih-vkbZ- D;k gS\
çR;sd nok nks eq[; vo;oksa ls cuh gksrh gSA blesa ls ,d vo;o gS jklk;fud :i ls lfØ; ,-ih-
vkbZ-A ;g ,d ,slk vo;o (inkFkZ) gS] tks fdlh chekjh osQ mipkj gsrq f”kEesnkj gksrk gSA ,-ih-vkbZ-
dks eq[; ;k osaQæh; ?kVd ekuk tk ldrk gSA
nwljk vo;o gS] jklk;fud :i ls fuf"Ø; (Excipients) ?kVdA ;g ,d ,slk inkFkZ gS tks ,-ih-
vkbZ- osQ çHkko dks 'kjhj osQ fdlh fgLls ;k fdlh ç.kkyh esa igq¡pkrk gSA bu nksuksa vo;o dks feyk
dj gh fdlh vkS"kf/ dks rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
,-ih-vkbZ- ,d jklk;fud ;kSfxd gS tks fdlh nok dks vafre :i ls mRikfnr djus gsrq lcls egÙoiw.kZ
dPpk eky gSA
fpfdRlk esa] ,-ih-vkbZ- gh fdlh chekjh dks Bhd djus osQ fy;s vfHkçsr çHkko iSnk djrk gSA mnkgj.k
osQ rkSj ij iSjkflVkekWy] Øksflu osQ fy;s ,d ,-ih-vkbZ- gS vkSj ;g iSjkflVkekWy ,-ih-vkbZ- gh 'kjhj esa
nnZ vkSj cq•kj ls jkgr nsrk gS] tcfd ,e-th- (mg) fdlh nok esa mifLFkr lfØ; vkS"k/h; vo;o
(,-ih-vkbZ-) dh ek=kk dks çnf'kZr djrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij Øksflu 450 ,e-th- dk vFkZ gS fd
bl VscysV esa 450 ,e-th- lfØ; vkS"k/h; vo;o gSA
fiQDLM&Mkst dkWfEcus'ku MªXl (vkS"kf/) fofHkUu ,-ih-vkbZ- dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tcfd Øksflu tSlh
flaxy&Mkst MªXl fliQZ ,d ,-ih-vkbZ- dk mi;ksx djrh gSA
,-ih-vkbZ- fuekZ.k dh fof/
,-ih-vkbZ- dks fdlh dPps eky ls osQoy ,d vfHkfØ;k }kjk gh ugha cuk;k tkrk gS] cfYd dbZ
jklk;fud ;kSfxdksa osQ ekè;e ls ,-ih-vkbZ- curk gSA ,sls jklk;fud ;kSfxd tks dPps eky ls ,-ih-
vkbZ- cuus dh çfØ;k esa gksrs gSa] baVjehfM,V (Intermediate) dgykrs gSaA
oqQN ,-ih-vkbZ- ,sls gksrs gSa tks fdlh dPps eky ls ,-ih-vkbZ- esa ifjofrZr gksus dh çfØ;k esa nl ls
vf/d çdkj osQ baVjehfM,V ls xq”kjrs gSaA fuekZ.k dh ;g yEch çfØ;k rc rd tkjh jgrh gS tc
rd fd ;g 'kq¼ u gks tk, vkSj 'kq¼rk osQ cgqr mPp Lrj rd u igq¡p tk,A
Hkkjr dh fpark vkSj dksfoM&19 çsfjr egkekjh dk çHkko
dbZ ns'kksa esa mPp xq.koÙkk okyh nokvksa dk ,d çeq• vkiwfrZdrkZ gksus osQ ckotwn] Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx
,-ih-vkbZ- osQ fy;s phu ij vR;f/d fuHkZj gSA
2018&19 osQ foÙkh; o"kZ esa ljdkj us yksdlHkk dks lwfpr fd;k Fkk fd ns'k osQ nok fuekZrkvksa us
phu ls 2-4 vjc MkWyj ewY; dh Hkkjh ek=kk esa ^nok vkSj baVjehfM,V* vk;kr fd;s FksA
ckj&ckj ykWdMkmu gksus osQ dkj.k ,p-vkbZ-oh-] oSaQlj] fexhZ (Epilepsy& viLekj) rFkk eysfj;k
osQ bykt osQ fy;s nokvksa o lkekU; :i ls ç;ksx gksus okyh ,aVhck;ksfVd nokvksa rFkk foVkfeu dh
xksfy;ksa dk mRiknu djus osQ fy;s phu ls dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ çHkkfor gqbZ gSA
,-ih-vkbZ- ds fy;s Hkkjr dh phu ij fuHkZjrk dk c<+uk
90 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa] Hkkjr ,-ih-vkbZ- osQ fofuekZ.k esa vkRefuHkZj FkkA gkyk¡fd] ,-ih-vkbZ- osQ
,d cM+s o de ykxr osQ fuekZrk osQ :i esa phu osQ mn; us Hkkjrh; ck”kkj ij lLrs mRiknksa osQ
lkFk dCtk dj fy;kA
109
djsaV vQs;lZ
phu us ,d dkiQh de ykxr okys ,-ih-vkbZ- fofuekZ.k m|ksx dks vk/kj cuk;kA bl m|ksx dks de
ykxr okyh iwath }kjk leFkZu çnku djus osQ lkFk&lkFk vkØked :i ls ljdkjh iQafMax ekWMyksa dk
ç;ksx o dj çksRlkgu tSls mik;ksa dks Hkh viuk;k x;kA
phu }kjk bu m|kxksa dh lapkyu ykxr Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa yxHkx ,d&pkSFkkbZ gSA ;gk¡ rd fd phu
esa iwath ,d=k djus dh ykxr (Cost of finance) Hkkjr osQ 13&14» osQ eqdkcys 6&7» gSA
bu lc dkj.kksa ls ykHk esa de ekftZu gksus rFkk m|ksx osQ xSj&vkd"kZd o xSj&ykHkçn gksus osQ dkj.k
gh Hkkjrh; iQkekZ dEifu;ksa us o"kks± iwoZ gh ,-ih-vkbZ- dk fuekZ.k can dj fn;k FkkA
fØIVks&tSfdax% mHkjrh gqbZ lkbcj pqukSrh

i`"BHkwfe
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh] lapkj] lkbcj&lqj{kk o dEI;wVj ;kaf=kdh] uSuks rduhd rFkk DokaVe rduhd osQ fodkl
ls tgk¡ ,d vksj HkkSfrd dk;kZs esa rsth vkSj Økafr vkbZ gS] ogha nwljh vksj lqj{kk vkSj MkVk&yhosQt tSlh
leL;k,¡ ,d ubZ pqukSrh curh tk jgha gSaA fMftVy djsalh] opZqvy djsalh rFkk fØIVksdjsalh osQ le; esa
blosQ ysu&nsu dks çHkkoh] xqIr vkSj lqjf{kr cukuk ,d ubZ pqukSrh ls de ugha gSA fØIVksdjsalh osQ fodkl
osQ lkFk&lkFk bldh lqj{kk ls lEcaf/r 'kCn ^fØIVks&tSfdax* vktdy ppkZ esa gSA
fØIVksdjsalh% vo/kj.kk
fØIVksdjsalh dEI;wVjkb”M MkVkcsl ij laxzghr ,d fMftVy lEifÙk gSA bu fMftVy flDdksa dks lqjf{kr
j•us osQ fy;s e”kcwr fØIVksxzkiQh osQ mi;ksx }kjk fMftVy cgh&•krksa esa fjdkWMZ fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
cgh&•krs fo'o Lrj ij lkoZtfud ;k forfjr gksrs gSaA
fØIVksdjsalh osQ mi;ksx }kjk fd;s x, çR;sd ysu&nsu dks CykWd (Blocks) osQ :i esa owQVc¼ fd;k
tkrk gSA dbZ CykWd ,d&nwljs ls feydj forfjr cgh&•krk (Distributed Ledger) ij CykWdpsu dk
fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
fØIVksdjsalh esa bufØI'ku ,YxksfjÁ (Encryption algorithms) osQ :i esa vfrfjÙkQ lqj{kk gksrh gSA
fØIVksxzkfiQd (owQVdj.k&Coded) fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx eqæk osQ lkFk&lkFk ml usVooZQ dks Hkh lqjf{kr
cukus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gS] ftl ij bldk dkjksckj fd;k tk jgk gSA
vc vf/dka'k fØIVksdjsalh] CykWdpsu ;k fMfLVªC;wVsM ystj rduhd (Distributed Ledger Technology)
ij dk;Z djrh gS] tks fo'o Lrj ij gksus okys ysu&nsu dks VªSd djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA
;s fØIVksdjsalh ,d fo'ks"k çfØ;k osQ ekè;e ls cukbZ tkrh gSA bl çfØ;k dks êkbfuax* (Mining) dgk
tkrk gSA fMftVy flDdksa dks ekbu (Mine& cukus@<kyus osQ lanHkZ esa ç;qÙkQ) djus osQ fy;s ekbulZ
(Miners& fMftVy flDdksa dh dksfMax djus okys) dks mUur o rhoz xfr okys çkslslj (High-end
Processors) dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls cgqr vf/d ek=kk esa fctyh dh •ir gksrh gSA
,slk vuqeku gS fd nqfu;k Hkj esa 47 fefy;u ls vf/d fØIVksdjsalh mi;ksxdÙkkZ gSaA
fØIVks&tSfdax
çR;sd ns'k osQ osaQæh; cSadksa }kjk fofu;fer gksus okyh HkkSfrd ;k ewrZ eqæk (Physical Cash) osQ
foijhr fMftVy lEifÙk foosaQæhÑr gksrh gSa] vFkkZr~ fdlh cSad ;k laLFkku }kjk bldk fofu;eu ugha
fd;k tkrk gSA
bu fMftVy ifjlEifÙk;ksa dk LokfeRo fØIVksxzkfiQd :i ls owQVc¼ (igpku xqIr ;k vLi"V) gksrk
gSA LokfeRo gLrkarj.k dh vko';drk dh fLFkfr esa CykWdpsu ç.kkyh gLrkarj.k dks l{ke cukrh gSA
110
djsaV vQs;lZ
ysfdu] osQoy fdlh ,d bdkbZ (Entity) }kjk mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy;s] igys mi;ksxdÙkkZ
}kjk lEikfnr fd;s x, (Performed) ysu&nsu dks gh forfjr cgh&•krs }kjk Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS
rFkk vU; lHkh CykWd dks vLohdkj dj fn;k tkrk gSA
bl çdkj] ,d gh fØIVksdjsalh dks nks vyx&vyx laLFkkvksa ;k bdkb;ksa }kjk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gS] tks vklku vkSj iqQy&çwiQ foÙkh; ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
gkyk¡fd] fØIVksdjsalh dh nqfu;k esa vU; dbZ ,sls rjhosQ Hkh gSa ftlls lqj{kk esa lsa/ yxk fn;k tkrk
gSA fØIVks&tSfdax bu rjhdksa esa ls ,d gSA tc oqQN fMftVy flDdksa osQ ekbulZ dbZ dEI;wVjksa rd
voS/ igq¡p çkIr djus osQ fy;s /ks•k ;k dksfMax djrs gSa rks mls fØIVks&tSfdax dgk tkrk gSA ekbulZ
xqIr :i ls fdlh vlafnX/ mi;ksxdÙkkZ osQ ih-lh- esa ekyos;j NksM+ nsrs gSaA
ekyos;j ,d ckj baLVkWy gksus osQ ckn] fØIVks ekbfuax dksM dEI;wVj esa xqIr o ljljh rkSj ij ju
djrk gS rFkk midj.kksa dks fØIVksdjsalh&ekbfuax ckWVusV esa cny nsrk gSA fiQj ekbu dh xbZ fMftVy
lEifÙk;k¡ vf}rh; dksM osQ lkFk fMftVy cgh&•krksa esa laxzghr gks tkrh gSaA
vDlj ckWVusV~l dk mi;ksx fØIVksdjsalh dh ryk'k esa dEI;wfVax 'kfÙkQ dk mi;ksx djus osQ fy;s fd;k
tkrk gSA blosQ fy;s bZ&esy }kjk fiQf'kax fyad] czkmtj lkexzh ;k vkWuykbu foKkiuksa lfgr vU;
fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh lgefr osQ fcuk fd;k tkrk gSA
vf/dka'k çdkj osQ ekyos;j osQ myV] ^fØIVks&tSfdax fLØIV* f'kdkj gq, O;fÙkQ ;k fMokbl osQ MkVk
dk ç;ksx rks ugha djrk gS ijarq os lh-ih-;w- osQ lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx dj ysrs gSaA ;g flLVe dh xfr
ean gksus vkSj fctyh dh vR;f/d •ir c<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk gkMZos;j osQ fy;s viwj.kh; {kfr dk
dkj.k curk gSA
gSdlZ vf/d yksdfç; fcVdkWbu dks fu'kkuk cukus osQ fy;s csukeh fØIVksdjsalh tSls eksusjks (Monero)
vkSj tsMosQ'k (Zcash) dks T;knk ilan djrs gSa D;ksafd bu IysViQkWeks± ij voS/ xfrfof/ dks okil
VªSd dj ikuk dfBu gksrk gSA
ikyks vYVks usVooZQ osQ vuqlkj] orZeku esa fØIVks&tSfdax dk pyu c<+ jgk gS D;ksafd fMftVy
ifjlEifÙk dh dherksa esa fxjkoV vk jgh gS] vr% ekbfuax ls tqM+h ykxrksa dks de djus osQ fy;s
gSdlZ fØIVks&tSfdax dk lgkjk ys jgs gSaA
vkbZ-,l-Vh-vkj- osQ vuqlkj] fØIVks&tSfdax osQ geyksa esa o"kZ 2017 esa 8]500 » dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA blesa
vf/dka'k o`f¼ o"kZ dh vafre frekgh esa ns•h xbZ] tc dbZ lkoZtfud :i ls dkjksckj djus okyh
fØIVksdjsalh osQ ykxr ewY; c<+ x,A
ckWVusV (Botnet)
^ckWVusV* nks 'kCnksa ^jkscksV* vkSj ûsVooZQ* ls feydj cuk gSA baVjusV ckWV] osc jkscksV] jkscksV ;k
lkèkkj.kr;k ckWV ,d lkWÝVos;j ,IyhosQ'ku gS tks baVjusV ij vkWVksesVsM dk;ks± (Scripts) dks ju
djkrk gSA
ckWVusV in dk ç;ksx vkerkSj ij udkjkRed ;k nqHkkZoukiw.kZ vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA ckWVusV baVjusV ls
tqM+s ,sls midj.kksa dk ,d ykWftdy laxzg gS] ftudh lqj{kk esa lsa/ yxk fn;k x;k gS vkSj mldk
fu;a=k.k fdlh rhljs i{k osQ gkFk esa gSA buesa dEI;wVj] LekVZiQksu ;k vkbZ-vks-Vh- (IoT- Internet of
Things) tSls midj.k vkrs gSaA vklku 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks ckWVusV baiQsDVsM dEI;wVjksa dk ,d usVooZQ
gS tks nwj cSBs fdlh lkbcj&vijk/h }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
ckWVusV dk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij bZ&esy LiSe Hkstus rFkk fDyd ÚkWM (Click Fraud) vkfn geyksa osQ
fy;s nqHkkZoukiw.kZ baVjusV VªSfiQd mRiUu djus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
111
djsaV vQs;lZ
fØIVks&tSfdax dh igpku
mi;ksxdrkZvksadks dEI;wVj dh xfr lkekU; ls vf/d /heh gksus ij vo'; è;ku nsuk pkfg;sA ;g
irk yxkuk vR;f/d dfBu gS fd flLVe ;k fMokbl dks fØIVks&tSd djosQ fØIVksdjsalh osQ fy;s
mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS ijarq oqQN lkekU; mik;ksa }kjk bldk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
fMokbl ij mPp çkslslj dk mi;ksx
lqLr çfrfØ;k ;k çfrfØ;k esa vlkekU; :i ls vf/d le; dk yxuk
fMokbl dh vksojghfVax (vR;f/d xeZ gksuk)A
fØIVks&tSfdax ls cpko
Be aware of decrease in Look for overheating of Monitor computer for an
performance in computing devices and running fans increase in CPU usage.
devices. for cooling.
Check for coding and file Scan for malware to Follow crypto-news and
changes on your site. monitor your websites. look for parallels on your
site.
fdlh laxBu dh lwpuk] MkVk vkSj ç.kkfy;ksa dh lqj{kk gsrq lsok,¡ nsus okys laLFkkuksa dks blosQ ckjs
esa tkuuk pkfg;s rFkk çkslsflax ikWoj ij iM+us okys çHkko dk vkdyu djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg;sA
fdlh mi;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk dEI;wVj dh /heh xfr ls pyus osQ dkj.k gsYiMsLd ls lEioZQ djus dh fLFkfr
esa fMokbl osQ fo'ys"k.k esa fØIVks&tSfdax dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
foKkiu vojks/d (Ad Blockers) vkSj ,aVh&fØIVksekbfuax czkmtj ,DlVsa'ku tSls lqj{kkRed mik;ksa dks
baLVkWy djosQ lqj{kk esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA gkyk¡fd] foKkiu vojks/d dk ,d udkjkRed igyw
;g gS fd blls oqQN osclkbVksa dks usfoxsV djus esa vf/d dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
fØIVksekbfuax dksM dks CykWd djus osQ fy;s tkokfLØIV dks fMl,cy (v{ke) djuk Hkh ,d vPNk
mik; gSA
lqj{kk o tkx:drk çf'k{k.k] Kku lEo/Zu vkSj f'k{k.k osQ vfrfjÙkQ usVooZQ ekWfuVfjax ,d csgrj
fodYi gSA baVjusV lqj{kk lkWÝVos;j vkSj ,MokaLM ,aMIokbaV ,uSfyfVDl Vwy (Endpoint Protection)
Hkh vPNs lqj{kkRed mik; gSaA
,e-Mh-,e- (MDM)& mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys midj.kksa] vuqç;ksxksa vkSj ,DlVsa'ku dks csgrj <ax ls
fu;af=kr djus rFkk eksckby&osaQfær fØIVks&ekyos;j osQ çlkj dks jksdus osQ fy;s ,d eksckby fMokbl
çca/u uhfr dks ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
gSdlZ fØIVksdjsalh dks jsuleos;j ls lLrs o vf/d ykHknk;d fodYi osQ :i esa ns• jgs gSa vkSj
NksVs&cM+s lHkh çdkjksa osQ O;olk;ksa dks fu'kkuk cukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA
bu&Lisl rFkk varfj{k {ks=k ds futhdj.k dk fufgrkFkZ

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa] ljdkj us ^bu&Lisl* (IN-SPACe) uke ls ,d u, laxBu dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA ;g laxBu
varfj{k {ks=k esa futh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kus osQ fy;s gks jgs lq/kjksa dk gh ,d fgLlk gSA
112
djsaV vQs;lZ
i`"BHkwfe
^vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr* vfHk;ku osQ y{;ksa dks çkIr djus dh fn'kk esa dh tk jgh igyksa osQ pkSFks pj.k esa
foÙk ea=kh }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkB {ks=kksa esa egÙoiw.kZ lajpukRed lq/kjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA blesa varfj{k
lfgr vU; {ks=kksa esa futh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus ij ”kksj fn;k x;kA blosQ rgr] futh {ks=k osQ fy;s Hkh varfj{k
vUos"k.k xfrfof/;ksa dks •ksyus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA vc rd] ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr ^Hkkjrh; varfj{k
vuqla/ku laxBu* (ISRO) dk varfj{k vUos"k.k o mixzg ç{ksi.kksa ls lEcaf/r lHkh xfrfof/;ksa ij
,dkfèkdkj gSA foÙk ea=kky; osQ vuqlkj] varfj{k {ks=k esa ;g lq/kj mixzgksa osQ ç{ksi.kksa o varfj{k&vkèkkfjr
lsokvksa esa futh dEifu;ksa dks ,dleku ekSdk çnku djsxkA blh lanHkZ esa] ^bu&Lisl* laxBu osQ mís';ksa
ij ,d u”kj osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkfo"; esa varfj{k vUos"k.k osQ fy;s blosQ ek;us ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA çèkkuea=kh
dk;kZy; }kjk fiNys o"kZ fufru xMdjh dh vè;{krk esa ns'k osQ j.kuhfrd {ks=kksa dks e”kcwr djus gsrq
vè;;u djus vkSj mik; lq>kus osQ fy;s ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
bu&Lisl (IN-SPACe)
varfj{k tSls j.kuhfrd {ks=kksa esa o"kks± ls py jgh lq/kjksa dh çfØ;k osQ rgr varfj{k osQ futhdj.k gsrq
varfj{k vk;ksx (ljdkj) us ^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; varfj{k lao/Zu vkSj çkf/dj.k osaQæ* (Indian National
Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre- IN-SPACe) osQ xBu dks eatwjh çnku dj nh gSA
çLrkfor laxBu osQ ikl bljks ls Lora=k 'kfÙkQ;k¡ gksaxhA ;g laxBu eksVs rkSj ij varfj{k fe'kuksa osQ
vykok jkWosQV rFkk mixzgksa osQ vuqla/ku o fodkl gsrq futh dEifu;ksa osQ fy;s ekxZ ç'kLr djsxkA
,sfrgkfld ekus tk jgs bl fu.kZ; }kjk Hkkjr dh varfj{k xfrfof/;ksa esa futh Hkkxhnkjh dh o`f¼ dks
lqfuf'pr fd;k tk losQxkA bljks osQ vè;{k osQ- flou osQ vuqlkj] ;g ç;kl varfj{k {ks=k dks •ksyus
rFkk varfj{k vk/kfjr vuqç;ksxksa o lsokvksa dks lHkh osQ fy;s O;kid :i ls lqyHk cukus gsrq egÙoiw.kZ
lq/kjksa dk ,d fgLlk FkkA
bu&Lisl ,d lqfo/k çnku djus okys osaQæ osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d fofu;ked Hkh ekuk tk jgk gSA ;g
bljks vkSj futh i{kksa osQ chp ,d baVjiQsl ;k lEioZQ osQ :i esa dk;Z djsxkA lkFk gh] ;g Hkkjr
osQ varfj{k lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx vkSj varfj{k vk/kfjr xfrfof/;ksa dks c<+k, tkus osQ rjhdksa dk Hkh
vkdyu djsxkA
vxys oqQN ekg esa vius lapkyu dks 'kq: djus okyh bu&Lisl futh çfrHkkfx;ksa dh t:jrksa o ekaxksa
dk vkdyu djsxhA bl vkdyu esa 'kSf{kd vkSj vuqla/ku laLFkku dh ekaxksa osQ lkFk&lkFk bljks osQ
ijke'kZ ls bu vko';drkvksa dks lek;ksftr djus osQ rjhdksa dk Hkh irk yxk;k tk,xkA
futh {ks=k dks mudh {kerk esa lq/kj djus osQ fy;s bljks dh lqfo/kvksa vkSj vU; lEifÙk;ksa dk
mi;ksx djus dh vuqefr nh tk,xhA ljdkj futh {ks=k osQ mEehn osQ eqrkfcd uhfr vkSj fofu;ked
okrkoj.k çnku djsxhA
lkFk gh] vU; {ks=kksa osQ vykok xzg fo"k;d vUos"k.k vkSj cká varfj{k osQ fy;s Hkfo"; dh ifj;kstukvksa
dks Hkh futh {ks=k osQ fy;s •ksyk tk,xkA
Hkw rFkk varfj{k vk/kfjr bljks dh ekStwnk volajpuk osQ lkFk&lkFk oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh lalk/uksa
vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd MkVk dks Hkh bPNqd i{kksa osQ fy;s lqyHk cukus dh ;kstuk gS] rkfd futh çfrHkkxh
varfj{k lEca/h xfrfof/;ksa osQ lapkyu esa l{ke gks losaQA
futh çfrHkkfx;ksa dh vko';drk
,slk ugha gS fd Hkkjr osQ varfj{k {ks=k esa futh m|ksx dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA okLro esa jkWosQV vkSj
mixzgksa osQ fuekZ.k rFkk lajpuk dk ,d cM+k fgLlk futh {ks=k ls vkrk gSA lkFk gh] vuqla/ku laLFkkuksa
dh Hkh Hkkxhnkjh c<+ jgh gSA
113
djsaV vQs;lZ
osQ- flou osQ vuqlkj] rs”k xfr ls c<+ jgh oSf'od varfj{k vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkkjrh; m|ksx
dh ceqf'dy 3» fgLlsnkjh FkhA
bl ck”kkj dk osQoy 2» fgLlk jkWosQV vkSj mixzg ç{ksi.k lsokvksa ls Fkk] ftlesa dkiQh cM+s cqfu;knh
<k¡ps o Hkkjh fuos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 'ks"k 95 » fgLlk mixzg&vk/kfjr lsokvksa vkSj Hkw&vkèkkfjr
ç.kkfy;ksa ls lEcaf/r gSaA
gkyk¡fd] Hkkjrh; m|ksx çfrLi/kZ djus esa vleFkZ gS] D;ksafd vc rd budh Hkwfedk eq[; :i ls
vo;oksa vkSj mi&ç.kkfy;ksa osQ vkiwfrZdrkZvksa dh gh jgh gSA Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa osQ ikl Lisl,Dl tSlh
vesfjdh dEifu;ksa dh rjg Lora=k :i ls varfj{k dh ifj;kstukvksa dk lapkyu djus osQ fy;s lalk/u
;k rduhd ugha gS] tks varfj{k&vk/kfjr lsok,¡ çnku dj losQA
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] varfj{k&vk/kfjr vuqç;ksxksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ekx Hkkjr osQ vanj Hkh c<+ jgh gS vkSj
bljks bls iwjk djus esa vleFkZ gSA mixzg vk/kfjr vk¡dM+ksa] fp=kksa vkSj varfj{k rduhdksa dh t:jr
vc ekSle ls ysdj Ñf"k] ifjogu o 'kgjh fodkl rd lHkh {ks=kksa esa gSaA
bu lHkh c<+rh gqbZ vko';drkvksa o ekxksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy;s bljks dks vius orZeku Lrj dk 10
xquk foLrkj djuk gksxk vkSj bl le; dbZ Hkkjrh; dEifu;k¡ bu voljksa dk mi;ksx djus osQ fy;s
ç;kljr gSaA
futhdj.k ls bljks osQ vykok futh i{kksa dh cgqr&lh varfj{k vk/kfjr vfHkuo rduhdksa osQ fodkl
dk iQk;nk mBk;k tk ldrk gSA
bljks dks ykHk
varfj{k {ks=k esa futh Hkkxhnkjh esa o`f¼ osQ nks egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k gSaA blesa igyk dkj.k okf.kfT;d vkSj
nwljk j.kuhfrd gSA okLro esa] varfj{k çkS|ksfxfd;ksa osQ vf/d çlkj vkSj varfj{k lalk/uksa osQ csgrj
mi;ksx osQ lkFk&lkFk varfj{k&vk/kfjr lsokvksa esa o`f¼ dh vko';drk gSA bljks okf.kfT;d vko';drk
dh bl t:jr dks Lo;a iwjk djus esa vleFkZ gSA
futh i{kksa }kjk varfj{k m|ksx esa ços'k bljks dks foKku] vuqla/ku o fodkl] var%fo"k;d vUos"k.k
vkSj j.kuhfrd ç{ksi.kksa ij è;ku osaQfær djus osQ fy;s vf/d le; vkSj Lora=krk çnku djsxkA
orZeku esa bljks osQ vf/drj lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx fu;fer xfrfof/;ksa osQ lapkyu esa fd;k tkrk gS
ftlls j.kuhfrd mís';ksa esa nsjh gksrh gSaA
bljks dks vosQys ekSle ;k lapkj mixzg ykWUp djus osQ ihNs dksbZ fo'ks"k roZQ ugha gSA fo'o Hkj esa]
futh çfrHkkfx;ksa dh c<+rh la[;k okf.kfT;d ykHk osQ fy;s bu xfrfof/;ksa dk lapkyu dj jgh gSA
uklk dh rjg bljks Hkh vfuok;Z :i ls ,d oSKkfud laxBu gS ftldk eq[; mís'; varfj{k lEca/h
vUos"k.k vkSj oSKkfud fe'kuksa dks iwjk djuk gSA bljks osQ lkeus vkus okys oqQN o"kks± esa dbZ egÙokdka{kh
varfj{k fe'ku gSaA blesa lw;Z osQ fujh{k.k gsrq ,d fe'ku osQ lkFk&lkFk paæek osQ fy;s ,d fe'ku]
ekuo ;qÙkQ varfj{k mM+ku vkSj lEHkor% paæek ij ,d ekuo ySafMax fe'ku 'kkfey gSaA
bu&Lisl ds vfrfjÙkQ laxBu
^bu&Lisl* fiNys nks o"kks± esa ljdkj }kjk xfBr nwljk varfj{k laxBu gSA o"kZ 2019 osQ ctV esa ljdkj
us U;w Lisl bafM;k fyfeVsM (NSIL) uked lkoZtfud {ks=k dh ,d dEiuh xfBr djus dh ?kks"k.kk
dh Fkh] tks bljks dh okf.kfT;d 'kk•k osQ :i esa dk;Z djsxhA
bldk eq[; mís'; bljks }kjk fodflr çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk foi.ku djuk vkSj varfj{k&vk/kfjr lsokvksa
dh vko';drk okys xzkgdksa dks vf/d ls vf/d vkdf"kZr djuk gSA
114
djsaV vQs;lZ
gkyk¡fd] bl çdkj osQ dk;Z vkSj Hkwfedk dk lapkyu igys ls gh varfj{k foHkkx osQ varxZr dk;Z
djus okyh ,afVªDl dkWikZsjs'ku }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA
ljdkj us dgk fd U;w Lisl bafM;k fyfeVsM dh Hkwfedk dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlls ;g
ekStwnk vkiwfrZ&lapkfyr j.kuhfr osQ ctk; ekax&vk/kfjr n`f"Vdks.k ij ”;knk è;ku ns losQA
ljy 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks bldk eryc ;g gS fd fliQZ bljks ls dh xbZ is'kd'k osQ foi.ku osQ ctk;]
,u-,l-vkbZ-,y- xzkgdksa dh t:jrksa dks lquus osQ lkFk bljks dks mUgsa iwjk djus osQ fy;s dgsxkA
bl çdkj] ,u-,l-vkbZ-,y- dh Hkwfedk esa ;g cnyko] varfj{k {ks=k esa 'kq: fd;s x, lq/kjksa dk gh
fgLlk FkkA
vkxs dh jkg
,slk ugha gS fd futh çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ dkj.k bljks dks okf.kfT;d ykWUp osQ ekè;e ls gksus okys jktLo
esa deh vk,xhA vkxkeh o"kks± esa] Hkkjr esa varfj{k vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkk esa cwe vkus dh mEehn gSA
bl dkj.k ls lHkh çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ ikl ykHkktZu vkSj okf.kfT;d mRiknu osQ fy;s i;kZIr ls vf/d
ekSosQ gksaxsA blosQ vykok] bljks futh çfrHkkfx;ksa dks viuh lqfo/k,¡ vkSj MkVk miyC/ djkdj oqQN
/uktZu dj ldrk gSA
ck;ks&flfeyj mRikn rFkk isVsaV

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa] ,d Hkkjrh; iQkWekZ dEiuh osQ ,d ck;ks&flfeyj mRikn ^balqfyu Xykjthu@Xysjxhu* (Insulin
Glargine) dks vesfjdk }kjk vuqeksnu çnku dj fn;k x;k gSA ;w-,l-,iQ-Mh-,- }kjk bl mRikn dks
vuqeksfnr fd;s tkus osQ ckn oqQN loky iSnk gks x, gSaA
ljy v.kq vkSj tfVy chekfj;k¡
vkS|ksfxd Økafr osQ ckn vk/qfud fpfdRlk foKku osQ çkjEHk ls gh vf/dka'k chekfj;ksa dk mipkj
djus osQ fy;s ljy v.kqvksa (Simple Molecules) dk ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA gkyk¡fd bl çdkj osQ
iQkWeZqys'ku oqQN chekfj;ksa osQ f•ykiQ vR;f/d çHkkoh gSa] ysfdu os oSaQlj tSlh vf/d tfVy chekfj;ksa
osQ f•ykiQ fo'ks"k :i ls çHkkoh ugha gSaA
ljy v.kqvksa esa osQoy oqQN ijek.kq gksrs gSa tks lgla;kstd ca/ksa (Covalent Bonds) }kjk la;ksftr
gksrs gSaA dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ljy v.kqvksa dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
euq";ksa dh çfrj{kk ç.kkyh dk fodkl fo'ks"k :i ls cká jksxk.kqvksa ls gksus okyh chekfj;ksa ls cpko
osQ fy;s yk•ksa o"kks± esa gqvk gS ysfdu oSaQlj tSlh chekjh bu ”;knkrj chekfj;ksa dh rjg ugha gS D;ksafd
;g chekjh fdlh cká jksxk.kq osQ dkj.k ugha gksrh gSA
njvly oSaQlj] balku osQ fodkl dh oqQnjrh çfØ;k dk urhtk gSA ;g dksf'kdkvksa osQ vfu;af=kr
rjhosQ ls foHkktu dk ifj.kke gS tks 'kjhj dks Hkhrj ls u"V djrh gSaA
vr% 'kjhj esa dksf'kdkvksa osQ mRifjorZu ls j{kk djus osQ fy;s ljy v.kqvksa dk ç;ksx djuk ,d
O;FkZ çfØ;k gSA
ck;ksykWftd (Biologic)
ck;ksykWftd fdlh thfor ç.kkyh tSls lw{etho] ikS/s ;k tarq&dksf'kdkvksa esa fufeZr gksrk gSA vfèkdka'k
ck;ksykWftd cgqr cM+s] tfVy v.kq ;k v.kqvksa dk feJ.k gksrs gSaA dbZ ck;ksykWftDl dk fuekZ.k
iqulZa;kstd (Recombinant) Mh-,u-,- rduhd dk mi;ksx djosQ fd;k tkrk gSA
115
djsaV vQs;lZ
fdlh ck;ksykWftd vFkok fdlh tSfod ;k çkÑfrd lzksr ls i`Fkd fd;s x, tfVy çksVhu vko';d gSa
tks 'kjhj dh çfrj{kk dksf'kdkvksa dk vuqlj.k dj losaQA blls oSaQlj ls yM+us esa enn fey ldrh gSA
ck;ks&flfeyj (Biosimilar)
ck;ks&flfeyj ,d tSfod mRikn gS tks fd ;w-,l-,iQ-Mh-,- }kjk vuqeksfnr ck;ksykWftd] ftls lanHkZ
mRikn dgk tkrk gS] osQ lkeku fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ck;ks&flfeyj dks dHkh&dHkh lanHkZ mRikn
osQ tsusfjd Lo:i dh rjg eku fy;k tkrk gSA
gkyk¡fd] ck;ks&flfeyj fdlh vU; ck;ksykWftd dk lVhd çfr:i ugha gSA lHkh tSfod mRiknksa esa
çkÑfrd ifjorZu'khyrk dh ,d lEHkkouk gksrh gS] vr% fdlh thfor dksf'kdk ls çkIr gksus okys
mRikn dh fcYoqQy lVhd çfr mRiUu djuk lEHko ugha gSA lanHkZ mRikn lfgr lHkh ck;ksykWftDl
oqQN fHkUurk çnf'kZr djrs gSaA
iQkWekZ m|ksx vkSj isVsaV dh mi;ksfxrk
iQkekZL;qfVdy m|ksx dh fo'ks"krk xgu :i ls vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl çfØ;k gS] tks bl m|ksx dh
liQyrk dk vk/kj gSA
fdlh ubZ nok dks fodflr djus esa 5 o"kZ Hkh yx ldrs gSaA lkFk gh] mRikn dk fpfdRldh; ijh{k.k
djus vkSj fu;ked ,tsafl;ksa ls vko';d vuqeksnu çkIr djus osQ fy;s vfrfjÙkQ 10 o"kks± dh Hkh
vko';drk gks ldrh gSA
;g ,d iwath xgu çfØ;k gS] vr% iQkekZ dEiuh osQ ;ksxnku dks lqjf{kr djus dk ,dek=k rjhdk
isVsaV dkuwuksa osQ ekè;e ls muosQ fuos'k dh j{kk djuk gSA bl çdkj ls] dEifu;ksa dks vuqla/ku esa
vkSj vf/d fuos'k djus osQ fy;s çksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks ubZ nokvksa dh fujarj vkiwfrZ dks
lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gSA
,d ckj fdlh nok dk isVsaV lekIr gks tkus osQ ckn vU; dEifu;k¡ ml nok osQ la'ys"k.k dk irk
yxkdj mlh osQ le:i (udy djosQ) vius mRikn dk foi.ku (Marketing) dj ldrh gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] ,fLifju (Aspirin) ,d ljy vk.kfod nok gS ftldh mRikn çfØ;k dks nksgjkuk
dkiQh vklku gSA
isVsaV lekIr gksus ds ckn ck;ksykWftd dk le:i cukuk eqf'dy
ck;ksykWftDl dks thfor dksf'kdkvksa ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj çk;% tfVy fuekZ.k çfØ;kvksa dk
mi;ksx djosQ mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA
vf/dka'k vk/qfud ck;ksykWftd dks Vcksa ;k ck;ksfj,DVj osQ vanj ,df=kr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa
vkuqoaf'kd :i ls fMtkbu fd;s gq, lw{e tho (jksxk.kq) ;k dksf'kdk dk lao/Zu gksrk gS] blesa çk;%
n'kdksa yx ldrs gSa] vr% bl çfØ;k dh udy djuk vklku ugha gSA
lHkh isVsaVksa dh le;&lhek lekIr gksus ij fdlh ck;ksykWftd osQ le:i vius mRikn dk foi.ku
djus osQ fy;s oqQN fo'ks"kKrk dh t:jr gksrh gSA blesa Hkkjr dh ck;ksdkWu dEiuh dkiQh vkxs gSA
fiNys oqQN o"kks± ls] ck;ksdkWu oqQN çfl¼ ck;ksykWftd osQ çfr:i cukdj ;k mudh udy djosQ
,d çdkj ls ck;ksflfeyj ikbiykbu dk fuekZ.k dj jgk gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx oSaQlj] e/qesg vkSj
xfB;k osQ bykt esa fd;k tk jgk gSA lHkh iQkekZ dEifu;ksa osQ fy;s bl ck”kkj esa ços'k djuk cgqr
vklku ugha gSA
vesfjdk esa fdlh nok ds foi.ku dk egÙo
nokvksa dh fcØh osQ fy;s vesfjdh ck”kkj dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ nok,¡ eg¡xh gksrh gSa vkSj nok
dEifu;k¡ bldk ykHk mBk jgh gSaA
116
djsaV vQs;lZ
t:jh ugha fd ;g miHkksÙkQkvksa osQ fy;s vPNk gks] ysfdu ;g mu lEHkkfor Hkkjrh; fuekZrkvksa osQ
fy;s ,d vkd"kZd ck”kkj çnku djrk gS tks vius mRiknksa dks dgha vkSj cspuk pkgrs gSaA
vesfjdk esa fdlh nok osQ foi.ku dk varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij O;kid egÙo gksrk gS ftlls mldh oSf'od
igpku esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
tfVy vuqla/ku osQ {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; iQkekZL;qfVdy dEifu;ksa dh c<+rh fo'ks"kKrk Hkkjrh; iQkekZ {ks=k
osQ fy;s vPNh gS tks tsusfjd nokvksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy;s çfl¼ gSA
foaVj Mhty% vFkZ ,oa egÙo

i`"BHkwfe
vR;f/d BaM esa isVªksy osQ eqdkcys Mhty tYnh te tkrk gSA Hkkjr osQ l'kL=k cy tYn gh yík•
tSls& csgn Å¡pkbZ okys {ks=kksa esa lapkyu osQ fy;s foaVj Mhty dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa] tgk¡ 'khr ½rq
esa rkieku cgqr uhps vk tkrk gSA de rkieku ij lk/kj.k Mhty vuqi;qÙkQ gks tkrs gSaA è;krO; gS fd
ns'k dh lcls cM+h rsy foi.ku dEiuh bafM;u vkW;y dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM (IOCL) us ^xq.koÙkk vk'oklu
egkfuns'kky;* (DGQA) ls l'kL=k cyksa }kjk foaVj Mhty osQ ç;ksx gsrq eatwjh ekaxh gSA
foaVj Mhty
^foaVj Mhty*,d fo'ks"k çdkj dk bZa/u gSA bls bafM;u vkW;y dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM (ikuhir fjiQkbujh)
us fiNys o"kZ leqæ rV ls vR;f/d Å¡pkbZ vkSj de rkieku okys LFkkuksa esa ç;ksx osQ fy;s is'k fd;k
FkkA foaVj Mhty dks vYikbu Mhty Hkh dgrs gSaA
,sls {ks=kksa esa tc rkieku 'kwU; ls 20 ls 30 fMxzh rd uhps pyk tkrk gS rks lkekU; Mhty dk Ýyks
(çokg) can gks tkrk gSA brus de rkieku ij lkekU; Mhty dh çokg {kerk (Flow Characteristics)
esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gS vkSj okguksa esa blosQ mi;ksx esa ijs'kkuh gks ldrh gSA
foaVj Mhty esa ';kurk ;k xk<+siu (Viscosity) osQ Lrj dks de cuk, j•us osQ fy;s oqQN vfrfjÙkQ
rÙo feys gksrs gSa] ftlls batu dks bldh vuojr lIykbZ lqfuf'pr dh tk losQA blh dkj.k ls &30
0
C tSls de rkieku esa Hkh bldk ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA Lis'ky foaVj xzsM Mhty &33 fMxzh
lsfYl;l osQ rkieku ij Hkh rjy voLFkk esa gh jgsxkA
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] foaVj Mhty dh lhVsu (Cetane) jsfVax Hkh mPp gksrh gSA lhVsu jsfVax Mhty dh
xq.koÙkk dk lwpd gSA ;g jsfVax Mhty bZa/u dh ngu xfr osQ lkFk&lkFk Mhty osQ tyus gsrq vko';d
ncko dks çnf'kZr djrh gSA Mhty dh lhVsu jsfVax ftruh T;knk gksrh gS] Mhty batu osQ vanj mruh
gh vPNh rjg ls tyrk gSA
foaVj Mhty esa lYiQj dh ek=kk Hkh de gksrh gS] ifj.kkeLo:i bZa/u esa vof'k"V dh de ek=kk terh
gS vkSj bldk çn'kZu vPNk jgrk gSA Lis'ky foaVj Mhty esa yxHkx 5» ck;ksMhty Hkh feyk;k x;k gSA
vko';drk
çkÑfrd xSl vkSj isVªksfy;e ea=kky; us dgk gS fd ;s bZa/u yík•] dkjfxy] dtk o dhykWUx tSls
bykdksa osQ fy;s rS;kj fd;k x;k gS] tgk¡ rkieku &30 0C gksrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k Mhty teus yxrk gSA
mYys•uh; gS fd foaVj Mhty osQ ykWUp ls igys vR;ar de rkieku okys {ks=kksa esa vkerkSj ij Mhty
dks ç;ksx djus gsrq osQjkslhu rsy feyk;k tkrk Fkk ftlls Mhty dks ruq ;k iryk fd;k tk losQ]
blls ok;q çnw"k.k Hkh T;knk gksrk FkkA
117
djsaV vQs;lZ
,sls {ks=kksa esa l'kL=k cyksa }kjk mi;ksx dh orZeku fLFkfr
orZeku esa] bafM;u vkW;y dkWikZsjs'ku lfgr vU; rsy foi.ku dEifu;k¡ lsuk dks gkbZ lYiQj iksj IokbaV
Mhty (DHPP -W) miyC/ djk jgha gSaA bl Mhty dk Hkh Ýyks &30 0C ls de rkieku esa gks
ldrk gSA
è;krO; gS fd iksj IokbaV ;k çokg fcanq (Pour Point) og rkieku gS] ftl ij rsy ;k æo xq#Rokd"kZ.k
osQ rgr cgus esa l{ke gksrk gSA çokg fcanq ls uhps osQ rkieku ij vkdj dksbZ æo cguk can dj nsrk gSA
fo'ks"kKksa dks mEehn gS fd lhek ij ruko dks ns•rs gq, bl çdkj osQ Mhty dh ekax c<+ ldrh gSA
vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal ij oSf'od lk>snkjh (GPAI)

Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (Artificial Intelligence- AI) osQ f”kEesnkj vkSj ekuo&osaQfær fodkl rFkk ldkjkRed
mi;ksx esa lgk;rk djus gsrq gky gh esa Hkkjr Xykscy ikVZujf'ki vkWu vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (Global
Partnership on Artificial Intelligence- GPAI) esa laLFkkid lnL; osQ rkSj ij lfEefyr gks x;k gSA
Hkkjr osQ vykok bl igy ls tqM+us okys vU; lnL;ksa esa fo'o dh vusd cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk,¡] tSls&
vesfjdk] fczVsu] ;wjksih; la?k (EU)] vkWLVªsfy;k] dukMk] Úkal] teZuh] bVyh] tkiku] eSfDldks] U;w”khySaM]
nf{k.k dksfj;k vkSj flaxkiqj vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
D;k gS GPAI\
GPAI, Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (AI) }kjk ekuokf/dkjksa] lekos'ku] fofo/rk] uokpkj vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl esa
mi;ksx dk oqQ'ky ekxZn'kZu djus gsrq ,d varjkZ"Vªh; vkSj cgq&fgr/kjd igy gSA
çfrHkkxh ns'kksa osQ fofo/rkiw.kZ vuqHkoksa dk mi;ksx djosQ Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk ls tqM+h pqukSfr;ksa vkSj voljksa
dh csgrj le> fodflr djus dk ;g vius fdLe dk igyk ç;kl Hkh gSA
bl igy }kjk vuqla/kuksa vkSj xfrfof/;ksa dh lgk;rk ls AI ls tqM+s fl¼karksa (Theory) vkSj O;ogkj
(Practical) osQ chp osQ varj dks lekIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tk,xhA
GPAI dks vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu (OECD) osQ isfjl esa fLFkr lfpoky; lfgr nks
fo'ks"kKrk osaQæksa }kjk t:jh lgk;rk çnku dh tk,xhA
bl igy }kjk vusd m|ksxksa] ukxfjd lekt] ljdkjksa vkSj f'k{kkfonksa dks Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk osQ fodkl
dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy;s ,d lkFk yk;k tk,xkA dksfoM&19 osQ orZeku ladV ls fuiVus osQ fy;s AI
dk ç;ksx fdl çdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS] bl ij Hkh è;ku fn;k tk,xkA
Hkkjr ds fy;s egÙo
GPAI esa laLFkkid lnL; gksus dh otg ls Hkkjr lekos'kh fodkl osQ fy;s fMftVy çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
osQ mi;ksx ls tqM+s vius vuqHkoksa dk ykHk mBkrs gq, Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk osQ oSf'od fodkl esa lfØ;
lk>hnkjh dj losQxkA
è;krO; gS fd Hkkjr us foxr o"kks± esa viuh fofHkUu uoksUes"kh igyksa osQ ekè;e ls ns'k osQ oqQ'ky
lekos'ku vkSj l'kÙkQhdj.k dks c<+kus osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk] Ñf"k] LokLF; lsok] bZ&dkWelZ] foÙk rFkk
nwjlapkj tSls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa Hkh Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk dk ykHk mBkus osQ vusd ç;kl fd;s gSaA
Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (AI) D;k gS\
Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk dEI;wVj foKku dh og 'kk•k gS tks dEI;wVj osQ balkuksa dh rjg O;ogkj ls lEcaf/r
gSA ;g e'khuksa dh lkspus] le>us] lh•us] leL;k gy djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus tSls jpukRed dk;ks± dks
djus dh {kerk dks crkrh gSA tkWu eSdkFkhZ blosQ tud ekus tkrs gSaA
118
djsaV vQs;lZ
;|fi Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk dks dbZ yksx futrk osQ vf/dkj osQ fy;s tksf•e osQ :i esa ns•rs gSa] oqQN
bls çkS|ksfxdh; csjks”kxkjh osQ tud osQ :i esa ns•rs gSaA oqQN yksx bls blfy;s Hkh •rjukd ekurs
gSa D;ksafd ,slk ekuk tk jgk gS fd blls tqM+s vk¡dM+ksa osQ ekè;e ls dksbZ Hkh fdlh dh xfrfof/;ksa]
vrhr dh ckrksa ;k fdlh vU; çdkj dh tkudkjh dks cM+h vklkuh ls gkfly dj ldrk gSA
(lzksr % ih-vkbZ-ch-)
HkkjrusV ifj;kstuk
gky gh esa] m|ksx lao/Zu vkSj vkarfjd O;kikj foHkkx (DPIIT) us rfeyukMq esa HkkjrusV ifj;kstuk osQ
fy;s 1]950 djksM+ #i, osQ VsaMj osQ vkns'k fn;s gSaA
m|ksx lao/Zu vkSj vkarfjd O;kikj foHkkx
;g foHkkx okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; osQ rÙoko/ku esa vkrk gSA
o"kZ 1995 esa ;g foHkkx fufeZr gqvk Fkk vkSj o"kZ 2000 esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl foHkkx esa foy; osQ
lkFk bldk iquxZBu gqvkA
iQjojh 2019 esa bldk uke vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj lao/Zu foHkkx ls cnydj m|ksx lao/Zu vkSj vkarfjd
O;kikj foHkkx dj fn;k x;kA
dk;Z
tqykbZ 1991 esa 'kq: gqbZ] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh çxfr'khy mnkjhdj.k çfØ;k osQ lkFk] bl foHkkx
dh Hkwfedk vkSj dk;ks± esa yxkrkj cnyko vk;k gSA
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k osQ fofu;eu vkSj ç'kklu osQ lkFk gh ;g foHkkx vc fuos'k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh çokg
dks lqfo/ktud cukus vkSj mnkjhÑr okrkoj.k esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh fuxjkuh djus dk dk;Z Hkh
dj jgk gSA
çeq• fcanq
HkkjrusV ,d ÝySxf'ki fe'ku gS] ftls Hkkjr czkWMcSaM usVooZQ fyfeVsM (BBNL) }kjk dk;kZfUor fd;k
tk jgk gSA
;g dEiuh vf/fu;e] 1956 osQ rgr 1000 djksM+ #i, dh vf/Ñr iwath osQ lkFk Hkkjr ljdkj
}kjk LFkkfir ,d çdkj dk fo'ks"k ç;kstu okgu (Special Purpose Vehicle- SPV) gSA
'kq#vkr esa ;g fe'ku lapkj ,oa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky; osQ rgr gh 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk ysfdu
tqykbZ] 2016 esa ;g ea=kky;] lapkj ea=kky; vkSj bysDVªkWfuDl vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky; esa
foHkkftr gks x;k FkkA
orZeku esa] ;g fe'ku lapkj ea=kky; osQ rgr nwjlapkj foHkkx }kjk dk;kZfUor fd;k tk jgk gSA
jk"Vªh; vkWfIVdy iQkbcj usVooZQ (National Optical Fiber Network-NOFN) vÙkQwcj] 2011 esa 'kq:
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj o"kZ 2015 esa bls HkkjrusV ifj;kstuk osQ :i esa u;k uke fn;k x;k FkkA
jk"Vªh; vkWfIVdy iQkbcj usVodZ (National Optical Fiber Network)
czkWMcSaMdusfDVfoVh dks lwpuk lqijgkbos osQ :i esa xzke iapk;rksa rd igq¡pkus osQ fy;s ,d e”kcwr
vkSj cqfu;knh <k¡ps osQ fuekZ.k gsrq bl usVooZQ dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ FkhA
lapkj ea=kky; us ns'k Hkj esa (fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k vkSj nwjnjkt {ks=kksa esa) czkWMcSaM lsokvksa dh lkoZHkkSfed
vkSj leku igq¡p lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy;s jk"Vªh; czkWMcSaM fe'ku dh 'kq#vkr dh FkhA
119
djsaV vQs;lZ
mís';
xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa bZ&xouZsal] bZ&LokLF;] bZ&f'k{kk] bZ&cSafdax] baVjusV vkSj vU; lsok,¡ vck/ :i ls
igq¡pkus osQ fy;s ;g ,d egÙokdka{kh ifj;kstuk FkhA
ns'k osQ lHkh 2]50]000 xzke iapk;rksa dks tksM+us osQ fy;s vkSj lHkh xzke iapk;rksa dks 100 ,e-ch-
ih-,l- dh baVjusV dusfDVfoVh çnku djus osQ fy;sA
bl usVooZQ dks ns'k esa tky osQ :i esa iQSykus osQ fy;s lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa (ch-,l-,u-,y-]
jsyVsy vkSj ikoj fxzM) }kjk u, iQkbcj rarqvksa (MkoZQ iQkbcj) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
ns'k dh vf/dkf/d xzke iapk;rksa dks bl iQkbcj usVooZQ ls tksM+us osQ fy;s Hkh ;FkklEHko ç;kl
fd;s x,A
bl iwjh ifj;kstuk dks ;wfuolZy lfoZl vkWfCyxs'ku iQaM (USOF) }kjk foÙkiksf"kr fd;k tk jgk gS]
ftls ns'k osQ xzkeh.k vkSj nwjnjkt {ks=kksa esa nwjlapkj lsokvksa esa lq/kj osQ fy;s cuk;k x;k FkkA
dk;kZUo;u
;g ifj;kstuk ,d osaQæ&jkT; lg;ksxh ifj;kstuk gSA HkkjrusV ifj;kstuk osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ rhu pj.k
bl çdkj gSa%
igyk pj.k% fnlEcj] 2017 rd Hkwfexr vkWfIVd iQkbcj osQcy (vks-,iQ-lh-) ykbuksa dks
fcNkdj czkWMcSaM dusfDVfoVh osQ lkFk ,d yk• xzke iapk;rksa dks tksM+ukA
nwljk pj.k% ns'k dh lHkh xzke iapk;rksa dks Hkwfexr iQkbcj rFkk fctyh ykbuksa vkfn }kjk
dusfDVfoVh çnku djukA bls ekpZ 2019 rd iwjk fd;k tkuk fu/kZfjr FkkA
rhljk pj.k% o"kZ 2019 ls o"kZ 2023 rd vR;k/qfud usVooZQ }kjk ftyksa vkSj CykWdksa osQ chp
fjax VksiksykWth }kjk iQkbcj usVooZQ LFkkfir djukA
è;krO; gS fd nwljs pj.k esa jkT;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ] ftlesa eq[;r% fctyh osQ •EHkksa
ij vks-,iQ-lh- fcNkus dk dk;Z 'kkfey FkkA ;g HkkjrusV j.kuhfr esa ,d u, rjhosQ dk fuekZ.k Fkk
D;ksafd vks-,iQ-lh- dh gok ls gok esa dusfDVfoVh eksM osQ dbZ iQk;ns gSa] ftuesa de ykxr] Rofjr
dk;kZUo;u] vklku j•&j•ko vkSj ekStwnk fctyh ykbu osQ cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gSaA
MkdZ iQkbcj (Dark fiber)
;g ,d çdkj dk vç;qÙkQ vkWfIVdy iQkbcj gS] ftls fcNk;k rks x;k gS ysfdu orZeku esa iQkbcj&vkWfIVd
lapkj esa bldk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA fofnr gS fd iQkbcj&vkWfIVd osQcy çdk'k d.kksa osQ
:i esa lwpuk çlkfjr djrk gS] ysfdu ^MkoZQ* iQkbcj çdk'k d.kksa osQ ekè;e ls lwpuk çlkfjr ugha
djrk gS] vr% bls MkoZQ iQkbcj dgrs gSaA
vf/d cSaMfoM~Fk dh vko';drk gksus ij ykxr iqujko`fÙk ls cpus osQ fy;s dEifu;k¡ vfrfjÙkQ
vkWfIVdy iQkbcj fcNkrh gSaA
bls vufyV iQkbcj osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
(lzksr % n fganw)
fyMkj rduhd% mi;ksx ds fofHkUu vk;ke

ppkZ esa D;ksa\
gky gh esa] fyMkj rduhd }kjk esfDldks esa ,d o`gn vkSj çkphudkyhu ek;k lkbV osQ ckjs esa ubZ
120
djsaV vQs;lZ
tkudkfj;k¡ çkIr gqbZa gSaA bl vk/qfud ,oa cgqvk;keh rduhd dh lgk;rk ls ubZ tkudkjh çkIr gksus osQ
dkj.k ek;k lekt osQ fodkl osQ ckjs esa iwoZorhZ n`f"Vdks.k esa cnyko vk;k gSA lkFk gh] ;g Hkh dgk
tk jgk gS fd cM+h&cM+h Lekjdh; lajpuk,¡ crkbZ xbZ frfFk ls dkiQh igys fufeZr gqbZ FkhaA
fyMkj (LiDAR- ykbV fMVsD'ku ,aM jsaftax) rduhd
;g ,d lqnwj laosnh rduhd gS] ftlesa çdk'k dk mi;ksx iYl ystj osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fyMkj rduhd }kjk fdlh {ks=k dk loZs{k.k foeku esa lqlfTtr ystj midj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls fd;k
tkrk gSA blesa th-ih-,l- vkSj LosQuj dk Hkh lg;ksx fy;k tkrk gSA ,d th-ih-,l- midj.k dks foeku
esa vkSj ,d loZs{k.k LFky ij ;k mlosQ vkl&ikl yxk;k tkrk gSA
fyMkj rduhd dh dk;Zç.kkyh
fyMkj midj.kksa esa ystj] LosQuj vkSj ,d th-ih-,l- fjlhoj gksrk gSA fdlh cM+s {ks=k osQ vk¡dM+s çkIr
djus osQ fy;s foeku ;k gsfydkWIVj dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bl rduhd esa i`Foh dh lrg ij ys”kj çdk'k Mkyk tkrk gS vkSj çdk'k osQ okil ykSVus osQ le;
dh x.kuk ls oLrq dh nwjh dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA
fyMkj dk mi;ksx
fyMkj dk mi;ksx iqjkrRofonksa }kjk Hkwfe dh lrg dks le>us osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bl rduhd
dh lgk;rk ls ouLifr;ksa ls vko`Ùk LFkykÑfr dk fujh{k.k Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkou dh lajpuk dh tkudkjh osQ fy;s Hkw&vk/kfjr fyMkj rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blls
çkIr tkudkjh dh lgk;rk ls tehu ij f=k&vk;keh ekufp=k.k (3-D Mapping) fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g ekufp=k.k fdlh lajpuk dk ekWMy cukus osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkfo"; osQ ç;ksx gsrq blosQ fjdkWMZ dks
lqjf{kr j•us osQ fy;s vR;f/d mi;ksxh gSA
;g rduhd Lopkfyr okguksa osQ lapkyu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA fyMkj Lopkfyr dkj dks
,d ,slh rduhd çnku djrk gS] tks fyMkj laosndksa dh lgk;rk ls gj le; pkjksa rjiQ ns• ldrh
gSA blls lM+d nq?kZVukvksa esa Hkh deh vk,xhA
121
djsaV vQs;lZ
fyMkj rduhd dh enn ls vf/d ty ;k moZjd dh vko';drk okys {ks=kksa dh igpku djosQ
fdlkuksa osQ /u] Je vkSj le; osQ uqdlku dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA fyMkj rduhd }kjk Hkwfe osQ
f=k&vk;keh (3-D) ekufp=k dk ç;ksx djosQ ml Hkwfe dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
unh loZs{k.k esa fyMkj dh okVj isfuVªsfVax xzhu ykbV dk ç;ksx ty osQ vanj dh oLrqvksa dks ns•us
osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bl rduhd dh lgk;rk ls unh dk f=k&vk;keh ekufp=k rS;kj djosQ mldh
xgjkbZ] pkSM+kbZ rFkk mlosQ çokg lEca/h tkudkjh çkIr dh tk ldrh gS] ftlls ufn;ksa }kjk ck<+ tSlh
fLFkfr dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fyMkj rduhd ls çnw"k.k osQ Lrj vkSj gok dh xq.koÙkk dk lekukarj ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
rduhd osQ varxZr vkleku ls ystj fdj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls ok;q esa ?kqys nwf"kr rÙoksa dh ekStwnxh dk
lVhd vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh] lrg ls fuf'pr Å¡pkbZ ij ok;q dh xq.koÙkk ekius osQ fy;s
fuxjkuh ra=k dks e”kcwr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fnYyh esa o"kZ 2010 esa jk"VªeaMy •syksa osQ vk;kstu osQ nkSjku osaQæh; çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ (lh-ih-lh-ch-)
vkSj ekSle foHkkx }kjk f=k&vk;keh ekWMfyax osQ ekè;e ls •syksa ls igys ekSle rFkk çnw"k.k dk
iwokZuqeku yxkus osQ fy;s bykfLVd fyMkj rduhd dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
fyMkj rduhd dh enn ls lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k vkSj j•&j•ko gsrq tehu dh cukoV] lrg dh Å¡pkbZ]
isM+&ikS/ksa osQ iQSyko vkSj {ks=kiQy dk lVhd vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA blls Hkfo"; esa gksus okys
HkwL•yu] ck<+ vkSj vU; nq?kZVukvksa ls lM+d dks cpk;k tk ldrk gSA ystj vk/kfjr bl rduhd dh
lgk;rk ls nqxZe ;k lqnwj {ks=kksa esa lM+d fuekZ.k gsrq loZs{k.k dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
fyMkj rduhd ds ykHk
;g rduhd y?kq rjaxnSè;Z osQ ekè;e ls NksVh ;k lw{e oLrqvksa dk irk yxkus esa lgk;rk çnku djrh gSA
fyMkj }kjk fdlh oLrq ;k LFkku dk f=k&vk;keh ekufp=k rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fyMkj rduhd esa ys”kj çdk'k dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls fdlh oLrq dh lVhd nwjh dk irk
vR;f/d de le; esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
fyMkj rduhd dh pqukSfr;k¡
oqQgjk]
ckny] [kjkc ekSle] jkf=k esa ;k vR;f/d çnw"k.k dh fLFkfr esa ;g rduhd Bhd ls dk;Z ugha
djrh gSA lkFk gh] ;g rduhd lhfer Å¡pkbZ ls gh loZs{k.k dj ldrh gSA
fyMkj ,d eg¡xh rduhd gSA blosQ vykok] fyMkj rduhd osQ ekè;e ls 'kh'ks dh nhokj ;k njokts
dk irk yxkuk dfBu gksrk gSA blfy;s Lopkfyr dkj ;k LekVZ iQksu osQ fuekZrkvksa }kjk fyMkj osQ
lkFk&lkFk oSQejksa vkSj laosndksa dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
fyMkj rduhd us oSKkfudksa dh •kst vkfn osQ ekeyksa esa cgqr gh de le; esa ifj.kke çkIr djus
esa l{ke cuk fn;k gS] ftUgsa iwjk djus esa mUgsa n'kdksa yx tkrs FksA
bl vk/qfud rduhd osQ ekè;e ls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vR;f/d tfVy dk;ks± dks Hkh lqxerk vkSj iw.kZ
lVhdrk osQ lkFk dk;kZfUor fd;k tk jgk gSA
lekukarj czãkaM
fiNys oqQN le; ls fV~oVj o vU; lks'ky ehfM;k IysViQkWeZ ij yxkrkj rFkkdfFkr :i ls uklk }kjk
•ksts x, ^lekukarj czãkaM ('parallel universe')* dh ppkZ fNM+h gqbZ gSA nkoksa osQ vuqlkj] uklk us
122
djsaV vQs;lZ
vaVkoZQfVdk esa ,d lekukarj czãkaM dk irk yxk;k gS] tgk¡ le; vkxs pyus dh ctk, ihNs dh vksj
pyrk gSA
D;k gS lekukarj czãkaM\

DokaVe ;kaf=kdh esa] lekukarj czãkaM dks gekjs czãkaM osQ lkis{k lS¼kafrd :i ls ekStwn crk;k x;k gS]
;|fi HkkSfrd :i ls bldk irk ugha py ik;k gSA
gky gh esa] ,-,u-vkbZ-Vh-,- osQ fu"d"kks± ij vk/kfjr oqQN fjiksVks± esa nkok fd;k x;k gS fd lekukarj
czãkaM osQ oqQN çek.k feys gSa tks de ls de nks lky iqjkus gSaA
,d foKku if=kdk us vaVkoZQfVdk esa U;wfVªuks fMVsD'ku ç;ksxksa ls vkus okys oqQN fo"ke ifj.kkeksa ij
ppkZ djrs gq, ,d egÙoiw.kZ ys• çdkf'kr fd;k FkkA
blesa ,d dkYifud czãkaM osQ ekWMy ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS] ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd yxHkx 13-8
fcfy;u o"kZ iwoZ fcxcSax osQ ckn gekjs czãkaM osQ lekukarj ,d ,aVheSVj czãkaM dh Hkh mRifÙk gqbZ Fkh]
tks gekjs czãkaM ls foijhr fn'kk dh vksj yxkrkj xfreku gS ;k tks le; osQ lkFk ihNs py jgk gSA
è;krO; gS fd çfl¼ oSKkfud LVhiQsu gkWfdax }kjk Hkh ;g çes; çLrkfor fd;k x;k FkkA
vaVkdZfVd bEifYlo Vªkaft,aV ,aVhuk (ANITA) ç;ksx

pkj lky igys ,d ç;ksx }kjk i`Foh ls fudyus okys vR;f/d ÅtkZoku U;wfVªuks dks ns•k x;k FkkA
bls vaVkoZQfVd bEifYlo Vªkaft,aV ,aVhuk (,-,u-vkbZ-Vh-,-) ç;ksx dk uke fn;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa
vR;f/d Å¡pkbZ ij ,d ghfy;e xqCckjs dks jsfM;ks ,aVhuk osQ lekukarj LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA ;g
ç;ksx vkaf'kd :i ls uklk }kjk foÙkiksf"kr FkkA
mYys•uh; gS fd] VsyhLdksi }kjk varfj{k ls vkdj vaVkoZQfVdk esa ciQZ dh pknj ls Vdjkus okys
U;wfVªuks dks ns•k tk ldrk gSA
,-,u-vkbZ-Vh-,- us Hkh bu d.kksa dk irk yxk;k] ysfdu varfj{k ls vkus dh ctk,] U;wfVªuks i`Foh dh
lrg ls fcuk fdlh lzksr osQ vkrs ns•s x,A
;s fojks/kHkkl o"kZ 2016 esa vkSj fiQj o"kZ 2018 esa Hkh ns•k x;k Fkk ysfdu blosQ ihNs dksbZ fo'oluh;
Li"Vhdj.k miyC/ ugha gSA
123
djsaV vQs;lZ
HkkSfrdosÙkk yxkrkj ;g irk yxkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSa fd D;k bu ifj.kkeksa dks HkkSfrdh osQ
fdlh ekStwnk ekWMy }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS ;k ç;ksxkRed lsV&vi dh otg ls bl çdkj osQ
ifj.kke çkIr gks jgs gSa ;k okLrfodrk esa lekukarj czãkaM tSlk oqQN ekStwn gSA
U;wVªhuks (Neutrinos)
U;wfVªuks bysDVªkWu osQ leku gh ,d mi&ijek.kq d.k gSA
ysfdu buesa dksbZ fo|qr vkos'k ugha gksrk gS vkSj budk æO;eku vR;f/d de ;k yxHkx ux.; gksrk gSA
U;wfVªuks czãkaM esa vR;f/d çpqj :i ls ik, tkus okys d.kksa esa ls ,d gSaA gekjs czãkaM esa çR;sd
,d ?ku lseh- esa 300 osQ yxHkx U;wfVªuks ik, tkrs gSaA
;s iQehZ&fMjkd lkaf[;dh dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA
oSKkfudksa dk ,slk ekuuk gS fd U;wfVªuks d.kksa ls varfj{k lEca/h fofHkUu çdkj dh tkudkfj;k¡ çkIr
dh tk ldrh gSaA
oSKkfud •kstksa osQ vk/kj ij ;g ik;k x;k gS fd fcxcSax osQ ckn tks vkjfEHkd U;wfVªuks mRiUu gq,
Fks os vHkh Hkh gekjs czãkaM esa xfr dj jgs gSaA
lw;Z osQ osaQæ esa ijek.kq lay;u dh otg ls tks U;wfVªuks mRiUu gq, oks yxkrkj i`Foh ls Vdjkrs jgrs
gSa vkSj ,slk ik;k x;k gS fd yxHkx 100 •jc U;wfVªuks lw;Z vkSj vU; fiaMksa ls mRlftZr gksdj gekjs
'kjhj ls Vdjkrs jgrs gSa] ;|fi gesa blls fdlh çdkj dk uqdlku ugha gSA
pw¡fd budh inkFkZ osQ lkFk u rks fdlh çdkj dh vUr%fØ;k gksrh gS vkSj u ;s nwljs Hkkjh fiaMksa dh
vksj vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa] vr% budk irk yxkuk cgqr dfBu gksrk gSA
lw;Z osQ osaQæ ls vkus okys U;wfVªuks dk irk yxkuk bl otg ls Hkh eqf'dy gS D;ksafd ;k=kk dh 'kq#vkr
esa tgk¡ ;g bysDVªkWu çdkj osQ U;wfVªuks gksrs gSa] ogha ckn esa E;wvkWu çdkj osQ U;wfVªuks esa cny tkrs
gSa vkSj HkkSfrdh osQ LFkkfir LVSaMMZ ekWMy osQ fglkc ls ,d çdkj dk U;wfVªuks fdlh nwljs çdkj osQ
U;wfVªuks esa ugha cny ldrk gSA vr% oSKkfudksa dk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd ;g LVSaMMZ ekWMy esa cnyko
dk laosQr Hkh gks ldrk gSA
(lzksr % bafM;u ,Dlçsl] n fganw)
lkSj ÅtkZ% ÅtkZ lqj{kk dk c<+rk egÙo

i`"BHkwfe
dksfoM&19 egkekjh us lHkh {ks=kksa dks udkjkRed :i ls çHkkfor fd;k gSA bl egkekjh osQ ckn phu ls
lkSj midj.kksa rFkk ekWMÔwy dh vkiwfrZ ckf/r gksus ls Hkkjr osQ le{k o"kZ 2022 rd 100 xhxkokWV {kerk
osQ egÙokdka{kh ÅtkZ y{; dks çkIr djus esa dbZ çdkj dh ck/k,¡ mRiUu gks xbZ gSaA
lkSj ÅtkZ
lh/s lw;Z ls çkIr gksus okyh ÅtkZ dks ^lkSj ÅtkZ* dgrs gSaA lkSj ÅtkZ gh ekSle o tyok;q esa ifjorZu osQ
fy;s f”kEesnkj gSA ;g ÅtkZ gh i`Foh ij lHkh çdkj osQ thou (isM+ ikS/s vkSj tho&tarq) dk lgkjk gSA
lkSj ÅtkZ rduhd dk ç;ksx djosQ lw;Z ls çkIr ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA lw;Z
ls çkIr ÅtkZ dks nks çdkj ls fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cnyk tkrk gSA
I. çdk'k fo|qr lsy dh lgk;rk ls
II. ty dks lw;Z dh Å"ek ls ok"i esa ifjofrZr dj fo|qr tsusjsVj pykdj (LVhe Vjckbu)A
124
djsaV vQs;lZ
lkSj ÅtkZ {ks=k ls lEcaf/r egÙoiw.kZ fcanq
oSf'od ÅtkZ ekax esa o"kZ 2040 rd 11» rd dh o`f¼ gksus dh mEehn gS] tks o"kZ 2016 esa 5» FkhA
Hkkjr esa ÅtkZ dh •ir o"kZ 2035 rd 4-2» çfr o"kZ dh nj ls c<+us dh lEHkkouk gSA
o"kZ 2030 rd xSj thok'e bZa/u Ïksrksa tSls] dks;yk o rsy ij fuHkZjrk ?kVus dk vuqeku gSA lkFk gh]
de ek=kk esa dkcZu mRlftZr djus okys Ïksr& lkSj iQksVksoksfYVd (ih-oh-) }kjk c<+h gqbZ ÅtkZ dh ekax
dk 50» ls Hkh vf/d çkIr gksus dh mEehn gSA
Hkkjr tyok;q dk;Zokgh çfrc¼rk (Climate Action Commitment) osQ rgr o"kZ 2030 rd xSj&thok'e
Ïksrksa ls oqQy 'kfÙkQ (Power) dk 40» rd mRiknu djus osQ fy;s çfrc¼ gSA
lkSj lsy osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy;s Hkkjr dh okf"kZd ekax 20 xhxkokWV dh gS] tcfd Hkkjr dh orZeku vkSlr
okf"kZd {kerk osQoy 3 xhxkokWV gSA
lkSj ÅtkZ ls ykHk
lkSj ÅtkZ osQ ç;ksx ls okrkoj.k esa çnw"k.k de gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk FkeZy ÅtkZ rFkk vU; ÅtkZ Ïksrksa]
ftudk i;kZoj.k ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gS] dh vko';drkvksa ij fuHkZjrk de gksxhA
bl {ks=k esa 'kq#vkr esa rks vf/d fuos'k dh t:jr gksrh gS fdarq ,d ckj fuos'k djus osQ i'pkr
bldk ykHk yEcs le; rd çkIr gksrk gSA
lkSj ÅtkZ dh 'kfÙkQ vrqyuh; gSA Hkkjr tSls ÅtkZ dh deh okys ns'k esa tgk¡ fctyh dk mRiknu
vR;f/d egaxk gS] ogha lkSj ÅtkZ fo|qr mRiknu osQ fy;s ,d lokZsÙke fodYi ekuk tkrk gSA
lkSj ÅtkZ {ks=k ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡
ns'k esa py jgh lkSj ÅtkZ ifj;kstukvksa dks ykWdMkmu lEca/h fu;eksa osQ dkj.k jksd fn;k x;k gSA
lkFk gh] lkSj ÅtkZ osQ mRiknu esa ç;ksx fd;s tkus okys midj.kksa osQ vk;kr esa #dkoV osQ dkj.k bu
ifj;kstukvksa osQ fØ;kUo;u esa foyEc gks jgk gSA
Hkkjr lkSj ÅtkZ osQ 80» midj.kksa osQ vk;kr gsrq phu ij fuHkZj gS tks fd Hkkjr osQ fy;s vkfFkZd
vkSj lkefjd n`f"V ls mfpr ugha gSA
lkSj ikdks± esa yxHkx 85» Jfed çoklh gSaA ljdkj }kjk v{k; ÅtkZ mRiknu dks vko';d lsok osQ
:i esa oxhZÑr fd;s tkus osQ ckotwn Hkh ;s Jfed dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ dkj.k vius xk¡o ykSV
x, gSa vkSj buosQ tYn okil vkus dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugha fn• jgh gSA
lkSj ÅtkZ midj.kksa (lkSj iSuy] bUoVZj] oksYVst jsxqysVj vkfn) osQ ewY; dkiQh vf/d gksrs gSaA blosQ
vykok cSVjh cnyus ;k vU; j•&j•ko dk •pZ Hkh ”;knk gSA
lkSj ÅtkZ {ks=k dh çxfr gsrq lq>ko
orZeku le; esa lkSj m|ksx ljdkj ls oqQN vkfFkZd jkgr dh ekax dj jgk gS rkfd os bl foÙkh; ladV
ls mcj ik,¡ vkSj ns'k osQ nh?kZdkfyd v{k; ÅtkZ y{;ksa dks iwjk djus dh fn'kk esa dk;Z dj losaQA
lkSj ÅtkZ dks O;kid Lrj ij çksRlkfgr fd;s tkus osQ lkFk gh ØkmM iQafMax osQ ”kfj;s dks"k tqVkus
gsrq uhfr fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
lkSj ÅtkZ osQ {ks=k esa vk/qfud rduhd osQ gLrkarj.k ,oa fj;k;rh dtZ O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk
pkfg;s] ftlls lkSj ÅtkZ dk mRiknu rhoz] lqxe ,oa ikjn'khZ rjhosQ ls gks losQA
lkSj ÅtkZ osQ {ks=k esa 'kks/ ,oa vuqla/ku dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
Hkkjr esa 80» ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx m|ksx ,oa ifjogu {ks=k esa fd;k tkrk gS] blfy;s ÅtkZ uhfr dk fuekZ.k
djrs le; bu {ks=kksa dks osaQæ esa j•k tkuk pkfg;sA
125
djsaV vQs;lZ
xzkeh.k {ks=k esa flapkbZ vkSj tykiwfrZ osQ fy;s lkSj ÅtkZ osQ mi;ksx dks çksRlkfgr fd;s tkus osQ lkFk gh
lqnwj xzkeh.k {ks=k esa lkSj ÅtkZ }kjk vklkuh ls rFkk mfpr ewY; ij fo|qrhdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; lkSj xBca/u

;g ,d varj&ljdkjh laxBu gS] ftldh 'kq#vkr Hkkjr vkSj Úkal }kjk la;qÙkQ :i ls o"kZ 2015
esa isfjl tyok;q lEeysu osQ nkSjku dh xbZ FkhA
bl laxBu dk eq[;ky; xq#xzke (gfj;k.kk) esa fLFkr gS rFkk bldh igyh cSBd ubZ fnYyh esa
vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA
;g doZQ ,oa edj js•k osQ eè; fLFkr 121 lkSj lalk/u lEiUu ns'kksa dk lewg gSA ;s lHkh ns'k
lkSj ÅtkZ osQ {ks=k esa dk;Z djus ij lger gq, gSaA
bl laxBu dk mís'; lnL; ns'kksa esa lLrh] lkiQ vkSj v{k; ÅtkZ eqgS;k djkus osQ lkFk&lkFk xzhu]
Dyhu vkSj lrr ÅtkZ dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
lkSj ÅtkZ ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr ljdkj dh igy

lkSj ÅtkZ osQ {ks=k esa uoEcj 2015 esa Hkkjr vkSj Úkal osQ eè; varjkZ"Vªh; lkSj ÅtkZ le>kSrk fd;k x;k
FkkA le>kSrs osQ rgr nksuksa ns'k lkSj ÅtkZ dh dherksa esa deh djus] rduhdh gLrkarj.k dks çksRlkgu
nsus vkSj 'kks/ ,oa vuqla/ku dks c<+kok nsus ij lger gq,A
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fo'o cSad osQ lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; lkSj ÅtkZ le>kSrk fd;k x;k gS] ftlosQ rgr o"kZ
2030 rd lkSj ÅtkZ {ks=k esa vjcksa MkWyj dk fuos'k fd;k tk,xkA
v{k; ÅtkZ dks c<+kok nsus vkSj uohdj.kh; •jhn nkf;Roksa dks fu/kZfjr djus gsrq jk"Vªh; uohdj.kh;
ÅtkZ uhfr dh 'kq#vkr] ns'k dh dkcZu dVkSrh ls lEcaf/r çfrc¼rkvksa osQ vuq:i gSA
gky gh esa] fo|qr ea=kky; }kjk çLrkfor fo|qr vf/fu;e (la'kks/u) fo/;sd dk elkSnk bl fn'kk
esa vko';d lq/kj gsrq ,d ldkjkRed dne gSA
vkxs dh jkg
ns'k dh ÅtkZ t:jrksa dks iwjk djus gsrq u osQoy cqu;knh <k¡ps dks e”kcwr djus dh vko';drk gS]
cfYd ÅtkZ osQ u, rFkk oSdfYid Ïksrksa dh •kst Hkh t:jh gSA lkSj ÅtkZ {ks=k Hkkjr osQ ÅtkZ mRiknu
vkSj ekax osQ chp dh vlekurk dks dkiQh gn rd de dj ldrk gSA
dksfoM&19 egkekjh us fo'o dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa Bgjko yk fn;k gS rFkk lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
thou dks xgjkbZ ls çHkkfor fd;k gSA Hkkjr }kjk :iQVkWi lkSj ifj;kstukvksa] lkSj lsYl vkSj vU;
midj.k osQ ?kjsyw mRiknu dks çksRlkfgr djus gsrq ,d yf{kr uhfr dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
blls vkSj vf/d jks”kxkj osQ volj Hkh iSnk gks losaQxsA
dksfoM&19 ladV us Hkkjr ljdkj dks lEiw.kZ fo'o osQ fy;s ,d vxz.kh jk"Vª osQ :i esa usr`Ro çnku
djus rFkk ,d gfjr] oqQ'ky vkSj çxfr'khy çksRlkgu ;kstuk cukus dk volj çnku fd;k gSA
126
9 lqj{kk lEcaèkh eqís
nf{k.k dksfj;k esa ^FkkM+* felkby j{kk ç.kkyh vkSj phu dh fpark,¡
i`"BHkwfe
^FkkM+* (THAAD) vesfjdk }kjk fMtkbu o fufeZr ,aVh&cSfyfLVd felkby j{kk ç.kkyh gSA O;kikj&;q¼]
oSf'od Hkw&jktuhfr vkSj lkefjd j.kuhfr esa cnyko rFkk dksfoM&19 osQ ckn dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.k
dbZ fo'ks"kKksa us vesfjdk vkSj phu osQ eè; 'khr ;q¼ dh vk'kadk O;ÙkQ dh gSA phu us nf{k.k dksfj;k
esa vesfjdk dh FkkM+ felkby j{kk ç.kkyh dh ekStwnxh ij viuh vkifÙk;ksa dks fiQj ls nksgjk;k gSA
bl ckj phu }kjk fojks/ dk dkj.k gky gh esa nf{k.k dksfj;k esa vesfjdh csl ij oqQN ubZ baVjlsIVj
felkbyksa dks rSukr djus vkSj oqQN dks çfrLFkkfir djus osQ fy;s jkr Hkj pyk vkWijs'ku gSA phu bl
j{kk ç.kkyh dks nf{k.k dksfj;k esa igyh ckj rSukr fd;s tkus osQ le; ls gh vkifÙk trk jgk gSA bl
dkj.k ls phu vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k osQ eè; lEca/ksa esa fxjkoV Hkh ns•h xbZ gSA
FkkM+ felkby j{kk ç.kkyh
FkkM+ (THAAD) ewyr% VfeZuy gkbZ ,YVhVÔwM ,fj;k fMiQsal (Terminal High Altitude Area
Defence — THAAD) dk laf{kIr :i gSA ;g ,d çdkj dh LFkkukarj.k ;ksX; vkSj lrg (LFky)
vkèkkfjr felkby j{kk ç.kkyh gSA bl ç.kkyh dks NksVh o eè;e nwjh dh cSfyfLVd felkbyksa osQ
mM+ku osQ vafre pj.k (Terminal Phase) esa baVjlsIV vkSj u"V djus osQ fy;s fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA
vafre pj.k esa cSfyfLVd felkbysa mPpre Å¡pkbZ ls uhps dh vksj vk jgh gksrh gSaA
çFke ckj o"kZ 1987 esa çLrkfor vkSj varr% o"kZ 2008 esa igyh ckj rSukr dh xbZ FkkM+ ç.kkyh dk
ç;ksx nq'eu osQ f•ykiQ geys osQ :i esa ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bl felkby ç.kkyh dh çeq• Hkwfedk ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh jMkj osQ ç;ksx }kjk felkbyksa dks ykWUp djus
ls iwoZ VªSd djuk vkSj u"V djuk gSA
çR;sd FkkM+ ç.kkyh esa& baVjlsIVlZ] ykWUpj] jMkj] iQk;j daVªksy ;wfuV vkSj lgk;d midj.k 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA
FkkM+ varfj{k&vk/kfjr vkSj lrg&vk/kfjr fuxjkuh LVs'kuksa ls tqM+k gksrk gS] tks vkus okyh felkbyksa
osQ ckjs esa MkVk VªkaliQj djosQ psrkouh Hkh tkjh djrk gS rFkk •rjs osQ çdkj osQ oxhZdj.k osQ ckjs
esa FkkM+ baVjlsIVj felkby dks lwfpr djrk gSA
FkkM+ baÚkjsM lsalj osQ lkFk varfj{k&vk/kfjr mixzgksa }kjk vkus okyh felkbyksa osQ ckjs esa psrkrk gSA
127
djsaV vQs;lZ
jMkj vkus okyh felkby dks igys baVjlsIV djrk gSA bl rjg osQ fdlh Hkh •rjs dh igpku flLVe
dks pykus okys yksxksa }kjk dh tkrh gS] tks fdlh Vªd ls felkby ij ,d ç{ksI; (Projectile) dks
iQk;j djrs gS] ftls baVjlsIVj dgrs gSaA
varr% fliQZ ç{ksI; dh xfrt ÅtkZ (Projectile's Kinetic Energy) osQ mi;ksx }kjk cSfyfLVd felkby
u"V dj nh tkrh gSA fo'ks"kKksa osQ vuqlkj] xfrt ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx felkby jks/h ç.kkyh dks lqjf{kr
cukrk gS D;ksafd ;g felkbyksa dks u"V djus osQ fy;s okWjgsM~l dk mi;ksx ugha djrk gSA
b”kjk;y dk ¶vk;ju Mkse¸ Hkh blh çdkj dh ,d ç.kkyh gS tks yxHkx 90 çfr'kr rd felkby
baVjlsIVe djus dh liQyrk dk nkok djrk gSA
vesfjdh ^FkkM+* vkSj b”kjk;yh ^vk;ju Mkse*% rqyukRed vè;;u
i. b”kjk;y dh felkby j{kk ç.kkyh ^vk;ju Mkse*] ekpZ 2011 ls ifjpkyu esa gS rFkk dbZ ek;uksa esa
vesfjdk dh FkkM+ ç.kkyh osQ leku gSA b”kjk;y dk nkok gS fd ^vk;ju Mkse* yxHkx 90 iQhlnh
felkbyksa dks baVjlsIV dj jgk gSA
ii. FkkM+ flLVe dh rqyuk esa vk;ju Mkse dh fMVsD'ku jsat cgqr de gSA gkyk¡fd FkkM+ cgqr vf/d
Å¡pkbZ ij rSukr gksus osQ dkj.k rksi•kus osQ xksys (Artillery Shells) vkfn osQ f•ykiQ vPNh rjg
ls dke ugha djrk gS] tcfd vk;ju Mkse blosQ fy;s vkn'kZ gSA
iii. FkkM+ ç.kkyh esa vf/d cM+h baVjlsIVj felkbysa gSa tks cSfyfLVd felkbyksa dk irk yxkus osQ fy;s
,dne mi;qÙkQ ekuh tkrh gSa] tcfd nwljh rjiQ vk;ju Mkse NksVh o eè;e nwjh dh felkbyksa vkSj
dHkh&dHkh eksVkZj 'ksy dks baVjlsIV djus osQ mís'; ls rS;kj dh xbZ gSaA
FkkM+ dh rSukrh
FkkM+ ,aVh&cSfyfLVd felkby fMiQsal flLVe dks vesfjdh dEiuh ykWdghM ekfVZu }kjk fMtkbu vkSj
fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA bl felkby j{kk ç.kkyh dks nf{k.k dksfj;k osQ vfrfjÙkQ vU; dbZ ns'kksa esa Hkh
rSukr fd;k x;k gSA
FkkM+ ç.kkyh dks o"kZ 2009 esa gokbZ (Hawaii) jkT; esa rSukr fd;k x;k FkkA gokbZ ç'kkar egklkxj esa
fLFkr vesfjdk dk ,dek=k }hih; jkT; gSA
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] FkkM+ j{kk ç.kkyh dks xqvke (Guam) esa Hkh rSukr fd;k x;k gSA xqvke if'peh
ç'kkar egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA blosQ lkFk gh la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr] b”kjk;y o jksekfu;k esa Hkh bldks
rSukr fd;k x;k gSA
Hkfo"; esa FkkM+ j{kk ç.kkyh dks vkseku] lÅnh vjc] tkiku vkSj rkboku esa Hkh rSukr fd;s tkus dh
;kstuk gSA
128
djsaV vQs;lZ
nf{k.k dksfj;k esa FkkM+ dh rSukrh vkSj phu dk fojks/
mÙkj dksfj;k }kjk yxkrkj felkbyksa dk ijh{k.k fd;s tkus vkSj ijek.kq {kerkvksa osQ ckjs esa yxkrkj
mn~?kks"k.kk osQ dkj.k nf{k.k dksfj;k esa ebZ 2017 ls FkkM+ felkby j{kk ç.kkyh lapyu voLFkk esa gSA
nf{k.k dksfj;k esa rSukr FkkM+ felkby j{kk ç.kkyh dks vesfjdh lsuk }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA
mÙkj dksfj;k }kjk tkiku esa vesfjdh lSU; csl dh fn'kk esa fd;s x, felkby ijh{k.k osQ ckn vesfjdk
us ;kstuk esa cnyko djrs gq, nf{k.k dksfj;k osQ vkslu (Osan) csl esa bldh rSukrh dh gSA
nf{k.k dksfj;k esa FkkM+ dh rSukrh us phu osQ lkFk mlosQ lEca/ksa dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;k gSA phu
dks Mj gS fd FkkM+ dh rSukrh mldh cSfyfLVd felkby {kerkvksa dks de”kksj dj jgk gSA phu osQ
vuqlkj] blls {ks=kh; 'kkafr o fLFkjrk osQ fy;s •rjk mRiUu gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk {ks=kh; lqj{kk larqyu
Hkh çHkkfor gks jgk gSA
oqQN fo'ks"kK ekurs gSa fd phu }kjk bl ç.kkyh dk fojks/ felkbyksa ls T;knk blosQ bufcYV ,MokaLM
jMkj flLVe osQ ckjs esa vf/d gS tks phu dh xfrfof/;ksa dks VªSd dj ldrk gSA
dbZ fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd nf{k.k dksfj;k esa vesfjdk }kjk bl ç.kkyh dh rSukrh osQoy ,d
j{kkRed mik; ugha gS] tSlk fd vesfjdk }kjk nkok fd;k x;k gSA ;g ç.kkyh bl {ks=k esa vesfjdk
dh mifLFkfr dks vkSj c<+k,xk tks osQoy {ks=kh; ruko esa o`f¼ djsxkA
;g fookn iwohZ ,f'k;k esa Hkw&jktuhfr vkSj tfVy la?k"kks± ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gS D;ksafd vesfjdk fo'ks"k
:i ls tkiku vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k esa vius dbZ lSU; fBdkuksa osQ ekè;e ls bl {ks=k esa ekStwn gSA
iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ oqQN i;Zos{kdksa osQ vuqlkj] phu dk ekuuk gS fd nf{k.k dksfj;k o tkiku ij vesfjdh
çHkko c<+ jgk gS tks bl {ks=k esa chftax osQ nh?kZdkfyd lSU;] jktuf;d vkSj vkfFkZd fgrksa esa gLr{ksi
dj ldrk gSA
ebZ osQ vafre lIrkg esa çfrLFkkfir felkbyksa dh rSukrh osQ ckn phu us vesfjdk ls chftax o fl;ksy
osQ chp f}i{kh; lEca/ksa dks uqdlku ugha igq¡pkus dk vkxzg fd;kA
blls iwoZ 2017 esa FkkM+ dh rSukrh osQ ckn phu us nf{k.k dksfj;k ls vkus okys Vwj lewgksa ij çfrcaèkksa
lfgr vU; çdkj dh vçR;{k vkfFkZd dk;Zokgh dh FkhA blosQ vykok phu ls nf{k.k dksfj;k tkus
okys i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa Hkh Hkkjh fxjkoV osQ lkFk&lkFk phu esa dksfj;kbZ euksjatu osQ lk/uksa esa Hkh
fxjkoV ns•h xbZ FkhA
phu esa csgn yksdfç; nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ lkSan;Z çlk/u o lkSan;Z mRiknksa dh fcØh ij Hkh vlj ns•k
x;k Fkk D;ksafd lks'ky ehfM;k ij nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ mRiknksa osQ cfg"dkj dk vkÞoku fd;k x;k FkkA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fookn dk çHkko osQoy jktuf;d Lrj rd gh lhfer ugha Fkk cfYd
blosQ nwjxkeh ifj.kke Hkh gSaA
n fcx fiDpj% lkefjd rsy HkaMkj vkSj ÅtkZ lqj{kk
gky gh esa] Hkkjr us oSf'od :i ls dPps rsy dh dherksa esa mrkj&p<+ko dks ns•rs gq, lÅnh vjc
vkSj la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr osQ çeq• rsy mRiknd osaQæksa esa rsy dh de dherksa dk ykHk mBkus dk iQSlyk
fy;k gS rkfd vkikrdky osQ le; t:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy;s cuk, x, lkefjd rsy HkaMkjksa dh
mi;ksfxrk lqfuf'pr dh tk losQA
Hkkjr fo'o esa dPps rsy dk rhljk lcls cM+k vk;krd ns'k gS vkSj Hkkjr dh orZeku HkaMkj.k {kerk
5-3 fefy;u Vu (MT) gS%
fo'kk•kiÙkue (1-3 fefy;u Vu)]
129
djsaV vQs;lZ
eSaxyksj
(1-5 fefy;u Vu)]
ikMqj (2-5 fefy;u Vu)A
oSf'od lkefjd isVªksfy;e HkaMkj (Global Strategic Petroleum Reserves - GSPRs)

oSf'od lkefjd isVªksfy;e HkaMkj eq[;r% fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk dks fLFkj j•us vkSj
ÅtkZ ladV osQ nkSjku jk"Vªh; lqj{kk dks cuk, j•us esa enn djus osQ fy;s fufeZr dPps rsy osQ HkaMkj
(;k LVkWdikbYl) dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
è;krO; gS fd dbZ ns'kksa us vkikrdky dh fLFkfr esa nwljs ns'kksa osQ lkFk vius LVkWdikbYl dks lk>k
djus osQ fy;s le>kSrs Hkh fd;s gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy;s&
la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk vkSj b”kjk;y le>kSrkA
Úkal] teZuh vkSj bVyh le>kSrkA
tkiku] U;w”khySaM vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k le>kSrkA
fo'o esa lcls ”;knk lkefjd isVªksfy;e HkaMkj%
la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk& 714 fefy;u cSjy]
phu& 475 fefy;u cSjy]
tkiku& 324 fefy;u cSjyA
Hkkjr esa isVªksfy;e ds lkefjd HkaMkj (Strategic Petroleum Reserves In India)

Hkkjr vius lkefjd isVªksfy;e HkaMkjksa }kjk yxHkx 10(9-5) fnuksa osQ rsy dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus
dh fLFkfr esa gSa] ftlesa nks u, HkaMkjksa osQ tqM+us osQ lkFk 11-57 fnu osQ HkaMkj vkSj c<+ tk,axsA
bl çdkj] Hkkjr osQ lkefjd rsy HkaMkjksa esa oqQy 22 fnuksa (10 $ 12) rd osQ fy;s rsy miyC/
gksxkA
è;krO; gS fd Hkkjrh; fjiQkbuj dPps rsy osQ 65 fnuksa rd osQ HkaMkj.k (vkS|ksfxd LVkWd) j•rs gSaA
bl çdkj] Hkkjrh; lkefjd HkaMkjksa osQ f}rh; pj.k osQ iwjs gksus osQ ckn Hkkjr esa rsy osQ oqQy HkaMkj
87 fnuksa (22 $ 65) dh •ir j•us okys gks tk,axsA ;g varjkZ"Vªh; ÅtkZ ,tsalh }kjk 90 fnuksa osQ
HkaMkj.k fofu;eu osQ yxHkx cjkcj gksxkA
fofnr gS fd vU; nks HkaMkjksa dk fuekZ.k pafM•ksy (vksfM'kk) (4 fefy;u Vu) vkSj ikMqj (dukZVd)
(2-5 fey;u Vu) esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
lkefjd isVªksfy;e HkaMkj eq[;r% dPps rsy osQ fo'kky HkaMkj gSa] tks dPps rsy ls lEcaf/r fdlh Hkh
ladV] tSlsµ çkÑfrd vkinkvksa] ;q¼ ;k HkwdEi vkfn ls fuiVus osQ fy;s cuk, tkrs gSa rkfd ,slh
vkink ;k leL;k osQ le; ns'k esa fdlh Hkh çdkj ls rsy dh vkiwfrZ u #osQA
varjkZ"Vªh; ÅtkZ dk;ZØe (International Energy Programme-IEP) ij gq, le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj
varjkZ"Vªh; ÅtkZ ,tsalh (International Energy Agency - IEA) ls lEc¼ çR;sd ns'k vius ikl de
ls de 90 fnuksa osQ 'kq¼ rsy vk;kr osQ cjkcj dk vkikrdkyhu rsy HkaMkj j• ldrk gSA
mYys•uh; gS fd ;fn rsy vkiwfrZ esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dk xEHkhj O;o/ku vkrk gS rks IEA lnL; ns'k
lkewfgd dkjZokbZ osQ rgr vius rsy osQ HkaMkjksa dks ck”kkj esa cspus dk fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSaA
è;krO; gS fd Hkkjr o"kZ 2017 esa varjkZ"Vªh; ÅtkZ ,tsalh dk ,d lg;ksxh lnL; ns'k cukA
lkefjd rsy HkaMkj dh vo/kj.kk igyh ckj o"kZ 1973 esa vesfjdk osQ vksisd rsy ladV osQ ckn
ns•us dks feyh FkhA
130
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkwfexr HkaMkj.k] isVªksfy;e mRiknksa osQ HkaMkj.k dh lcls de •phZyh fof/ gS] blls ok"ihdj.k de
gksrk gS vkSj D;ksafd HkaMkj.k osQ fy;s xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k leqæ ry ls cgqr uhps fd;k tkrk gS blfy;s
tgktksa ls muesa dPps rsy dk fuoZgu djuk vklku gksrk gSA ;fn Hkfo"; esa vkØe.k bR;kfn Hkh gksrk
gS rks ;g HkaMkj.k iw.kZr% lqjf{kr jgsxkA
Hkkjr esa lkefjd dPps rsy HkaMkjksa (Strategic Crude Oil Storages) osQ fuekZ.k ,oa çca/u vkfn dk
dk;Z bafM;u LVªsVsftd isVªksfy;e fjtOlZ fyfeVsM (ISPRL) }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA
ISPRL] isVªksfy;e vkSj çkÑfrd xSl ea=kky; osQ rgr rsy m|ksx fodkl cksMZ (OIDB) osQ iw.kZ
LokfeÙo okyh ,d lgk;d dEiuh gSA
Hkkjr esa lkefjd isVªksfy;e HkaMkj dh vko';drk
(Need of Strategic Petroleum Reserves in India)
Hkkjr dks vHkh Hkh viuh vko';drk osQ fy;s 83» dPps rsy dks vk;kr djus dh vko';drk iM+rh
gS tks Hkkjr osQ vk;kr ctV dks c<+krk gS] ftlls pkyw •krk ?kkVk (CAD) Hkh c<+rk gSA
ns'k dh 86» ÅtkZ rsy ij fuHkZj gS] tgk¡ çfrfnu yxHkx 5 fefy;u cSjy rsy dh •ir gksrh gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; ck”kkj esa dPps rsy dh dher esa mrkj&p<+ko osQ pyrs Hkkjr dks ns'k dh ÅtkZ lqj{kk
lqfuf'pr djus vkSj ekSfæd uqdlku ls cpus osQ fy;s isVªksfy;e HkaMkj cukus dh l[r t:jr gSA
IEA us Hkfo";ok.kh dh gS fd o"kZ 2020 rd] Hkkjr fo'o dk lcls cM+k rsy vk;krd ns'k cu
ldrk gS] ftlls ns'k esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dh HkkSfrd vkiwfrZ osQ ckf/r gksus ij ns'k esa lkefjd
•rjs dh lEHkkouk c<+ ldrk gSA
è;krO; gS fd Hkkjr dh ekStwnk {kerk varjkZ"Vªh; dPps ck”kkj esa gksus okyh fdlh Hkh vçR;kf'kr
?kVuk ls fuiVus osQ fy;s i;kZIr ugha gSA
ljdkjh igy
Hkkjr ljdkj us rsy {ks=kksa ls olwyh esa lq/kj osQ fy;s fuos'k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ
fy;s jktdks"kh; çksRlkgu dks eatwjh nh gS] ftlls vxys chl o"kks± esa gkbMªksdkcZu mRiknu 50 yk•
djksM+ #i, rd igq¡pus dh mEehn gSA
Hkkjr dPps rsy vk/kfjr mRiknksa (ftUgsa ns'k dh çnw"k.k leL;k osQ fy;s lcls ”;knk f”kEesnkj Bgjk;k
tkrk gS) ij fuHkZjrk dks nwj djus osQ fy;s ,d çkÑfrd xSl O;kikj fofue; (a natural gas trading
exchange) LFkkfir djus ij dke dj jgk gSA
Hkkjr çkÑfrd xSl osQ fy;s ,d ikjn'khZ ck”kkj fodflr djuk pkgrk gS] tgk¡ xSl dk ewY; fofue;
;k ,Dlpsat }kjk fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mís'; o"kZ 2028 ls o"kZ 2030 osQ chp Hkkjr osQ
oqQy ÅtkZ feJ.k (total energy mix) esa çkÑfrd xSl osQ mi;ksx dks 6-5 çfr'kr ls c<+kdj 15
çfr'kr djuk gSA
rsy ea=kky; us LoPN b±/u osQ mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy;s tSo&lh-,u-th- (compressed natural
gas) la;a=k vkSj blls lEc¼ cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks LFkkfir djus dh ;kstuk Hkh cukbZ gSA
lkefjd HkaMkjksa dk egÙo

o"kZ 1990 esa if'pe ,f'k;k esa gq, •kM+h ns'kksa osQ ;q¼ osQ le; Hkkjr lesr vusd ns'kksa esa •fut rsy
dks ysdj ,d cM+k ladV mRiUu gks x;k Fkk vkSj lzksrksa osQ fglkc ls Hkkjr osQ ikl ek=k 3 fnu dk gh
rsy cpk jg x;k FkkA ml le; Hkkjr fdlh çdkj bl dfBu ifjfLFkfr ls ckgj fudyk ysfdu bl rjg
osQ ladV dHkh Hkh lkeus vk ldrs gSaA
131
djsaV vQs;lZ
Hkkjr ewyr% bu thok'e bZa/uksa ij fuHkZj gS vkSj Hkkjr dk yxHkx 80» vk;kr if'pe ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa
ls gksrk gSA ;fn bu ns'kksa esa ;q¼ fNM+ tk, (ftldh lEHkkouk vDlj cuh jgrh gS) rks u fliQZ ge
vkiwfrZ ladV ls f?kj tk,axs cfYd pkyw •krk Hkh ?kkVs esa tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa çR;sd fnu yxHkx
40 yk• cSjy dPps rsy dh •ir gksrh gSA bl otg ls lkefjd ;k lkefjd rsy HkaMkj dk egÙo cgqr
c<+ tkrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
Hkkjr dks phu osQ rjg gh rsy fu;kZrd ns'kksa ls rsy •jhndj Hkkjrh; ifjlEifÙk osQ :i esa laxzghr
Hkh djuk pkfg;s rkfd vko';drk iM+us ij rsy iqu% çkIr fd;k tk losQA
Hkkjr dks dbZ ns'kksa ls vius rsy osQ vuqca/ j•us pkfg;s rkfd fdlh ,d {ks=k osQ ,dkf/dkj ls cpk
tk losQA mnkgj.k osQ fy;s] orZeku esa Hkkjr •kM+h {ks=k ls vf/dka'k rsy dk vk;kr dj jgk gS] ogk¡
fdlh Hkh çdkj dh vkikr fLFkfr ;k ;q¼ dh n'kk esa Hkkjr dks uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
rsy ÅtkZ dk eq[; lzksr gS] ysfdu blosQ HkaMkj lhfer gSa] blfy;s oSdfYid lzksrksa ij è;ku nsus dh
vko';drk gSA
Hkkjr dk 90» rsy fons'kh tgk”kksa }kjk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS] bl ij Hkh è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
Hkkjr dks rsy osQ ifjogu osQ fy;s vius Lo;a osQ tgk”kksa dk vf/xzg.k djus dh vko';drk gSA
(lzksr % https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBgW4e6rQis&feature=emb_title)
132
djsaV vQs;lZ
djsaV vQs;lZ
lkekU; vè;;u
fofoèk
fofo/
Hkkjr dk igyk xSl ,Dlpsat%
vko';drk vkSj egÙo -----------------------------------------------134
vle esa buj ykbu ijfeV
vkSj lh-,-,- lEca/h eqís ---------------------------------------------135
vle xSl fjlko vkSj
blds lEHkkfor çHkko---------------------------------------------------137
133
10 fofo/k
Hkkjr dk igyk xSl ,Dlpsat% vko';drk vkSj egÙo
ppkZ esa D;ksa\

foxr fnuksa Hkkjr dk çFke xSl ,Dlpsat ^bafM;u xSl ,Dlpsat* (Indian Gas Exchange- IGX) uke ls
ykWUp fd;k x;kA
vkbZ-th-,Dl-
^vkbZ-th-,Dl-* çkÑfrd xSl osQ •jhnkjksa vkSj foØsrkvksa osQ fy;s ,d fMftVy VªsfMax IysViQkWeZ gSA ;g
igyk ns'kO;kih vkWuykbu fMyhojh&vk/kfjr xSl VªsfMax IysViQkWeZ gSA ;g IysViQkWeZ xqtjkr osQ nkgst o
g”khjk rFkk vka/z çns'k osQ dkdhukMk esa vk;kfrr çkÑfrd xSl dks LikWV ekosZQV vkSj iQkWjoMZ ekosZQV
esa O;kikj djus dh vuqefr nsxkA
bl ,Dlpsat osQ ekè;e ls vk;kfrr fyfDoiQkbM uspqjy xSl (LNG) dks fjxSlhiQkbM djosQ •jhnkjksa
dks csph tk,xhA blls Øsrkvksa vkSj foØsrkvksa dks ,d&nwljs dks •kstus dh vko';drk ugha gksxhA
ljy 'kCnksa esa] bldk eryc ;g gksxk fd •jhnkjksa dks mfpr ewY; çkIr djus osQ fy;s dbZ Mhyjksa
ls lEioZQ djus dh vko';drk ugha gksxhA bls bafM;u ,uthZ ,Dlpsat (IEX) dh iw.kZ LokfeRo okyh
lgk;d dEiuh osQ :i esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA vkbZ-bZ-,Dl- Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ ck”kkj osQ fy;s ,d
IysViQkWeZ gSA
;g ,Dlpsat cgqr de le; osQ fy;s vuqca/ksa dh vuqefr nsrk gSA blesa vuqca/ osQ vxys fnu ls
ysdj ,d eghus rd fMyhojh dh vuqefr gksxh] tcfd lkekU; :i ls çkÑfrd xSl dh vkiwfrZ osQ
fy;s vuqca/ Ng eghus ls ,d o"kZ rd osQ yEcs le; osQ fy;s gksrk gSA fo'ks"kKksa osQ vuqlkj] blls
•jhnkjksa vkSj foØsrkvksa dks ewY;ksa esa vf/d yphykiu çkIr gks losQxkA
?kjsyw :i ls mRikfnr çkÑfrd xSl vkSj ,Dlpsat
bl ,Dlpsat osQ ekè;e ls ?kjsyw :i ls mRikfnr çkÑfrd xSl dk O;kikj ugha fd;k tk losQxk D;ksafd
?kjsyw :i ls mRikfnr çkÑfrd xSl dh dher ljdkj }kjk r; dh tkrh gSA
gkyk¡fd] ?kjsyw mRikndksa us vihy djrs gq, dgk gS fd ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr dhersa Hkkjr esa vUos"k.k
vkSj mRiknu dh ykxr dks ns•rs gq, O;ogk;Z ugha gSaA bl lanHkZ esa] isVªksfy;e ea=kh us laosQr fn;k
gS fd ubZ xSl uhfr esa ?kjsyw xSl ewY; fu/kZj.k lEca/h lq/kj 'kkfey fd;s tk,axsA blls vkSj vf/d
ck”kkjksUeq• ewY; fu/kZj.k dh vksj c<+k tk losQxkA
Hkkjr dh vk;kr fuHkZjrk ij çHkko
çkÑfrd xSl osQ orZeku lzksr osQ de mRiknd (iQk;nsean) gksus osQ dkj.k xSl osQ ?kjsyw mRiknu esa
fiNys nks foÙk o"kks± ls fxjkoV ns•h tk jgh gSA ?kjsyw :i ls mRikfnr çkÑfrd xSl dh fgLlsnkjh
orZeku esa ns'k dh çkÑfrd xSl dh •ir osQ vk/s ls Hkh de gS] tcfd vU; vk/s fgLls osQ fy;s
,y-,u-th- xSl dk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA
134
djsaV vQs;lZ
vkus okys le; esa ?kjsyw xSl osQ miHkksx esa vk;kfrr ,y-,u-th- xSl dh fgLlsnkjh c<+us dh mEehn
gS] D;ksafd Hkkjr viuh ÅtkZ ckLosQV esa çkÑfrd xSl dh fgLlsnkjh o"kZ 2018 esa 6-2» ls c<+kdj
o"kZ 2030 rd 15» djus dh vksj dne c<+k pqdk gSA
lkFk gh] isVªksfy;e o çkÑfrd xSl fu;ked cksMZ (ih-,u-th-vkj-ch-) ns'k osQ çR;sd fgLls esa çkÑfrd
xSl dks lLrh cukus osQ fy;s VSfjiQ dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cukus ij dk;Z dj jgk gSA
fu;ked ifjorZu dh vko';drk
orZeku esa] çkÑfrd xSl osQ ifjogu osQ fy;s vko';d ikbiykbu osQ cqfu;knh <+k¡ps dks mu dEifu;ksa
}kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gS tks ml usVooZQ osQ ekfyd gSaA ljdkj osQ LokfeRo okyh xsy (GAIL)
Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h xSl ikbiykbu usVooZQ dk LokfeRo vkSj lapkyu djrh gS] tks 12]000 fdeh- ls
vf/d yEckbZ esa iQSyh gqbZ gSA
çkÑfrd xSl ikbiykbuksa osQ fy;s Lora=k fu;ked vkWijsVj ikbiykbu mi;ksx osQ ikjn'khZ vkoaVu dks
lqfuf'pr djus esa enn djsxkA blls •jhnkjksa vkSj foØsrkvksa osQ eu esa ikbiykbu {kerk osQ vkoaVu
esa rVLFkrk dks ysdj fo'okl iSnk gksxkA
lkFk gh] fo'ks"kKksa us çkÑfrd xSl dks Hkh oLrq vkSj lsok dj (th-,l-Vh-) O;oLFkk esa 'kkfey fd;s
tkus dk Hkh vkÞoku fd;k gSA blls ,Dlpsat ls çkÑfrd xSl dh •jhn djrs le; •jhnkjksa dks
fofHkUu çdkj osQ djkjksi.k (Levies) tSls] jkT;ksa osQ oSV (VAT) vkfn >a>Vksa ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA
vle esa buj ykbu ijfeV vkSj lh-,-,- lEca/h eqís

i`"BHkwfe
gky gh esa] mPpre U;k;ky; us jk"Vªifr osQ ,d vkns'k ij jksd yxkus ls badkj dj fn;k gS] ftlosQ
varxZr vle osQ ftyksa esa buj ykbu ijfeV (ILP) ç.kkyh dks ykxw djus dh ekax dh xbZ FkhA ;g
;kfpdk vle osQ Nk=k laxBuksa us nk;j dh FkhA foxr o"kZ jk"Vªifr osQ ,d vkns'k osQ ”kfj;s caxky bZLVuZ
ÚafV;j fu;eu] 1873 esa la'kks/u fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlosQ rgr ef.kiqj esa buj ykbu ijfeV ykxw dj fn;k
x;k Fkk ysfdu vle esa bls ykxw ugha fd;k x;k Fkk] ftldh otg ls vle dks ukxfjdrk la'kks/u
vf/fu;e (lh-,-,-) ls laj{k.k ugha fey ldk FkkA
buj ykbu ijfeV
^buj ykbu ijfeV* dh vo/kj.kk Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa }kjk fodflr dh xbZ FkhA bl O;oLFkk
}kjk iwokZsÙkj esa tutkrh; vkcknh okys igkM+h {ks=kksa dks eSnkuh {ks=kksa ls vyx fd;k x;k gSA
bu {ks=kksa esa ços'k djus vkSj fdlh Hkh le;kof/ rd Bgjus osQ fy;s Hkkjr osQ vU; {ks=kksa osQ ukxfjdksa
lfgr ckgjh yksxksa dks Hkh ,d fo'ks"k ijfeV dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blh dks ^buj ykbu ijfeV*
(ILP) O;oLFkk dgk tkrk gSA lkFk gh] Hkwfe] jks”kxkj vkSj vU; lqfo/kvksa osQ lEca/ esa LFkkuh; yksxksa
dks laj{k.k vkSj vU; lqfo/k,¡ feyrh gSaA
vkbZ-,y-ih- O;oLFkk v#.kkpy çns'k] ukxkySaM vkSj fe”kksje jkT;ksa esa ykxw gksrh gS vkSj fiNys o"kZ
gh bl O;oLFkk esa ef.kiqj jkT; dks Hkh tksM+k x;k gSA fnlEcj 2019 esa gh vkbZ-,y-ih- O;oLFkk dks
ukxkySaM osQ nhekiqj esa Hkh ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA ukxkySaM esa okf.kfT;d osQaæ osQ :i esa tkuk tkus okyk
nhekiqj gh osQoy ,d ,slk ftyk Fkk] tks vkbZ-,y-ih- O;oLFkk osQ varxZr ugha vkrk FkkA
135
djsaV vQs;lZ
ukxfjdrk (la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 2019

ukxfjdrk (la'kks/u) fo/s;d }kjk ukxfjdrk vf/fu;e] 1955 esa la'kks/u fd;k x;k gSA
ukxfjdrk (la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 2019 osQ vuqlkj] 31 fnlEcj] 2014 ;k mlls igys
viQxkfuLrku] ckaXykns'k vkSj ikfdLrku ls Hkkjr vk, fganqvksa] fl•ksa] ckS¼ksa] tSfu;ksa] ikjfl;ksa
,oa bZlkb;ksa dks voS/ çoklh ugha ekuk tk,xk vkSj muosQ }kjk vkosnu fd;s tkus ij Hkkjrh;
ukxfjdrk çnku dh tk,xhA
vle] es?kky; vkSj f=kiqjk dk ,d cM+k fgLlk NBha vuqlwph osQ varxZr gksus osQ dkj.k
fooknkLin fcy osQ nk;js ls ckgj gks tk,axsA
ekStwnk vf/fu;e fdlh vçoklh dks ukxfjdrk osQ fy;s vkosnu djus dh vuqefr rHkh nsrk gS]
;fn og vkosnu djus ls Bhd igys 12 eghus osQ fy;s Hkkjr esa jgk gksA lkFk gh] fiNys 14
o"kks± esa ls 11 o"kZ Hkkjr esa jgk gksA
vkbZ-,y-ih- dk fodkl
;g vo/kj.kk caxky iwohZ lhekar fu;eu vf/fu;e] (Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act
(BEFR)) 1873 dh nsu gSA
lathc c#vk dh iqLrd ^bafM;k vxsaLV bVlsYiQ% vle ,aM n ikWfyfVDl vkWiQ us'kuSfyVh* osQ vuqlkj]
bl çdkj igyh ckj fdlh {ks=k esa ^fu"ks/ dh uhfr* fczfV'k m|fe;ksa }kjk dh xbZ ubZ Hkwfe;ksa esa csrjrhc
foLrkj dh çfrfØ;k dk ifj.kke Fkh] ftlus igkM+h tutkfr;ksa osQ fczfV'kksa osQ lkFk jktuhfrd lEca/
dks •rjs esa Mky fn;k FkkA
ch-bZ-,iQ-vkj- fdlh ckgjh O;fÙkQ (fczfV'kksa osQ v/hu çtk ;k fons'kh ukxfjd) dks fcuk ikl osQ buj
ykbu ls ijs {ks=k esa ços'k djus vkSj ogk¡ tehu dh •jhn djus dks çfrcaf/r djrk FkkA
nwljh vksj] buj ykbu O;oLFkk dk mís'; vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa ls vaxzs”kksa osQ O;kolkf;d fgrksa dks
lqjf{kr djuk Hkh FkkA
Lora=krk ds ckn cnyko vkSj orZeku fLFkfr
Lora=krk osQ ckn] Hkkjr ljdkj us ^fczfV'k çtk* dks ^Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd* 'kCn ls çfrLFkkfir dj fn;k gSA
x`g ea=kky; }kjk jkT; lHkk esa crk;k x;k gS fd buj ykbu ijfeV ç.kkyh dk eq[; mís'; mu jkT;ksa
esa vU; Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks clus (Settlement) ls jksduk gS] rkfd LFkkuh;@vkfnoklh vkcknh dh
lqj{kk dh tk losQA
lh-,-,- vkSj vkbZ-,y-ih-
lh-,-,- }kjk Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk çkIr djus osQ bPNqd rhu iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ çokfl;ksa dks ik=krk ekunaMksa
esa oqQN NwV çnku dh xbZ gS] ijarq buj ykbu ijfeV ç.kkyh }kjk lajf{kr {ks=kksa esa lh-,-,- lEca/h
çko/ku ykxw ugha gksrs gSaA
bl vf/fu;e osQ f•ykiQ fojks/ çn'kZu osQ chp jk"Vªifr }kjk tkjh fd;s x, ^dkuwuksa osQ vuqowQyu
(la'kks/u) vkns'k] 2019* }kjk ch-bZ-,iQ-vkj] 1873 esa la'kks/u djosQ vkbZ-,y-ih- dks ef.kiqj osQ oqQN
fgLlksa vkSj ukxkySaM esa foLrkfjr dj fn;k x;k gSA
vle le>kSrs esa 24 ekpZ] 1971 dh rkjh• dks dV vkWiQ ekuk x;k vkSj r; fd;k x;k Fkk fd bl
le; rd vle esa vk, gq, yksx gh ;gk¡ osQ ukxfjd ekus tk,axsA
136
djsaV vQs;lZ
chrs o"kZ iw.kZ gqbZ ,u-vkj-lh- dh çfØ;k dk eq[; fcanq Hkh ;gh dV vkWiQ fnukad gSA blosQ ckn jkT;
esa vk, yksxksa dks ^fons'kh* ekuk tk,xkA ukxfjdrk dkuwu ij gks jgk fojks/ Hkh blh ckr dks ysdj gSA
vle esa vkbZ-,y-ih- O;oLFkk ykxw djus dh ekax yEcs le; ls pyh vk jgh gSA ukxfjdrk la'kks/u
dkuwu ls laj{k.k osQ fy;s Nk=k laxBu jkT; esa vkbZ-,y-ih- O;oLFkk ykxw djus dh ekax iqu% djus yxs gSaA
blosQ fojks/ esa roZQ fn;k x;k fd ;g vf/fu;e vU; ns'kksa osQ voS/ çokfl;ksa dks ;gk¡ clkdj ewy
yksxksa vkSj mudh Hkk"kk dks foyqIrçk; cuk nsxk] lkFk gh mudh vkthfodk ij Hkh ladV •M+k gks tk,xkA
;kfpdk ds çeq• fcanq vkSj roZQ
vle osQ nks Nk=k laxBuksa us jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k osQ fo#¼ mPpre U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk nk;j dh FkhA
;g ekax dh xbZ fd bl vkns'k }kjk vle osQ ftyksa esa Hkh buj ykbu ijfeV ç.kkyh dks ykxw fd;k
tk, rFkk lh-,-,- osQ ekè;e ls vle esa u, yksxksa dks ukxfjdrk u çnku dh tk,A
ch-bZ-,iQ-vkj- osQ ewy çko/kuksa esa rRdkyhu vle osQ dke:i] nkjkax] ukSxk¡o (rRdkyhu uxk¡o)]
flclkxj] y•heiqj vkSj dNkj ftys 'kkfey FksA ;kfpdk esa dgk x;k gS fd bl vkns'k }kjk vkbZ-
,y-ih- dks ykxw djus osQ fy;s vle ljdkj dks çkIr vuqefr dh 'kfÙkQ (Permissive Power) dks
Nhu fy;k x;k gSA
;kfpdkdrkZvksa osQ vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr us la'kks/u dk ;g vkns'k lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 372(2) osQ rgr
tkjh fd;k gS] tcfd vuqPNsn 372(3) osQ rgr lafo/ku ykxw gksus dh rkjh• ls rhu o"kZ rd vFkkZr~
lu~ 1953 rd gh mUgsa ;g 'kfÙkQ çkIr FkhA
KkrO; gS fd vle esa LFkkuh; cuke ckgjh dk eqík n'kdksa ls çHkkoh jgk gS] ftlosQ fy;s 80 osQ
n'kd esa dbZ o"kks± rd pys vle vkanksyu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i vle le>kSrk gqvk FkkA
vle xSl fjlko vkSj blds lEHkkfor çHkko

gky gh esa] vle osQ frulqfd;k ftys osQ ckxtku osQ ,d oqQ¡, esa ,d njkj ls xSl fjlko dh ?kVuk
lkeus vkbZA
ckxtku oqQvk¡] frulqfd;k ftys esa ,d xSl&mRiknd oqQvk¡ gS vkSj fMczw&lkb•ksok us'kuy ikoZQ ls
900 ehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA
;g oqQvk¡ o"kZ 2006 ls vkW;y bafM;k fyfeVsM (OIL) }kjk 'kksf/r fd;k tk jgk gSA fofnr gS fd
çkÑfrd xSl çksisu ehFksu] çksiyhu vkSj vU; xSlksa dk feJ.k gSA
çeq• fcanq
xSl fjlko
ckxtku osQ xSl oqQ¡, esa j•&j•ko dk dk;Z py jgk Fkk] ftlosQ fy;s bls vLFkkbZ :i ls can
dj fn;k x;k FkkA CyksvkmV çhosaVj (BOP) tks njkjksa ls gksus okys fjlko dks jksdrk gS] dks Hkh
gVk fn;k x;k FkkA
gkykafd] j•&j•ko osQ nkSjku xSl oqQ¡, ls ckgj fudyus yxh Fkh] foLiQksV osQ ihNs dk dkj.k
vHkh rd Li"V ugha gSA
lEHkkfor dkj.k
;g fjlko ykijokgh] •jkc cukoV] •jkc j•&j•ko ;k j•&j•ko osQ midj.kksa osQ iqjkus gksus
vkfn osQ dkj.k gks ldrk gSA
137
djsaV vQs;lZ
dHkh&dHkh]oqQ,¡ esa ncko&larqyu esa xM+cM+h dh otg ls vpkud >Vdk Hkh yx ldrk gS]
ftldh otg ls gks ldrk gS fd fjlko gqvk gksA
mBk, x, dne
vf/dkfj;ksa us CyksvkmV ;k njkj dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy;s oqQ,¡ osQ ikl Maxksjh unh ij ikbiykbuksa
osQ ekè;e ls ,d vLFkkbZ tyk'k; cuk;k gS D;ksafd ,sls fjlko dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy;s Hkkjh
ek=kk esa ikuh dh vko';drk gksrh gS rkfd xSl esa vkx u yxsA
njkjksa ls gks jgs ,sls fjlko dk fu;a=k.k nks dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS% tyk'k; dk vkdkj vkSj
ftl ncko ij xSl cg jgh gSA bu nksuksa dkjdksa dks è;ku esa j•dj fjlko jksdus osQ fy;s tyk'k;
dh mi;ksfxrk ij dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA
pqukSfr;k¡
ckxtku esa xSl fjlko vHkh Hkh fu;a=k.k esa ugha vk;k gS vkSj ;gk¡ yxkrkj fjlko gks jgk gSA
lhfer LFkku gksus dh otg ls vkSj •qys LFkku dh vuqiyC/rk dh otg ls dk;Zcy dks ch-vks-
ih- osQ IyslesaV esa pqukSrh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
ch-vks-ih- IyslesaV tksf•e dk dke gS D;ksafd ckxtku xSl dk oqQvk¡ gS vkSj ,sls oqQvksa esa fdlh
Hkh le; vkx idM+us dk Mj jgrk gSA
çHkko%
5 fdeh- osQ nk;js esa xSl gok osQ lkFk fjl jgh gS] lkFk gh oaQMsalsV (xSl osQ la?kfur vo'ks"k)
Hkh ck¡l] pk; ckxkuksa] osQys osQ isM+ rFkk lqikjh vkfn osQ isM+ksa ij fxj jgs gSaA
;|fi ;g oqQvk¡ ikoZQ osQ bZdks lsaflfVo (ikfjfLFkfrdh; :i ls laosnu'khy {ks=k) ”kksu osQ ckgj
gS] fiQj Hkh ,slh •cjsa vk jgha gSa fd oaQMsulsV fMczw&lkb•ksok us'kuy ikoZQ vkSj exqjh&eksVkiqax
osVySaM esa Hkh fxj jgk gSA
xSl fjlko ls xaxk MkWfYiQu vkSj dbZ çdkj dh eNfy;ksa dh ekSr Hkh gqbZ gSA if{k;ksa dh la[;k esa
Hkh deh vkbZ gS D;ksafd os mM+ x, gSaA
çHkko dk vkdyu% vks-vkbZ-,y- us i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk osQ fy;s vkSj LFkyh; o tyh; ikfjfLFkfrd
ra=k ij fjlko osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd çHkkoksa dk vkdyu djus osQ fy;s jk"Vªh; çR;k;u f'k{k.k
vkSj çf'k{k.k cksMZ (National Accreditation Board for Education and Training — NABET)
dh lgk;rk ys jgk gSA
NABET Hkkjrh; xq.koÙkk ifj"kn~ (Quality Council of India) dk ,d ?kVd cksMZ gSA
;g 'kSf{kd laxBuksa] O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k laxBuksa vkSj dkS'ky çek.ku fudk;ksa dks ekU;rk çnku
djrk gSA
fMczw&lkb•ksok us'kuy ikdZ (Dibru-Saikhowa National Park)
fMczw&lkb•ksok vle esa czãiq=k unh osQ nf{k.kh rV ij fLFkr ,d jk"Vªh; m|ku gksus osQ lkFk gh ,d
ck;ksLiQh;j fj”koZ Hkh gSA
;g nqfu;k osQ 19 tSo fofo/rk okys gkWVLikWV esa ls ,d gSA
fMczw&lkb•ksok osQ ou çdkj esa v/Z&lnkcgkj ou] i.kZikrh ou] fpÙkhnkj vkSj nynyh ou rFkk vkæZ
lnkcgkj ouksa osQ lewg 'kkfey gSaA
;g mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k nynyh taxy (swamp forest) gSA
138
djsaV vQs;lZ
;g ckWEcs uspqjy fgLVªh lkslk;Vh }kjk vf/lwfpr ,d egÙoiw.kZ i{kh {ks=k (Important Bird Area-
IBA) gSA ;g nqyZHk liQsn ia•ksa okyh oqM MDl (white-winged wood ducks) osQ lkFk&lkFk taxyh
?kksM+ksa (feral horses) osQ fy;s Hkh cgqr çfl¼ gSA
exqjh&eksVkiqax osVySaM (Maguri-Motapung Wetland)
exqjh eksVkiqax chy] fMczw&lkbdksok us'kuy ikoZQ ls 10 fdehñ nwj fMczw&lkb•ksok ck;ksLiQh;j fj”koZ
dk fgLlk gSA
bl osVySaM dk uke êxqj* ls cuk gS tks dSVfiQ'k (DySfj;l cSVªSpl ;k ekaxqj eNyh) osQ fy;s
LFkkuh; 'kCn gSA
;g Hkh ckWEcs uspqjy fgLVªh lkslk;Vh }kjk vf/lwfpr ,d egÙoiw.kZ i{kh {ks=k gSA
(lzksr % bafM;u ,Dlçsl)
139

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https://t.me/iashindi https://t.me/Civilservices https://t.

djsaV vQs;lZ vxLr 2020

lkekU; vè;;u % izkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk

https://t.me/UPSC_Prelims https://t.me/UPSCPrelims https://t.me/UPSC_Mains

https://t.me/UPSC_Prelims https://t.me/UPSCPrelims https://t.me/UPSC_Mains

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

https://t.me/UPSC_Prelims https://t.me/UPSCPrelims https://t.me/UPSC_Mains

çoklh dkexkj rFkk xkaèkh o yh dh vkfFkZd voèkkj.kk

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

vkdZfVd ghVoso dk lkbcsfj;k ij çHkko

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

LFkkbZ rq"kkj ;k ijekÚkWLV (Permafrost)

D;k vkdZfVd ghVoso lkekU; ifj?kVuk gS\

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

Hkkjr o phu ds fy;s yík• dk egÙo% bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj j.kuhfr

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

nf{k.k vVykafVd folaxfr vkSj Hkw&pqEcdRo

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

LokeZ dkWaULVsys'ku fe'ku (Swarm Constellation Mission) %

i`Foh dk pqEcdh; {ks=k (Earth's Magnetic Field)

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

fnYyh HkwdEi% dkj.k vkSj fpark,¡

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

D;k {ks=k esa fdlh cM+s HkwdEi dh vk'kadk gS\

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

https://t.me/UPSC_Prelims https://t.me/UPSCPrelims https://t.me/UPSC_Mains

jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud ?kVukØe

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

vihy cuke ,l-,y-ih-

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

vkj{k.k ewy vfèkdkj ugha % mPpre U;k;ky;

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

Ñ".kk o xksnkojh unh ty fookn

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

ernku dh xksiuh;rk (Secrecy of Ballot)

xqIr ernku dh iquLFkkZiuk

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

tu çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 ds çeq• çkoèkku

ih-,e- ds;lZ iaQM% ikjnf'kZrk ij mBrs ç'ufpUg

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

ih-,e- osQ;lZ iaQM

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

dsaæh; ç'kklfud U;k;kf/dj.k dh ubZ •aMihB

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

oqQN ekeyksa esa narghu ;k 'kfÙkQfoghu gksukA

dksfoM osQ ckn f'k{kk dk Lo:i

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk ds :i esa fganh dh çklafxdrk

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

fganh Hkk"kk ds i{k esa roZQ

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

egkekjh vkSj ;wfuolZy csfld bude

laLÑfr IAS & djasV vQs;lZ & vxLr 2020

oqQN ekeyksa esa narghu ;k 'kfÙkQfoghu gksukA

;w-ch-vkbZ- osQ eq[; ?kVd fuEu gSa%

lkoZHkkSfedrk% ;g çÑfr esa lkoZHkkSfed gSA

çxfr vkSj fodkl osQ u, volj

varjkZ"Vªh; vkradokn osQ çfr ,d çHkkoh çfrfØ;k

oSf'od fudk; }kjk 'kkafr vfHk;kuksa dks lqO;ofLFkr djuk

varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy;s ,d O;kid n`f"Vdks.k

la;qÙkQ jk"Vª esa lq/kj o lqj{kk ifj"kn dk foLrkj

fofHkUu rduhdh igy osQ lkFk çkS|ksfxdh dks c<+kok nsukA

vkradokn osQ f•ykiQ lg;ksx (2005)

foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh lg;ksx (2012)

MSME lsDVj esa lg;ksx (2013)

egklkxjh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa lg;ksx (2015)