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ACCA F2 Paper
Suggested Study Notes for F2 ACCA Examinations
Management Financial
Accountant Accountant
Controlling Reporting
4 Know formula for high-low method in working out variable cost of semi-variable
costs.
NB: high low figures are based on volume, from there you take the respective costs.
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
5 y = a + bx Know terminology: a = fixed element or "intercept
b = slop or multiple or gradient
interpolation extrapolation
line within continue drawing line outside data range.
data range "making an assumption that trend
will continue"
D = may be annual demand but figures presented may be monthly or quarterly figures.
so therefore x 12 or x4 to bring to same base level.
No of replacements in staff x 100 Staff left is not the same as no. of replacements
Average employees in period Divide by 2 if two data sets given
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
10 Overhead absorption rate
Over absorbed overheads means you allocated more costs to P&L, so the
adjustment to bring back to actual is a gain or favourable variance.
Under absorbed overheads means you allocated less costs to P&L, so the adjustment
to bring back to actual is a loss or adverse variance.
Typically overheads are expressed as rates$ per machine hour or per labour hour.
Know the make up and differences between margin and absorption costing.
Important to be able to quantify the difference. Lots of flexibility for examiner to ask
questions in this area.
As the absorption method has more costs, the stock valuation will be higher. With this value
higher, this gives you a higher profit. This point is nearly always tested.
If there are no changes between opening and closing stocks, there is no difference
in profit calculation.
Remember what a variance is, it brings you back to the actual results. Both methods do this
in their respective variance calculations.
Absorption costing brings in "fixed overheads" in the cost of production (or direct cost of
product). Marginal costing treats fixed overheads as a period cost. It assumes no change with
activity.
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
13 Process costing
Process Account
units value$ units value$
Op balance 100 Tsf to next stage
or finished units 1000
Inputs & 1500
process costs Normal loss 150
Abnormal loss 100
Cl balance 350
For FIFO, crucial you breakup the finished units into "started and completed" to
work out valuation. Not relevant for weighted average method.
Ans: 1000 less 100 opening stock = 900 units started & completed in period.
Golden rule: always cost for normal. If different you have either an abnormal loss or
abnormal gain. No value is entered in for a normal loss as the units are expected.
Only enter a value if there is a by-product involved and question provides information
on the method used.
Abnormal gains/losses must therefore be valued in the process account. As these are
unexpected.
Remember equivalent units are notional and only used as a method to apportion costs.
They are not physical units and not shown on the face of the process account.
FIFO valuation method, you need to split out opening and closing stocks for equivalent units.
Weighted average method, you need to split out only closing stocks for equivalent units.
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
14 Process costing / Joint costs & By-products
A by-product is not costed out separately in a process. While still an output of the process,
it is incidental but we still need to account for it and yield "some" income if we can.
1) Separate income line, 2) Just add to sales line when sold, 3) Sales proceeds reduces cost of
production, 4) Deduct net realisable value (NRV) produced in period against the cost of
production in that period.
Remember, by-products are not valued or costed individually. They may be tracked and listed
in a stock listing but not valued.
Apportionment by units produced can be used but better to use the above as it looks at the
sales value element and the value the end product is worth in the market.
Don't use sales volume x sales value (this is tested a lot in examinations)
Typically ABC costing will be used against overheads that do not vary with production volume.
Overheads that vary with production would use machine or direct labour hours.
Questions asked may give two sets of overheads and testing students to select the correct
overheads (that do not vary with production volume) to use against the cost driver.
Overheads
ABC formula = Cost Driver An alternative way to allocate costs
to products
r can be 1 0 -1
Positive Negative
= coefficient of determination
Understand the meaning. It is the proportion of the total variation in value of one variable
that can be explained by variations in the value of the other variable.
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
It follows the linear rule of y = a + xb. Example: 92% of variations in y can be explained by
variations in x, where = .92.
Therefore 8% of variations in y are due to other factors……… i.e. not x.
17 Statistics - trends
Remember actual data includes seasonal factors. Removing the seasonal factor you get
seasonally adjusted figures or deseasonalised figures or trend figures.
Question: What is the trend figure if the actual data is 26 and the seasonal adjustment is -5 ?
Ans: -5 is already included in 26, so you need to add, to remove it. Ans = 31.
If the adjustment was +5, then the trend figure would be 21.
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
20 Investment appraisal
= 2.6 years
Cashflows of project at 8% at 9%
yr 0 -10000 1 -10000 1 -10000
yr 1 3000 0.926 2778 0.917 2751
yr 2 4000 0.857 3428 0.842 3368
yr 3 5000 0.794 3970 0.772 3860
176 -21
NPV is 0 between
these values
= 8.89%
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
21 Understand interest and value of money
OR
I will have $1,331 in 3 years time. At 10% pa interest rate what do I need to invest now?
Or what is the present value of having $1,331 in 3 yrs at 10% interest rate?
Annuities
Ignoring other factors and just on a calculation, you need to find the present value of the
annuity to compare with the $17,000 offer today.
Ans: you take the cash deal now of $17,000, this is higher.
1 + R = (1 + .02)
Getting 2% interest every 2 months, compounded you will get more than simple interest.
Therefore the annual percentage rate (APR) will be greater.
Hence the reason why all financial deals or products must contain the APR.
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
22 Standard costing
Marginal costing: sales less variable costs = contribution less fixed costs = profit/(loss)
Absorption costing: sales less variable costs less fixed prod o/h = contribution less other
fixed costs = profit / (loss)
Note: standard contribution between methods shows that absorption costing includes an
element of fixed production overhead in the cost of the product. Direct contribution of the
product will therefore be lower. The direct cost will be higher per product, hence a higher
product cost/unit, leading to a higher stock valuation.
The higher stock valuation will then lead to a higher profit than if marginal costing method was
used. See point 11.
Price Volume
$
Sales 100 Price Volume contribution
Direct costs
Materials 30 Price Volume
Labour 20 Rate Efficiency (& idle)
Fixed Prod. o/h 5 Expenditure Volume
(Efficiency & Capacity)
Other variable costs 15 Expenditure Efficiency
Fixed costs 0 Period cost (compare to budget)
Costs 70
We have typically two types of variances of each revenue and cost category of the standard
cost per product. There is a price and volume calculation. The terminology may change but
in principal the theory is the same.
Main rules:
Price variance
Compare budget price verses actual.
Use actual volume produced or actual sold for the sales price.
If actual price is greater than budget, it's adverse.
Once the price variance is calculated all other variances are multiplied by the respective
standard cost.
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
Volume variance
In all cases compare actual production against what was used or consumed, then multiply by
respective standard cost category.
If actual usage is greater than expected then adverse variance (for costs).
If you sell more than expected, than this is favourable (for revenue).
Sometimes labour efficiency allows the calculation of idle time. This is the difference between
productive hrs and hrs paid x std labour rate. Always adverse.
Two exceptions:
1) The volume variance for sales is based on the contribution.
Marginal costing: sales volume diff x $35 (excludes fixed prod o/h)
Absorption costing: sales volume diff x $30
E. & O. E.
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Suggested Study Notes
ACCA F2 Paper
The next course commences on Monday, 27th August 2012. Lectures are delivered from our
City Centre location (South Great George’s Street, D2), Templeogue (Dublin 6W), and are streamed
online live and are recored for online review.
Course Fees:
Full course Revision
F1 Accounting in Business Wednesday €350 €199
F2 Management Accounting Tuesday €350 €199
F3 Financial Accounting Thursday €350 €199
F4 Corporate & Business Law Tuesday €650 €295
F5 Performace Management Monday €650 €295
F6 Taxation Wednesday €650 €295
F7 Financial Reporting Thursday €650 €295
F8 Audit & Assurance Tuesday €650 €295
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P1 Governance, Risks & Ethics Thursday €795 €325
P2 Corporate Reporting Wednesday €795 €325
P3 Business Analysis Tuesday €795 €325
P4 Advanced Financial Management Monday €795 €325
P5 Advanced Performance Management Wednesday €795 €325
P6 Advanced Taxation Thursday €795 €325
P7 Advanced Audit & Assurance Monday €795 €325
The most up-to-date course materials are included in the course fee.
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