Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course is designed to teach the students about the historical background, legal and
regulatory frameworks, financing, managing, and accounting for non-government
organizations/non-profit organizations
LEARNING OUTCOMES
<AUTHOR> 1
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 2
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
TOPIC OUTLINE
<AUTHOR> 3
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
PRELIMINARY TERM
WEEK # 1-5
OVERVIEW
<AUTHOR> 4
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
anchored on laws and regulations while commercial accounting on business policies and
best practices in operating the business.
The relevant agencies which have major roles and responsibilities in government
budgeting, accounting and auditing are as follows:
1. As stated in the website of the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
The Commission on Audit (COA) is empowered under the Philippine Constitution
to promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations in the government
sector. Thus, COA implements the decade old Presidential Decree No. 1445, as
amended, otherwise known as the Auditing Code of the Philippines. Aside from
the issuance of rules and regulation on government accounting, COA also acts as
the independent auditor of the government agencies in terms of fulfilling its
responsibility as the precursor of accountability of government funds and
property entrusted to government officials and employees.
https://lakansining.wordpress.com/2017/05/11/commonwealth-avenue-quezon-city-
commission-on-audit-complex-part-i/
2. The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) is the one which causes the
preparation and consolidation of the national budget of all government agencies
and offices. Annually, DBM issues a budget call to all government agencies and
offices for them to prepare their respective budget proposals that would be
consolidated in a national budget to be submitted to the President of the
Philippines and the Congress of the Philippines. The national budget will be
<AUTHOR> 5
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
deliberated upon by both Houses of Congress and their Bilateral Committee and
will be enacted into an Annual General Appropriations Act (GAA). The DBM is
also responsible for the allocation and monitoring of the respective approved
budget of the different agencies and offices of the government. In the
monitoring of the respective budget of various government offices and
departments, the DBM adopts performance-based budget evaluation and review
focusing on the outputs and outcomes of every peso allocated to these
government agencies and offices.
https://www.slideshare.net/abdulmohayminm/department-of-budget-and-managemet
3. The Congress of the Philippines is the one legislating the budget and tax
measure to finance such a budget. It has the power of the purse, as it is
portrayed. It deliberates on the national budget that consists of the target
revenues and expenditures of the government during a given year. It also has an
oversight power over the executive branch in terms of how they spend their
budget allocated to them by way of appropriations, allotments, and cash
allocations. During the budget deliberations, heads of government agencies and
offices are called to present and depend on their proposed budgets before the
appropriation committees, other sub-committees, and the plenary session of
both houses of congress. This is a rigorous, heart-breaking, and mind-boggling
dilemma of the Secretaries, Under-Secretaries, Assistant Secretaries who have to
undergo direct and face-to-face questionings from congressmen and senators
<AUTHOR> 6
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
who possess legislative immunity and ask even incriminating and offensive
questions in the guise of an aid-in legislation.
https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/duterte-address-07242017132031.html
4. The Department of Finance (DOF) is the one raising money through the Bureau
of Internal Revenues and Bureau of Customs in the form of taxes, tariff, and
custom duties. There are also other government agencies that contribute non-
tax revenues such as the GOCCs, Land Transportation Office, etc. The DOF is also
responsible for financing the budget deficit through local and foreign
borrowings. The Bureau of Treasury under the DOG is in charge of the issuance
of Notice of Cash Allocation in support of the budget allotments issued by the
DBM to various government agencies and offices. While Notice of Allotment is
the basis for incurrence of obligation, Notice of Cash Allocation is the basis to
pay that obligation.
https://www.linkedin.com/company/department-of-finance-philippines
<AUTHOR> 7
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
https://www.slideshare.net/afcab/political-and-administrative-structure
TOPIC / LESSON
<AUTHOR> 8
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3927929/
IMPORTANT TERMS
<AUTHOR> 9
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 10
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
11. Recognition of the element of financial statements means the recording of the
element due to conformity with its meaning and criteria set in the revised
conceptual framework in financial reporting and applicable accounting rules and
regulations issued by the government.
12. National Budget- is the government estimation of the sources and uses of
government funds within a fiscal year. (Millan, 2018).
13. Bottom-up budgeting approach is one wherein several parties participate in the
budget preparation, starting from the lowest to the highest levels of the
government. The opposite is a top-down budgeting approach. (Millan, 2018).
14. Incremental budgeting is an approach wherein the current year’s budget is
formulated based on the previous year’s budget, which is just adjusted to any
variances experienced in the past. (Millan, 2018)
15. Zero-based budgeting is an approach wherein budget is formulated without
regard to the previous year’s budget. (Millan, 2018)
16. Budget call-the budget preparation starts when the Department of Budget and
Management (DBM) issues a budget call to all government agencies. (Millan,
2018)
17. President’s Budget Message- contains the President’s explanation of the
country’s fiscal policy and budget priorities. (Millan, 2018)
18. National Expenditure Program (NEP)- this contains the details of all the
government entities’ proposed expenditures in the coming year. (Millan, 2018)
19. Budget of Expenditures and Sources of Financing (BESF)- this contains the
estimated expenditures accompanied by estimates of expected sources of
financing.(Millan, 2018)
20. Budget legislation is a process of deliberating the national budget at the House
of Representatives, the House of Senate, and the Bilateral Committee of both
<AUTHOR> 11
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
Houses, which enact the national budget into a General Appropriations Act
(GAA) for approval by the President of the Philippines.
21. Approved budget is the expenditure authority derived from appropriation laws,
government ordinances, and other decisions related to the anticipated revenues
or receipts, and expenditures for the budgetary period. (Millan, 2018)
22. Appropriations is the authorization made by Congress of the Philippines to
allocate funds for purposes specified by the legislative body or similar authority.
(Millan, 2018)
23. New General Appropriations- are annual authorizations for incurring obligations
during a specified budget year, as listed in the GAA. (Millan, 2018)
24. Continuing Appropriations- are the authorizations to support obligations for
specific purposes of a project, such as multi-year construction projects which
require the incurrence of obligations even beyond the budget year. (Millan,
2018)
25. Supplemental appropriations are additional appropriations authorized by law to
augment the original appropriations which proved to be insufficient for their
intended purpose due to economic, political or social conditions supported by a
Certificate of Availability of Funds from the Bureau of Treasury. (Millan, 2018)
26. Automatic Appropriations are the authorizations programmed annually or for
some other period covered by law which do not require periodic action by
Congress. (Millan, 2018)
27. Revolving Funds- “receipts derived from business-type activities of departments
<AUTHOR> 12
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 13
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
IDEATION
<AUTHOR> 14
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
The government does not operate to make a profit, but its focus is more
on how to manage and be accountable for the money and funds it has collected
from taxes and non-taxes revenues. These government revenues are kept and
treated in the general fund of the government and used to defray the national
budget that amounts to around four trillion pesos in 2020 and is growing year on
year by a considerable amount. Thus, government accounting becomes more
significant in this regard.
Accordingly, fund accounting is the one applied more appropriately in
accounting for revenues, receipts and disbursements of government funds.
Public funds are considered as an accounting entity that must have separate and
distinct books of accounts to analyze, record, classify, summarize and report on
all transactions related to these funds. In government, there is a “one-fund
concept” wherein all funds must be managed and kept in the “General Fund”
unless otherwise provided for in a special law or regulation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYRMqVcjDVM
<AUTHOR> 15
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 16
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 17
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 18
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
The NGAS is used by government agencies and offices in accounting for the
receipts and disbursements of funds in accordance with the following underlying
disbursement principles set by COA:
1. No public funds shall be disbursed without an appropriation provided for by
law.
2. Public funds must be used solely for public purpose.
3. All disbursement of public funds must bear the approval of a proper
government official.
4. All disbursement of public funds must be supported by complete, proper,
and valid documents.
5. Trust funds shall be used only for the specific purpose intended.
6. Disbursement of funds must comply with relevant laws, rules and regulation.
7. Public officers and employees entrusted with the custody and disbursements
of public funds must be bonded with the fidelity fund of the Bureau of the
Treasury.
The NGAS observes the same steps in the accounting cycle similar to commercial
accounting such as the following:
1. Identification and analysis of financial transactions based on underlying
documentation.
2. Journalization or recording of these transactions in the general and/or special
journals in a systematic and chronological manner.
3. Posting – classifying accounts balances from the journals to the ledgers.
4. Trial Balance -checking the equality of debit balances and credit balances of
the accounts recorded and classified in the ledgers.
<AUTHOR> 19
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 20
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
2. Ledgers
a. General Ledgers
b. Subsidiary Ledgers
3. Registries
a. Registries of Revenue and Other Receipts (RROR)-used to monitor the
actual and budgeted collections and remittances of revenues and
other receipts.
b. Registry of Appropriations and Allotments (RAPAL)-used to monitor
appropriations and allotments.
c. Registries of Allotments, Obligations, and Disbursements (RAOD)-
used to monitor the amounts released and the amounts actually used
and analyze the variances, if any.
d. Registries of Budget, Utilization and Disbursement (RBUD)-used to
monitor special budgets and the corresponding utilizations and
disbursements.
Technically, the journals, and ledgers are the accounting records, while the
registries are budget records used to monitor and control the budget. (Millan, 2018)
<AUTHOR> 21
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
CO
500,000,000 450,000,000
Total Appropriations for CY 2020
P610,000,000 P 549,000,000
Agency Name:
Fund Title:
Date Ref Appropriations(Millions PhP) Allotments ( Millions PhP Unreleased Appropriations(Milion PhP)
Agency Name:
Fund Title:
Allotment
Due Not Yet Due
<AUTHOR> 22
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
Note: Each of the allotment classes: PS, MOOE, and CO has RAOD
2. Incurrence of Obligations
Obligations shall be incurred by issuing Obligations Request and Status (ORS)
to be supported by valid claim documents like disbursement vouchers, payroll,
purchase /job orders, etc. The head of the requesting unit shall certify the
necessity and legality of the obligations and the validity of supporting
documents. The head of the budget division shall certify the availability of
allotment.
Using the above illustration, the government agency enters into the following
contracts:
a. Employment Job Orders
P 1,000,000
b. Purchase of Office Supplies
2,000,000
c. Purchase Office Equipment 50,000,000
The obligations of P 1,000, 000 shall be recorded in the above RAUD for PS,
while the obligations for office supplies is recorded in the RAUD for MOOE in the
amount of P 2,000,000 and also the obligations for purchase of office equipment
in the RAUD for CO for P 50,000,000.
<AUTHOR> 23
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
HRD
JOB ORDER XXX XXX 1,000,000
Certified: Charges to appropriations/allotment are necessary, legal and Certified: Allotment available and obligated for the purpose/adjustment
under my supervision and supporting documents valid, proper and legal. necessary as:
Signature: Signature:
Date Date:
STATUS OF OBLIGATION
REFERENCE AMOUNT
A B C D E
<AUTHOR> 24
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
At this point, the government agency has not yet recorded anything in the
books of accounts. The above recordings were made only in the Budget registries
for monitoring and control purposes. The journal entries shall be made only
when:
1. The employees have rendered the services.
2. The office supplies are delivered and received.
3. The office equipment is delivered and received.
Only when these economic events occur does the government agency
recognize accountable events that affect the elements of the financial
statements; hence the need for recording in the books of accounts of the
government agency.
The registries used by the DBM to record and monitor the NCA are the following:
1. Registry of Allotments and Notice of Cash Allocations (RANCA)
2. Registry of Allotments and Notice of Transfer of Allocation (RANTA)
<AUTHOR> 25
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
Agency Name:
Fund Title:
Sheet No.
AMOUNT
a b c d e
<AUTHOR> 26
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
The books of accounts used by government agencies and offices consist of the
following:
1. Journals- books of original entry which include:
a. General Journal-used to record transactions not in the special journals.
b. Special Journals
i. Cash Receipts Journal- used to record the Report of Collections
and Deposits of Designated Collecting Officers and Cash Receipts
Register of Field Collecting Officers.
ii. Cash Disbursement Journal- used to record cash disbursements
of duly designated disbursing officers.
iii. Check Disbursement Journal-used to record check disbursements
of duly designated disbursing officers.
2. Ledgers- books of final entry which include:
a. General Ledger-summarizes all transactions recorded in the Journals in
accordance with the sequence shown in the Standard Government Chart
of Accounts
Subsidiary Ledger-shows the details of the controlling accounts shown in the general
ledger. ( Milan, 2018, pp. 61-62)
<AUTHOR> 27
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
Payable xxx
Payable xxx
6. Tax Remittance Advice (TRA)- RAODs and ORSs Updated Cash-TRA xxx
used to remit taxes withheld
Subsidy from Ng xxx
Cash-CO xxx
Cash-Treasury/Agency
Cash-CO xxx
<AUTHOR> 28
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
ACTIVITY
<AUTHOR> 29
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 30
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 31
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
100 million. During the first quarter of the year, DBM issued a quarterly NCA of P
50 million. At the end of the year, Agency A also received notice of allotment for
P100 million at the start of third quarter of the year. At the end of the year total
obligations incurred is P 180 million and total amount disbursed is P 150 million.
The allocation of P 200 million to Agency A is referred to as
a. Allotment c. obligation
b. Appropriations d. sub-allotment
14. Same as problem 13, the appropriations of Agency B are released by
a. Congress of the Philippines c. Bureau of Treasury
b. Department of Budget and Management d. Commission on Audit
15. Same as problem 13, the unreleased or unallotted balance of appropriations is?
a. P 20 million c. P 100 million
b. P 50 million d. None
16. Same as problem 13, the unpaid obligation at the end of the year is?
a. P 20 million c. P 50 million
b. P 30 million d. P 100 million
17. Same as problem 13, the allotment of Agency A has an unobligated amount of
a. P 20 million c. P 50 million
b. P 30 million d. P 100 million
18. The various registries maintained by government entities are considered,
technically as
a. Books of accounts c. General ledgers
b. Budget records d. log books
19. Which of the following is recorded in the Obligation Request and Status (ORS)?
a. Receipt of notice of appropriations
b. Receipt of allotment from DBM
<AUTHOR> 32
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
<AUTHOR> 33
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
b. Liability d. Equity
The students will be required to make further research and study on how to
distinguish government entities and private business entities as to their similarities and
differences in their accounting terminologies, policies and standards, principles and
accounting process, systems, and procedures. This will be made as a group work. This
study will involve a sample government agency and private business entity that actually
operate and exist at present.
<AUTHOR> 34
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
REFERENCE
Books/E-BOOKS
Millan, Z. (2018). Government accounting & accounting for non-profit
organizations
(GAM for
NGAs) & Philippine financial reporting standards (PFRSs). (pp.1-30) Bandolin Enterprise.
The state audit code of the Philippines (P.D. no. 1445), 3 (1978).
IMAGES
<AUTHOR> 35
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
https://www.slideshare.net/abdulmohayminm/department-of-budget-and-managemet
delivers his state of the nation address to congress, in Manila, July 24, 2017. In
BenarNews. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/duterte-address-
07242017132031.html
https://www.linkedin.com/company/department-of-finance-philippines
https://www.slideshare.net/afcab/political-and-administrative-structure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYRMqVcjDVM
ONLINE SOURCES
<AUTHOR> 36
LYCEUM ACCOUNTING FOR GOVT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
OF ALABANG
Km.30, National Road., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02)856-93-23 / (02)856-9246 / (02)403-8248
Commission on audit “celebrating the CPA.” (2015, January 23). Official Gazette of the
room/commission-on-audit-briefing-room/
content/uploads/BESF/BESF2016/GLOSSARY.pdf
<AUTHOR> 37