Guidebook in

Air Conditioning
Analysis and Design

Jose R. Francisco

Publishing, Inc.
2006
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CAE
Publishing, Inc.
was established in 1993,
and is a member of
ABAP, ALBASA, APB,
NBDB, PARRL, PLAI,
and PEPA.

Guidebook in Air Conditioning, Analysis and Design

Published in 2006 by C & E Publishing, Inc.
1672 Quezon Avenue
South Triangle, Quezon City
Tel No: (02) 928-7298; (02) 929-1344
(02) 929-1894; (02) 929-5046
TeleFax: (02)929-5713
E-mail: info@cebookshop.com

Copyright © 2006 by C & E Publishing, Inc., Colegio de San Juan de

Letran-Calamba and Jose R. Francisco.
Guidebook in Air Conditioning, Analysis and Design

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without
the prior written permission of the copyright holders.

Cover Design: Ritchie Glenn C. Batuigas

Layout: Bryant Sia

ISBN 971-584-446-4
1
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 Guidebook in
Air Conditioning
Analysis and Design
<j
 THIS book, Guidebook in Air Conditioning, Analysis and Design, is intended for
5th year mechanical engineering students who have completed basic courses in
thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, refrigeration, fluid machinery, and
related prerequisite subjects. The book serves as guidebook for students; and as a
lecture book, textbook and instructional material for the instructor/ professor teaching
the subject. This may also be used as review material in air conditioning for those
who are preparing for the ME Licensure Examination. Furthermore, this may be
useful as reference to practicing engineers.

The author attempts to present the subject in a simple and summarized form
without affecting the complete substance of the subject. Principles and concepts are
discussed thoroughly using basic thermodynamics, followed by illustrative problems
with complete solutions arranged in the order of increasing difficulty. Additional
problems and student's self-test multiple-choice questions are provided at the end of
each lesson to further enhance the learning process of the students. Not all of the
problems are provided with answers so that students may check the accuracy of
their solutions independently or through the guidance of their instructor/ professor.
Answers on the self-test questions are provided at the end of the book. Students
must solve all the problems at the end of each lesson carefully and consistently for
them to really understand or master Air Conditioning.

The book starts with the discussion of basic principles, concepts, and definitions.
Definitions and applications of air conditioning, together with the reasons why air
conditioning is necessary, are discussed in this lesson. Basic schematic diagram of
the centralized air conditioning system and the methods of system operation are
presented.

v
 Lessons II, III and IV cover the psychrometric properties of moist air,
psychrometric or basic air conditioning processes, and the different methods of
handling supply air to a conditioned room or space. Necessary data and values to
solve problems on these lessons are provided through the aid of psychrometric chart
and steam tables. For consistency, Carrier psychrometric chart is used for all the
solutions to illustrative problems.

Lesson V deals with the cooling loads calculation for a conditioned room. This
topic is divided into two main items such as sensible heat loads and latent heat
loads. To solve problems in this lesson, the book Refrigeration and Air Conditioning,
2nd edition by W. F. Stoecker and J. W. Jones is needed for the necessary tables,
figures and diagrams. Students may also use the necessary tables, figures and
diagrams from other references.

Lesson VI covers basic air ducting design. The lesson starts with the discussion
of the computation of pressure drops on a straight duct and duct fittings; and the
discussion of the three basic methods of air ducting design. The ASHRAE general air
ducting design procedure is adopted in this lesson. Necessary tables, figures and
diagrams in the solutions of illustrative problems are taken from the reference book
needed in Lesson IV. Students and instructors may also use necessary tables, figures
and diagrams from other references.

Lessons VII and VIII cover the other air conditioning processes applications
such as cooling towers and dryers. Solutions on illustrative problems are aided by
Carrier psychrometric chart.

At the end of the course, design project may be given by the instructor/ professor
for the students to further apply what they have learned in the subject. Sample
design problem is not included in this book.

Comments and suggestions to help improve this Guidebook would be most

welcome and accepted. Should any part contain error, the author will be very grateful
if this would be brought to his attention.

The Author
March 2006
r

...to my Wife,
Cynthia
...to my Uauyhter,
Jonah Clarice
Sons,
Jose, Jr. [Junyun]
Jonar/Cyrus

vii
-
 TRBLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson I BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS,

AND DEFINITIONS 1
DEFINITION 2
APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING 3
WHY AIR CONDITIONING IS NECESSARY 4
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A SIMPLE
CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5
METHODS OF SYSTEM OPERATION 6
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 7
QUESTIONS 9
REFERENCES 13

Lesson II PSYCHROMETRY 14
DEFINITIONS 15
PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES 16
3 Temperature 16
3 Pressure 17
3 Specific Volume 18
3 Humidity Ratio 18
3 Enthalpy 18
3 Relative Humidity 19
3 Dew-Point Temperature 20
3 Percent Saturation %, 20
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 21
ADIABATIC SATURATION AND
THERMODYNAMIC WET-BULB TEMPERATURE 22
STRAIGHT-LINE LAW 24
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 24

ix

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 IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 35
PROBLEMS 43
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 49
REFERENCES 54

Lesson III PSYCHROMETRY OF AIR

CONDITIONING PROCESSES 55
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES 56
3 Sensible Heating 57
3 Sensible Cooling 58
3 Humidifying Process 59
3 Dehumidifying Process 60
3 Heating and Humidifying 61
3 Cooling and Dehumidifying 62
3 Cooling and Humidifying 63
3 Chemical Dehumidifying Process 64
3 Air Mixing or Mixing Air 65
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 67
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 87
PROBLEMS 89
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 101
REFERENCES 105

Lesson IV METHODS OF HANDLING SUPPLY AIR 106

COOLING-LOAD AIR QUANTITIES 107
3 Sensible Heat Load 107

3 Latent Heat Load 108

3 Total Heat Load 109

3 Sensible Heat Ratio, SHR 109

METHODS OF HANDLING SUPPLY
AIR TO CONDITIONED ROOM 114
3 One Hundred Percent Outdoor
Supply Air, No Recirculation 114

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 3 Supply Air: Mixture of Outdoor
Air and Recirculated Air 123
3 Outdoor Air and Recirculated
Air with External By-Pass System 138
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 146
PROBLEMS '
149
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 157
REFERENCES 165

Lesson V COOLING LOADS CALCULATIONS 166

SPACE HEAT LOAD ITEMS 167
HEAT SOURCES FOR COOLING LOAD 168
FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT 168
VENTILATION AIR 169
RECOMMENDED DESIGN CONDITIONS 169
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR COOLING
LOAD CALCULATIONS (ASHRAE) 169
HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS 170
3 Sensible Heat Gains 170

> Thermal Transmission 170

> Solar Load through Solar Radiation 175

> Heat Gain through Infiltration
or Air Leakage with the Space 184
> Heat Emission from Occupants 185

> Heat Gain from Electric Lights 187

> Heat Gain from Products 187

> Heat Gain from Motors 187

3 Latent Heat Gains 187

> Latent Heat from Infiltration Air 187

> Latent Heat Gain from Occupants 187

> Latent Heat from Materials or Products 188

> Latent Heat Gain from Other Sources 188

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 IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 193
PROBLEMS 197
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 203
REFERENCES 211

lesson VI DUCTING SYSTEM AND DUCTING DESIGN 212

GENERAL PROCEDURE IN DUCTING DESIGN 2 13
PRESSURE DROP IN STRAIGHT DUCTS
WITH CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION 214
PRESSURE DROP IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS 218
PRESSURE DROP IN FITTINGS 220

3 Converging Duct System 220

3 Pressure Drop in Sudden Enlargement Fitting 221

3 Pressure Drop for Sudden Contraction 222

3 Turns or elbows 223

3 Branch TakeofTs 224

3 Branch Entries 225

DESIGN OF DUCTING SYSTEM 229
METHODS OF DUCTING DESIGN 229
3 Velocity Method 229

3 Equal-Friction Method 230

3 Static Regain Method 230

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 23 1
PROBLEMS 253
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 257
REFERENCES 259

Lesson VII COOLING TOWERS 260

DEFINITION AND USEFUL INFORMATION 261
SIMPLE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 261
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COOLING TOWERS 262
COOLING TOWER BASIC ANALYSIS 263

xii
 COOLING TOWER ANALYSIS
WITH THE MAKE-UP WATER CONSIDERED 266
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 267
PROBLEMS 277
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 28 1
REFERENCES 285

Lesson VIII DRYING PROCESSES 286

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL INFORMATION 287
TYPES OF DRYER 288
DRYER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 289
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART OF DRYING PROCESSES 290
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 29 1
PROBLEMS 305
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 309
REFERENCES 313

STUDENT'S SELF TEST KEY 314

ABOUT THE AUTHOR 3 15

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xiii

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LESSON I
BRSIC PRINCIPLES,
CONCEPTS, PND DEFINITIONS

INTRODUCTION

This lesson deals with the basic principles, concepts and definitions of air
conditioning engineering and air conditioning system design. Other topics such as
different applications of air conditioning, the necessity of air conditioning, and methods
of system operations are also introduced. Some basic schematic diagrams of
centralized air conditioning system and system operations are also included.

At the end of the lesson, questions are provided as part of students' library
works and research.

LESSON OBJECTIVES

The study of this lesson will enable the students to:

1. define the term "air conditioning* and other terms necessaiy in the study
of air conditioning;
2. state the functions of air conditioning;
3. enumerate the common applications of air conditioning;
4. explain the limitations applied to the term "air conditioning";
5. state the reasons for air conditioning;
6. enumerate the different methods of system operation; and
7. draw the schematic diagram of practical and simple centralized air
conditioning system.

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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis

A. DEFINITION

3 Air Conditioning is the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity,

motion, and purity of air to attain the requirements of a confined space.
The process is basically cooling if the desired temperature of the space is
lower than its surrounding temperature. This is applicable during summer.
The process is basically heating if the desired temperature of space is higher
than the surrounding temperature and this is applicable during winter.

Definition of Air Conditioning by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers)

According to ASHRAE

3 Air Conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously

its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the
requirements of the conditioned space.

3 Comfort AirConditioning is the process of treating air so as to control

simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to
meet the comfort requirements of the occupants in the conditioned space.

3 Refrigeration is simply the process of cooling and maintaining the

temperature of space or material below its surrounding temperature.

3 Industrial Refrigeration is a refrigeration for processing and preservation of

foods; removing heat from chemical, petroleum and petrochemical plants.

3 Metabolism is the process that the body uses to convert energy in food into
heat and work.
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 Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions

B. APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING

1. Industrial Air Conditioning

3 Industrial air conditioning is a type of air conditioning that provides

at least a partial measure of comfort for workers in hostile
environments and also for maintaining the required conditions of
material processing.

Examples:

Spot Cooling which requires cooling a certain zone for workers'

comfort in the manufacturing such as steel
ÿ Spot heating to warm a confined space or zone during cold weather
Textile Manufacturing which requires a certain condition during
processing to avoid statics on the fibers
Printing which requires a controlled humidity in the printing plant
to avoid failure of the ink to dry
Environmental Laboratories which require a certain condition for
the study of behavior of animals in tropical climates
Precision Parts and Clean Rooms for the manufacture of precision
metal parts
ÿ Photographic products
Computer rooms
Power plant control rooms

2. Residential Air Conditioning

3 Provides comfort for the occupants of residential houses

3. Air Conditioning of Commercial Buildings

3 Provides comfort for those occupying commercial buildings such as

department stores, theaters, hospitals, offices, motels, hotels, and
others

4. Air Conditioning of Vehicles

3 Provides comfort for the passengers of vehicles such as buses, cars,

trains, aircrafts, and others

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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis

C. WHY AIR CONDITIONING IS NECESSARY

Air conditioning has become imperative for several reasons.

1. Unacceptable high internal summer air temperature may result from solar
heat gains if the building is not provided with refrigeration.

2. Heat gains occurring within the building from people; lights; electrical,
catering and mechanical equipment produce uncomfortable air temperature
for the occupants.

3. In high-rise buildings, prevailing wind pressure may preclude the opening

of windows to provide the necessary ventilation.

4. Occupied areas cannot be satisfactorily supplied with enough fresh air by

natural ventilation.

5. Road traffic, aircraft or train noise close to a building would cause too
much disturbance if windows were opened. A building has to be air-sealed
from the external environment to limit noise penetration and consequently
requires mechanical ventilation and possibly refrigeration.

6. External air pollution requires that a building be sealed.

7. Close control of the internal atmosphere is required for manufacturing

processes such as in pharmaceuticals, electronics, nuclear components,
paper and cotton production.

8. Secure containment of radioactive processes and materials requires that

all possible leakages of contaminated air and dust are eliminated. Full
mechanical control of the internal environment becomes necessary both
for the process and for the personnel.

9. The reliable operation of most microprocessors and electric motors depends

on the maintenance of a maximum surrounding ambient air temperature
of up to 40°C and the plant room may used to be air-conditioned.

10. Shops, hotels, and commercial buildings which cater to the customers'
needs may be air conditioned for the customers' comfort and as a marketing
advantage over competitors.

4
 Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions

11. In tropical countries, buildings, homes, vehicles and cars are air conditioned
out of necessity.

12. Close control of the internal atmosphere is required for storage and display
of works of art, antiques, furniture, fabrics, paintings and archive materials.

13. A sterile condition is necessary for health care.

D. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A SIMPLE CENTRALIZED

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Cooling
Tower

Condenser

Expansion Valve

Evaporator ( Compressor 1

Exhaust
Conditioned
Air
Reheater Fan Room

Outer Air
Washer

Recirculated Air

Figure 1.1. Schematic Diagram of a Simple Centralized Air Conditioning System

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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis

E. METHODS OF SYSTEM OPERATION OF AIR CONDITIONING

The following are the methods of system operation of air conditioning:

1. Single-duct variable air temperature with 100% fresh air (SDVATF);

2. Single-duct variable air temperature with recirculation of room air (SDVATR);
3. Single-duct variable air temperature for multiple zones (SDVATM);
4. Single-duct variable air volume (SDVAV);
5. Single-duct variable air volume and temperature (SDVAVT);
6. Single-duct variable air volume with separate perimeter heating system
(SDVAVPH);
7. Single duct with induction units (SDI);
8. Single duct with fan coil units (SDFC);
9. Single duct with reversible heat pumps (SDRHP);
10. Dual duct with variable air temperature (DDVT);
11. Dual duct with variable air volume (DDVAV);
12. Independent unit through the wall (IU);
13. Split system (SS);
14. Reversible heat pump (HP);
15. Chilled Ceiling (CC);
16. District cooling (DC).

Exhaust air to Exhaust

atmosphere Damper Extract Air Duct

V*

Cable Extract Air

Fan Conditioned
Room Supply Air
Programmed Logic Recirculation Duct
controller for Air Duct and
Dampers, (PLC) Damper

Air Filter

•O-
Fresh-air Fresh-air
intake grille Damper

Cooling Coil Heater Coil

Figure 1.2. Schematic Diagram of a Single-Duct Variable Air Temperature

Air Conditioning System with Recirculated Room Air (SDVATR)
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 Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions

F. IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

3 Air conditioning refers to the control of temperature, moisture content,

cleanliness, air quality, and air circulation as required by occupants, a
process, or a product in the space. It was first proposed by Willis Carrier,
in 1902, an early pioneer in air conditioning.

3 HVAC means Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.

3 ASHRAE means American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air

Conditioning Engineers.

3 Joule equivalent is 778.28 Ft-lb/Btu.

3 The specific heat of air at normal condition is approximately equal to

0.241 Btu/lb-°F or equal to 1.0062 kJ/kg-°C.

3 Heating is the transfer of energy to a space or to the air in a space by virtue

of difference in temperature between the source and the space or air. This
could be in different forms, such as direct radiation and free convection to
the space, direct heating of forced circulated air, or transfer of heated
water to the vicinity of the space and used to heat the circulated air.

3 Sensible heat transfer is the transfer of heat manifested in an increase in

temperature of the air.

3 Humidifying is the process of transferring water vapor to the atmospheric

air.

3 Latent heat transfer is a heat transfer associated with mass transfer

manifested by an increase in the concentration of water in the air-water
vapor mixture. The process of mass and energy transfer is accomplished
by introducing water vapor or by spraying fine droplets of water that
evaporate into the circulating air stream.

3 Cooling is the transfer of energy from a space or air supplied to a space

due to the difference in temperature between the source and the space or
air.

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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis

3 Dehumidifying is the transfer of water vapor from atmospheric air. The

process is accomplished by circulating the air over a surface maintained
at a sufficiently low temperature to cause the condensation of water vapor
from the mixture.

3 Cleaning of air is the process of filtering and removing contaminant gases

from the air. Removal of contaminant gases may be done by absorption, by
physical absorption, and by other contaminant removal process or
processes.

3 The control of air motion should be achieved by the proper placement of

air inlets to the space and by the use of different air-distributing devices.
Air motion within the vicinity to be occupied by people should be strong
enough to create uniform comfortable condition in the space, but gentle
enough and unnoticeable.

3 An all-air system is an air conditioning system that provides complete

sensible heating and humidifying and sensible and latent cooling by
supplying air to the conditioned space.

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 Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions

QUESTIONS (For Library Research)

1. Discuss the statement "this building is air conditioned." Consider the
systems that must be installed and the possible satisfaction of users' thermal
comfort.

2. Explain the difference between mechanical ventilation and air conditioning.

i
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3. Define the term "low-cost air conditioning." State the ways in which it can
be achieved.

4. List the reasons for the air conditioning of the different categories of building,
such as residence, office, retail, containment and manufacturing. Explain
each reason.

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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis

5. Summarize in your own words the considerations involved in making use

of outdoor air to cool a building without the use of refrigeration. State the
limitations inherent in such designs and the ways in which outdoor air
can be cooled without refrigeration.

6. List the applications of the 16 types of air conditioning system and discuss
the suitability of each.

7. The variable "air volume system" has become very popular for office
accommodation. Explain its principles of operation and limitations. Include
the topics of room air circulation, zone volume control, economy control of
the fans, duct air static pressure modulation, and the satisfaction of users'
thermal and aural comfort.

8. State the advantages that can be gained by using a water- source heat-
pump air conditioning system capable of simultaneous cooling and heating

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