The document discusses the history and evolution of computing devices from ancient times through modern computers. It describes early counting devices like the abacus and Napier's bones. Early mechanical calculators were developed by Pascal and Leibnitz. Babbage designed an analytical engine but it was never completed. Hollerith developed punched card machines for census data. The first modern computers included the Mark I, ENIAC, and EDVAC. Subsequent generations saw the development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors leading to greater capabilities.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computing devices from ancient times through modern computers. It describes early counting devices like the abacus and Napier's bones. Early mechanical calculators were developed by Pascal and Leibnitz. Babbage designed an analytical engine but it was never completed. Hollerith developed punched card machines for census data. The first modern computers included the Mark I, ENIAC, and EDVAC. Subsequent generations saw the development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors leading to greater capabilities.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computing devices from ancient times through modern computers. It describes early counting devices like the abacus and Napier's bones. Early mechanical calculators were developed by Pascal and Leibnitz. Babbage designed an analytical engine but it was never completed. Hollerith developed punched card machines for census data. The first modern computers included the Mark I, ENIAC, and EDVAC. Subsequent generations saw the development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors leading to greater capabilities.
Lesson 1.2 Rogelio C. Agustin Jr. Instructor THE EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES
• Abacus - The first manual data
processing device was the abacus which was developed in china. The device has a frame with beads strung on wires or rods and arithmetic calculations are performed by manipulating the beads. Napier's Bones
• John Napier was a Scottish
mathematician who became famous for his invention of logarithms. The used of "logs" enabled him to reduce any multiplication problem. His "bones" are set of eleven rods side by side products and quotients of large numbers can be obtained. The sticks were called " Bones“ because they were made of bone of ivory. Oughtred's Slide Rule
• Although the slide rule
appeared in various forms of Europe during the seventeenth century. It consists of tow movable rulers placed side by side. Each ruler is marked off in such a way that the actual distances from the beginning of the ruler are proportional to the logarithms of the numbers printed on the ruler. By sliding the rulers one can quickly multiply and divide. William Oughtred Pascal's Calculator
• Blaise Pasacal was a French
mathematician and experimental physicist who was one of the first modern scientists to developed and build calculator. He devised a calculating machine that was capable of adding and subtracting numbers. The machine was operated by dialing a series of wheels. Leibniz's Calculator
• Like Pascal, Gottfried Leibniz
was a seventeenth -century scientist who recognized the value of building machines that could do mathematical calculations and save labor too. It utilized the same techniques for addition & subtraction but could also perform multiplication and division, as well as extract square roots. Babbage's Analytical Engine
• This machine was based
on the principle that, for certain formulas, the difference between certain values is constant. This typed of procedure was used frequently for producing astronomical tables, which are particularly useful Hollerith's Punched-Card Machine
• Herman Hollerith, a statistician
with the US Bureau of the Census, completed a set of machines to help process the results of the 1890 census. Using 3 by 5 inch punched cards to record the data, he constructed an electromagnetic counting machine to sort the data manually and tabulate the data. Lesson 4 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA PROCESSING
• All the early machine, except for Babbage's
analytical engine, were essentially single- purpose devises. These machines were designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks. The major innovation of the first modern-age machines was its capability to perform automatically a long sequence of varied arithmetical and logical operations. MARK I • The official name of MARK I was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. It was approximately 50 feet long and 8 feet high, and consisted of some 700,000 moving parts and several hundreds miles of wiring. The MARK I could perform the four basic arithmetic operations and could locate information stored in tabular form. It processed numbers up to 23 digits long, and could multiply three eight-digit numbers in a second. Internal operations were controlled automatically with electromagnetic relays and the arithmetical counters were mechanical. It was not an electronic computer but was rather an electromechanical one since it was powered by an electric motor and used switches ad relays. It was also the first automatic general-purpose digital computer. THE ENIAC • was developed during the period 1943 to 1946. It was the first Large - scale vacuum-tubes computer. The ENIAC is an acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It consisted of over 18,000 vacuum tubes and required the manual setting of switches to achieve desired results. It could perform 300 multiplications per second. Operating instructions were not stored internally; rather they were fed trough externally located plug boards and switches. THE EDVAC In 1946 a Hungarian-born mathematician John von Neumann proposed a modified version of the ENIAC. The modified version, EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), would differ from the ENIAC in two profoundly important respects. First, the EDVAC would employ binary arithmetic. The MARK I and the ENIAC both used decimal arithmetic in all their calculations. VonNeumann showed that binary arithmetic would make for much simpler computer circuitry. Second, the EDVAC would have stored- program capability. He also proposed wiring a permanent set of instructions within the computer and placing these operations under a central control. He further proposed The EDVAC was not the first stored-program that the instructions codes governing the machine to go into operation. That honor went to an English-made computer, the EDSAC operations be stored in the same way that the (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic data were stored - as binary numbers. Calculator). COMPUTER GENERATIONS
o Fourth-generation computers represent the state
of the art today and the fifth generation is on the way. The term "generation" it refers to major developments in electronic data processing. The Generation are: o First Generation Computers o Second Generation Computers o Third Generation Computers o Fourth Generation Computers FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS(1951- 1959) • With the beginning of the Korean War in 1950, the demand of many different kinds of computation increased greatly. The appearance of the first commercial computer, the UNIVAC, in 1951, marked the beginning of computers belonging to the first generation. The major innovation s then were the use of vacuum tubes in place of relays as a means of storing data in memory and the use of the stored-program concept. The addition of memory made the punched card system and the calculators virtually obsolete. The wire board was replaced by computer programs written in a new languages for processing Second Generation Computers( 1959- 1964)
• Solid-State components ( transistors
and diodes) and magnetic core storage formed the basis for the second generation of computers. The new transistor technology made the previous generation obsolete. A transistors performs the same functions as a vacuum tube, except that electrons move through solid materials instead of through a vacuum. Third Generation Computers (1965- 1970)
Integrated solid-state circuitry,
improved secondary storage devices, and new input/output devices were the most important advantages in this generation. The new circuitry increased the speed of the computer by a factor of about 10, 000 over the first generation computers. Arithmetic and logical operations were now being performed in microseconds or even nanoseconds. Fourth Generation Computers ( 1970- Present) The major innovations were in the development of microelectronics and in the development of different areas in computer technology such as; multiprocessing, multiprogramming, miniaturization, time-sharing, operating speed, and virtual storage. Because of microprocessors, the fourth generation includes large greater data processing capacity than equivalent-sized third generation computers . End