EMPOWERM

ENT
TECHNOLOG
Y
COMPUTER
• is an electronic device designed to manipulate
data into more useful information.
• perform various tasks such as mathematical
and engineering calculations with speed,
accuracy, and reliability
• used as a communication tool via electronic
mail or phone patch through the Internet
Importance of Computer Education

•Computers have exceptional memory that can store and retrieve

millions of characters.

•Through the help of the different software’s, letters, reports,

manuscripts and other Computer-Aided- Design (CAD) materials
can be easily produced.

•Classroom instructions can be a lot easier through the help of the

Computer-Aided Instructions (CAI).

•Lectures and reports are done effectively through the presentation

software and LCD projector.
Importance of Computer
Education
•Mathematical, scientific, and engineering calculations can be
done accurately with the highest degree of efficiency.

•It can provide reliable information for airlines, hotels,

supermarkets, and weather forecasting.

•Preparation of payrolls and billing invoices are well-

facilitated.
History of the Computer

• First numbering system was invented

between 100 and 200 CE
( Common Era) by Hindus in India
Abacus - an ancient computing device constructed on sliding
beads on a small wooden rods, strung on a wooden frame.
JOHN NAPIER
(Father of Logarithm)

In 1614 introduced the use of

Log in multiplication by a
Performed addition

Ex: log2x = 5
Napier’s Bones
The magic ingredient is the
logarithm of each operand, which
was originally obtained from a
printed table. But Napier also
invented an alternative to tables,
where the logarithm values were
carved on ivory sticks.
Blaise Pascal
Pascaline 1642
famous French philosopher and
mathematician invented the first
digital calculator.
Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibnitz’s
Stepped Reckoner (1671)

A German mathematician who

invented STEPPED
RECKONER a calculating
machine that can compute
addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division of 5 to 12
Joseph-Marie Jacquard
power loom that could base its weave
(and hence the design on the fabric)
upon a pattern automatically read
from punched wooden cards, held
together in a long row by rope
 Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
The Father of Computers
Invented the steam- powered adding
machine, called the DIFFERENCE
Engine ( the first modern computer
device that can automatically solve
math problems in 1821 .
Later he also develop the use of punch
cards and invented the ANALYTICAL
ENGINE in order to solve and print
complex mathematical operation in
1832.
Difference Engine
• This machine would be able to
compute tables of numbers, such
as logarithm tables.

• He obtained government funding

for this project due to the
importance of numeric tables in
ocean navigation.
Difference Engine

• Construction of Babbage's
Difference Engine proved
exceedingly difficult and the
project soon became the most
expensive government funded
project up to that point in English
history.
Difference Engine

• Ten years later the device was

still nowhere near complete,
acrimony abounded between all
involved, and funding dried up.
The device was never finished.
Analytic Engine
 Analytic Engine
• Babbage was not deterred, and by then was on to his next
brainstorm, which he called the Analytic Engine.

• This device, large as a house and powered by 6 steam engines,

• It was programmable, thanks to the punched card technology of

Jacquard.

• Babbage saw that the pattern of holes in a punch card could be

used to represent an abstract idea such as a problem statement or
the raw data required for that problem's solution.
 Analytic
Engine
• Babbage realized that punched paper could be employed as a
storage mechanism, holding computed numbers for future
reference.

• Because of the connection to the Jacquard loom, Babbage called

the two main parts of his Analytic Engine the "Store" and the
"Mill", as both terms are used in the weaving industry.

• The Store was where numbers were held and the Mill was where
they were "woven" into new results.

• In a modern computer these same parts are called the memory

unit and the central processing unit (CPU).
 Analytic
Engine
• The Analytic Engine also had a key function that
distinguishes computers from calculators: the conditional
statement.

• A conditional statement allows a program to achieve different

results each time it is run.

• Based on the conditional statement, the path of the program

can be determined based upon a situation that is detected at
the very moment the program is running.
 Ada Byron
The first Programmer
• began fashioning programs for the
Analytic Engine, although still
unbuilt
• invented the subroutine and was the
first to recognize the importance of
looping
Herman Hollerith
(Father of Information Processing)
• designed and built the Census Counting Machine

Hollerith Desk
Hollerith’s Innovation

• By using punch cards,

Hollerith created a way to
store and retrieve
information.

• This was the first type of

read and write technology
Examples of Punch Cards
HOWARD AIKEN ( MARK 1)
• was supported by IBM to build the ASCC
computer (Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator). The computer had
mechanical relays (switches) which flip-
flopped back and forth to represent
mathematical data. It was huge (of
course), weighting some 35 tons with 500
miles of wiring. The guts of the machine
was comprised of IBM counting machines.
 Mark I

• One early success was the

Harvard Mark I computer
which was built as a
partnership between Harvard
and IBM in 1944.

• This was the first

programmable digital
computer made in the U.S.

• But it was not a purely

electronic computer. Instead
the Mark I was constructed out
of switches, relays, rotating
shafts, and clutches.
 Mark I

• The machine weighed 5

tons, incorporated 500 miles
of wire, was 8 feet tall and
51 feet long, and had a 50 ft
rotating shaft running its
length, turned by a 5
horsepower electric motor.

• The Mark I ran non-stop for

15 years, sounding like a
roomful of ladies knitting.
Mark I
 ENIAC
• The title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually
awarded to ENIAC, which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer.

• ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and

1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper
Eckert, who got funding from the war department after promising they
could build a machine that would replace all the "computers”

• ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons, and used more than
18,000 vacuum tubes.
ENIAC
UNIVAC
• The UNIVAC computer was the
first commercial (mass produced)
computer.

• In the 50's, UNIVAC (a

contraction of "Universal
Automatic Computer") was the
household word for "computer"
just as "Kleenex" is for "tissue".

• UNIVAC was also the first

computer to employ magnetic
tape.
Generations of Computer

• The First Generation Computers (1951 - 1958) - this is characterized by

the use of vacuum tubes as the main logic element and have the ability
to store 1000-4000 characters with the speed of 200 instructions per
second. ENIAC and UNIVAC is an example of this generation.

• The Second Generation (1959 - 1963) - the second generation computers

are made up of a small, solid- state component designed to monitor the
flow over telephone lines and have the ability to store 4 000 to 320 000
characters and could process one million instructions per second.

• The Third Generation (1964 - 1974) - this is a new technology that uses a
single chip that equates a number of transistors and electronic circuits
 Types of Computers

Classification According to Purpose

General Purpose Computer
This type of computer is programmed to handle many different functions.
It is used in making payrolls, accounts receivables, inventory control, and
sales analyses.

Special Purpose Computers

There are computers designed to perform a specific set of operations.
Examples of which are digital watches, calculator, traffic light, and some
highly sophisticated devices used to perform specific task like airline
reservations, industrial – processing control, and satellite tracking.
Classification According to Type of Data
Handled
Analog Computers
These type of computers are specifically used for scientific and engineering
applications to find precise measurements up to the smallest unit. It deals
with continuously changing data such as pressure, temperature, and current.
Speedometer is an example of this device which shows analogous or similar
changes in speed of an automobile.

Digital Computers
These give accurate computation than the analog computers which produces
discrete data with highest degree of accuracy.
Classification According to Type of Data
Handled
Hybrid Computers
These type of computers are combination of the features of analog and
digital computers. Like the analog computers, these are used in solving
scientific and engineering problems but are highly reliable like the digital
computer due to its 100% accuracy level. Example of the use of these type
are space vehicle simulation and training of astronauts.
Classification According to Capacity
Supercomputers
These are the largest and fastest machines with a capacity of 50 million
operations/ second. These are used specifically in the development of
nuclear weapons and to make accurate weather forecasting.

Large Scale Computers

Large scale computers can handle 1.5 million bytes in terms of memory and
operating speed in the low nanosecond range. These are very expensive
machines which are valuable for larger firms with thousands of employees
and customers.
Classification According to Capacity
Medium – sized Computers
These type of computers have greater capacity and can handle volume of
work with high - speed. They have 32 bytes word length and 524 000 bytes
memory size.

Minicomputers
These are mid- size computers that can perform tasks that can be done by
a large scale computer. Likewise, it performs tasks at slower pace and
has lesser cost.
Classification According to Capacity
 Microcomputers

Synonymously referred to as the personal computer, a computer designed

for individual use. It uses a microprocessor technology to make
functional operations like word processing, running a spreadsheet in the
preparation of accounting forms, preparing a presentation, data base
management application, and desktop publishing.
Characteristics and Capabilities
of Computers

Characteristics of a
Computer
• It is a machine. It is an inanimate object that needs
outside intervention for it to run. It can only do things
for
which it was intended to.

• It is electronic. It is made up of electronic circuits and

runs through the electric current.

• It is automatic. Once started, it continues to run without

outside intervention.
• It can manipulate data. Following a specific rules, it can
perform arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. It can also compare data.

• It has memory. It has the capacity to remember what it has

done. It can store instructions in its memory and follow these
though unaided.

• It has logic functions. It can be given a set of instructions

which tells what it must do and how it must do them. It can
produce results upon completion of these instructions.
Capabilities of a Computer

Speed
With speed reaching up to 50 million operations per second, the
computer can process data faster than any other machine designed
to perform similar task.

Repetitiveness
A computer can tirelessly perform the same operations millions of
times in exactly the same way without getting bored like a human
being does.

Accuracy
No other system can produce as accurate as a computer system
does. It performs task with high- speed processing and is
accompanied with high- accuracy results, too.
Capabilities of a Computer

Logical Operations
The computer can make decisions based on alternative courses of
action. The decisions of the computer are dependent on the choices
prepared for it by the programmer.
Store and Recall Information
Computers, like a human brain, have a unique capability of storing and
retrieving large amount of information, programs, and instructions.
Self – checking
A parity check is installed in the computer to enable it to verify the
accuracy of its own work. It is capable of counting information
contained in its memory to assure of no loss of data during the time of
processing.
Capabilities of a Computer

Self – operating

A computer is capable of executing instructions on its own. Once

data had been fed into the machine memory, it goes on without any
human intervention until finished.
Limitations of Computer

It cannot do what it is not instructed to do

Through it can perform logical operation and is self - operating, a
computer can only perform tasks which are designed for it to do. It
cannot perform what it is not programmed to do.

It cannot correct wrong instructions

Computers are not programmed to correct wrong instructions.
Hence, Garbage In is Garbage Out (GIGO). If the programmer has
fed incorrect data, the computer will produce inaccurate outputs.
Limitations of Computer

•It cannot perform creative thinking.

A computer could not self - judge a program or instructions.
Furthermore, it could not reason out for itself nor generate
generalized information on its own.
•It is subject to occasional breakdown due to maintenance failure.
Because it is a machine, parts of it may tend to lose or lapse in a
given period of time. It does not have the power to perform
beyond its capacity and capability, and therefore, there is a
limitation on its performance due to maintenance failure.
INFORMATION
COMMUNICATIO
N
TECHNOLOGY
NFORMATION & COMMUNICATION
ECHNOLOGIES
Deals with the use of different communication
technologies such as mobile phones, telephone,
internet, etc. to locate, save, send and edit
information.
ICT in the Philippines

• ICT Hub of Asia

• The Selfiest Cities around the World
of 2003
Web 1.0: (Static Web Pages)
•flat page or stationary page

•cannot be manipulated by the user

Web 2.0: Dynamic Web Pages

• the user is able to see a website differently than

others.

• allows users to interact with the page

• allows the user comment or create a user

account

• allows users to use web browser instead of their

operating system.
Features of Web 2.0

Folksonomy

- allows users to categorize and classify/ arrange

information using freely chosen keywords. Popular
social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram,
Facebook use tags that start with the pound sign (#).
This is also referred to as hashtag.
Features of Web 2.0

Rich Users Experience

- content is dynamic and is responsive to users

input.

Example: In the case of social networking sites, when

logged on, your account is used to modify what you see in
their website.
Features of Web 2.0

User Participation

- the owner of the website is not the only one who

is able to put content. Other are able to place a content
of their own by means of comments, reviews, and
evaluation. Some websites allows readers to comment
on an article, participate in a poll, or review a specific
product.

e.g., Amazon.com and other ONLINE STORES

Features of Web 2.0

Long Tail

-services that are offered on demand rather than on

a one-time purchase. In certain cases, time – based
pricing is better than file size-based pricing or vise
versa.

e.g.. Data Plan – charge us for the amount of internet.

Features of Web 2.0

Software as a Service

- users will subscribe to a software only when

needed rather than purchasing them. This is cheaper
option if you do not always need to use a software.

- allows us to “rent” a software for a minimal fee.

e.g. GOOGLE DOCS.

Features of Web 2.0

Mass Participation

- diverse information sharing through universal

web access. Since most users can use the Internet,
Web 2.0’s content is based on people from various
cultures.
Web 3.0 and the Semantic Web

Semantic Web

is an extension of the Web through standards by the

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).The standards
promote common data formats and exchange protocols
on the Web, most fundamentally the Resource
Description Framework (RDF).
Web 3.0 and the Semantic Web

- provides a common framework that allows data to

be shared and reused across application, enterprise
and community boundaries.

- the aim of the WEB 3.0 is to have a servers

understand the user’s preferences to be able to deliver
web content specifically targeting the user.
Web 3.0is yet to be realized
because of several problems:

COMAPTIBILITY
- HTML files and current web browser could not
support Web 3.0.

SECURITY
- the user’s security is also in question since the
machine is saving his or her preferences.
Web 3.0is yet to be realized
because of several problems:

VASTNESS
- the World Wide Web already contains billions of web
page.
VAGUENESS
- certain words are imprecise. The words “old” and
“small” is depend on the user.
LOGIC
- since machines use logic, there are certain limitations
for a computer to be able to predict what are the user is
referring to a given time.
TRENDS in ICT
CONVERGENCE
- Technological convergence is the synergy of
technological advantages to work on a similar goal or
task.

SOCIAL MEDIA
- Social media is a website, application, or online
channel that enables web users to create, co- create,
discuss, modify, and exchange user-generated content.
6 types of Social Media
Social Networks
- sites that allow you to connect with other people
with the same interest or background.

Bookmarking Sites
- are sites that allow you to store and manage links to
various websites and resources.
Social News
- site that allow users to post their own news items or
links to other news source. The users can also comment on
the post and comments may also be ranked.
6 types of Social Media
Media Sharing
- these are sites that allow you to upload and share
media content like images, music and video. Most of
these sites have additional social feature like liking,
commenting and having user profiles
Microblogging
- these are sites that focus on short updates from the
user.
Blogs and Forums
- these websites allow users to post their content. Other
users are able to comment on the said topic.
TRENDS in ICT
MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES

• iOS – used in apple devices such as the

iPhone & iPads

• Android - am open source operating

system developed by Google.

•Blackberry OS – used in Blackberry device

•Windows Phone OS – a closed source and
proprietary operating system develop by Microsoft.

•Symbian – the original smartphones OS; used by

Nokia devices

•WebOS – originally used for smartphones; now used

for smart TVs

•Windows Mobile – develop by Microsoft for

smartphones and pocket PCs
TRENDS in ICT
ASSISTIVE MEDIA
Is a nonprofit service designed to help people who
have visual and reading impairments.