Living in the IT Era

HISTORY OF
COMPUTER:
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
 DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data.
It can store, retrieve, and process data.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of
instructions (program).
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds
of computations or calculations.
EXAMPLE OF A COMPUTER
THREE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF COMPUTER

• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined

manner.
• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
MAIN PROCESS OF COMPUTER

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

MAIN PROCESS OF COMPUTER

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 HISTORY
OF
COMPUTER
Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans,
whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a
mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years
of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a
person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to
be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.
TALLY STICKS
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document
numbers, quantities, or even messages.
ABACUS
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an
individual in performing mathematical
calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400
B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar
with was first used in China in around 500
B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
NAPIER’S BONES
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube
roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially
constructed boards.
SLIDE RULE
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.

• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.

• Used primarily for – multiplication – division
– roots – logarithms – Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
PASCALINE
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.
STEPPED RECKONER
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
JACQUARD LOOM
• The Jacquard loom is a
mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled
by punched cards.
ARITHMOMETER
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas
de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially
successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic
mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.
DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator
designed to tabulate polynomial
functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822
and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.
FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests
to Babbage that he use the binary
system.
• She writes programs for the
Analytical Engine.
SCHEUTZIAN
CALCULATION ENGINE
• Invented by Per Georg
Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's
difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.
TABULATING MACHINE
• Invented by Herman
Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing
information and accounting.
HARVARD MARK 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in
Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the
user insert punch tape into a punch
tape reader and all output was also
generated through punch tape
 ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER
(ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital
computing device.
• Invented by Professor John
Atanasoff and graduate student
Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and
1942
ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
• It was the first electronic
general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was the
first commercial computer.
• Designed by John Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data.
THE FIRST PORTABLE COMPUTER
• Osborne 1 – the first portable
computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne
Computer Corporation.
THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY
• The first computer company was the
Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
PREMECHANICAL
• It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D.
• "Earliest Age" of information technology.
• Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet
• Pens and paper began to be developed.
• This is where the first books and libraries are developed.
• Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by
people from India.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
PREMECHANICAL
• It wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was
invented.
• A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The
popular model of that time was the abacus.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
MECHANICAL
• The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and
1840.
• Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for
multiplying and dividing) were invented.
• Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular
mechanical computer.
• Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated
polynomial equations using the method of finite differences.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840
and 1940.
• These are the beginnings of telecommunication.
• The telegraph was created in the early 1800s.
• Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835.
• The telephonewas created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
• The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States
was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This
computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons. It
was programmed using punch cards.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTRONIC
• It can be defined as the time between 1940 and present.
• The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of
being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems -
used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables
• ENIAC size 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons.
• It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTRONIC
• There are 4 main sections of digital computing.
• First was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC
and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal
storage.
• Second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch
cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic
drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTRONIC
• During this time high-level programming languages were created
such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
• The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits,
magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic
core turned into metal oxide semiconductors.
• An actual operating system showed up with the advanced
programming language BASIC.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTRONIC
• Fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing
units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a
single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The
graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.
TO BE CONTINUED..