Mark Brian D.

Bautista
BSIT 1 Set A
5:30PM -7:00PM MW

Abacus - Probably of Babylonian origin, an abacus is a calculating instrument that uses

beads that slide along a series of wires or rods set in a frame to represent the decimal
places. It is the ancestor of the modern digital calculator.

Adding Machine - An adding machine is a class of mechanical calculator, usually specialized

for bookkeeping calculations.

Step Reckoner - Also known as Leibniz calculator, was a mechanical calculator invented by
the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in
1694. The name comes from the translation of the German term for its operating
mechanism, Staffelwalze, meaning "stepped drum". It was the first calculator that could
perform all four arithmetic operations.

Difference Engines - A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to

tabulate polynomial functions. It was designed in the 1820s, and was first created by Charles
Babbage. The name, the difference engine, is derived from the method of divided differences,
a way to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial co-efficient. Some
of the most common mathematical functions used in engineering, science and navigation,
were, and still are computable with the use of the difference engine's capability of
computing logarithmic and trigonometric functions, which can be approximated by
polynomials, so a difference engine can compute many useful tables of numbers.

Analytical Engines - Analytical Engine, generally considered the first computer, designed
and partly built by the English inventor Charles Babbage in the 19th century (he worked on it
until his death in 1871). The Analytical Engine was to be a general-purpose, fully program-
controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer. It would be able to perform any calculation
set before it. There is no evidence that anyone before Babbage had ever conceived of such a
device, let alone attempted to build one.

Jacquard Loom - Invented by Joseph Jacquard and demonstrated in 1801, the Jacquard
Loom is an attachment for powered fabric looms. It uses a chain of punch cards to instruct the
loom on how to make intricate textiles. For example, a loom could have hundreds of cards
with holes corresponding to hooks that can be raised or lowered to make a textile brocade.
The Jacquard Loom is important to computer history because it is the first machine to use
interchangeable punch cards to instruct a machine to perform automated tasks.
Hollerith Tabulating Machines - During the 1880s the engineer Herman Hollerith devised
a set of machines for compiling data from the United States Census. Hollerith's tabulating
system included a punch for entering data about each person onto a blank card, a tabulator
for reading the cards and summing up information, and a sorting box for sorting the cards for
further analysis.

Harvard Mark 1 - The Harvard Mark I, or IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled

Calculator (ASCC), was a general-purpose electromechanical computer used in the war effort
during the last part of World War II. One of the first programs to run on the Mark I was
initiated on 29 March 1944 by John von Neumann. At that time, von Neumann was working on
the Manhattan Project, and needed to determine whether implosion was a viable choice to
detonate the atomic bomb that would be used a year later. The Mark I also computed and
printed mathematical tables, which had been the initial goal of British inventor Charles
Babbage for his "analytical engine" in 1837.

ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the

first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. There
were other computers that had these features, but the ENIAC had all of them in one package.
It was Turing-complete and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through
reprogramming. Although ENIAC was designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing
tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory (which later became a part of
the Army Research Laboratory), its first program was a study of the feasibility of
the thermonuclear weapon. ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put to work for practical
purposes on December 10, 1945.

Vacuum Tube - Alternatively referred to as an electron tube or valve and first developed
by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. The vacuum tube is a glass tube with its gas removed,
creating a vacuum. Vacuum tubes contain electrodes for controlling electron flow and were
used in early computers as a switch or an amplifier. The picture shows a collection of different
vacuum tubes used with different devices. By using vacuum tubes instead of mechanical
relays, computers could move away from mechanical switching and speed up switching on and
off the flow of electrons. Vacuum tubes were also used in radios, televisions, radar equipment,
and telephone systems during the first half of the 1900s.

Transistor - A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals

and power. The transistor is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics It is
composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to
an electronic circuit.
ALTAIR 1975 - The Altair 8800 is a computer kit based on the Intel 8080 CPU, designed by
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), which was headed by H. Edward
Roberts, in 1974. It became the first-ever commercially successful personal computer,
especially compared to the first microprocessor-based personal computer – Micral. Because of
its success, the Altair 8800 initiated the personal computer age. Also because of its success, its
computer bus became the de facto standard called the S-100 bus (IEEE-696). The first
programming language for the machine was Altair BASIC, Microsoft’s founding product.

IBM (PC) 1981 - The IBM Personal Computer (model 5150, commonly known as the IBM PC)
is the first microcomputer released in the IBM PC model line and the basis for the IBM PC
compatible de facto standard. Released on August 12, 1981, it was created by a team of
engineers and designers directed by Don Estridge in Boca Raton, Florida. The machine was
based on open architecture and third-party peripherals. Over time, expansion cards and
software technology increased to support it. The PC had a substantial influence on the
personal computer market. The specifications of the IBM PC became one of the most popular
computer design standards in the world. The only significant competition it faced from a non-
compatible platform throughout the 1980s was from the Apple Macintosh product line.

MACINTOSH - The Macintosh, or Mac, is a series of several lines of personal computers,

manufactured by Apple Inc. The first Macintosh was introduced on January 24, 1984, by Steve
Jobs and it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature two known, but
still unpopular features—the mouse and the graphical user interface, rather than the
command-line interface of its predecessors. Production of the Mac is based on a vertical
integration model in that Apple facilitates all aspects of its hardware and creates its own
operating system (called System Software, later renamed to Mac OS, see the lower image)
that is pre-installed on all Mac computers. This is in contrast to most IBM PC compatibles,
where multiple sellers create hardware intended to run another company’s operating
software.