Early

Computing
Devices
Zero Generation
 Abacus
• Invented by the Babylonians during 300 BC.

• It is also called a counting frame.

• It is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia

for performing arithmetic process.

• Today, it is often constructed as a bamboo frame

with beads sliding on wires, but originally they
were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand
or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal.
ABACUS
 Napier’s Bones
• It is also called Napier‟s Rods.

• Invented by John Napier in the year 1617 in

Scotland.

• It is used for calculation of products and

quotients of numbers that was based on Arab
Mathematics and lattice
multiplication.
Napier’s Bones
 Schickard’s Calculator
• Invented by Wilhelm Schickard in Germany.

• It is the first automatic calculator.

Schickard’s
Calculator
 Slide Rule
• Invented by William Oughtred in the 17th century.

• It is also known colloquially as a slipstick.

• It is a mechanical analog computer.

• It is used primarily for multiplication and division,

and also for functions such as roots, logarithms
and trigonometry, but it is normally used for
addition and subtraction.
Slide Rule
 Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in the year 1642.

• He conceived it while trying to help his father

who had been assigned the task of reorganizing
the task revenues of a French province.

• It is capable of adding and subtracting

numbers. When it needs to multiply it uses
repeated addition while it uses repeated
subtraction for division.
Pascaline
 Leibniz Calculator
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in the
year 1673 but it wasn‟t completed until the year
1694.
• It is also called stepped reckoner.

• It can add, subtract, multiply and divide.

• It is a mechanical device made up of copper

and steel.
 Leibniz
Calculator
 Jacquard’s Loom
• Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in the year 1801.

• The loom is controlled by punched cards with

punched holes, each row of which corresponds to
one row of the design.

• The function of copy pasting in our present day

computers came from here.
Jacquard’s
Loom
 Difference Engine
• Invented by Charles Babbage in the year 1822.

• It is an automatic, mechanical calculator.

• It is designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Both

logarithmic and trigonometric functions can be approxim
by polynomials, so a difference engine can compute man
useful sets of numbers.
Difference
Engine
 Analytical Engine
• Invented by Charles Babbage in the year 1837.

• It incorporated an arithmetical unit, control flow

in the form of conditional branching and loops,
and integrated memory.

• It is the first Turing-complete design for a general

purpose
computer.

• It is controlled by punched cards

Analytical
Engine
 Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith.

• It also called Hollerith Desk or census.

• It is an electrical device designed to assist in

summarizing information and, later, accounting.

• It was made for IBM or “International Business

Machines”.
Tabulating
Machine
1 st Generation
 Harvard Mark I
• It is invented by Howard Aiken and Grace Murray
Hopper
for IBM on August 7, 1944.

• It is the first programmable digital computer made

in the United States.

• It began computations for the U.S. Navy Bureau of

ships.

• It has been described as “the beginning era of the

modern computer” and “the real dawn of the
computer age”.
Harvard
Mark I
 Colossus
• Invented by Tommy Flowers with input from Harry
Fensom, Allen Coombs, Sidney Broadhurst and
William Chandler in Britain.

• It was used to read encrypted German messages

during the second World War.

• It uses vacuum tubes to perform calculations.

Colossus
 Z1
• Invented by Konrad Zuse in Germany in the year 1938.

• It is a binary electrically driven mechanical

calculator with limited programmability.

• It reads instructions from punched tape.

• It was destroyed in the bombardment of Berlin in

December 1943, during World War II, together with
all construction plans.
Z1
 Z2
• It is an improvement to the Z1 by Konrad Zuse in the
year 1939.
• It uses the same mechanical memory as the Z1 but
replacing the arithmetic and control logic with
electric relay circuits.

• Photographs and plans for it were destroyed by

the Allied bombing during World War II.
Z2
 Z3
• Invented by Konrad Zuse in the year 1941.

• It is the world‟s first working programmable, fully

automatic computing machine.

• It was destroyed in 1943 during the World War II

during an Allied bombardment of Berlin.
Z3
 Z4
• Invented by Konrad Zuse and his company Zuse
Apparatebau in the year 1945.

• It is the world‟s first commercial digital computer.

• It was completed in Gottingen in a facility of the

Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt which was
headed by Albert Betz.
Z4
 ENIAC
• Invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at
the University of Pennsylvania on October 2, 1955.

• It means Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer. It was also called “ Giant Brain”.
• It is the first general-purpose electronic computer.

• It is a Turing-complete digital computer capable of

being reprogrammed to solve a full range of
computing problems.
ENIAC
 UNIVAC
• Invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

• Design work was begun by their company, Eckert-

Mauchly Computer Corporation, and was
completed after the company had been
acquired by Remington Rand.

• It is the first computer to be mass produced.

• It has 5200 vacuum tubes.

• It is also called Universal Automatic Computer.

UNIVAC
 EDVAC
• It is also called Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer.

• It is invented by J. Presper Eckert and John

Mauchly in the year 1946.

• Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary

rather than decimal, and was a stored program
machine.
EDVAC
2 nd Generation
 COBOL LANGUAGE

• one of the oldest computer language

• its acronym stands for COmmon

Business Oriented Language.
 FORTRAN LANGUAGE
• its acronym stands for Formula
Translator.
• It is a general-purpose, imperative
programming language that is
especially suited to numeric
computation and scientific computing.
 Bug
• A computer bug is usually known as a mistake in the
computer or damage in the system
• The term is coined by Grace Hopper when she
encountered a computer problem caused by a
moth in the computer.
 ABC Computer
• It is invented by John Atanasoff and Clifford
Berry. It was designed in the year 1937 but was
fully tested in the year 1941.

• It is the first electronic digital computing device.

 ABC
Computer
3 rd Generation
• It used IC (Integrated Circuits)
• Invented by Jack St. Claire Kilby and Robert Noyce
• More reliable than the previous three (3)
generations
• Smaller in size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• Needs air conditioning (AC) unit
• Consumes less electricity
• Supported High Level Languages
 COMMODORE 64
• The Commodore 64 is an 8-bit home computer
introduced by Commodore International in January
1982.
• It features 64 kilobytes (65,536 bytes) of memory,
hence the name, with sound and graphics
performance that were superior to IBM-compatible
computers of that time.
• commonly known as the C64
COMMODORE 64
 PDP-8
The PDP-8 is 12-bit
and was produced by
Digital Equipment
Corporation and is the
first successful
commercial
minicomputer
 PDP-11
(PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR-11)
• It is one of the
most famous
computers in
computing
history
• Manufactured
by Digital
Equipment
Corporation
from the early
1960s through
the mid-1990s.
4 th Generation
4th Generation Computers:
• These are computers which used VLSI
chips for both CPU and memory

VLSI Chip Microprocessor

 Microprocessors
• A silicone chip that
contains a Central
Processing Unit or
CPU
• It is the heart or
mind of many
machines
• It can also be
called a „logic
chip‟ or
„microchip‟
 Altair 8800
• This is referred to as “the
first personal computer”
in the year 1975
• It was designed by Ed
Roberts, one of the
founders of Micro
Instrumentation Telemetry
Systems.
• The BASIC programming
language designed was
developed by Bill Gates
and Paul Allen.
 Apple I
• It is hand-built by Steve Wozniak, but the one who
had the idea to sell it was Steve Jobs.

• It was demonstrated on April 1976 but it was sold

on July 1976.

• It is an early personal computer.

APPLE I
 Apple II
• It is designed by Steve Wozniak and manufactured
by Apple Computer (Apple Inc.)

• It was introduced in the year 1977.

• It is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly

successful mass-produced microcomputer products.
APPLE II
 Macintosh 128k
• The original Apple Macintosh personal
computer was released on January
22, 1984.
• It is designed to achieve adequate
graphics performance.
• The first mass-market computer
featuring an integral graphic user
interface and a mouse
Macintosh
128k
 IBM Personal Computer
• This was invented by
a team of twelve
with Don Estridge as
the leader in 1981
and it was
introduced
commercially on
August 12, 1981
 Windows by Microsoft
• Developed by
Microsoft, owned
by Bill Gates in 1985
• Done in
Albuquerque, New
Mexico
• GUI (Graphical User
Interface) that uses
graphics or pictures
that help users use
the computer
Fifth Generation
● It interprets means and method of making
computers think like human beings
● AI includes:
○ Robotics
○ Neural Networks
○ Game Playing
○ Development of expert systems to make
decisions in real life situations
○ Natural Language understanding and
generation
● ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated
Circuit) Technology
● Development of True Artificial
Intelligence
● Development of Natural Language
Processing
● Advancement in Parallel Processing
● Advancement in Superconductor
Technology
 Inventions in the
th
5 Generation

S-Libay
S-Cabaluna
S-Agasin
T-Natividad
 Artificial
Intelligence
• The intelligence
exhibited by
machines or
software.
• The study in creating
computers and
computer software
that are capable of
intelligent behavior.
 John McCarthy
• The founder of
Artificial Intelligence
• Developed the LISP
programming
language family
• Popularized time-
sharing
• Very influential in the
early development
of AI.
 Robotics
• It is concerned with
creating robots,
devices that can
move and react to
sensory input.

• The first robot was

invented by George
Devol in 1954 and was
named the Unimate.
 Game Playing
• The specific way in which players
interact with a game.
• This was made because there has
been a great fascination in pitting
the human expert against the Deep Blue
computer.
 Neural Network

• A type of artificial
intelligence that
attempts to imitate the
way a human brain
works.
• It works by creating
connections between
processing elements,
the computer
equivalent of neurons.
 Natural Language
Generation

It investigates how to build

computer programs that
produce high-quality text
from computer-internal
representations of
information.
 Voice Recognition
• The ability of a machine or
program to receive and
interpret dictation
• It was invented by Ray Kurzweil
Parallel Processing
• The simultaneous use of more
than one CPU to execute a
program.
• It was produced by IBM
 Virtual Reality
• The use of technology to create
the illusion of presence in an
environment that isn‟t really
there.

• The first type of multimedia

device in the form of an
interactive theatre experience,
devised by Morton Heilig, and
known as the „Sensorama‟.
Eye Scanner
 3D Printers
• It is a device used to
make a 3-Dimensional
object from a 2D
image.
• Layers of material are
put down on each
other under a
computer‟s control to
make such an object.
Supercomputers • Developed and enhanced
computers that have a very
high computational capacity
(performance measured by
FLOPS or Floating Point
Operations per Second)
• Can contain a large amount
Data compared to regular
computers.
 CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
• The invention of the
microprocessor led
to a more powerful
computers that
were developed
such as this
extremely powerful
supercomputers.
• Deep Blue is the
supercomputer that
beat the world chess
champion Garry
Kasparov in a match
in 1997.
• Invented by IBM
• Developed in
1996
• Made in
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
 Touchscreen Tablets
• Tablets are famously known for their sensitive
touchscreen features.
• They have a very special operating software that
enables them to have these features.
Smartphones
• It is a phone with a very
advanced mobile operating
system that can function as
both a mobile touchscreen
phone and a computer.
Smartwatches
A smartwatch is a kind of wearable
technology that is capable of
some of the many features and abilities
of a smartphone.
 Google Glass
• A type of technology with
an optical head-mounted
display (OHMD).
 The Google Self-Driving Car
• Commonly abbreviated as SDC
• A project by Google X that involves developing
technology for autonomous cars, mainly electric
cars.
• It features a car that needs no driver
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