HISTORY OF COMPUTING

Prepared by:
CHENETA KENNY PASAJE CALVO
 What is a Computer?

• is an electronic device that accepts

input, processes data, stores data,
and produces output as information.
EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES
Abacus
– known as the first
invented manual data
processing device.
– counting device
invented to help
count large numbers.
– the oldest surviving
abacus was used in
300 B.C. by the
Babylonians
Napier’s Bone (1617)
– developed by John
Napier, a Scottish
mathematician who
is known for his
invention of
logarithm
– consist of eleven
rods made of ivory
sticks with numbers
carved on them.
Napier’s Bone

– perform
multiplication
and division by
simply placing
the rods side by
side.
Oughtred’s Slide Rule (1621)
– developed by
William Oughtred,
an English
mathematician.
– Oughtred was
credited as inventor
of the slide rule in
1622.
Oughtred’s Slide Rule
– consist of two
movable rulers
placed side by
side and by
sliding the rulers
you can quickly
obtain the
product and
quotient of a
numbers.
Pascaline or Pascal’s Calculator (1642)
– invented by Blaise
Pascal, a seventeenth-
century French
mathematician and
scientist.
– perform addition and
subtraction of
numbers of up to
eight digits.
Pascaline or Pascal’s Calculator

– consisted of gears
and cylinders
which rotated to
display the
numerical result.
Leibniz’s Calculator (1673)
– built by Gottfried
Wilhelm von Leibniz,
a German scientist.
– perform the four
basic functions:
addition,
subtraction,
multiplication and
division.
Leibniz’s Calculator

– it could also
extract square
roots of a number.
Babbage’s Differential Engine (1820)
– designed by Charles
Babbage, an English
mathematician of
the nineteenth
century who was
considered to be the
“Father of the
Modern Computer”.
Babbage’s Differential Engine
– this machine would be
able to compute tables
of numbers, such as
logarithm tables and
was designed to
automate a standard
procedure for
calculating roots of
polynomials but the
construction was never
finished because it was
very complicated and
very expensive.
Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1834)
– designed by Charles
Babbage to be used in a
weaving industry.
– it has two main parts,
the “Store” and the
“Mill”, these two main
parts in modern
computers are called
the memory unit and
the central processing
unit (CPU).
– Lady Augusta Ada Byron
King
– wrote notes on
Babbage’s Analytical
Engine which was
recognized as the first
algorithm intended to
be carried out by a
machine.
– regarded as the First
Computer Programmer.
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine (1884)
– an electromagnetic
counting machine
invented by a
statistician named
Herman Hollerith.
– it used punch cards to
sort the data manually
and tabulate the data
during the 1890 US
census.
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
– Hollerith established a
company in 1896
calling it Tabulating
Machine Company.
– in 1911, the company
merged with other
two companies and
assumed the name
International Business
Machines (IBM)
Corporation in 1924.
 Mark 1 (1944)

• MARK 1 is the first automatic digital

computer.
• a general purpose electromechanical
computer that was used in the war effort
during the last part of World War II.
 ENIAC (1946)

• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

• was the first electronic general-purpose digital
computer.
• its technology is vacuum tubes.
UNIVAC (1951)
• Universal Automatic
Computer
• the first general-
purpose electronic
digital computer
design for robot
business application
produced in
the United States.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
 First Generation (1951-1959)
• Consisted of vacuum tubes
for storing data in memory
and used stored-program.
• Vacuum tubes consume
lots of electrical power
and are prone to burning
out, which caused
problems that used
thousands of them.
 Second Generation (1959-1963)
• Consisted of solid state
transistors and diodes.
• Transistors replaced the
vacuum tube as the electrical
switching device in computers.
The transistor (developed at
Bell Labs by William Shockley
and others in the 1950’s) was a
solid-state semiconductor
device typically made of silicon
or germanium.
 Third Generation (1963-1975)
• Integrated solid-state
circuitry, the Integrated
Circuit.
• Integrated Circuit (IC) was
invented by Jack Kilby and
Robert Noyce.
• An integrated circuit
incorporates many
transistors and other
electrical components, all
formed into a miniature
circuit onto a single chip of
silicon.
Fourth Generation (1975-present)
• Microprocessor
• Multiprocessing,
multiprogramming,
miniaturization, time-
sharing, operating
speed, and virtual
storage.
 Fifth Generation (Present)
• Artificial Intelligence (AI),
Virtual Reality, Expert
System
• Deals with intelligent
behavior, learning and
adaptation in machines.
• AI is concerned with
machines to automate tasks
requiring intelligent
behavior.
PIONEERS OF COMPUTING
 Konrad Zuse (22 June 1910 – 18
December 1995)
• A German engineer and
computer pioneer.
• His greatest achievement
was the world's first
functional program-
controlled Turing-
complete computer, the
Z3, in 1941 (the program
was stored on a punched
tape).
 Alan Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June
1954)
• A mathematician,
cryptographer, and a
pioneer of computer
science.
• Best known for his work
at Bletchley Park
during World War II, and
his part in breaking the
German Enigma code.
Howard Aiken (March 8, 1900 – March
14, 1973)

• An American physicist
and a pioneer in
computing, being the
original conceptual
designer behind IBM's
Harvard Mark I
computer.
 John Vincent Atanasoff, OCM,
(October 4, 1903 – June 15, 1995)
• An American physicist and
inventor, best known for
being credited with
inventing the first
electronic digital
computer.
• Atanasoff invented the
first electronic digital
computer in the 1930s at
Iowa State College.
George Robert Stibitz (April 30, 1904 –
January 31, 1995)
• A Bell Labs researcher
internationally recognized
as one of the fathers of the
modern digital computer.
• He was known for his work
in the 1930s and 1940s on
the realization of Boolean
logic digital circuits using
electromechanical relays
as the switching element.
 Grace Hopper (December 9, 1906 –
January 1, 1992)
• An American computer
scientist and United States
Navy rear admiral.
• One of the first
programmers of the
Harvard Mark I computer,
she was a pioneer of
computer programming
who invented one of the
first linkers.
 John Presper Eckert (April 9, 1919 –
June 3, 1995)
• An American electrical
engineer and computer pioneer.
• With John Mauchly, he designed
the first general-purpose
electronic digital computer
(ENIAC).
• Founded the Eckert–Mauchly
Computer Corporation, and
designed the first commercial
computer in the U.S., the UNIVAC,
which incorporated Eckert's
invention of the mercury delay
line memory.
 Maurice Wilkes (26 June 1913 – 29
November 2010)
• A British computer
scientist who designed and
helped build the Electronic
delay storage automatic
calculator (EDSAC), one of
the earliest stored program
computers and invented
microprogramming, a
method for using stored-
program logic to operate
the control unit of a central
processing unit's circuits.
 John von Neumann (December 28,
1903 – February 8, 1957)
• A Hungarian-American
mathematician, physicist,
computer scientist, engineer and
polymath.
• One of his
important contributions in this
field was the development of a
logical design for computers that
paid attention to such concerns as
data storage and the processing
of instructions. This design, called
“von Neumann architecture,”
became the basic concept of
most computers.
 References
• https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/comp
uters/
• www.google.com
• https://btob.co.nz/business-news/five-
generations-computers/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qundvme1Ti
k&t=244s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsirYCAocZk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiV4q8XN7
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