Basic Concepts of Computing

MODULE 1
Basic Concepts
A. Introduction:
This module will give the learner the knowledge on the basic concept of computer they
will also be familiarized and understand the basic computer terms. With this module, learners
will appreciate the evolution of computing and appreciate the importance of computing.
B. Objectives:
In this lesson, you are tasked to do the following:

1. define a computer;
2. know the origin and evolution of computer;
3. understand the capabilities and limitations of computer;
4. identify characteristics of computer;
5. appreciate the evolution of computer through five generations;
6. differentiate the types of computer.
C. Learning Contents:
1. Information Technology
2. Computer
3. History of Computer
4. Generation of Computer
5. Characteristics, Capabilities and Limitations of Computer
6. Types of Computer
D. Pre-Test:
1. What do you know about computer?

2. What do you like to learn more about computer?
3. Are you familiar with the generation of computer?
CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 1

E. Learning Activities:
Understanding the Basic Concepts of IT
An Information Technology (IT) system concerns the processing, storage and/or transfer
of information. Information can take many different forms such as words, numbers, pictures,
sounds or video. An IT system can consist of computers, the telecommunications network and
other programmable electronic devices.
IT is often seen as a very daunting subject because it involves many different specialist
areas. However, the basic principle of IT is to simply help us to improve the way we deal with
information in all areas of our lives.
IT is used in business, industry, government, education, health care and in everyday
home/social life. Computers enable us to process information and perform specific tasks much
more quickly that we can often do ourselves.
IT systems are usually very flexible and can be made to perform a wide variety of different
tasks. IT networks allow us to distribute and share information very quickly (a prime example is
the Internet).
Information Society
We live in an “Information Society” where the effective use of information is regarded

as the defining element of the 20th – 21st centuries.
Computer: Definition
• Is a device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs

high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or
otherwise processes information.
• It is an electronic device designed to manipulate data so that useful information can be
generated.
• A machine capable of following instructions to alter data in a desirable way and perform
at least some of these operations without human intervention.
• An electronic device that is capable of storing, manipulating, and processing data to come
up with the required output.

A computer has four functions:
a. accepts data - Input

b. processes data - Processing
c. produces output - Output
d. stores results - Storage
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
History of computer could be traced back to the effort of man to count large numbers. This
process of counting of large system of numeration, Roman system of numeration and Indian
system of numeration. Out of these the Indian system of numeration has been accepted universally.
It is the basis of modern decimal system of numeration (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Later you will
know how the computer solves all calculations based on decimal system. But you will be surprised
to know that the computer does not understand the decimal system and uses binary system of
numeration for processing.
Quipa (15th and 16th centuries) At the height of their empire, the
Incas used complex chains of knotted twine to represent a variety
of data, including tribute payments, lists of arms and troops, and
notable dates in the kingdom’s chronicles.
The quipa, or quipu, or quipo was in use before the
Spanish conquistadores destroyed the Inca and Astec culture in the central america's. It served to
convey messages to other persons. Description (1) quipa: configuration with different length of
ropes and knots.
Abacus (4000 years ago to 1975) Used by merchants throughout

the ancient world. Beads represent figures (data); by moving the
beads according to rules, the user can add, subtract, multiply, or
divide. The abacus remained in use until a worldwide deluge of
cheap pocket calculators put the abacus out of work, after being
used for thousands of years.

Napier’s logs and bones
John Napier, a Scottish mathematician invented logarithms. The use of logarithms enabled
him to transform multiplications and division problems of addition and
subtractions. In the beginning he called logarithms as artificial numbers.
But later he named them logarithms.
Napier also invented a computing device consisting of sticks with
numbers carved on them. These sticks are called bones as they were
made of bones. These bones helped a lot in multiplication involving large numbers.
Calculating machines and Pascal’s calculator:

A French mathematician, Blaise Pascal invented a machine based on
gear wheels. He was the son of tax collector who had to do lot of
calculations as part of his job. Blaise Pascal wanted to make his job
easier by inventing a calculator. You might be familiar with gear
wheels in use in your bicycle which meshes with a driving chain.
Leibniz’s calculator (1674) German philosopher

Gottfried Leibniz invents the first mechanical
calculator capable of multiplication.
Jacquard's loom (1804) French weaver Joseph-Marie Jacquard

creates an automatic, programmable weaving machine that creates
fabrics with richly detailed patterns. It is controlled by means of
punched cards.

In 1822, Charles Babbage proposed and began developing
the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing
engine that was capable of computing several sets of numbers and
making a hard copies of the results.
Later, in 1837 Charles Babbage

proposed the first general mechanical
computer, the Analytical Engine. The
Analytical Engine contained an
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and
integrated memory and is the first general-purpose computer
concept. Unfortunately, because of funding issues this computer
was also never built while Charles Babbage's was alive. In 1910,
Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son was able to complete a portion of this machine
and was able to perform basic calculations.
Lady Ada Lovelace

Lovelace is the daughter of the famous English poet Lord
Byron. She was a mathematician. She studied the works of Babbage
and wrote about them. From her account only, we can see the close
resemblance of the modern day computers and Babbage’s work.
Lady Ada Lovelace’s contributions are very important. Since she
predicted that computers can be programmed, a language, Ada used
widely in America’s Department of Defence Computers was named
after her.
Hollerith’s tabulating machine (1890) Created to tally the results of the U.S. Census, this
machine uses punched cards as a data input mechanism. The successor to Hollerith’s company is
International Business Machines (IBM).
ABC Computer
In 1937, Dr. John Atanstoff with the help of his assistant

Berry designed the Atanstoff Berry Computer (ABC). The
machine laid the foundation for the development of
electronic digital computer. The ABC was an electrical

computer that used vacuum tubes for digital computation including binary math and Boolean logic
and had no CPU.
Zuse’s Z1 (1938) German inventor Konrad Zuse creates a

programmable electronic calculator. An improved version, the
Z3 of 1941, was the world’s first calculator capable of
automatic operation.
Mark I (1943) In a partnership with Harvard

University, IBM creates a huge, programmable
electronic calculator that used electromechanical
relays as switching devices.
The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John

Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began
construction in 1943 and was not completed until 1946. It
occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum
tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although the Judge ruled that the
ABC computer was the first digital computer, many still consider
the ENIAC to be the first digital computer because it was fully
functional.
The first stored program computer
The early British computer known as the EDSAC is considered to be the first stored
program electronic computer. The computer performed its first calculation on May 6, 1949 and
was the computer that ran the first graphical computer game, nicknamed "Baby".
The first computer company
The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company and was founded
in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped create the ENIAC

computer. The company was later renamed to EMCC or Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
and released a series of mainframe computers under the UNIVAC name.
First stored program computer
First delivered to the United States Government in 1950, the UNIVAC 1101 or ERA
1101 is considered to be the first computer that was capable of storing and running a program from
memory.
First commercial computer
In 1942, Konrad Zuse begin working on the Z4, which later became the first commercial
computer after being sold to Eduard Stiefel a mathematician of the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology Zurich on July 12, 1950.
The first PC (IBM compatible) computer
On April 7, 1953 IBM publicly introduced the 701, its first electric computer and first mass
produced computer. Later IBM introduced its first personal computer called the IBM PC in 1981.
The computer was code named and still sometimes referred to as the Acorn and had a 8088
processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to 256 and utilizing MS-DOS.
The first computer with RAM
MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine on March 8, 1955, a revolutionary computer that
was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics.
The first transistor computer
The TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer) is the first

transistorized computer to be demonstrated at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 1956.

The first minicomputer
In 1960, Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers the PDP-
1.
The first mass-market PC
In 1968, Hewlett Packard began marketing the first mass-marketed PC, the HP 9100A.
The first workstation
Although it was never sold, the first workstation is considered to be the Xerox Alto,
introduced in 1974. The computer was revolutionary for its time and included a fully functional
computer, display, and mouse. The computer operated like many computers today
utilizing windows, menus and icons as an interface to its operating system.
The first microprocessor
Intel introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971.
The first personal computer
In 1975, Ed Roberts coined the term "personal computer" when he introduced

the Altair 8800. Although the first personal computer is considered by many to be the Kenback-1,
which was first introduced for $750 in 1971. The computer relied on a series of switches for
inputting data and output data by turning on and off a series of lights.
The Micral is considered to be the first commercial non-assembly computer. The computer
used the Intel 8008 processor and sold for $1,750 in 1973.
The first laptop or portable computer
The IBM 5100 is the first portable computer, which was

released on September 1975. The computer weighed 55 pounds
and had a five inch CRT display, tape drive, 1.9MHz PALM
processor, and 64KB of RAM. The first truly portable computer
or laptop is considered to be the Osborne I, which was released on

April 1981 and developed by Adam Osborne. The Osborne I was developed by Adam Osborne
and weighed 24.5 pounds, had a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, two 5 1/4" floppy drives, ran
the CP/M 2.2 operating system, included a modem, and cost US$179.
The first Apple computer
Steve Wozniak designed the first Apple known as the Apple I computer in 1976.
The first PC clone
The Compaq Portable is considered to be the first PC clone and was release in March 1983
by Compaq. The Compaq Portable was 100% compatible with IBM computers and was capable
of running any software developed for IBM computers.
The first multimedia computer
In 1992, Tandy Radio Shack becomes one of the first companies to release a computer
based on the MPC standard with its introduction of the M2500 XL/2 and M4020 SX computers.
Other major computer company firsts
Compaq - In March 1983, Compaq released its first computer and the first 100%
IBM compatible computer the "Compaq Portable."
Dell - In 1985, Dell introduced its first computer, the "Turbo PC."
Hewlett Packard - In 1966, Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the "HP-
2115."
NEC - In 1958, NEC builds its first computer the "NEAC 1101."
Toshiba - In 1954, Toshiba introduces its first computer, the "TAC" digital computer.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
You know that the evolution of computer started from 16th century and resulted in the form
that we see today. The present day computer, however, has also undergone rapid change during
the last fifty years. This period, during which the evolution of computer took place, can be divided

into five distinct phases known as Generations of Computers. Each phase is distinguished from
others on the basis of the type of switching circuits used.
First Generation Computers
First generation computers used Thermion valves. These

computers were large in size and writing programs on them was
difficult. Some of the computers of this generation were:
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC-1
Limitations of First Generation Computer
Followings are the major drawbacks of First generation computers.
1. The operating speed was quite slow.

2. Power consumption was very high.
3. It required large space for installation.
4. The programming capability was quite low.
Second Generation Computers

Around 1955 a device called Transistor replaced the bulky
electric tubes in the first generation computer. Transistors are
smaller than electric tubes and have higher operating speed. They
have no filament and require no heating. Manufacturing cost was
also very low. Thus the size of the computer got reduced
considerably.
It is in the second generation that the concept of Central
Processing Unit (CPU), memory, programming language and input and output units were
developed. The programming languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN were developed during this
period. Some of the computers of the Second Generation were
1. IBM 1620: Its size was smaller as compared to First Generation computers and mostly
used for scientific purpose.
2. IBM 1401: Its size was small to medium and used for business applications.
3. CDC 3600: Its size was large and is used for scientific purposes.

Third Generation Computers
The third generation computers were introduced in 1964. They

used Integrated Circuits (ICs). These ICs are popularly known as
Chips. A single IC has many transistors, registers and capacitors
built on a single thin slice of silicon. So it is quite obvious that the
size of the computer got further reduced. Some of the computers
developed during this period were IBM-360, ICL-1900, IBM-370,
and VAX-750. Higher level language such as BASIC (Beginners
All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed during this period.
Computers of this generations were small in size, low cost, large memory and processing speed is
very high.
Fourth Generation Computers

The present day computers that you see today are the fourth
generation computers that started around 1975. It uses large
scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC) built on a single silicon chip
called microprocessors. Due to the development of
microprocessor it is possible to place computer’s central
processing unit (CPU) on single chip. These computers are
called microcomputers. Later very large scale Integrated
Circuits (VLSIC) replaced LSICs.
Thus the computer which was occupying a very large room in earlier days can now be placed on
a table. The personal computer (PC) that you see in your school is a Fourth Generation Computer.
Fifth Generation Computer
The computers of 1990s are said to be Fifth Generation computers. The speed is extremely high in
fifth generation computer. Apart from this it can perform parallel processing. The concept of
Artificial intelligence has been introduced to allow the computer to take its own decision. It is still
in a developmental stage.
Characteristics of Computers
1. It is a machine.
2. It is electronic
3. It is automatic

4. It can manipulate data
5. It has memory
6. It has logic functions
Capabilities of Computers
1. Speed - computers have the ability to perform routine tasks at a greater speed than human
beings. They can perform millions of calculations in seconds.
2. Repetitiveness
3. Accuracy - computers are used to perform tasks in a way that ensures accuracy.
4. Store and Recall Information - computers can store large amount of information. Any
item of data or any instruction stored in the memory can be retrieved by the computer at
lightning speeds.
5. Self checking
6. Self Operating
7. Ability to locate errors
8. Versatility - Computers are flexible to perform both simple and complex tasks.
9. Cost effectiveness - computers reduce the amount of paper work and human effort, thereby
reducing costs.
10. Automation - computers can be instructed to perform complex tasks automatically ( which
increases the productivity).
11. Diligence - computers can perform the same task repeatedly & with the same accuracy
without getting tired.
Limitations of Computers
1. It can do only what is designed or programmed to do (a computer cannot generate

information on its own). If you ask the computer to get the total payroll for a certain period,
it will give you only the total payroll and not the net salary or gross salary of each
employee.
2. It cannot correct input data (a computer cannot correct wrong instructions). If you
mistakenly entered an hour rate of P50 per hour, the computer cannot respond to the actual
rate of P40 per hour.
3. It cannot think and cannot derive meaning from objects. The computer cannot interpret
your favorite poem or you present mood.

4. It can only process jobs expressed in a number of steps leading to a precisely defined goal.
5. It cannot completely avoid making errors due to power fluctuations, system malfunctions
and human disorders.
6. A computer cannot come out with an original “ decisions”.
7. A computer application must be quantified.
What you can do with Computers?
1. Speed
Computers allow you to perform many everyday tasks more quickly. For example,
if you mail a letter to a friend, he may receive it in a few days. However, if you e-
mail him, he receives your message in a few minutes. Similarly, if you manually
compose a newsletter, it may take you a week, whereas using a computer, it may
take just an afternoon.
2. Quality
The tools that come with a computer enable you to create high-quality documents
and drawings, even if you are not a typesetter or an artist. With just a few simple
techniques, you can create documents that look professional or are exactly suited
to your present task.
3. New Skills
Because we live in a computer age, you often require basic computer skills to
accomplish many daily tasks. Typing on a keyboard, using a mouse, and other
basic computer skills are useful in many different situations and are often
required by employers.
4. Create Documents
You can use your computer to create letters, resumes, memos, reports,
newsletters, brochures, business cards, menus, flyers, invitations, and
certificates. Anything that you use to communicate on paper, you can create
using your computer.

5. Monitor Your Finances
You can use your computer to perform basic financial management. For
example, you can create a budget, record expenses, balance your checkbook,
calculate your taxes, and monitor your mortgage. If you run a small business,
then you can allocate income and expenses, create financial reports, and
calculate your profit and loss.
6. Perform Research
You can use your computer and the Internet to research almost any topic that
you can think of. For example, you can learn more about a vacation destination,
trace your family history, access back issues of newspapers and magazines, and
compare product features before you buy them.
7. Work with Numbers
You can use a spreadsheet program to work with numbers on your computer.
For example, you can create a mortgage amortization schedule, calculate how
much money you need to save for retirement, monitor an investment portfolio,
and create a business plan.
8. Store Data
You can use your computer, and the appropriate software, to store and work
with large amounts of data. You can track personal items such as CDs, recipes,
contact information for friends and relatives, and fitness activities. For
business, you can track clients and potential clients, inventory, products, and
orders.
9. Schedule Your Time
You can use your computer as an electronic daytimer to record upcoming

activities, birthdays, anniversaries, events, meetings, and appointments. You
can also set up some scheduling programs to remind you of approaching events
so that you do not forget them.

10. Teach Your Children
You can use your computer to help educate your children. Many programs
available are designed to assist children with reading, drawing, learning math
and science, solving problems, and enhancing creativity.
11. Learn New Life Skills
You can use your computer to learn new life skills. Programs are available that
teach you how to speak a different language, play chess, cook, garden, design
a home, play a musical instrument, and design and make clothes.
12. Make New Friends
You can use your computer and the Internet to enhance your social life. You
can chat with other people by typing messages to them, join mailing lists,
find support groups, find clubs and organizations in your area, and find a
date.
13. Keep In Touch
You can use your computer to communicate with friends, family, colleagues,
and clients that you do not often see face-to-face. You can send e-mail
messages and instant messages, and you can even talk to another person
using a microphone and your computer’s speakers.
14. Buy and Sell
You can use your computer and the Internet to buy and sell things. Many
online stores enable you to purchase anything, from books to baby
accessories, and have it delivered to your door. There are also auction sites,
such as eBay, that enable you to sell items that you create or that you no
longer need.

15. Create Items
You can use your computer to bring out your creative side. For example,
you can create your own greeting cards or wedding invitations, draw
pictures, manipulate digital photos, edit digital movies, record sounds, and
compose music.
16. Play Media
You can use your computer to play digital media, including music CDs, audio
files, video files, animations, DVDs, music, and movies that you have
downloaded from the Internet.
17. Play Games
You can use your computer to play many different types of games. You can
solve a puzzle, fly a plane, race a car, go on an adventure, play football or
hockey, battle aliens, plan a city, play backgammon or checkers, or deal
poker.
Types of Computers
Computer are classified according to:

• Purpose
• Types of Data Handled
• Capacity
Classification according to Purpose:
1. Special Purpose Computers

• Design to handle a specific problem or to perform specific tasks.
• Used for special purposes and usually expensive.
• Sophisticated but they are inflexible.
• Example: Computer to control LRT, Traffic Lights, ATM

2. General Purpose Computers
• Are designed to handle a variety of different problems and to meet different needs.
• It is more popular as they are cheap and can perform a variety of work.
• Used for general purposes like entertainment.
• Strong in versatility but weak in speed and efficiency.
• Example: Payroll, Accounts receivable, Inventory control
Classification according to Type of Data Handled:
1. Analog Computer
• An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses
continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities
to model the problem being solved.
• Deal with continuously changing physical data.
• It is computer that operates on data that are expressed as a continuously changing
representation of a physical data.
• It measures the quantity of something that changes continuously.
• These computers accept input and give output in the form of analog signals. The output
is measured on a scale.
• The primary advantage is the prompt response to the handling of data generated by an
ongoing physical process.
• Provide approximate result.
• These are used in industrial units to control various processes and also used in different
fields of engineering.

2. Digital Computer
• A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.
• The word digital means discrete.
• It refers to binary system which consists of only two digits 0 and 1.
• A computer that operates on data that are expressed in a discrete format.
• Everything they do is translated into a series of numerical or digits.
• A computer that accepts, performs computations on, represents data in digital form, as
discrete numbers composed of binary digits (1’s and 0’s)
Main features of Digital Computer are:
1. Give accurate result.

2. Having high speed of data processing.
3. Can store large amount of data.
4. Easy of program and are general purpose in use.
5. Consume low energy.
3. Hybrid Computer
• A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both
digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective
method of performing complex simulations.
• These are very fast and accurate.
• These are used in scientific fields.

Classification according to Capacity:
1. Microcomputer
• A small computer or system also called PC designed to be used by one person at a time.
• Meets the computer need of an individual.
• Provide access to a wide variety of computing applications such as word processing,
photo editing, e-mail and internet.
1. Hand-held Computers
• Also called PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
• A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on batteries, and is used
while holding the unit in your hand.
• Designed for a specific purpose such as meter reading or
inventory counting.
2. Palmtop Computers
• Are small enough to be held in the palm of the hand.
• Have many capabilities of a desktop computer.
• Have several built-in personal information mgt. function such as
a calendar to keep track of meetings and events an address and
phone file and a task list of things to do.
• Do not have disk storage devices and usually have a non-standard
keyboard.
3. Pen Computers
• Are specialized portable computers that use a pen-like device to
enter data.
• Pen systems have special software that allows the system to
recognize handwritten input.
4. Notebook Computers
• Typically weight between 4-8 pounds.
• Considered general-purpose computer.
• Have standard keyboards.
• Usually have at least one disk drive for storage.

5. Subnotebook Computers
• Are similar to notebook computers.
• Weight less 4 pounds.
6. Laptop Computer
• Are larger version of notebook computers.
• Weight between 8-15 pounds.
• A portable computer complete with an integrated
screen and keyboard. It is generally smaller in size
than a desktop computer and larger than a notebook
computer.
7. Desktop Computer
• Designed to fit conveniently on the surface of a desk
workplace.
8. Tower Computer
• Are personal computer in an upright case.
• A computer tower is a metal chassis that holds all of the computer's components.
• Towers are vertically-oriented, and are generally placed on the floor, next to the
desk where you use your computer.
• Computer towers are available in an enormous variety of
sizes to suit every need.
• A tower will have enough room for a computer's
motherboard, which houses the CPU and any expansion
cards, a hard drive and optical or disk drive and a power
supply.
• Most towers, have enough room for more expansion, and may hold several hard
drives and more than one optical drive. Most computer cases are made from steel
or aluminum, and may have plastic internal parts to make it easier to install hard
drives and optical drives.
9. Network Computer
• Are low cost computers designed to work while connected to a network but not a
stand-alone computers.

• Have a limited processing capability and little, if any, storage because these tasks
are performed on the network server to which it is attached.
• Some network computers are designed to use a television monitor as their display
device.
2. Mini-Computer
• A midsize computer also called mini-computers or midrange computers.
• They are powerful and they are designed to be used by more than
one person at a time.
• A refrigerator sized machine.
• Is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about
200 users simultaneously.
• Originally developed to perform specific tasks such as engineering
calculations.
• Many business and organization use minicomputer to support their
information processing requirements.
• The most powerful minicomputer are called super minicomputer.
3. Mainframe Computer
• Are large, powerful, expensive and are ultimate in sophistication, flexibility and speed.
• In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than
supercomputers because they support more simultaneous
programs.
• But supercomputers can execute a single program faster
than a mainframe.
• Capable of great processing speeds and data storage.
• Require a specialized environment including separate air
conditioning, cooling, and electric power.
4. Super Computer
• The biggest, the largest, the most powerful and the most expensive computers.
• Are machine that can be carried out numerical computations at speeds of up to 50

million operations per second.
• Are employed for specialized applications that require
immense amounts of mathematical calculations.
• The difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe
is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing
a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe
uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.
Uses of super computer are:
• animated graphics
• petroleum exploration
• nuclear energy research
5. Workstation
• It is a type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop

publishing, software development, and other types of applications that require a
moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.
• Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, at large
amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface.
• Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special
type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. The
most common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT.
• Like personal computers, most workstations are single-user computers. However,
workstations are typically linked together to form a local-area network, although they
can also be used as stand-alone systems.
F. Assessment:
Identification. Write the correction answer on the space provided.
1. _____________ Is an electronic device capable of storing, manipulating and

processing data.
2. _____________ Developed the difference engine.
3. _____________ A generation of computer that uses integrated circuits or IC.

4. _____________ All called PC designed to be used by one person at a time.
5. _____________ Deal with quantities that are constantly changing.
True or False. Write True if the statement is correct otherwise write False. Write your
answer on the space provided.
1. __________ Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the automatic weaving loom.
2. __________ General purpose computer is designed to handle a specific problem or
to perform specific tasks.
3. __________ Lovelace is a mathematician and the daughter of the famous English
poet Lord Byron.
4. __________ Hand-held computers is also called PDA and is designed for a specific
purpose such as meter reading.
5. __________ Supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe.
G. References:
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/
https://www.britannica.com/
https://www.slideshare.net/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/

MODULE 2
Software
A. Introduction:
This module with facilitate students to learn and understand the different types of
computer software and familiarize them with the different software that they may be able to use
it.
B. Objectives:
1. explain the concept of software;
2. distinguish between different types of software;
3. differentiate application software from system software;
4. differentiate between different types of language;
5. distinguish between compiler and interpreter.
1. Software
2. Types of Computer Software
3. Types of Programming Language
D. Pre-Test:
1. Are you familiar with software?

2. What software you are conversant with?
Software
• Is the general name given to all the programs, documentation, manuals and routines
necessary to make the computer usable.

• Refers collectively to a set of machine readable instructions called programs that causes
the computer to perform desired functions.
• A computer is directed by a series of instructions called a computer program that tells
the computer what to do.
• Refers to the set of computer programs, procedures that describe the programs, how
they are to be used. We can say that it is the collection of programs, which increase the
capabilities of the hardware.
• Software guides the computer at every step where to start and stop during a particular
job.
• Software and hardware are complementary to each other. Both have to work together
to produce meaningful result.
• Producing software is difficult and expensive.
What is Free Software?
Free software means software that respects users' freedom and community. The users
have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, “free
software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of “free”
as in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”. Sometimes call it “libre software,” borrowing the
French or Spanish word for “free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis.
“Open source” is something different: it has a very different philosophy based on
different values. Its practical definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are
in fact free.
• Shareware or trial software is software that gives you a few days to try the software
before you have to buy the program. After the trial time expires, you'll be asked to enter
a code or register the product before you can continue to use it.
• Freeware is completely free software that never requires payment, as long as it is not
modified.
• Open source software is similar to freeware. Not only is the program free, but
the source code is also available to everyone.
The Four Essential Freedoms
A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential freedoms:
• The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose.

• The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing
as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
• The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others.
• The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you
can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the
source code is a precondition for this.
Two Main Types of Computer Software
1. Application Software
• Are sets of instructions which provide a solution to a specific business, scientific,
engineering or research problem or which perform specific operations or applications.
• A software that is designed and written to address a specific personal, business or
processing task.
• Application Software is a set of programs to carry out operations for a specific
application. For example, payroll is an application software for an organization to
produce pay slips as an output. Application software is useful for word processing,
billing system, accounting, producing statistical report, analysis of numerous data in
research, weather forecasting, etc.
• Another example of application software is programming language. Among the

programming languages COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is more
suitable for business application whereas FORTRAN (Formula Translation) is useful
for scientific application.
Two Types of Application Program
1. Customized
• A program developed to solve a specific problem peculiar to a particular
company or user.
2. Packaged
• These are pre-written programs for common applications that can be used by
a number of users with little or no changes.

Example:
• Payroll
• Billing
• Accounts receivable
• Accounts payable
• General Ledger
• Inventory
• Sales analysis
Types of Application Software
1. Wordprocessing
• A software which allows the user to type, compose and correct manuscripts without
the need to retype when errors or changes on such manuscripts are made.
• A software package that is primarily concerned with the entry, manipulate and
formatting of text.
• Used for creating, formatting and checking text documents. Most word processor
applications can also perform the functions of desktop publishing to incorporate
graphics and page layout. Examples include Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro and
Corel WordPerfect.
2. Spreadsheet
• Refers to software that permits users to work with rows and columns for numerical
entry.
• Used mainly for financial calculations.
• Is an interactive computer application program for organization and analysis of
information in tabular form.
• Spreadsheets developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting
worksheets.
• Are computer programs that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets
electronically.
• Consists of a table containing rows, columns and cells. When numbers are entered
into cells, formulae can be applied – enabling complex calculations to be carried out.
In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell.
• You can define what type of data is in each cell and how different cells depend on
one another.

• The relationships between cells are called formulas, and the names of the cells are
called labels.
• Are powerful business tools for budget reporting, financial projections and cost
estimating.
• Examples include Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Corel QuattroPro.
3. Database
• An application program designed to store, retrieve, and keep track of information in
a database. Databases can search through thousands of records very quickly and
display data in a suitable format. They can be used to store many different types of
information such as customer details, patient records and so on. Examples include
Microsoft Access, Lotus Approach and Corel Paradox.
• Called “Electronic Filling”.
• The purpose of a DBMS is to organize collections of data.
• Any type of data can be made easier to maintain and much more accessible.
4. Presentation
• Enables you to create sophisticated business presentations that can be displayed as an

on-screen slide show or printed onto transparencies. Logos, graphics, text and charts
can be added to slides and may also include animations. Examples include Microsoft
PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance Graphics and Corel Presentations.
5. Desktop Publishing
• Desktop Publishing: These applications control page layout in documents and

generally require other applications to supply the content in the form of text/graphics.
Often used for the generation of posters, newsletters and leaflets. Examples include
Microsoft Publisher, Serif PagePlus, Adobe PageMaker, Quark Xpress and Adobe
InDesign.
6. Graphic/Design
• Graphics programs can perform a wide range of functions such as editing bitmaps,
drawing, painting, 3D graphics, animations, video, multimedia and web design.
Examples include Adobe Photoshop, JASC Paint Shop Pro, CoreDRAW, AutoCAD
and Adobe Premiere.

7. Web Design/Development
• These applications allow users to graphically design and build either a simple web-
page or a full web-site. You can incorporate text, graphics, animations, web-objects
(Flash, Shockwave) etc. Examples include Macromedia DreamWeaver and
Microsoft Frontpage.
8. Multimedia/Games •
• These applications incorporate text, graphics, sound, video and animations.

Educational software often uses a lot of multimedia techniques. Games require lots
of system resources and can consist of simple desktop games (cards, tetris etc) or the
very latest in 3D simulations and arcade 1st person perspective adventures.
2. System Software
• Refer to the program or instructions which direct the internal operations of the
computer.
• Is a software or programs used to control and support operations of a computer system.
• Is defined as a set of one or more programs designed to control the operation of
computer system.
• System software are general programs designed for performing tasks such as
controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the computer. It
communicates with printers, card reader, disk, tapes etc. monitor the use of various
hardware like memory, CPU etc. Also system software are essential for the
development of applications software. System Software allows application packages
to be run on the computer with less time and effort. It is not possible to run application
software without system software.
Classification of System Software
1. Operating System
• Is a group of related programs that supervises or monitors the execution of an
application program and provides services.
• Is a set of programs that controls the execution of all applications and system software
programs.

• The instruction in the OS tell the computer how to perform functions such as load,
store, and execute a program and transfer data among the system devices and
memory.
• The most important system software component, consists of the master programs,
called the supervisor, that manage the basic operations of the computer.
Common Operating System tasks:
Monitoring performance
Correcting errors
Providing and maintaining the user interface
Starting the system
Reading programs into memory
Managing memory allocation
Placing files and programs in secondary storage
Creating and maintaining directories
Formatting diskettes
Controlling the computer monitor
Ending jobs to the printer
Maintaining security and limiting access
Locating files
Deleting viruses
Compressing data
Common Operating Systems
Originally the operating system was created by each company that manufactured a
processor and motherboard. So each operating system was proprietary, that is, unique to each
manufacturer.
The winner in the PC market was MS-DOS, Microsoft's Disk Operating System, and
its twin at IBM, PC-DOS, also written by Microsoft. Now it's hard to recall those days
when each computer had its own unique operating system.
Windows 95 and Windows 98 are actual operating systems on their own. The
previous versions of Windows use DOS as the operating system and adding a graphical

user interface which will do multitasking. But with Windows 95 Microsoft released an operating
system that can take advantage of the 32-bit processors.
Windows Me (Windows Millennium Edition) is an upgrade of Windows 98, release date

Sept. 14, 2000. The system resources required for this operating system are significantly
higher than previous versions of Windows.
Windows NT (the NT apparently came from New Technology) is an operating system

for client-server type networks. The latest version of NT has a user interface that is
practically identical to Windows 95. Since Windows NT is designed for the higher demands of
networks, it has higher demands itself for disk space and memory.
Windows 2000 is an upgrade of Windows NT rather than of Windows 98.
Windows XP is an upgrade to Windows 2000. It comes in two versions - Home and

Professional. The Professional version contains all the features of the Home version plus
more business features, like networking and security features.
Windows CE is for small devices like palmtop and handheld computers. Lite versions of
a number of major applications are available to run on these devices. You can link your
small computer to a regular one to synchronize documents and data.
The Apple Macintosh is a multitasking operating system that was the first graphical
interface to achieve commercial success. The Mac was an immediate success in the
areas of graphics production, and still commands the lion's share of that market.
The current version is Mac OS X, which is version 10. Since January 2002, all new
Mac computers use Mac OS X. Subversions are named Jaguar, Panther, Tiger....
IBM's 32-bit operating system, OS/2, was a popular system for businesses with complex computer
systems from IBM. It was powerful and had a nice graphical
interface. Programs written for DOS and Windows could also
run on this system. This system has never really caught on for
PCs and is no longer marketed.

UNIX is an operating system developed by Bell Labs to handle complex scientific
applications. University networks are likely to use UNIX, as are Internet Service
Providers. A lot of people have experience with UNIX from their college work.
Many computer old-timers love UNIX and its command line interface. But all those
commands are not easy to remember for newcomers. X-Windows is a graphical interface for UNIX
that some think is even easier to work with than Windows 98.
Linux is an operating system similar to UNIX that is becoming more and more
popular. (And it has the cutest logo!) It is a open-source program created by Linus
Torvalds at the University of Finland, starting in 1991. Open source means that the
underlying computer code is freely available to everyone. Programmers can work
directly with the code and add features. They can sell their customized version of Linux, as long
as the source code is still open to others.
iOS an operating system used for mobile devices manufactured by Apple Inc.
Android the Android operating system is a mobile operating system that was
developed by Google (GOOGL) to be primarily used for touchscreen devices, cell
phones, and tablets. Its design lets users manipulate the mobile devices intuitively,
with finger movements that mirror common motions, such as pinching, swiping, and
tapping. Google also employs Android software in televisions, cars, and wristwatches—each of
which is fitted with a unique user interface.
2. Communication Software
• A program that enables a computer, modem, and telephone to work together so that
data can be sent to and received from distant computer.
3. Device Drivers
• This type of software controls particular hardware which is essentially attached to
the system. Different hardware devices which require a driver to connect to a
system easily consist of displays, printers, sound cards, hard disks, keyboard, and
mice. Few of the examples of such drivers are:
1. BIOS Driver
2. Motherboard Drivers

3. Display Drivers
4. ROM Drivers
5. Printer Drivers
6. USB Drivers
7. Sound Card Driver
8. VGA Drivers
3. Service & Utility Programs
• Is a program designed to perform certain housekeeping or maintenance task.

• Improve the efficiency of a computer system.
• These software are designed to assist in analyzing, as well as optimizing, along with
configuring and maintaining a given computer system. It provides support to the
computer infrastructure. Software like disk cleanup and management tools, anti-
viruses, defragmenters, compression tools etc. are all utility software.
• Some of its examples are:
1. Norton Antivirus
2. McAfee Antivirus
3. WinRAR
4. WinZip
5. Piriform CCleaner
6. Windows File Explorer
7. Directory Opus
8. Razer Cortex
4. Fireware
• It is actually a permanent software which is embedded in the system’s read-only

memory. It is essentially a set of instructions which are permanently stored onto to
the hardware device. It offers vital information regarding how a particular device
interacts with different other hardware. Some of the examples of firmware are:
1. Computer Peripherals
2. Embedded Systems
3. UEFI
4. BIOS

5. Programming Language Translators
• Are programs which convert human readable application programs into machine
readable form or into a series of binary patterns of zeroes and ones.
Two Major Types of Programming Languages
Low Level Languages
The term low level means closeness to the way in which the machine has been built. Low
level languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and
its configuration.
1. Machine Language
Machine Language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. It does
not needs any translator program. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of 1's
(one) and 0’s (zero). When this sequence of codes is fed to the computer, it recognizes the codes
and converts it in to electrical signals needed to run it.
For example, a program instruction may look like this:
1011000111101
It is not an easy language for you to learn because of its difficult to understand. It is efficient
for the computer but very inefficient for programmers. It is considered to the first generation
language. It is also difficult to debug the program written in this language.
Advantage
The only advantage is that program of machine language run very fast because no
translation program is required for the CPU.
Disadvantages
1. It is very difficult to program in machine language. The programmer has to know

details of hardware to write program.
2. The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program which results in
program errors.

3. It is difficult to debug the program.
2. Assembly Language
It is the first step to improve the programming structure. You should know that computer
can handle numbers and letter. Therefore some combination of letters can be used to substitute for
number of machine codes.
The set of symbols and letters forms the Assembly Language and a translator program is
required to translate the Assembly Language to machine language. This translator program is
called `Assembler'. It is considered to be a second-generation language.
Advantages:
1. The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and saves a lot
of time and effort of the programmer.
2. It is easier to correct errors and modify program instructions.
3. Assembly Language has the same efficiency of execution as the machine level language.
Because this is one-to-one translator between assembly language program and its
corresponding machine language program.
Disadvantages:
1. One of the major disadvantages is that assembly language is machine dependent. A

program written for one computer might not run in other computers with different hardware
configuration.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
Higher level languages are simple languages that use English and mathematical symbols
like +, -, %, / etc. for its program construction. Any higher level language has to be converted to
machine language for the computer to understand.

Higher level languages are problem-oriented languages because the instructions are
suitable for solving a particular problem. For example COBOL (Common Business Oriented
Language) is mostly suitable for business oriented language where there is very little processing
and huge output. There are mathematical oriented languages like FORTRAN (Formula
Translation) and BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) where very large
processing is required.
Advantages of High Level Languages
Higher level languages have a major advantage over machine and assembly languages that
higher level languages are easy to learn and use. It is because that they are similar to the languages
used by us in our day to day life.
Compiler
It is a program translator that translates the instruction of a higher level language to

machine language. It is called compiler because it compiles machine language instructions for
every program instructions of higher level language. Thus compiler is a program translator like
assembler but more sophisticated. It scans the entire program first and then translates it into
machine code.
The programs written by the programmer in higher level language is called source program.
After this program is converted to machine languages by the compiler it is called object program.
Higher Level Language --> (Compile) ---> Program --> Machine Language Program
Fig. Compile
A compiler can translate only those source programs, which have been written, in that
language for which the compiler is meant for. For example FORTRAN compiler will not compile
source code written in COBOL language.
Object program generated by compiler is machine dependent. It means programs compiled

for one type of machine will not run in another type. Therefore every type of machine must have
its personal compiler for a particular language. Machine independence is achieved by using one
higher level language in different machines.

Interpreter
An interpreter is another type of program translator used for translating higher level
language into machine language. It takes one statement of higher level languages, translate it into
machine language and immediately execute it. Translation and execution are carried out for each
statement. It differs from compiler, which translate the entire source program into machine code
and does involve in its execution.
The advantage of interpreter compared to compiler is its fast response to changes in source
program. It eliminates the need for a separate compilation after changes to each program.
Interpreters are easy to write and do not require large memory in computer. The disadvantage of
interpreter is that it is time consuming method because each time a statement in a program is
executed then it is first translated. Thus compiled machine language program runs much faster
than an interpreted program.
1. Appreciate differentiate between primary storage and secondary storage units
2. Differentiate between input devices and output devices
F. Assessment:
Identification. Write the correction answer on the space provided.
1. _____________A language that is directly understood by the computer which does not
need a translator program.
2. ____________Translate higher level language into machine language.
3. ____________A mobile operating system that was developed by Google primarily
used for touchscreen devices, cell phones, and tablets.
4. ____________These applications incorporate text, graphics, sound, video and
animations.
5. ____________Program used to control and support operations of a computer system.
1. __________Presentation enables you to create sophisticated business presentations that
can be displayed as an on-line screen slide show.

2. __________ Higher level languages are problem-oriented languages.
3. _________ Service and Utility program is type of software that controls particular
hardware which is essentially attached to the system.
4. _________ Graphic Design is an applications control page layout in documents that
generally require other applications to supply the content in the form of
text/graphics.
5. _________ Payroll is an application software for an organization to produce pay
slips as an output.
G. References:
https://www.computerhope.com/
https://yourstory.com/mystory/what-software-types-examples
https://www.gnu.org/

MODULE 3
Peopleware
A. Introduction:
This module will be help the learner to be aware of the role of the IT specialists and the
possible career they will land as soon as they become one. Moreover, this module will help
learner to make an informed career choice.
B. Objectives:

1. explain the different careers related to information technology;
2. understand what kind of education does one need to work in the field of Information
Technology;
3. recognize the skills required to become successful in IT career;
4. describe the different role and duties of an information specialist.
1. Careers in an Information Technology
D. Pre-test:
1. Who works in the field of Information Technology?

2. Do you have any idea of the possible career you are going to land if you become an
IT specialist?
3. What is the future of information technology specialist?

Careers in an Information Technology
Information technology (IT) has entered all sectors of industry. IT professionals design,
support, and maintain computer hardware and software for various industries and individual
applications.
1. Chief Information Officer – the director of information services within an organization.

This person is responsible for all the information services activity in the company, from
the organizations Web page to its inventory control system.
It also known as Chief digital information officer (CDIO) or information

technology (IT) director, is a job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an
enterprise who works with information technology and computer systems, in order to
support enterprise goals.
CIO responsibilities include:
• Setting objectives and strategies for the IT department.

• Selecting and implementing suitable technology to streamline all internal
operations and help optimize their strategic benefits.
• Designing and customizing technological systems and platforms to improve
customer experience.
• Plan the implementation of new systems and provide guidance to IT
professionals and other staff within the organization.
• Approve purchases of technological equipment and software and establish
partnerships with IT providers.
• Oversee the technological infrastructure (networks and computer systems)
in the organization to ensure optimal performance.
• Direct and organize IT-related projects.
• Monitor changes or advancements in technology to discover ways the
company can gain competitive advantage.
• Analyze the costs, value and risks of information technology to advise
management and suggest actions.
An excellent CIO must have a solid IT background and consistently keep up-to-
date with advancements of the field. Apart from their education and experience, they must
have every quality of a leader and a strong strategic and business acumen. And must have
an outstanding communication and interpersonal abilities, superior analytical and problem-

solving capabilities, solid understanding of data analysis, budgeting and business
operations, and background in designing/developing IT systems and planning IT
implementation.
2. Systems Analyst – analyze, design, and implement an information system. They work
closely with people in the user areas to design information systems
that meet their information processing needs. They are assigned to
support tasks, including feasibility studies, system reviews, security
assessments, long range planning, and hardware/software selection.
They are the multitaskers of information technology. They

have to understand computer hardware, software, and networks. Their job is to make
recommendations to their company for which systems are the best to use.
3. Programmer – sometimes called a software developer,

a programmer or more recently a coder. Computer programmers are
the brains behind software functions. These are persons who writes
or codes programs as well as test the code that makes up software
programs. Is a person who creates computer software. Attention to
detail, logical thinking, and teamwork are required to get this job done right.
The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computers,
or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software.
4. Network Administrator – designs and maintains networks: LANs, MANs, WANs. This
work involves selecting and installing appropriate system software and hardware, such as
modems and routers, and selecting transmission media.
Network administrators are responsible for maintaining computer networks and

solving any problems that may occur with them. Typical responsibilities of the job include:
installing and configuring computer networks and systems. Monitoring
computer networks and systems to identify how performance can be improved.
5. System Programmer – designs, develops, maintains, and implement a system software,

such as operating system. Prepares system software installation by studying software
capabilities and operations, including task scheduling, memory management, file system,
and input and output requirements. Installs system software by loading software into
computer.

6. Database Administrator – designs, creates, and maintains the integrated database. The
DBA coordinates discussion between user groups to determine the content and format of
the database redundancy is keep to a minimum. The integrity and security of the database
are also responsibility of the DBA.
7. Internet Site Specialist – is responsible for creating and maintaining of one or more
internet sites. This specialist uses internet development tools and source material from
throughout the organization to create and maintain World Wide Web sites and pages. They
are also responsible for the hardware required at the server sites.
8. Webmaster – is an internal specialist who, depending on size of an organization, may have

a range of responsibility. The Web server and its software are the responsibility of the
webmaster. He monitors the internet traffic on the server computer and responds to
external inquired regarding web site operations. They are also involve in the design and
update of web site pages.
Manage web pages, sites and applications. They coordinate the design,
development, deployment and maintenance of a company's online presence. They are
responsible for web developers and graphic artists that work in their department. They
oversee all aspects of creating a website.
9. Web Developers – often have the most visible jobs. They are the ones
who are responsible for building websites. They need a careful balance
of creativity and technical prowess.
10. Computer Operator – computer operator jobs are the jobs which are related to provide
service in computer application in IT and software department in
any organization. It provides data by operating a computer.
Determines sequence of operations by studying production
schedule. Performs defined tasks per documented
instructions/processes. Prepares equipment for operations by
accessing software in computer.
11. User -liaison – computer and information processing activity is very intense in companies
that seek to exploit the full potential of information technology. He is a live-in IT specialist
who coordinates all computer related activities within a particular functional area.
User Liaison serves as a liaison between systems personnel and end users, such as
a client or business unit. Provides systems analysis to ensure the needs of the user are met.
Being a user liaison may assist in system implementation or training. Additionally, user

liaison typically reports to a manager or head of a unit/department. May require a
bachelor’s degree in area of specialty.
12. PC Technical Specialist – are trained in function and operation of PCs and related
hardware. They are proficient in the use, application, installation, and maintenance of the
operating system and all common PC software packages.
13. Chief Privacy Officer – is a senior level executive within a growing number of global
corporations, public agencies and other organizations, responsible for managing risks
related to information privacy laws and regulations. Ensure that the company and its
employees are committed to securing the privacy of personal information.
A Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) is a corporate executive charged with developing

and implementing policies designed to protect employee and customer data from
unauthorized access. A privacy policy explains how an organization handles any customer,
client or employee information gathered in its operations.
14. Internet Security Specialist – protect a company's computer and data network, which can
be accessed through the Internet, from intrusion by hackers. Large banks, retail stores,
auction Web sites, and similar companies have the biggest need for Internet security
specialists. The government also hires a large number of these professionals to protect
sensitive information and large databases. Other Internet security specialists work for
consulting firms that specialize in Internet security. Internet security specialists are
sometimes known as Internet security administrators, information security
analysts, Internet security engineers, information security technicians, and network
security consultants.
15. Technical Support – their main job is to provide expert troubleshooting

advice to clients. Technical support typically handles both hardware and
software issues at the user level. Communication skills, problem solving,
and well-rounded tech knowledge are necessary for the job.
16. IT Security – is one of the biggest up and coming areas of tech in the
market today. They are in charge of keeping organizations safe from
malicious digital attacks.
17. Network Engineer – have a lot on their plate in terms of duties. They
are in charge of setting up, administering and upgrading networks.
Planning, analysis, and problem solving skills are required for this job.

F. Assessment:
Discussion:
1. Differentiate internet site specialist and internet security specialist.

2. Explain the role of user liaison.
G. Reference:
https://www.vault.com/industries-professions/professions/i/internet-security-specialists
https://www.slideshare.net/bezonkarter/different-types-of-jobs-in-information-
technology?qid=bd7a94cc-5a7a-4d08-9aa2-129e9cb52aca&v=&b=&from_search=13

MODULE 4
Computer Organization
A. Introduction:
This module will provide the learner with an overview of the basic design of a computer.
Learners will know how different parts of a computer are organized and how various operations
are performed between different parts to do a specific task.
B. Objectives:
1. understand basic organization of computer system;
2. identity the different components of the system unit;
3. explain the task performed by the arithmetic logical unit, control unit and memory;
4. distinguish primary storage from secondary storage units;
5. differentiate input devices and output devices.
1. Basic Computer Operation

2. Computer Hardware
3. Machine Cycle
D. Pre-test:
1. Do you have any idea how computer system works?

2. Can you name at least five example of output device?
3. Are you conversant with machine cycle?

Basic Computer Operations
A computer performs basically five major operations or functions irrespective of their size
and make. These are 1) it accepts data or instructions by way of input, 2) it stores data, 3) it can
process data as required by the user, 4) it gives results in the form of output, and 5) it controls all
operations inside a computer. We discuss below each of these operations.
1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. You
should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other machine which takes as
inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the
input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.
Example of Input Devices:
Mouse Track Ball
Keyboard Touch Pad/Screen
Scanner Light Pen
Digital Camera Bar Code Reader
Web Camera Microphone
Joystick Light Pen
Basic computer Operations

2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage.
Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts. It is because the
processing speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be
provided to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit
for faster access and processing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer
system is designed to do the above functionality. It provides space for storing data and
instructions.
The storage unit performs the following major functions:
• All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.
• Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.
3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is
called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the
storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type
of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit.
4. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are
performed. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed
by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations in side the
computer.
5. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful
information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be
kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in human readable form.
Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing.
Example of Output Devices:
Monitor Printer
Mouse s
• Dot Matrix
Projector • Inkjet
• Laser
Plotter

Computer Hardware
The term hardware refers to the physical components of your computer such as the
system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor etc.
The Components of the System Unit
Box-like case that contains computer’s electronic components

• Sometimes called the chassis.
What are common components inside the system unit?

• Processor
• Memory
• Adapter cards
 Sound card
 Modem card
• Ports
• Drive bays
• Power supply
Motherboard and CPU
Motherboard: A motherboard is a large printed circuit board with connections for other
components in a PC. The motherboard allows the components to exchange data.
The type of motherboard determines the types of CPU, memory and hard disk that can be
installed in a PC. The motherboard contains several slots to plug expansion cards into.
Motherboard

adapter cards
processor chip
memory chips
memory slots
Expansion
slots for motherboard
adapter cards
These slots are referred to as:
• ISA: (Industry Standard Architecture) – Expansion cards used on older PC’s. Not
commonly found on newer PC’s, except to support “legacy” cards when upgrading.
• PCI : (Peripheral Component Interconnect) – Standard expansions cards used in new

PC’s.
• AGP: (Accelerated Graphics Port) – High performance graphics cards.
ISA Card PCI Card AGP Card

What is a chip? It is a small piece of semi-conducting material on
which integrated circuits are etched.
 Integrated circuits contain many microscopic pathways
capable of carrying electrical current
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. This unit is responsible for all events inside
the computer. It controls all internal and external devices, performs arithmetic and logic
operations. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the device that interprets and executes
instructions. Processor is the brain of your computer.
CPU: The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the brains of the computer. All the
"thinking", calculating and processing is done by the CPU. The CPU is an advanced
microprocessor that performs calculations and determines what to do with the results. The CPU
is sent instructions by the computer’s software and can process many millions of instructions per
second. The results are passed to other components. The speed at which the CPU operates can be
the main factor influencing the overall system performance. The CPU’s activities are co-ordinated
by a clock that is used to synchronise all internal processes. Each unit of time is called a cycle and
speeds are generally measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).

The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer.
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations.
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a
machine cycle .

• Most current personal computers support pipelining.
• Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine

cycle for the first instruction.
Machine Cycle
• Is a series of operations performed to execute a single program instruction.
• The steps performed by the computer processor for each machine language instruction
received. The machine cycle is a 4 process cycle that includes reading and interpreting
the machine language, executing the code and then storing that code.
Four Steps of Machine Cycle
1. Fetch (Instruction Cycle) – Retrieve an instruction from the memory.

2. Decode – Translate the retrieved instruction into a series of computer commands.
3. Execute (Execution Cycle) – Execute the computer commands.
4. Store – Send and write the results back in memory.

The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions. The system
clock controls the timing of all computer operations. The pace of the system clock is called the
clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz).
The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD.
Memory
• Electronic components that store instructions, data, and results

• Consists of one or more chips on motherboard or other circuit board
• Each byte stored in unique location called an address, similar to addresses on a passenger
train
• Each location in memory has an address
• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or
terabytes (TB).

The system unit contains two types of memory:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory/Read-Write Memory)
Random-access memory (RAM) is the temporary storage for data and programs that are being
accessed by the CPU. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the
contents are erased when the computer is powered off. The more
RAM in a computer, the more capacity the computer has to hold and
process large programs and files, as well as enhance system
performance. The different types of RAM are as follows:
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is a memory chip that is used as main memory. DRAM must
be constantly refreshed with pulses of electricity to maintain the data stored in the chip.
• Static RAM (SRAM) is a memory chip that is used as cache memory. SRAM is much
faster than DRAM and does not have to be refreshed as often.
• Fast Page Mode (FPM) DRAM is memory that supports paging. Paging enables faster
access to the data than regular DRAM. Most 486 and Pentium systems from 1995 and
earlier use FPM memory.
• Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM is memory that overlaps consecutive data accesses.
This speeds up the access time to retrieve data from memory, because the CPU does not
have to wait for one data access cycle to end before another data access cycle begins.
• Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is DRAM that operates in synchronization with the
memory bus. The memory bus is the data path between the CPU and the main memory.
• Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM is memory that transfers data twice as fast as
SDRAM. DDR SDRAM increases performance by transferring data twice per cycle.
• Double Data Rate 2 (DDR2) SDRAM is faster than DDR-SDRAM memory. DDR2
SDRAM improves performance over DDR SDRAM by decreasing noise and crosstalk
between the signal wires.
• RAMBus DRAM (RDRAM) is a memory chip that was developed to communicate at
very high rates of speed. RDRAM chips are not commonly used.

2. ROM (Read-only-memory) chips are located on the motherboard. ROM chips contain
instructions that the CPU can access directly. ROM stores basic
instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating
system. ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer
is powered down. The contents cannot be erased, changed, or
rewritten by normal means. ROM types include the following:
• Programmable read-only memory (PROM): Information is written to a PROM chip

after it is manufactured. A PROM chip cannot be erased or rewritten.
• Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM): Information is written to an
EPROM chip after it is manufactured. An EPROM chip can be erased with exposure to
UV light. Special equipment is required.
• Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM): Information is
written to an EEPROM chip after it is manufactured. EEPROM chips are also called flash
ROMs. An EEPROM chip can be erased and rewritten without removing the chip from
the computer.
F. Assessment:
Discussion:
1. Differentiate RAM and ROM.
1. _______ Output is the process of entering data and programs into the computer
system.
2. _______ A printer is an input device.
3. _______ A memory is an electronic components that store data and instructions.
4. _______ Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts.
5. _______ The motherboard allows the components to exchange data.
G. Reference:
http://www.linfo.org/machine_cycle.html

MODULE 5
Green Computing
A. Introduction:
This module makes the learner aware of green computing and learn how to improve the
way in using the computing devices. The learner will gain insight how to go with green computing
and appreciate its importance.
B. Objectives:
1. describe the purpose of green computing;
2. understand the need to implement green computing;
3. familiarize the types of green computing;
4. discuss the importance, advantages and disadvantages of green computing;
5. exercise proper disposal of computers, servers and associated subsystems.
1. Green Computing
2. Purpose of Green Computing
3. History of Green Computing
4. Types of Green Computing
5. Importance of Green Computing
6. Approaches to Green Computing
7. Green Computing Advantages and Disadvantages
8. Green Computing Strategies
9. Recent Implementation in Green Computing
10. Future of Green Computing
D. Pre-test:
1. What does green computing mean to you?

2. Name some methods how to go green computing.

Green Computing: Definition
• Is the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers,
servers, and associated subsystems such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and
networking and communications systems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no
impact on the environment.
• Is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of computers and their resources.
In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of designing, manufacturing/engineering,
using and disposing of computing devices in a way that reduces their environmental
impact.
• Green computing is an environmentally sustainable approach to managing information and
communication technologies. It enables organizations to improve environmental
stewardship by increasing energy efficiency, improving information management and
providing appropriate analytical capability.
• Green computing is the emerging practice of using computing and information

technology resources more efficiently while maintaining or improving overall
performance. The concept identifies the strengths
and drawbacks of implementing this method and
details the measures that organizations can use to
evaluate their performance.
• Green computing refers to durable computing of
the environment. This reduces the use of
electricity as well as power and reduces
environmental waste when we are using a
computer. Green computing has the same goal
with green chemistry, which is now the life of the product and makes the product more
energy efficient, the abandoned product and factory waste are more easily recycled and to
be biodegradable, less dangerous use content.
• Is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of computers and their resources.
• Is the study of designing, manufacturing, using and disposing of computing devices in such
a way that reduces environmental impact.

• Green computing, is also called green technology, is the environmentally responsible use
of computers and related resources. Such practices include the implementation of energy-
efficient central processing units (CPUs), servers and peripherals as well as reduced
resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste (e-waste).
Why Green Computing?
• Minimizing energy consumption.

• Purchasing green energy.
• Reducing the paper and other consumables.
• Minimizing equipment disposal requirements.
• Reducing travel requirements for
employees/customers.
• Environmental awareness.
• Growing public environmental awareness.
• Increasing impacts on environmental and human
health.
• Corporate social responsibility.
Purpose/Goals of Green Computing
The goals of green computing are similar to green chemistry: reduce the use of hazardous
materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, the recyclability or
biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Green computing is important for all
classes of systems, ranging from handheld systems to large-scale data centers.
Many corporate IT departments have green computing initiatives to reduce the

environmental effect of their IT operations.
The goal of green computing is to attain economic viability and improve the way
computing devices are used.
There are different objectives of green computing are:

• To minimize the implementation of hazardous products.
• More production of energy efficiency.
• To use the recyclability of wasted product and factory wasted
products.
• To design proper algorithms for improve the computer’s efficiency.
History of Green Computing
Are you aware how much energy does your computer use? Probably you do not know, if
you do research then you will be realizes that green computing is important for saving your
computer’s energy. If you do study about those old computers which required more space while
consuming more energy, so more time was taken in managing those computers.
The starting of Green computing was named as Energy Star, and it was originated in 1992.
This Energy Star was using in all electronic product like as Printers, television and refrigerators,
in that time saved more energy but that is not used in computers. After spending some time Green
computing name was converted into Energy Star, after that was used in computers for saving
energy.
• Green computing started off as program known as Energy Star.

• It was first created back in 1992.
• The U.S. Environment Protection Agency were the ones who started Energy Star.
• Energy Star awarded products if they saved energy, while they were still getting
the job done.
• The energy star program was applied to all kinds of
electronic devices such as printers, television, etc. Even
refrigerators use energy star!!.
• Energy Star created the sleep, standby mode on a
computer when it is on, but not being used.
• Energy
• As it developed over time, it began to get the name green computing.
• One of Green Computing’s latest programs is tactical instrumentalist. It is not very
good because it mainly focuses on cost rather than helping save energy. Over the
years, green computing has helped save energy for a lot of people.
Types of Green Computing

1. Solar Power System
In this program we utilize the sunlight and produce the Solar
Power for personal and commercial usage. Canada, Spain and California
have first position for implementing this technology. This is great
achievement for green technology. When we talk about green computing
then photovoltaic solar panels are most miracle example because it easily
converts electricity power into electrical energy.
2. Wind Turbine Program
Other great type is Wind Turbine system because with the help of this system anyone can
generate electricity power. After embedding wind turbine has no bad
effect to environment. It decrease the carbon dioxide emissions. But
require huge money for set up of wind turbine, so it is not possible to
everyone. But it is a great way to reduce energy costs. There is a
fantastic example of computing facility run by wind turbines, which
can be seen on Arizona State University Global Institute.
3. Geothermal Power
This is also exclusive type of green technology. With the help

of this Geothermal plant can be generated electricity, and people can
utilize of this power in daily usage such as heating and cooling house.
When talking about the computing sector, its ability to cool, is definitely
worth considering on server farms that generate constant heat and
therefore require constant cooling.
Need of Green Computing
• Save huge money.

• Save environment.
• Decrease the risks in further life.
• More consumption of energy.
• For recycle of waste product.
• Inspiring to worker.
• For retaining high ticketing customers.

Importance of Green Computing
When news claimed that the environment was not a renewable resource, it actually came
home and people began to realize that they had to make their own share in protecting the
environment. Therefore, this computing is an important consideration for keeping our environment
clean and safe. When this computer becomes involved in recycling, it is difficult to settle old
computers and there is more to take place in the landfill.
Either way, the problem is that electronic waste is increasing within this decade. Many
negative effects are gradually shown toward this environment, especially for humans. Due to the
quick bottleneck of electronics, this resulted in a terrible 70% of all hazardous wastes. Many toxic
substances, such as heavy waste and flame-resistant plastics, have excessive computer waste,
which easily sprouts in groundwater and bio-accumulation. In addition, for the manufacture of
electronic chips, large quantities of resources are required and some deadly gases and chemicals
are used for humans.
In an average year, 24 million computers have become obsolete in the United States. About
14% (3.3 million) of these will be recycled or donated. Over 20 million computers, the rest US In
the form of wastewater products will be rid, destroyed or sent or later disposed of in temporary
storage.
We do not care what happens to our laptop’s death and just stop believing it. The reality is
that it is either disbanded in the landfill or developing countries. Their children are separated from
their hands by hand and toxic bits melts to find valuable metals like gold or traces.
Moreover, E-Waste trade chain is created in developing nations for the imported obsolete
electronics. They utilize numerous laborers, gatherers, fragments, agents, scrap merchants and
reusing to reuse parts for segments, reused segments, consume or corrosive plunge and other non-
business procedures to reuse non-useful segments. Surrender. After burning and other wastes are
disposed of, acids and other chemicals expended, solid waste finally ends in rivers. As a result,
there was a serious problem of water pollution.
Manufacturing of PC’s (Chemical Elements)
• Lead

• Used in soldering of printed circuit boards and other components. Also used in glass
for CRTs.
• Lead can cause damage to the central and peripheral nervous system, blood systems
kidneys, endocrine system and cause negative effects on child brain development.
• Lead accumulates in the environment and has toxic effects on plants, animals and
microorganisms.
• Electronic contribute 40% of the total amount of lead found in landfills and can make
its way from landfills into the water supplies.
• Mercury
• Used in batteries, switches, housing, and printed circuit boards.

• Mercury is found in medical equipment, data transmission equipment,
telecommunications equipment and cell phones as well.
• It is estimated that 22% of the yearly use of mercury is in electrical and electronic
equipment.
• Mercury spreads out in water transforming into methylated mercury which easily
accumulates in living organisms that can cause chronic brain damage. It enters the
food chain through fish that swim in polluted waters.
• Cadmium
• Used in resistors for chips, infrared detectors and in semiconductors (plus older
CRTs).
• Cadmium is classified as toxic, these compounds accumulate in the human body,
particularly the kidneys.
• Cadmium is absorbed through respiration and also food intake.
• Cadmium has a half life of 30 years so that cadmium can poison a human body slowly
through the human’s life.
• Hexavalent Chromium (Chromium VI) is used to treat steel plates (an anti-corrosive).
This can lead to cancer and a number of other medical problems.
Approaches to Green Computing

1. Green Use – Reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information
systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound manner.
2. Green Disposal – Refurbishing and reusing old computers and properly recycling
unwanted computers and other electronic equipment.
3. Green Design – Designing energy efficient and environmentally sound components,

computers, servers, cooling equipment, and data centers.
4. Green Manufacturing – Manufacturing electronic components, computers, and other
associated subsystems with minimal impact on the environment.
• Bamboo: is becoming increasingly popular for making casings for computers and
peripherals.
• Recyclable plastics: computers are constructed from non-recyclable plastics i.e.
recyclable polycarbonate resin.
• Eco-friendly flame retardant: there are
flame retardant silicone compounds
available that are flame retardant and
completely non-toxic.
• Inventory management: reducing the
quantity of both hazardous materials used
in the process and the amount of excess
raw materials.
• Volume reduction: removes hazardous portion of waste from non hazardous portion.
 Computer Virtualization
• Refers to the abstraction computer resources. Example connect one printer with all
computers.
• Is the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of
physical hardware.

• With virtualization, a system administrator could combine several physical systems
into virtual machines on one single, powerful
system, thereby unplugging the original
hardware and reducing power and cooling
consumption.
Virtualization can be classified into 3
categories, namely:
• Desktop Virtualization
• Server Virtualization
• Storage Virtualization
 Terminal Servers – in which use on common server and share with all terminal, after using
this program power save up to 80%.
 Power Management
• In the old technology, computer’s components consume more power in which no
have proper management to serve power to all part of computer.
• ACPI (Advance Configuration and Power Interface) allows
an operating system to directly control the power saving
aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to
automatically turn off components such as monitor and hard
drives after a set periods of inactivity.
• Power management for computer system are desired for
many reasons, particularly:
• Prolong battery life for portable and embedded systems.
• Reduce cooling requirements.
• Reduce noise.
• Reduce operating costs for energy and cooling.
 Power Supply
• In our old computer system use of 60% power supply, and 40% are wasted, but now
in green computing technology improve the efficiency of PC.

• Climate savers computing initiative promotes energy saving and reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging development
and use of more efficient power supplies.
• Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) are generally
70-75% efficient, dissipating the remaining energy as
heat. An industry initiative called 80 plus certificates
PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically these
models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the same form
factor. As of July 20. 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0 certified desktop PSUs must be at
least 80% efficient.
 Storage
• Our hard drive consume more power for storing some data, so
now require the new technology.
• There are three available, all of which vary in cost, performance,
and capacity.
Example: Desktop hard drive, Laptop hard drive, Solid state
drive.
 Video Card
• A fast GPU (graphics processing unit) may be the largest power consumer in a
computer.
Energy efficient display option include:
• No video card – use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing
software if display required.
• Use motherboard video output – typically low
3D performance and low power.
• Reuse an older video card- that uses little power,
many do not require heatsinks or fans.
• Select a GPU based on average wattage or performance per watt.
 Display
• CRT monitors typically use more power than LCD monitors. They also have
significant amount of lead.

• LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to
provide light for the display.
• LCD monitors use three times less when active, and ten times
less energy when in sleep mode.
• Some newer displays use an array of light emitting diodes
(LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the
amount of electricity used by the display.
 Materials/Product Recycling
• In which recycle the wasted products of computer.
• Parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled
through certain retail outlets and municipal or private
recycling.
• Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, papers and
batteries may be recycled as well.
 Telecommuting – in which recycle the wasted products of computer.

• Telecommuting technologies implemented in green
computing initiatives have advantages like increased
worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions related to travel and increased profit margins.
• Employee working from home reduce the fuel emission that is created using
commuting by vehicles.
Green Computing Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages of Green Computing:

Different benefits of green computing are:
• Conservation of resources means less energy is required to produce, use and dispose of
products.
• Saving energy and resources saves money.
• Green processing includes changing government arrangement to
empower reusing by people and organizations and to lessen
vitality utilization.

• Reduce existing exposure in laptops such as chemical, cancer, nerve damage, and is
known due to immune responses in humans.
• Lessened vitality utilization by green registering advances converts into low carbon
dioxide emission, which emerge because of the absence of petroleum derivatives utilized
as a part of intensity plants and transportation.
• Environmentally friendly.
• Cost-effective (pays over time).
• Save more money per year.
• Can give you a tax right off.
Disadvantage and Challenges of Green Computing
• It can really be quite expensive.

• Some green computers may be very low.
• Rapid technology change.
• High start up cost.
• Lack of human resources and skills.
• Uncertainty about performance impacts.
Green Computing Strategies
The strategies of Green computing have decreased the consumption of overhead energy
and have used the server maximum through a strategy including server virtualization. But
technology trends, such as increase in data analytics and artificial intelligence, can reduce progress
in green computing strategies.
Examples of Green Computing
• Renewable Energy Sources

• Renewable energy sources don’t use fossil fuel.
They are available freely, are environmentally friendly and generate less pollution. Apple,
who is building a new corporate center, is planning to use most of the building’s wind turbine
technology, and Google has already built a wind-powered data center.
What You Can Do?

Tips for going green at your computer.
1. Look for the energy Star – consider energy efficiency when shopping for new
equipment by looking for products with an energy star. Use hardware/software with the
Energy Star label.
2. Turn off your monitor – your monitor uses a lot of power, so put it in standby or turn it
off when not in use.
3. Adjust the brightness – the brightest setting on a monitor consumes twice the power
used by the dimmest setting.
4. Don't use a screen saver – screen savers consume power and are unnecessary. Instead
set your monitor to go blank or dim when not in use. Use power saver mode.
5. Turn off peripherals – turn off the computer when not in use, even if just for an hour.
When you don't need your speakers, scanner, and other add-ons, turn them off.
6. Leave your printer off – a printer draws a lot of power, so leave it off until you need it.
Also make sure its power settings include a standby mode that consumes less energy
when on.
7. Preview before you print – select and print only the content you need. Omit unneeded
pages from the printing job.
8. Print on both sides – another way to reduce the amount of paper you use is to print
multiple pages on a single sheet.
9. Don't print – ask yourself if printing is necessary. Do you really need a hard copy or can
you just read the e-mail, document, or Web page on screen? So don’t print unless
necessary and you are ready.
10. Use LCDs instead of CRTs as they are more power efficient.
How to Implement?
• Audit your data centre and remove unused equipment and software.
• Virtualize applications, storage and servers in the data centre wherever appropriate.
• Consider consolidating data centres.
• Introduce videoconferencing or telepresence facilities.
• Power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of OLEDs, or
organic light-emitting diodes.
• Use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper.
• Making recycling of computer with an option of reuse or resale.

• Buy and use a low power desktop or a laptop computer (40-90 watts) rather a higher power
desktop (e.g. 300 watts).
• Thin clients can use only 4 to 8 watts of power at the desktop as the processing is done by
a server.
• For desktops, buy a lower power central processing unit (CPU). This reduces both power
consumption and cooling requirements.
• Buy hardware from manufacturers that have a hardware recycling scheme, and recycle your
old computer equipment rather than sending it to landfill.
• Turn your computer and monitor off when you are not using it. Enable hibernation.
• Avoid an unnecessary operating system version upgrade which requires a hardware
upgrade.
• Replace your CRT screen with an LCD screen.
• Keep your PC for at least 5 years. This reduces energy consumption by 40%.
E-waste Impacts of China
Recent Implementation in Green Computing
1. Blackle (Search-Engine)
Blackle search –engine site powered by Google Custom Search

and created by Tony Heap of Heap Media, which aims to save
energy by displaying a black background and using grayish-white
font color for search results. This is because when your computer
screen is white, the energy consumes 74W, whereas when the screen
is black, it consume only 59W.
2. Zonbu Computer
Zonbu computer is a new and a very energy efficient PC. The

Zonbu just consumes on third of the power of a typical light bulb. The

device runs the Linux OS using a 1.2 GHz processor and 512 MB RAM.
3. FIT PC
Fit-PC is the size a paperback and absolutely silent, yet fit

enough to run Windows XP or Linux. Fit-PC only 5 watts,
consuming in a day less power than a traditional PC consumes in 1
hour.
4. Sun Ray Thin Client
Thin Client like Sun Ray consume far less electricity than
conventional desktops. A Sun Ray on a desktop consumes 4 to 8 watts
of power, because most of the heavy computation is performed by a
server. Sun Rays are particularly well suited for cost-sensitive
environments such as call centers, education, healthcare, service providers and finance.
5. Asus Eee PC and Ultra portables
• Small size.
• Fairly low-power CPU.
• Compact screen.
• Low cost.
• Uses flash memory for storage.
Future of Green Computing
The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and services with
optimum efficiency and all possible options towards energy saving.
Green IT for Business
Rising energy prices, together with government-imposed levies on carbon production, are
increasingly impacting on the cost of doing business, making many current business practices
economically unsustainable. It is becoming progressively more important for all business to act
in an environmentally responsible manner, both to fulfill their legal and moral obligations, but
also to enhance the brand and to improve corporate image.
F. Assessment:

1. __________ The average laptop uses only half as much energy as a desktop PC.
2. _________ Using a screensaver conserves energy when your computer is idle.
3. _________ As personal computers processors get more powerful, they likewise
increase their power demands.
4. _________ Green computing equipment is so expensive that small businesses cannot
_ afford it.
5. _________ Telecommuting is a way companies can make their offices greener.
6. _________ It is better to use your computing equipment as long as possible, to keep it
from becoming e-waste.
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space
provided.
1. ______What refers to addressing the environmental impact of computer use in an

environmentally responsible manner.
A. Fair Use C. Green Computing
B. Ethical Computing D. Cybersquatting
2. ______What standards do many organizations require all newly purchased computer

equipment to meet?
A. Energy Star C. HUD
B. DNR D. ACM
3. ______How do you dispose your old computers or electronic devices?

A. Throw them in the trash.
B. Always sold them away (never disposed of it yourself)
C. Look for recycling centre and dispose of it properly
4. ______Which operating system is the most green?

A. Windows Vista C. Linux
B. Windows XP D. Apple’s OS X

G. References:
https://www.kbmanage.com/concept/green-computing
https://www.slideshare.net/RagaviAnbarasan22/green-computing

MODULE 6
Number System
A. Introduction:
Learner in this module will understand how number system works.
B. Objectives:
In this lesson, students should be able to:
1. differentiate the number systems;

2. convert decimal system to binary, octal, and hexadecimal system;
3. convert binary system to decimal, octal and hexadecimal system;
4. convert octal system to decimal and binary system;
5. convert hexadecimal system to decimal and binary system;
6. add, subtract, divide and multiply binary numbers;
7. add and subtract hexadecimal numbers.
1. Conversion of Decimal to Binary

2. Conversion of Decimal to Octal
3. Conversion of Decimal to Hexadecimal
4. Binary to Octal Conversion
5. Octal to Binary Conversion
6. Binary to Hex Conversion
7. Hex to Binary Conversion
8. Binary to Decimal
9. Octal to Decimal
10. Hexadecimal to Decimal
11. Binary Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication

D. Pre-test:
1. What is number system?
2. How many number systems are there in computer?
3. Why number system is used in computer?
Data is usually combination of Numbers, Characters and special characters. The data or
Information should be in the form machine readable and understandable for his reason the data
has to be represented in the form of electronic pulses.
The data has to be converted into electronic pulses and each pulse should be identified
with a code. For these reasons, the data is converted in to numeric format first, by using ASCII,
where each every character, special character and keystrokes have numerical equivalent. Thus
using this equivalent, the data can be interchanged into numeric format. For this numeric
conversions we use number systems, each number system has radix or Base number, which
indicates the number of digit in that number system.
1. Binary System - The Binary number system is called Base 2 because there are only two
numbers that make up its set of digits, 0 and 1.
2. Octal System – The octal number system (or base 8 number system) uses the digits 0 – 7
to represent all numbers. "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7".
3. Decimal System – the decimal system (or base 10 number system) uses the digits 0-9 to
represent numbers. "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9".
4. Hexadecimal System – The hexadecimal number system (or base 16 number system)
requires sixteen digits. "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "A", "B", "C", "D",
"E", and "F".
Base Conversion Table
BIN OCT HEX DEC

----------------------------------------
0000 00 0 0
0001 01 1 1

0010 02 2 2
0011 03 3 3
0100 04 4 4
0101 05 5 5
0110 06 6 6
0111 07 7 7
----------------------------------------
1000 10 8 8
1001 11 9 9
1010 12 A 10
1011 13 B 11
1100 14 C 12
1101 15 D 13
1110 16 E 14
1111 17 F 15
Conversion of Decimal to Binary
Let's express a decimal number 1341 in binary notation. Note that the desired base is 2,
so we repeatedly divide the given decimal number by 2.
Example:
(1341)10 = (___________)2
Quotient Remainder
-----------------------------
1341/2 = 670 1 ----------------------+
670/2 = 335 0 --------------------+ |
335/2 = 167 1 ------------------+ | |
167/2 = 83 1 ----------------+ | | |
83/2 = 41 1 --------------+ | | | |
41/2 = 20 1 ------------+ | | | | |
20/2 = 10 0 ----------+ | | | | | |
10/2 = 5 0 --------+ | | | | | | |
5/2 = 2 1 ------+ | | | | | | | |
2/2 = 1 0 ----+ | | | | | | | | |
1/2 = 0 1 --+ | | | | | | | | | | (Stop when the quotient is 0)
|||||||||||

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 (BIN; Base 2)
Conversion of Decimal to Octal
Let's express the same decimal number 1341 in octal notation.
Quotient Remainder
-----------------------------
1341/8 = 167 5 --------+
167/8 = 20 7 ------+ |
20/8 = 2 4 ----+ | |
2/8 = 0 2 --+ | | | (Stop when the quotient is 0)
||||
2 4 7 5 (OCT; Base 8)
Conversion of Decimal to Hexadecimal

Let's express the same decimal number 1341 in hexadecimal notation.
Quotient Remainder
-----------------------------
1341/16 = 83 13 ------+
83/16 = 5 3 ----+ |
5/16 = 0 5 --+ | | (Stop when the quotient is 0)
|||
5 3 D (HEX; Base 16)
Example. Convert the decimal number 3315 to hexadecimal notation. What about the
hexadecimal equivalent of the decimal number 3315.3?
Solution:
Quotient Remainder
-----------------------------
3315/16 = 207 3 ------+
207/16 = 12 15 ----+ |
12/16 = 0 12 --+ | | (Stop when the quotient is 0)
|||
C F 3 (HEX; Base 16)
(HEX; Base 16)

Product Integer Part 0.4 C C C ...
-------------------------------- | | | |
0.3*16 = 4.8 4 ----+ | | | | |
0.8*16 = 12.8 12 ------+ | | | |
0.8*16 = 12.8 12 --------+ | | |
0.8*16 = 12.8 12 ----------+ | |
: ---------------------+
:
Thus, 3315.3 (DEC) --> CF3.4CCC... (HEX)
Binary to Octal Conversion
It is easy to convert from an integer binary number to octal. This is accomplished by:
1. Break the binary number into 3-bit sections from the LSB to the MSB.
2. Convert the 3-bit binary number to its octal equivalent.
For example, the binary value 1010111110110010 will be written:
001 010 111 110 110 010
1 2 7 6 6 2
Octal to Binary Conversion
It is also easy to convert from an integer octal number to binary. This is accomplished by:
1. Convert the decimal number to its 3-bit binary equivalent.

2. Combine the 3-bit sections by removing the spaces.
For example, the octal value 127662 will be written:
1 2 7 6 6 2
001 010 111 110 110 010
This yields the binary number 001010111110110010 or 00 1010 1111 1011 0010 in our more
readable format.

Binary to Hex Conversion
It is easy to convert from an integer binary number to hex. This is accomplished by:
1. Break the binary number into 4-bit sections from the LSB to the MSB.
2. Convert the 4-bit binary number to its Hex equivalent.
For example, the binary value 1010111110110010 will be written:
1010 1111 1011 0010
A F B 2
Hex to Binary Conversion
It is also easy to convert from an integer hex number to binary. This is accomplished by:
1. Convert the Hex number to its 4-bit binary equivalent.

2. Combine the 4-bit sections by removing the spaces.
For example, the hex value 0AFB2 will be written:
A F B 2
1010 1111 1011 0010
This yields the binary number 1010111110110010 or 1010 1111 1011 0010 in our more
readable format.
Converting from other number bases to decimal
Binary to Decimal
Other number systems use different bases. The binary number system uses base 2, so the
place values of the digits of a binary number correspond to powers of 2. For example, the value

of the binary number 10011 is determined by computing the place value of each of the digits of
the number:
1 0 0 1 1 the binary number
2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0 place values
So the binary number 10011 represents the value
(1 * (0 * (0 * (1 * (1 *
+ + + +
2^4) 2^3) 2^2) 2^1) 2^0)
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 19
Base 2 Numbering System
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Base Exponent
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Place Value
Octal to Decimal
Converting from octal to decimal requires an understanding of the positional value concept.
We begin by determining the positional values for each digit in the octal number being converted.
As with any number system, the right-most position value is calculated by raising the base (8 in
this case) to the power of 0. Each successive position moving to our left increases the power of
the base by one. Next, we multiply each base 8 digit by its corresponding position value. Lastly,
we sum all the products and the resulting number is the base 10 equivalent of the original base 8
number. In our example, converting (47,326)8 yields (20,182)10.

The weighted values for each position is as follows:
8^5 8^4 8^3 8^2 8^1 8^0
32768 4096 512 64 8 1
Method 47326 - Beginning Digits
84 83 82 81 80- Base 8 positional powers

4096 512 64 8 1- Base 8 positional values
4 x 4096 7 x 512 3 x 64 2x8 6 x 1- Multiply the top row by row 3
Yielding these products:
16384 + 3584 + 192 + 16 + 6- Add products to find base 10
Equivalent = 20,182
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Converting from base 16 to base 10 proceeds with positional values and the multiplication
algorithm explained previously. In this case, the positional values are functions of successive
powers of sixteen. After determining the appropriate positional values (be careful as the numbers
get large quickly), simply multiply the hexadecimal digits by their corresponding positional values,
and then sum the products to obtain the equivalent decimal value. In our example, we calculate
the base 10 value of (F3B6)16 to be (62,390)10.
Method F 3 B 6 - Beginning Integers

163 162 161 160 - Base to positional
powers
4096 256 16 1 - Multiples of base
number
15(F) x 4096 3 x 256 11(B) x 16 6 x 1 - Multiply position’s
digit by the multiple
of the base number
61440 + 768 + 176 + 6 - Add products to
find base
Equivalent = 62,390
Binary Addition

Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4
0 0 1 1
+ 0 + 1 + 0 + 1
0 1 1 10
Binary Subtraction
Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4
0 1 1 0
- 0 - 1 - 0 - 1
0 0 1 1
Binary Multiplication
Binary multiplication uses the same technique as decimal multiplication. In fact, binary
multiplication is much easier because each digit we multiply by is either zero or one.
When performing binary multiplication, remember the following rules:
1. Copy the multiplicand when the multiplier digit is 1. Otherwise, write a row of zeros.
2. Shift your results one column to the left as you move to a new multiplier digit.
3. Add the results together using binary addition to find the product.
Binary Division
Now let's look at a simple division problem in binary: 11 2 / 102 or 310 / 210. This time 102
is the divisor and 112 is the dividend.
When doing binary division, we need to remember some important rules:
1. When the remainder is greater than or equal to the divisor, write a 1 in the quotient and
subtract.

2. When the remainder is less than the divisor, write a 0 in the quotient and add another digit
from the dividend.
3. If all the digits of the dividend have been considered and there is still a remainder, mark a
radix point in the dividend and append a zero. Remember that some fractions do not have
an exact representation in binary, so not all division problems will terminate.
F. Assessment:
A. Convert Decimal to Binary Number . Show the solution.
1. (399)10 = __________2
2. (78)10 = __________2
B. Convert Decimal To Octal Number. Show the solution.
1. (399)10 = __________8
2. (78)10 = __________8
C. Convert Decimal to Hexadecimal Number. Show the solution
1. (2399)10 = __________16
2. (6578)10 = __________16
D. Convert Binary to Decimal Number. Show the Solution.
1. (111010)2 = ____________10
2. (101011110)2 = ____________10
E. Convert Octal to Decimal Number. Show the solution.
1. (771)8 = ____________10
2. (69)8 = ____________10

F. Convert Hexadecimal to Decimal Number. Show the solution.
1. (A71)16 = ____________10
2. (F6C)16 = ____________10
3. (13BE)16 = ____________10
G. Convert Binary to Octal Number.
1. (111010)2 = ____________8
2. (101011110)2 = ____________8
H. Convert Binary to Hexadecimal Number.
1. (111010111)2 = ____________16
2. (101011110101)2 = ____________16
I. Convert Octal to Binary Number.
1. (771)8 = ____________2
2. (64)8 = ____________2
J. Convert Hexadecimal to Binary Number
1. (A71)16 = ____________2
2. (F6C)16 = ____________2
3. (13BE)16 = ____________2
K. Add Binary Numbers. Show the solution.
1.) 1110100110 2.) 1011011100

+ 101011110 +1100111101
L. Subtract Binary Numbers. Show the solution.
1.) 1110100110 2.) 1011011100 3.) 1101100101

- 101011110 - 100111101 - 110111001
4.) 101101011 5.) 1100101101 6.) 110100111

- 11001010 - 111011000 - 10111101
M. Multiply Binary Numbers. Show the solution.
1.) 1110100110 2.) 1011011100 3.) 1101100101

x 1110 x 101 x 1001
4.) 101101011 5.) 1100101101 6.) 110100111

x 1010 x 111 x 1101
N. Divide Binary Numbers. Show the solution.
1.) 101101010 / 100 2.) 1100110 / 110 3.) 1110111 / 111

4.) 1110010 / 100 5.) 1010110 / 10 6.) 101111011 / 101
G. References:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320677641_Number_System


Basic Concepts of Computing

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Basic Concepts of Computing

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MODULE 1

In this lesson, you are tasked to do the following:

1. What do you know about computer?

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 1

Understanding the Basic Concepts of IT

We live in an “Information Society” where the effective use of information is regarded

• Is a device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 2

a. accepts data - Input

Abacus (4000 years ago to 1975) Used by merchants throughout

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 3

Calculating machines and Pascal’s calculator:

Leibniz’s calculator (1674) German philosopher

Jacquard's loom (1804) French weaver Joseph-Marie Jacquard

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 4

Later, in 1837 Charles Babbage

Lady Ada Lovelace

In 1937, Dr. John Atanstoff with the help of his assistant

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 5

Zuse’s Z1 (1938) German inventor Konrad Zuse creates a

Mark I (1943) In a partnership with Harvard

The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John

The first stored program computer

The first computer company

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 6

First stored program computer

First commercial computer

The first PC (IBM compatible) computer

The first computer with RAM

The first transistor computer

The TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer) is the first

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 7

The first mass-market PC

The first workstation

The first microprocessor

The first personal computer

In 1975, Ed Roberts coined the term "personal computer" when he introduced

The first laptop or portable computer

The IBM 5100 is the first portable computer, which was

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 8

The first Apple computer

The first PC clone

The first multimedia computer

Other major computer company firsts

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 9

First Generation Computers

First generation computers used Thermion valves. These

Limitations of First Generation Computer

Followings are the major drawbacks of First generation computers.

1. The operating speed was quite slow.

Second Generation Computers

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 10

The third generation computers were introduced in 1964. They

Fourth Generation Computers

Fifth Generation Computer

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 11

1. It can do only what is designed or programmed to do (a computer cannot generate

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 12

What you can do with Computers?

CC1 - Introduction to Computing/MRC pg. 13

7. Work with Numbers

9. Schedule Your Time