SEMESTER II FINAL Assessment [2019-2020]

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Soran University - Faculty of Engineering 1st Attempt ]

Chemical Engineering Department, 3rd Stage ATTEMPT

Module Title: Engineering Analysis II

Module Leader: Mahfouz Rostamzadeh Name of Student: ismail idris abdulaziz

Date of Final Assessment: 20/06/2020

Date and Time for Report Uploading: from 09:00, 20.06.2020 to 09:00, 24.06.2020.
(Duration: 4 days=96 hours)

Problem Solving
Q1//

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Q2//

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Q3//
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Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering

Soran University

Modeling with Differential Equations in Chemical

Engineering
Prepared by: ismail idris abdulaziz
Module Leader: Dr. Mahfouz Rostamzadeh
June 19, 2020

This report submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for Course Engineering Analysis II, 3rd stage,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Soran University, for the final assessment
in 2nd semester of academic year 2019-2020.

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Abstract
in this we describe about “Modeling with Differential Equations in Chemical Engineering” and explain
types and main concept, bring some example and determine important parts, variety of application of
Differential Equations, we use Differential Equations for thermo dynamic and mass transfer and heat
transfer problems , and we solve example of conduction - convection system.

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1. Introduction
Mathematical modeling is the art of translating problems from an application area into
tractable mathematical formulations whose theoretical and numerical analysis provides insight,
answers, and guidance useful for the originating application.

'Modelling with Differential Conditions in Chemical Engineering' covers the demonstrating of rate
processes of building in terms of differential conditions. Whereas it incorporates the purely
mathematical perspectives of the arrangement of differential conditions, the most accentuation is
on the derivation and arrangement of major conditions of designing and connected science.
Strategies of solving differential conditions by explanatory and numerical implies are displayed in
detail with numerous solved examples, and issues for arrangement by the peruse. Accentuation is
put on numerical and computer methods of solution. A key chapter within the book is committed to
the standards of mathematical modelling. These standards are connected to the conditions in
imperative designing ranges. A differential condition characterizes the rate of alter of a few
amounts or amounts with regard to another or others. The amounts can be anything you like:
areas of objects 1 to n , their speeds, their increasing velocities, etc., or time, or temperature, or the
concentrations of different substances, or… Studying differential conditions gives us a implies to
get it something around the world we live in (and to influence it), and is an curiously interest in its
possess right.

2. Definitions and Main Concepts

A differential equation is an equation in which an unknown function y(t) appears together with some of
its derivatives.

Types of differential equation

1. Ordinary Differential Equations

2. Partial Differential Equations
3. Homogeneous Differential Equations
4. Non-homogeneous Differential Equations
5. Linear Differential Equations
6. Nonlinear Differential Equations

1. Ordinary Differential Equations: In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a

differential equation containing one or more functions of one independent variable and the derivatives

of those functions. General form F ( dydt , y ,t )=0

Differential Equations Solutions

To find the solution of differential equation, there are two methods to solve differential function.
1. Separation of variables
2. Integrating factor

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Some equation

ODE special first-order types include cross multiple equations

homogeneous equations Bernoulli differential equation Euler differential equation

linear equations separable equations A second-order linear homogeneous ODE

2.Partial Differential Equations: In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential

equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives.

 In mathematics, a first-order partial differential equation is a partial differential equation that

involves only first derivatives of the unknown function of n variables.
 Linear equations of second order Assuming uxy = uyx, the general linear second-order PDE in two
independent variables has the form

where the coefficients A, B, C... may depend upon x and y. If A2 + B2 + C2 > 0 over a region of the xy- plane, the
PDE is second-order in that region. This form is analogous to the equation for a conic section:

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Important Second-Order PDEs

3.Homogeneous Differential Equations :A differential equation can be homogeneous in either of two

respects. A first order differential equation is said to be homogeneous if it may be written

where f and g are homogeneous functions of the same degree of x and y.[1] In
this case, the change of variable y = ux leads to an equation of the form

4.Non-homogeneous Differential Equations

Definition: Let y p be a given solution of the nonhomogeneous linear nth -order differential equation on an
interval 1, and let

denote the general solution of the associated homogeneous equation on the interval The general

solution of the nonhomogeneous equation on the interval is defined to be

5. Linear Differential Equations: is a differential equation that is defined by a linear polynomial in the
unknown function and its derivatives, that is an equation of the form

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6.Nonlinear Differential Equations: is a differential equation that is not a linear equation in the unknown
function and its derivatives (the linearity or non-linearity in the arguments of the function are not
considered here). There are very few methods of solving nonlinear differential equations exactly; those
that are known typically depend on the equation having particular symmetries.

3. Applications
There are many applications

 thermodynamics
 heat transfer
 fluid dynamics,
 chemical reactions
 automatic control

thermodynamic; Fractional differential equations emerge in thermodynamics when examining changes

among three factors, for occasion, when building up changes in weight when either temperature or mass
volume, or both, are changed. Thermodynamics is the think about of connections in balance states.

In thermodynamics, the Maxwell conditions are a set of conditions inferred by application of

Euler's correspondence connection to the thermodynamic characteristic capacities. The Maxwell
relations, to begin with inferred by James Receptionist Maxwell, are the taking after expressions
between fractional differential remainders:

The characteristic
functions are: U (internal energy),
A (Helmholtz free energy),
H (enthalpy), and G (Gibbs
free energy). The
thermodynamic
parameters are: T
(temperature), S
(entropy), P (pressure), and V
(volume). As an example of a derivation, consider

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mass transfer the differential equation of mass exchange are common conditions depicting mass
exchange in all headings and at all conditions. The differential condition for mass exchange is gotten by
applying the law of preservation of mass (mass adjust) to a differential control volume speaking to the
framework. The coming about condition is called the coherence condition and takes two shapes:

(1) Total continuity equation [in – out = accumulation] (this equation is obtained if we applied the law of
conservation of mass on the total mass of the system)

(2) Component continuity equation [in – out + generation – consumption = accumulation] (this equation
is obtained if we applied the law of conservation of mass to an individual component)

diffusion within the diffusion equation could be a allegorical fractional differential condition. In material

science, it depicts the plainly visible behavior of numerous micro-particles in
Brownian movement, coming about from the arbitrary developments and collisions of the particles (see
Fick's laws of dissemination). In science, it is related to Markov forms, such as arbitrary strolls,
and connected in numerous other areas, such as materials science, data hypothesis, and biophysics.
The dissemination condition may be a uncommon case of convection–diffusion condition, when
bulk speed is zero. The condition is as a rule composed as

fluid dynamics the differential conditions of liquid stream are based on the standards of conservation of

mass, energy and vitality and are known as the Naiver-Stokes equations. For incompressible streams and
for streams in which the temperature differences between the surface and freestream are little,
the liquid properties such as density Q and energetic consistency i within the preservation conditions are
not influenced by temperature. This assumption permits us to disregard the preservation equation
for vitality and concentrate as it were on the preservation conditions for mass and momentum.

chemical reaction One of the difficulties of modeling chemical reactions with differential equation
would be that setting the governing equation is not always simple and intuitive.

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First, let's build a differential equation for the chemical A. To do this, first identify all the chemical
reactions which either consumes or produce the chemical (i.e, identify all the chemical reactions in which
the chemical A is involved). And then build a differential equation according to the governing equation as
shown below.

In automatic control frameworks portrayed by standard differential conditions have been completely
considered, and the solidness hypothesis of such frameworks has been created exceptionally quickly [52].
In hone, in specific, for any programmed control issues with feedbacks, time-delay continuously shows
up in such frameworks. This is often since the framework needs time to prepare the data and make choice
to respond. Such time-delays are more often than not disregarded in classical control hypothesis.

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4. Practical Examples
Example for conduction -convection systems

. Consider the one-dimensional fin exposed to a surrounding fluid at a temperature T∞ as shown in

Figure1. The temperature of the base of the fin is T0. We approach the problem by making an energy
balance on an element of the fin of thickness dx as shown in the figure. Thu

Energy in left face = energy out right face + energy lost by convection

The defining equation for the convection heat-transfer coefficient is recalled as

q=hA (T w −T ∞ ) ( Eq 1)

where the area in this equation is the surface area for convection. Let the cross-sectional area of the fin be
A and the perimeter be P. Then the energy quantities are

dT dT dT d 2 T
Energy∈¿=−KA
dx
Energy out ¿ face=−KA
dx ] x+dx =−KA ( +
dx d x2
dx )
Energy lost by convection=hPdx(T −T ∞ )

Figure 1 Sketch illustrating one-dimensional conduction and convection through a rectangular fin.

Here it is noted that the differential surface area for convection is the product of the perimeter of the fin
and the differential length dx. When we combine the quantities, the energy balance yields

dT 2 hP
− ( T −T ∞ )=0 ( Eq 2 a)
d x 2 KA

d 2 θ hP
Let θ = T − T∞. Then Equation (2a) becomes − θ=0 ( Eq 2 b)
d x 2 KA

One boundary condition is θ=θ0=T 0−T ∞ at x = 0

The other boundary condition depends on the physical situation. Several cases may be considered:

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CASE 1 The fin is very long, and the temperature at the end of the fin is essentially that of the
surrounding fluid.

CASE 2 The fin is of finite length and loses heat by convection from its end.

CASE 3 The end of the fin is insulated so that dT/dx = 0 at x = L.

If we let m 2 = hP/kA, the general solution for Equation (2b) may be written

θ=c 1 e−mx −c2 e mx (Eq 3)

For case 1 the boundary conditions are θ=θ0 at x=0

θ=0 at x=∞

θ T −T ∞
and the solution becomes = =e−mx (Eq 4)
θ0 T 0−T ∞

For case 3 the boundary conditions are θ=θ0 at x=0

dθ
=0 at x=L
dx

Thus θ0 =c 1+ c 2 0=m¿

Solving for the constants C 1and C 2, we obtain

θ e−mx emx
= + (Eq 5a)
θ0 1+ e−2 mL 1+e 2mL

cosh [ m ( L−x ) ]
¿ (Eq 5 b)
cosh mL

The hyperbolic functions are defined as

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Note: These above four sections must be at least 2 pages and at most 6
pages!
References
[1] Stanley M. Walas, “Modeling with Differential Equations in Chemical Engineering (Butterworth-
Heinemann Series in Chemical Engineering)”, 1991.

[2] Erwin Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th Edition” 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2011
[3] Crank, J. (1956). The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford: Clarendon Press

[4] Harper, W. B., and D. R. Brown. “Mathematical Equations for Heat Conduction in the Fins of Air-
cooled Engines,” NACA Rep. 158, 1922.

.[5] Victor Henner, Tatyana Belozerova,‖Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations‖ Mikhail Khenner
January 29, 2013 by A K Peters/CRC Press.

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