APPENDIX A

NOMENCLATURE

A •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Area F , ••••••••••••••••• Force, hydrau II c Impact

An ••••••••••••••••••••• Area, total nozzle Fl •••••• Distance (depth), RKB to flowline

a Annulus-diameter ratio f ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Friction factor

B •••••••••••••••••••••••••• Bingham number G •••••••••••••••••••••••• Geometric factor

b ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Ratio, radius Gv ••••••••••• Viscometer correction factor

C •••••••••••••••• Number of pump cylinders
g •••••••••••••• Gravitational acceleration
Ca •••••• Cuttings concentration In annulus y ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Shear rate

••••••••••••••••••••••• Drag coefficient •••••••••••••••••••••• Shear rate at bob

Ct •••••••••••••••••••••• 'nlet coeff Ic lent Shear rate Intercept

Co ••••••••••••••••••••• Outlet coefficient He •••••••••••••••••••••••• Hedstrom number

D ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Diameter, outer k •••••••••••••••••••••• Consistency factor

d ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Diameter, Inner Ks' ••••• CoeffIcient, surface pressure loss

Db ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Diameter, bit KC ••••••••••••••••••••• Constant, clinging

d l ••••••••••• Diameter, Inside drillstring Kt ••••• Constant, turbulent flow, clinging

Diameter, particle
L •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Length

Dv •••••••••••••••••••••••• Depth, vertical

Lv ••••••••••••••••••••••• length, vertical

E ••••••••••••••••••••••• Summation symbol

A ••••••••••••••••••• Dimensionless radius
e: Roughness, absolute M •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Moment
~ •••••••••••••••••••••••• Pump efficiency
m ••••••• Parasitic pressure loss exponent
ECO Density, Equivalent Circulating VIscosity
ECO c ••••••• Density, Equivalent Circulating
PlastIc viscosity
with cuttings effect
~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Mean viscosity
F ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Force
e •••••••••••••••• Viscometer dial reading
 138

MW •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Mudwefght P •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Density

N •••••••••••••••••••••••••• Rotation speed A •••••••••••••••••• RadIus, dimensionless

Np ••••••••••••••••••••••• Pump-stroke rate

R ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Radius, outer

n ••••••••••••••••••••• Flow behavior Index r ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Radius, Inner

a •••••••••••••••• Cuttings concentrations Radius of the bob

P •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Pressure Re •••••••••••••••••••••••• Reynolds number

p Density Re C •••••••••••••• Reynolds number, critical

Pf •••••••••••••••••••••••••• Fluid DensIty Re e •••••••••••• Reynolds number equivalent
Pp ••••••••••••••••••••••• Particle Density Re L•••••••••• Reynolds number, laminar flow

Pa ••••••••••••••••• Pressure loss, annular

Rep •••••••••••••• Reynolds number particle
Pb •••••••••••••••• Pressure drop across bit R~ •••••••• Reynolds number, turbulent flow
Gel-breaking pressure ROP ••••••••••••••••••• Rate of penetration

Pressure, hydrostatic
a ••••••••••••••••• Cuttings concentration
Pp ••••••••••••••• Pressure loss, parasitic
T ••••••••••••••• Ratio, cuttings transp?rt
Ps ••••••• Pressure, circulating at surface
•.•.....•.•.••.........•.. Gel strength
~P ••••••••••••••••• Pressure differential
T ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Shear stress
Pressure loss, total across bit
••••••••••••••••••• Shear stress at bob
'B
~P Pressure change due to cuttings
c •••••••••••••••••••••••••• Yield stress
Pressure loss at restriction Inlet
•••••••••••••••••• Shear stress at wall
Pressure loss total at tool Joint
V •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Volume

~PL •••••••••• Pressure loss, laminar flow

v •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Velocity
~P Pressure loss at restriction outlet
o v •••••••••••••••••••••• Velocity, average
~P Pressure loss through an orifice
or Vc ••••••••••••••••••••• VelocIty, critical

Pressure loss at orifice

Velocity, effective
due to turbulence
VJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Velocltoy, Jet
~PT ••••••••• Pressure loss, turbulent flow
v l •••••••••••••••• Velocity, cuttings, net
PV ••••••••••••••••••••••• Plastic viscosity
Vm •••••••••••••••••• Velocity, annular mud
Q •••••••••••••••••••••••••• Flowrate, bulk
 139

Vp ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Velocity, pipe

Vs •••••••••••••••• Velocity, particle slip

Wb ••••••••••••••••••••••• Power at the bit

w ••• Width of parallel-plate flow channel

w •••••••••••••••••••••••• Angular velocity

Xc •••••••• Dimensionless reciprocal pres-

sure at the critical point

yp ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Yield point

y,z •••••••••••••••••••••• Dummy variables

z ••...•...•.••••••••• Stability parameter

 140

Absolute roughness ••••••••••••••••• £

Diameter (annulus/dlam. ratio) ••••• a
Acceleration due to gravity •••••••• g
Diameter, b fT ................................ ., .. .

Angular velocity ••••••••••••••••••• w Diameter, Inner •••••••••••••••••••• d

Annular mud velocity •••••••••••••••

Diameter, Inside drillstrlng ••••••••
Annular pressure loss ••••••••••••••
Diameter, outer •••••••••••••••••••• D

Annulus/diameter ratio ••••••••••••• a Diameter, particle •••••••••••••••••

Area ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• A
Differential pressure •••••••••••••• f),P

Area, total nozzle ••••••••••••••••• A

Average velocity •••••••••••••••••••
Bingham number •••••••••••••••••••••
n Dimensionless radius •••••••••••••••
v
Dimensionless reciprocal pressure
drop at the critical point •••••••
B

Distance from RKB to flowline FI

Bft diameter ••••••••••••••••••••••• Db
Drag coefficient ••••••••••••••••••• Co
Bit (total press. loss across) ••••• ~Pb

Dummy variables •••••••••••••••••••• y,z

Bulk flowrate •••••••••••••••••••••• o
Effective velocity •••••••••••••••••
Circulating press. at surface •••••• P
s
Efficiency, pump ••••••••••••••••••• ~
Coefficient, outlet •••••••••••••••• C
o

Consistency factor ••••••••••••••••• k

Equivalent Circulating Density Em
Equivalent Reynolds number ••••••••• Re e
Constant, clinging ••••••••••••••••• Kc

Constant, turbulent flow, clinging.. Kt

Fluid density ••••••••••••••••••••••
Cuttings concentration ••••••••••••••
Flowline (distance from RKB) ....... FI
Cuttings concentration In annul. ••• Ca

Cuttings transport ratio ••••••••••• T

Flowrate •••• a...................... 0

Density •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• p

Friction factor ••••••••••••••••••••

DensIty, EquivalenT Circulating •••• ECD
Gel-breakIng pressure ••••••••••••••
Depth, vertical ••••••••••••••••••••

Gel strength ••••••••••••••••••••••• T

Depth, RKB to flowline ••••••••••••• FI 9
Geometric factor ••••••••••••••••••• G
Dial reading........................ a
 141

Gravitational acceleration ••••••••• g

Particle density ••••••••••••••••••••

Hedstrom number •••••••••••••••••••• He

Partlc'e diameter ••••••••••••••••••

Hydraulic Impact force ••••••••••••••

Particle Reynolds number •••••••••••
HydrosTatic Pressure •••••••••••••••
Particle slip velocity •••••••••••••
tnlat coefficient ••••••••••••••••••
Particle thickness ••••••••••••••••• h

tnner radius ••••••••••••••••••••••• r

Penetration, rate of ••••••••••••••• ROP

Inside dlam. of drillstring ••••••••

Pipe velocity ••••••••••••••••••••••

Jet velocity •••••••••••••••••••••••

Plastic viscosity ••••••••••••••••••

Laminar pressure loss ••••••••••••••

Plastic viscOsity •••••••••••••••••••

Length ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• L
Power at the bit •••••••••••••••••••

Length, vertical ••••••••••••••••••• L

v Pressure ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• P

Mean viscosity •••••••••••••••••••••

Pressure loss at restriction Inlet
Moment ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• M
Pressure loss at restriction outlet
Mudwelght •••••••••••••••••••••••••• MW
Pressure change due to cuttings ••••• ~P
c
Number, Bingham •••••••••••••••••••• B
Pressure, circulating, at surface ••
Number, Hedstrom ••••••••••••••••••• He
Pressure differentIal •••••••••••••• ~P

Number, Reynolds ••••••••••••••••••• Re

Pressure, hydrostatic ••••••••••••••

Number, Reynolds (equivalent) ••••••

Pressure loss, annular ••••••••••••• P
a
Number, Reynolds (particle) ••••••••
Pressure loss total at tool Joint ••
Number of pump cylinders ••••••••••• c Pressure loss, laminar flow •••••••••
Outer diameter ••••••••••••••••••••• o Pressure loss thru an orifice •••••• ~P
or
Outer radius ••••••••••••••••••••••• R
Pressure loss, parasitic ••••••••••• P
P
Outlet coefficient ••••••••••••••••• C
a Pressure loss at orifice due to
turbulence •••••••••••••••••••••••
Parameter, stability ••••••••••••••• z
Pressure loss, turbulent flow •••••••
Parasitic press. loss •••••••••••••• P
P
Pressure loss parasitic exponent ••• m
Parasitic press. loss exponent ..... m
Pressure loss total across the bit ~Pb
 142

Pump cylinders number •••••••••••••• c Stab f I f tv parameter •••••••••••••••• z

Pump efficiency •••••••••••••••• 0 •••
Stress, shear •••••••••••••••••••••• L

Pump-stroke raTe •••••••••••••••••••

Stress, yield •••••••••••••••••••••• L
o
Radius, dimensionless ••••••••••••••
Summation symbol •••••••••••••••••••

Radius, Inner •••••••••••••••••••••• r

Thickness •••••••••••••••••••••••••• h

Radius, outer •••••••••••••••••••••• R

Total press. loss across the bIt ••••
Radius of bob ••••••••••••••••••••••
Turbulent flow clInging constant ••••
Rate of Penetration ••••••••••••••••
Velocity ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• v

Ratfo, annulus dIameter ••••••••••••

Velocity, angular •••••••••••••••••• w
Ratio, cuttings transport •••••••••• T
Velocity, annular mud ••••••••••••••

Ratio, radius •••••••••••••••••••••• b

Velocity, average •••••••••••••••••• v

Reynolds number •••••••••••••••••••• Re

Velocity, effectIve ••••••••••••••••

Reynolds number, critIcal •••••••••••

Reynolds number equIvalent •••••••••
Reyno Ids number, Iam I nar f Iow •••••••
VelocIty, Jet ••••••••••••••••••••••
Re
e Velocity, critical •••••••••••••••••
Velocity, cuttings, net ••••••••••••

Reynolds number, partIcle ••••••••••

Reynolds number, turbulent flow •••••
Rotation speed •••••••••••••••••••••
Roughness, absolute ••••••••••••••••
Shear rate •••••• s ••••••••••••••••••
Shear rate at bob ...........••.•.••
VeloCity, pIpe •••••••••••••••••••••
VIscometer correctIon factor
N
VIscometer dial reading •••••••••••• e
Viscosity ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Y Viscosity, plastic •••••••••••••••••
Yf3 Volume ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• V

Shear rate Intercept .•.•..•........ Yo Width of parallel-plate flow

channel •••••••••••••••••••••••••• w
Shear stress ............••..•....•. L

Shear stress at bob ................ Lf3

YIeld point ••••••••••••••••••••••••• yp

YIeld stress •••••••••••••••••••••••

Shear stress at wa II •••••••••••••••• L
w
'Slip velocity ...................... V
s
 APPENDIXB
UNITS

Equations developed in the text assume that all quantities are measured in a
consistent set of units. Key equations are presented in Appendix C, for both
S. I. uni ts and common oi lfi el d units. The units of measurement are as
foll ows:

Quantity 5.1. Unit Oi lfi el d Unit

A, Area meter2 inch 2

D, Diameter meter inch
Dv' Vertical Depth meter ft
d, Diameter meter inch
ECD, Equivalent Circ. Density kilogram-meter- 3 lb/gal
g, Acceleration 9.807 meter-sec- 2 32.17 ft/sec 2
h, Thickness meter inch
k, Consistency Factor pascal-seen lb-sec n/100 ft2
L, Length meter ft
M, Moment newton-meter lb-inch
N, Rotation Speed RPM RPM
Np, Pump Stroke Rate strokes/sec strokes/min
P, Pressure pascal psi
Q, Flowrate meter 3-sec- 1 gal/min
R, Radius meter inch
ROP, Penetration Rate meter-sec- 1 ft/hr
r, Radius meter inch
 144

Quantity S.1. Unit Oilfield Unit

S, Spring Factor newton-meter-degree- 1 lb-inch/degree

V, Volume meter3 gal
Y, Velocity meter-sec- 1 ft/min
w, Width meter inch
y, Shear Rate second- 1 sec- 1
a, Dial Reading degree degree
j..l, Viscosity pascal-second centipoise
p, Density kilogram-meter- 3 lb/gallon
T, Shear Stress pascal lb/100 foot 2
w, Angular Velocity degree-sec- 1 degree/sec
Wb, Power at Bit watt horsepower
F, Force newton lb
 APPENDIXC
KEY EQUATIONS

s. I. Units
Pump Output............................................................ C-l
Rheome try, Bi ng ham ••....•..••..•••.•.•...••••••.••.•.••••..•.••••.••.•. C-l
Rheometry, Power Law •••.•••.••••••••.•••.••.•.••••••••••••••.••.•••...• C-l
Pipe Flow, Bingham (exact) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• C-2
Pipe Flow, Bingham (approximate) C-3
Pipe Flow, Power Law ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• C-4

Parallel-Plate Flow, Bingham (exact) C-5

Parallel-Plate Flow, Bingham (approximate) C-6
Parallel-Plate Flow, Power Law ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• C-7
Annular Flow, Power Law C-9

Tool Joints ........................................................... . C-I0

Bit Nozzles C-ll
Cuttings Transport ••.•.••••••••.••.•••.••.•.•.•••••••••.••••••••..•.••• C-ll
Hydraulic Power C-ll
Impact Force C-ll

Oilfield Units
Pump Ou tp ut ........................................................... . C-12
Rheometry, Binhgam •.....•.....•........•..............•.•..•........•.. C-12
Rheometry, Power Law ....••....•.............•......••.••••.•........... C-12

Pipe Flow, Bingham (exact) .•.......••.••..........••..••...•......•.... C-13

Pipe Flow, Bingham (approximate)
...................................................
C-14
Pipe Flow, Power Law C-15

Parallel Plate Flow, Bingham (exact) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• C-16

Parallel-Plate Flow, Bingham (approximate) C-17
Parallel-Plate Flow, Power Law .•.••..•.......•.......••......•..••...•• C-18
Annular Flow, Power Law C-19

Tool Joints ..•.••...•.•.•...•....•.•.•.•....•..•...••••••••.•......•... C-20

Bit. Nozzles
Cuttings
.............................................................
Transport ••.•..•.••.•.....•••.•...••..•••••.••...••.••...•.•..
C-20
C-21

Impact Force ...........................................................

Hydraul i c Power ••.....••..•••..•••.•••••.........•..•••....••....•.•.•• C-21
C-21
 146

The commonly required equations are grouped here for easy reference. Units of
measurement are given in Appendix B. When the "oilfield" version of an equa-
tion is omitted, it is identical to the SI version.

Pump Output

2 2
V =- lC
1T
~ (20 - d ) (4-2)
4
1T 2
V= - lC ~ 0 (4-1)
4

Q = VN (4-3)
P

Rheometry, Bingham

( 2-37)

(2-38)

Rheometry, Power law

(2-29)
log 2

(2-39)
 147

Pipe Flow, Bingham (exact)

V=~ (4-4)
. 2
nO

(5-21)

(5-22)

y = 2(z + l) (5-23)
z

(5-24)

4LTO
llP =-- (5-25)
L xO

Re c = 2000

-
11 =--
32 Lv
(5-28)

Re = pv 0 (5-27)
11
 148

f=~ (5-36)
Re o25

- 2
~P = ~P = 2fLpv (5-32)
T D

Pipe Flow, Bingham (approximate)

(4-4)

32LlJ v 16LT
~PL '" 00 + __0 (5-26)
D2 3D

Re c = 2000

~P D2
L
lJ=-- (5-28)
32Lv

Re = pvD (5-27)
lJ
 149

(5-36)

2
~P = ~P = 2fLpv (5-32)
T 0

1O001l + 1000
00

Pipe Flow, Power Law

(4-4)

~P = 4Lk [8V * (3n + 1)]n (5-18)

L 0 0 4n

Re c = 3470 - 1370n

~P L0 2
Il = (5-28)
32Lv

Re = p v 0 (5-27)
Il
 150

y = (log n + 3.93)/50 ( 5-37)

z = (1.75 - log n)/7 ( 5-38)

f = y * Re -z (Re ) Re c + 800) (5-36)

16 (Re - Re C ) -z 16
f =- + (y * Re - -) (Re c < Re < lRe C + 800J)
Re 800 Re

2fLev 2
~P ~P = (Re > Re c ) (5-32)
T 0

v
c
=
~ k Re ) 12-n)
8p
c
1

*
f813n +

o * 4n
11 r n
2-n)

Parallel-Plate Flow. Bingham (exact)

v = 40 (4-4)
'110 2 (1 - a 2)

T 0(1 - a)
B= 0 (7-21)
\l
DO
V

.5
8 = (_B_) (7-22)
B+ 8

2 . 1 -1 3
(7-23)
x = - Sln (-sin (8)
8 3
 151

4 L,
liP
L
= 0 (7-24)
x * O( 1 - a)
Re e = 3000

liP 02(1-a)2
L
IJ = (7-32)
48L V

Re =pV0 (1-a) (7-30)

-IJ

liP = liP L (Re ( Re e )

f = .079 (Re > Re e ) (5-36)

Re· 25
2
liP = liP = 2fLpv (Re > Re e ) (5-32)
T O( 1-a)

Parallel-Plate Flow, Bingham (approximate):

v = 40 (4-4)

48L IJ""V 6L '0

liP L '" 2 2 + -----::- (7-25)
o (1-a) 0(1-a)

Re e = 3000

liP 02 (1 - a)2
L (7-32)
IJ =-~----
48 L V
 152

Re = PY 0 (1 - a) (7-30)
-\.I
~P = ~P L (Re ( Re e )

f = .079 (Re > Re e ) (5-36)

R .25
e

2
6P = ~P = 2fL e Y (5-32)
T 0(1 - a)

1500 \.1 00 + 1500

p 0(1 - a)

Parallel-Plate Flow, Power Law

v = 4Q (4-4)

~P = 4Lk [12V(2n+1)]n
L 0(1 - a) l 0(1 ~ a) 3n J
(7-19)

Re = ~ (3470 - 1370 n)
e 2
 153

(7-32)
48 L V

(7-30)
-1.1

y = (log n + 3.93) (5-37)

50

Z = (1.75 - log n) (7-38)

7

f = y * Re- z (Re ) Re e + 1200) (5-36)

24 (Re - Re e ) 24
f = - + (y * Re- z - - ) (Re e < Re < [Re e + 1200])
Re 1200 Re

-2
~p = ~p = 2fLp v (5-32)
T 0(1 - a)

1 n

v = (k*Ree~ (2-n) [12(2n + 1) ](2-n)

e 12p J O( 1 - <X) 3n
 154

Annular Flow. Power Law

v = __.4Q
.:. .;: l . . . . - _ (4-4)
2
TID (1 - ex )
2

y = .37 n-· 14 (7-26)

z = 1 - (1 - aY)1/y (7-27)

G = (1 + Z) f(3 -
~ (4 - z)n
z)n + 11 (7-28)

n
liP = 4 k L r 8v G J (7-29)
L 0(1 - ex) 0(1 - ex)

2
1 + ex2 + (1 R.n- ex )
ex
G
N
=
(1 - ex) 2

liP L 02(1 - cd 2 GN
IJ = (7-31)
32 Lv

Re = p v 0(1 - ex)
(7-30)
IJ

Re = (3470 - 1370 n)
c GN
 155

y = (log n + 3.93) I 50 ( 5-37)

z = (1.75 - log n) I 7 (5-38)

f = y * Re- z (Re ;> Re + 800) (5-36)

C G
N

N
f = _...::.16,,-- + (Re-Re ) _G_ (y * Re -z_ 16 ) ( Re c < Re < l Re + 800 J
Re * GN C 800 Re * G c G
N

- 2
AP = APT = 2fLp v ( 5-32)
0(1 - a)

1 n
(2-n)
k*Re * G ) (2-n)*[ 8G ]
V =( c N
c 8p 0(1 - a)

Tool Joints

(5-46)
 156

Bit Nozzles
(6-2)

p v. 2
~P = __J_ (6-5)
b 1.805

Cuttings Transport

(9-1)

c = 40 + 1 (9-7)
o Rep

(9-3)

ROP * 0 2
Ca = _ _ _ _--=-b_ __ (9-14)
(vm - v s ) 02 (1 - a2 )

Hydraulic Power
(10-1 )

Impact Force
(10-5)
 157

Pump Output

(4-2)

v= .0034 L C ~ 02 (4-1 )

Q = VN (4-3)
P

Rheometry. Bingham

1.1
00
= 62 - 61 ( 2-37)

(2-38)

Rheometry. Power Law

log (6/6 1 )
n =--~~ (2-29)
log 2

k 1.067 6 1 [_n_ (1 _ 1.0678- 2/n )1 n (2-39)

2071 J
 158

Pipe Flow, Bingham (exact)

v = 24.51 Q (4-4)
02
~..v
6=1+--- (5-21)
399 TOO

(5-22)

y = 2(z + .!.)
z (5-23)

(5-24)

L TO
LlP = ----=-- (5-25)
L 300 * x *0
Re c = 2000

90000 LlP Lo2

~ = ---=-- (5-28)
Lv

Re = 15.47 p v0 (5-27)
~

(5-36)

-2
LlP = LlP = flp v (5-32)
T 92903 0
 159

Pipe Flow, Bingham, Approximate

v = 24.51 Q (4-4)
02

L\.I ao V L TO
llP L " ' - - - + - - (5-26)
90000 0 2 225 0

Re e = 2000

90000 liP L 02
\.I = (5-28)
Lv

Re = 15.47 p v 0 ( 5-27)
-\.I

f=~ (Re > Re e ) (5-36)

Re .25

- 2
liP = liP = f Lp v (Re > Re e ) (5-32)
T 92903 0

02
Ve =
64.64 1 ao
\.lao + 64.64
--------=------....,..--
0
-'\.I 2 + 12.34 p T

p 0
 160

Pi pe Flow. Power Law

v = 24.51 Q (4-4)
02

l1P = -LL [1.6 v * ~n (5-18)

L 300 0 0 ----;-j
Re = 3470 - 1370n
c

90000 l1P L02

=---=-- (5-28)
1.I
Lv
Re = 15.47 p v0 (5-27)

y = (log n + 3.93) / 50 ( 5-37)

z = (1.75 - log n) / 7 (5-38)

-z
f =Y* Re (Re ;> Re c + 800) (5-36)

f = 1&. + (Re - Re c ) (y * R -z _ 1&.) (Re c < Re < [Re c + 800])

Re 800 e Re

-2
l1P = l1P = f Lp v (5-32)
T 92903 0

l
n

1.6(3n + 1)](2-n)

o* 4n
 161

Parallel-Plate Flow. Bingham (exact)

v 24.51 Q (4-4)
02 (1 - a 2 )

2394 to 0(1 - a)
B= (7-21)
II OJ V

S= (-~-r
B+ 8
(7-22)

x =- 2 .n [1- .-1
51 n (,3)] 51 (7-23)
S 3

Lt
LIP = 0 (7-24)
L 300 * X * 0(1 - a)

Re
c
= 3000

2
60000 LIP L 02 (1 - a)
II = (7-32)
Lv

Re = 15.47 ~ V 0{1 - a) (7-30)

-II

LIP = LIP L ( Re ~ Re )
c

f = .079 (Re > Re c ) (5-36)

Re· 25

-2
LIP = LIP = f Lp V (Re > Re c ) (5-32)
T 92903 (01 - a)
 162

Parallel-Plate Flow. Bingham (approximate)

v = 24.51 Q (4-4)
02 0 - (i)

LJ..I V L TO
l1P L '" - - - " " - - - - + --~- (7-25)
60000 02 (1-a)2 200 OO-a)

Re c = 3000

60000 l1P L020 - a)2

J..I (7-32)
=
Lv

Re = 15.47 p v 0(1 - a) (7-30)

-J..I

f = .079 (Re > Re c ) (5-36)

Re· 25

-2
l1P = l1P = f Lp V (5-32)
T 92903 O(l-a)

96.88J..1"" + 96.88 ,( J..I",,2 + 6.178 PT O 02 (1 - a)2

VC = - - - - - - - - p - O - (-l---a)--~----
 163

Parallel-Plate Flow, Power Law

v = 24.51 Q
(4-4)

liP L = Lk
300 0(1-a)
rl 2.4 v * (2n + 1 )1 n
0(1-a) 3n
(7-19)

3
Re = - (3470 - 1370 n)
e 2

60000 liP LO2 (1-a) 2

= (7-32)
IJ
Lv
Re 15.47 p v 0(1 - a)
(7-30)
-IJ

y = (log n + 3.93) / 50 ( 5-37)

z = (1.75 - log n) / 7 (5-38)

f = y * Re -z (Re ~ Re e + 1200) (5-36)

24 (Re - Re e ) 24
f =- + (y * Re- z - -) (Ree< Re < [Re e + 1200])
Re 1200 Re

- 2
liP = liP = f L p V (Re > Re e ) (5-32)
T 92903 O(l-a)

r l)T
1 n

ve = /12.88 k * Re e)(2-n)* 2.4 * (2n+ 2-n)

\ p O(l-a) 3n J
 164

Annular Flow, Power Law

v = 24.51 Q (4-4)

y = .37 n-· 14 (7-26)

( 7-27)

G (1 + I) [n (3 - z)
+ 1] (7-28)
(4-Z)nJ

n
LIP = --'-'----
k L [1.6 vG (7-29 )
L 300 0(1 - a) 0(1 - a)

2
1 + 2 + (1 - a )
a R,n a

(1 - a) 2

90000 lIP L0 2(1-a)2 GN

= (7-31)
~
Lv

Re = 15.47 p v 0(1 - a) (7-30)

-
~

Re (3470 - 1370n)
c
GN
 165

y = (log n + 3.93) ( 5-37)

50

z = (1.75 - log n) (5-38)

7

-z 800
f =y * Re (Re > Re c + - ) (5-36)
GN

16
+ (Re - Re ) -
GN
(y * -z 16)
Re < Re < l Re + 800 J
f -.=..:::.....- Re -
Re * GN c 800 Re * GN c c G
N

- 2
~p = ~p = fLp v (5-32)
T 92903 D(1-a)

1 n

Vc = (19.33 k * Re c * GN)(2-n) * [ 1.6 Gj(2-n)

p D( I-a)

Tool Joints

(5-46)
4,460,000

Bit Nozzles

_ 418.3 Q (6-2)
Vj
 166

pv.
2
lIPb = _J_ (6-5)
1120

Cuttings Transport

15.47 Pfv d
s P (9-1)
-1.1

(9-7)

(9-3)

ROP * D 2
b
(9-14)

Hxdraulic Power
LIP * Q
b (10-1)
Wb
1714

Impact Force
p*Q*v.
J (10-5)
Fi
1930
 APPENDIXD
EXAMPLE HYDRAULICS
CALCULATIONS

The examples provided in Appendix D are from the Exlog EAP programs "Condensed
Mud Hydraulics" and "Bit Hydraulics Optimization". Calculations are provided
with either equation numbers or section and page numbers. These numbers refer
to the equations or discussions in the text upon which the calculations are
based.

Some of the calculated values differ slightly (less than 1%) from the program
printout values. The difference is due to the effect of cumulative rounding
errors by the computer program.
 fAST GREENIJIU/IE #2
TIf IE , J2,flj D/,TE, 07/19/83

MLJD HYUR1\ULlc...'S ANALYSlS FOR TIl GAU:m U:JLE

I-'
O'l
+----------------------- t 00
I mal ft 1----;;;;;--j---S5aS--j---400S--j-----s--j
I 'lD ft I 10005 I 95el5 I 85[)5 I 4~M5 I
I Lenqth ft I 500 I JOOO I 4S00 I 4000 I
+---------. -------------- I- _________ + _________ + _________ .1-________ --+
I HOLE I I I I I
I i.el. inc-he~ I Hl.oo I 10.00 I 10.00 I 15.00 I
I Volt"''' blJJ I 48.6 I 97.1 I 437.1 I 874.3 I
I VoJune/ft I .09714 I .0971,; I .09714 I .21857 I
+-----------------------+----------+---------+--------+---------+
I PIPe I I I I
I Le'. inches 3.00 I 3.00 I 4.00 I 4.00 I
I o.fl. inches 9.00 I 5.00 I 5.00 I 5.00 I
I j.u. inches 9.00 I 6.00 I 6.00 I 6.00 I
I Capacity IN 4.4 I 8.7 I 69.9 I 62.2 I
I Cap/ft .00074 I .00874 I .01554 I .Cll554 I
I Disp. hh1 35.0 I 16.1 I 41.7 I 37.0 I
I Disp/ft .06994 I .01606 I .00926 I .00926 I
I Cap.+Disp. bbJ 39.3 I 24.8 I 111.6 I 99.2 I
I Cap.+Disp./ft .07860 I .('12400 I .02400 I .02400 I
+-----------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 400S ft
I lMlUWS I I I I I
I Capacity bbl I 9.2 I 72.3 I 325.5 I 775.1 I
I Cap/ft I .01846 I .07234 I .07234 I .19376 I
+----------------------+---------+---------+ ----_ .. _--+---------+
I 1Xl~IOLE F'WW I I I I I
I Ve1=ity ft/min I 1089.4 I HJ89.4 I 612.8 I 612.B-t®
I }INNULAR FLCM I -- I I -- I -- I
I Velodty ft/sec I H.60 I 2.18 I 2.18 I .82 I
I Veloclty ft/min I 516.0 I 13"'.7 I 130.7 I 49.0-+@
I Time min I 1.0 I 7.6 I 34.4 I 81.6 I
I Slip rt/min I 37.8 I 19.2 I 19.2 I 1§.,2 -+@
I Transport ft/min I 478.2 I !!l.:2.. I 111.5 I .B.,2 -t@
I Trnnsport 'Time min I 1.Cl I 9.0 I 40.3 I 122.9 I
+----------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+
I IXlwm:u: PRESSURE WSS I I I I I
I Press Drop psi Bl %.5 I 192.9 I 218.2 I 194.0-+®
I pi )(19.5 I 219.0 I 269.5 I 239.5-+<D
I ANNULI\R P~SSURE LOSS I I I I I·
I Flow Reg ime B ITurbulent I Laminar I Laminar I Laminar -+®
I PITransitionl Laminar I ~ I Lnrninar ~
I Press Drop psi BI .2l.:.2 I .2.d I 41. 9 I .!§.:2.-KD
I pi 103.6 I .1.:.2 I 11.:2 I ..2.:l.. ~ 8505 ft
I psi/100ft AI IB.784 I .931 I .931 I .412 I
I pi 20.711 I .309 I .389 I .057 I
I Critical Velocity 81 298.1 I 1%.6 I 1%.6 I J&hl.-+®
I ft./m;n pi 482.1 I md I 192.3 I 128.6-KD
I Reyrn1ds NI.l!IDer 81 4066 I 950 I 950 I 151 ~ 950S ft
I pi 2702 I 1514 I 1514 I ~--+@
t-----------------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+ 10005 ft
B: Bingham P: Poower Law
IL=hb
Figure 0-1: Condensed Mud Hydraulics
 EAST GRL'ENl3R1AH #2
TIm;, 12,05 D.~1'f;, 0'1/19/83

M\fl) HYIWJ\ULICS ANALYSIS FOI{ IN GJ\!J3E IOLE

llJPUP DATA, MUD ProPERTIES,

DE[Jl1l 10005 ft ITo.NSITY Ii'.O Itl/gal
VER'!'1 CAL llEPI11 10(M5 ft PLA6'l'IC VISCCSITY 15.00 cP
~11J]) Fill.] Iwm 4UD gal/min YIEW tDINT B.OO Ib/cft'2
PUMP # I CAPAC ITY 5.00 gal/stk ®- MID lW'l3E RlWER K .268
[)fUlL M'rE 200 ft/hr 'b'-- MID RI\IlJE RlWER N .724
cur rINGS S.G. 2.2f1 g/rr ~ LOW nAmE KNIEf< K .268
C1n'rI~S SIZE .2 inches WW RAN:;E rowER N .724

VOLUl'-lES: IIYDMULICS,
W.JLE 1457.1 tbl IMlfOS'1'ATIC DEPrlI 10000 ft
ANmJLlJS 1182,3 bb1 @r- HYDlVb'1'ATIC PHESSUHF 5190 psi
PIPE CAPAC frY 145.2 tb1 JETS 10,11,12 1/32 in
PIPE UISP[J'CE;MINI' 129.7 tbl @}- ,Jl::r VELOCITY 458.4 ft/sec
PIPE DlSP .... CAP. 275.13 IN ~ JET PRESStnlE DfOP 1000 psi
IIYIJRI\ULIC fOI-1F.R
CD- 438.0 lip
~ IMPAL,,\, FORCE 940.9 Ibs

iJ\G INFORMAT lW: MINLJ1'F:S Sl\fK)I\}~ 1DTAIl;, OINGIIAN PCWER ill'.'

LOWN PIPE 15.2 U20 ®- SUHF,\CE LQ.SS 21 21 psi
tU) cycu: 139.4 111~1 PI PE JNTER."U\L lDSS 702 838 psi
UP At~ruWS ••• OIT WSS 18813 1880 psi
~11JD 124.1 9931 At-ltlln..AR WSS 162 127 psi
ClrrTlNGS 173.3 13862 'lVI'AL PRESSURE WSS 2764 2866 psi
CD- % 'fCIJ' PRESS WSS AT BIT 68 66
~ CIRCULATING PRESS AT BIT 5352 5317 psi
®- E.C.D. 10.3 1O.21tl/gal
~ E.C.IJ. W/ CUITINGS 10.6 10.':> lb/gal
FOH mD WT W.O W.O Ib/gal

Figure D-2 Mud Hydraulics (cont.)

0')
""'
(.t)
170

FAST GREENBRIAR #2
12:06 7/19/83

BIT HYDRAULICS OPTIHIZATION

OR MUD DENSITY = 10.0 Th/gal

RECUIRED PUMP PRESSURE = 2000 psi

LIMITS: Ml\XIMUM FLOW = 374 gal/min --@

MINIMUM FI.DW - 204 gal/min ®
FOR OPTIMUM HYDRAULIC ro\VER:

OPTIMUM PRESSURE DROP AT BIT = 1247 psi @)

OPTIMUM PUMP FLOW = 355 gal/min @
RECCM1ENDED FLOW = 355 gal/min--®
PRESSURE DroP AT BIT
BIT HYDRAULIC roWER
=
-
1247 psi
257.9 hp
@
·9
CD
JEll IMPACT FORCE
RECCM1ElIDED 'IOTAL NOZZLE AREA
=
=
684. 8 Ths
.30 in 2
A
--<D ® i
tDZZIES - 11 : 11 : 12 OR ECUIVALENT-<D

FOR OPTIHUM JEll IMPACT FORCE:

OPTIMm-1 PRESSURE DroP AT BIT = 906 psi ®

OPTH-lUM M1P FlOW = 444 gal/min-cD

OPTIMUM FLOW ABOVE ~1AXIHUM AILCWED PUMP FI.DW ~

RECCM1ENDED FlOW = 374 gal/min ~
PRESSURE DroP PIT BIT = 11 77 psi @
BIT HYDRAULIC POWER = 256.8 hp @)
JEI' IMPAC'T FORCE - 702 .0 lbs ®
RECOM1E1IDED 'IQI'AL IDZZIE AREA - .33 in A2 --@
NOZZIES = 12:12:12 OR ECUIVALENT-<!)

Figure 0-3: Bit Hydraulics Optimization

 171

Figure 0-1 - COndensed Mud Hrdraulics

Line a

v = 24.51 Q (4-4)
02

24.51 * 400 = 1,089.3

32

24.51 * 400 = 612.8

42

Line b

v= (4-4)

24.51 * 400 = 516.0

(10 2 _ 92 )

24.51 * 400 = 130.7

(10 2 _ 52)

24.51 * 400 = 49.0

(15 2 _ 52)
 172

line c

For turbulent flow,

Co = 1.5 (9-6)

(9-3)

1/2
113.4 [.2(8.33 * 2.2 - 10)] = 37.8
1.5 * 10

For laminar flow.

- _
J.I -
~p * 60.000 (0 - d)2 (7-32)
l *v

(9-1)
v s = 175 * dc (9-2)
(9-5)

.389 * 60,000 * (10 _ 5)2 = 44.64

100 130.7

2 1/3
175.2 * 2 [(833 * 2.2 - 10) ] = 18.8
44.64 * 10
 173

.057 * 60.000 * (15 _ 5)2 = 69.80

100 49.0

2 1/3
175.2 * 2 [ (8.33 * 2.2 - 10) ] = 16.2
69.80 * 10

Line d

vl = vm - Vs (9-11)

516.0 - 37.8 = 478.2

130.7 - 19.2 = 111.5

49.0 - 16.5 = 32.5

line e

In calculating Reynolds number for Bingham fluids, the program uses an average
viscosity of PV/3.2. This formula is cited in Moore.

Re = 15.47 p D v (5-27)
(PV/3.2)

f = .046 (5-36)
Re· 20
- 2
liP = f l p v (5-32)
92,915 * D

Re = 15.47 * 10 * 1,089.4 * 3 = 107,859.0

(15/3.2)
 174

f = _._0_46__
= .0045
107,859. 2

2
liP __ .0045 * 500 * 10 * 1,089.4 = 96.5
92,915 * 3

2
liP .0045 * 1,000 * 10 * 1,089.4 = 192.9
92,915 * 3

Re =
15.47 * 10 * 612.8 * 4 80,896
(15/3.2)

f = .046 .0048
80,896. 2

2
liP __ .0048 * 4,500 * 10 * 612.8 = 218.2
92,915 * 4

2
liP .0048 * 4,000 * 10 * 612.8 = 194.0
92,915 * 4

line f

liP =~ * [1.6 * -v * (3n + 1)]n

~:........;.....:.<.._ (5-18)
L 300 D D 4n

\.I = (5-28)
L *v
 175

Re 15 47
= ..::..;;;..:.... v
* p * * D
'""'"------'---- (5-27)
-lJ

(5-36)
f = (log n + 3.93) * Re t (log n - 1.75) ( 5-37)
50 7 (5-38)

-2
t:.P = f Lev (5-32)
T 92,894 * D

t:.P = 500 * .268 * [1.6 * ~,089.4 * (3 * .724 + 1)]·724 = 15.95

L 300 * 3 4 * .724

~ = 90,000 * 15.95 * 32 = 23.72

500 * 1,089.4

Re = 15.47 * 10 * 1,089.4 * 3 = 21,316

23.72

f = (log .724 + 3.93) * 21,316 t (log .724 - 1.75) = .0051

50 7

2
t:.P T =;
.0051 * 500 * 10 * 1,089.4 = 109.4
92,894 * 3
 176

~P = .0051 * 1000 * 10 * 1,089.4 2 = 218.8

T
92,894 * 3

~P = 4,500 * .268 * [1.6 * 612.8 * (3 * .724 + 1)]·724 = 57.64

L 300 * 4 4 4 * .724

2
~ = 90,000 *
57.64 * 4 = 30.10
4,500 * 612.8

Re = 15.47 * 10 * 612.8 * 4 = 12,599

30.10

f = (log .724 + 3.93) * 12,599 t (log .724 - 1.75) = .0059

50 7

~P _ .0059 * 4,500 * 10 * 612.8 2 = 269.3

T-
92,894 * 4

~P _ .0059 * 4,000 * 10 * 612.8 2 239.4

T- =
92,894 * 4

Line 9

The flow regime, laminar or turbulent, is determined by comparing the value in

line b with that in line k.

line h

ReL = 3470 - 1370n Paragraph heading 5.9,

Paragraph 3
 177

ReT = 4270 - 1370n Paragraph heading 5.9

Paragraph 3

3470 - 1370 * .724 = 2478 (laminar/transitional)

4270 - 1370 * .724 = 3278 (transitional/turbulent)

The flow regime is determined by comparing the value in line n with the above
critical values.

Line i

For turbulent flow,

Re = 15.47 p v (D - d) (7-30)
(PV / 3.2)

(5-36)

- 2
f l v
p
(5-32)
92,915 (D - d)

Re = 15.47 * 10 * 516.0 (10 - 9) 17,029

(15 / 3.2)

f .046
=-'---- = .0066
17,029. 2
 178

2
t.P __ .0066 * 500 * 10 * 516.0
92,915 (10 - 9)

For laminar flow,

t.P = _--..;;L;....*--,-Y;....P_ + _L",,--*;....P;...;V_* _v__ (7-25)

200 (0 - d) 60,000 (0 - d)2

1000 * 8 + 1000 * 15 * 130.7

200 (10 - 5) 60,000 (10 - 5)2

4500 * 8 + 4500 * 15 * 130.7

= 41.9
200 (10 - 5) 60,000 (10 - 5)2

4000 * 8 + 4000 * 15 * 49.0

200 (15 - 5) 60,000 (15 - 5)2

line j

For transitional flow,

16 (Re - Re) (3.93 + log n) log n - 1.75 16

f =- + c * [ * Re c t ( ) --]
Re c 800 50 7 Re c

This expression differs slightly from the corresponding expression for

friction factor given on page C-21 of Appendix C.
 179

-2
~p = f L vp (5-32)
T 92,894 (0 - d)

f = ~ + (2702 - 2478) [(3.93 + log .724) * 2478 t( log .724 - 1.75) ---=
16
2478 800 50 7 2478

~PT = .0072 * 500 * 10 * 516.0 2

~~-=:..-..-=-....:::.=..:::...:..::- = 103.5
92,894 (10 - 9)

For la.inar flow.

x = .37 n-· 14 (7-26)

x l/x
z = 1 - [1 - (&) ] (7-27)
o

G = [(3 - z) n + 1] * (1 +~) (7-28)

(4 ":' z) n 2

- n
~P = I< L [ 1.6 v G] (7-29)
300 (0 - d) (0·- d)

x = .37 * .724-. 14 = .3871

 180

5 .3871 1/ .3871
z = 1 - [1 - ( - ) ] = .9762
10

G = [(3 - .9762) * .724 + 1] * (1 + .9762) = 1.6757

(4 - .9762) * .724 2

.t. P .268 * 1000 [1.6 * 130.7 * 1.6757]·724

= -=-==-----=..:=.::.. = 3.9
(10 - 5) (10 - 5)

.t.P = .268 * 4500 [1.6 * 130.7 * 1.6757]·724 = 17.4

300 (10 - 5) (10 - 5)

5 .3871 1/ .3871
z = 1 - [1 - ( - ) ] = .9353
15

G = [(3 - .9353) * .724 + 1] * (1 + .9~53) = 1.6502

(4 - .9353) * .724

.t.P = .268 * 4000 [1.6 * 49.0 * 1.6502]·724 = 2.3

300 (15 - 5) (15 - 5)

Une Ie
1/2
64.68 PV + 64.68 [PV 2 + 9.271 YP * p (D - d)2]
p * (D - d)

This equation is analogous to the equation discussed under paragraph heading

7.12. paragraph 3, but uses a critical Reynolds number of 2000.
 181

1/2
64.68 * 15 + 64.68 [15 2 + 9.271 * 8 * 10 (10 - 9)2]
Vc =-----------------10--(-10----9-)---------------

= 298.1

1/2
64.68 * 15 + 64.68 [15 2 + 9.271 * 8 * 10 (10 - 5)2]
Vc =----------------------------------------
10 (10 - 5)
= 196.6

1/2
64.68 * 15 + 64.68 [15 2 + 9.271 * 8 * 10 (15 - 5)2]
Vc =-----------------1-0--(1-5----5-)--------------

= 186.1

Line 1

Re L * k n (2 - n)
Vc = 60 [ * (96 * G ) ]
185.6 * p (D - d)

This equation is analogous to the equation discussed under paragraph heading

7.12. paragraph 3. but with constant terms regrouped.

9 .3871 1/.3871
z = 1 - [1 - (10)] = .9998

G = [(3 - .9998) * .724 + 1] * (1 + .9998) = 1.6905

(4 - .9998) * .724 2
 182

1
(2 - .724)
v = 60[ 2478 * • 268 * .(96 * 1.6905)·724] = 481.4
c 185.6 * 10 (10 - 9)

1
(2 - .724)
v = 60 [2478 * .268 * (96 * 1.6757)·724] = 192.2
c 185.6 * 10 (10 - 5)

Vc = 60 [2478 * .268 * = 128.6

185.6 * 10

line II

llP l = l * YP
--=----:...~ + l * PV * V
---==---...:....:..-..:.-- (7-25 )
200 (0 - d) 60,000 (0 - d)2

60,000 llPl(O - d)2

\.I = (7-32)
l *v

Re = 15.47 p v (0 - d) (7-30)
\.I

llP l = _=50=0_*~8_ + 500 * 15 * 516.0 = 84.50

200 (10 - 9) 60,000 (10 - 9)2

60000 * 84.50 * (10 - 9)2

\.I = = 19.65
500 * 516.0
 183

Re = 15.47 * 10 * 516.0 (10 - 9) = 4062

19.65

~PL = 4500 * 8 + 4500 * 15 * 130.7 = 41.88

200 (10 - 5) 60,000 {10 - 5)2

~ = 60,000 * 41.88 {10 - 5)2 =

106.8
4500 * 130.7

Re = 15.47 * 10 * 130.7 (10 - 5) = 946

106.8

~PL =
4000 * 8 + 4000 * 15 * 49.0 = 16.49
200 (15 - 5) 60,000 (15 - 5)2

~ = 60,000 * 16.49 * {15 - 5)2 = 504.8

4000 * 49.0

Re = 15.47 * 10 * 49.0 * (15 - 5) = 150

504.8

Line n
n
~P = L* k * [1.6 v G] (7-29)
L 300 (O - d) (O - d)

90,00 ~PL 02 (1 - a)2

Il = -------- (7-31)
L* v
184

Re =15' 47 * p
_* V (D - d) (7-30)
]..l

~p = 500 * .268 * [1.6 * 516.0 * 1.6905]·724 = 84.49

L 300 (10 - 9) (10 - 9)

2
~ = 90,000 * 84.49 * (10 - 9) = 29.47
500 * 516.0

Re =
15.47 * 10 * 516.0 * (10 - 9) = 2,708
29.47

2
]..l = 90,000 * 17.4 * (10 - 5) = 66.56
4500 * 130.7

Re = 15.47 * 10 * 130.7 (10 - 5) = 1519

66.56

2
~ = 90,000 * 2.3 * (15 - 5) = 105.6
4000 * 49.0

Re
15.47 * 10 * 49.0 (15 - 5) = 718
105.6
 185

Figure 0-2 - Condensed Mud ~draul;cs (cont.)

line a

k = 1.067 * (PV + YP) (2-41)

511"

1.067 * (15 + 8) = 0.268

511. 714

line b

" = log [(2PV + YP)] I log (2) (2-29)

(PV + YP)

log [(2 * 15 + 8)] I log (2) = 0.724

(15 + 8)

line c

Ph = .0519 * p * Dv (1-1)

.0519 * 10 * 10,000 = 5190.0

Line d

v·J =
418.3 Q
(6-2)
1:dj2

418.3 * 400 = 458.4

 186

line e
p * v .2
liP b =
J (6-5)
1120

10 * 458.4 2 1876.0
1120

line f

lIP b * Q
Wb = (10-1)
1714

1876 * 400 = 438.7

1714

line 9
p*Q*v.
J (10-5)
F·1
1932

10 * 400 * 458.4 = 949.1

1932

line h

Ps = 10-5 * ks * p * Q1.86

10- 5 * 3 * 10 * 400 1 •86 = 21

 187

Line 1

% Total Pressure Loss at Bit = 100 * Total Bit Loss

Pressure [oss

100 * 1880 = 68
2764

100 * 1880 = 66
2866

Line j

Circulating Pressure at Bit = Hydrostatic Pressure + Annular Loss

5190 + 162 = 5352

5190 + 127 = 5317

Line k

EPa
ECD = Pf + - - " - - - (4-6)
.0519 * Dv

10 + _ _--.,;;;,.16;,;;2'--_ = 10.3
.0519 + 10.000

10 + .0519 *12710.000 = 10.2

 188

Line 1

At * v s =0

ROP * 0 2
b
Ca =---....;;.....-- (9-14)
60 V (02 - d 2)

ROP Ob 2
• •• C = - - - " ' - - - - - ( 9-17)
a 60 * Q * 24.51

200 * 10 2
---"'-,;;,..;....----.;'-"-- = 0.0340
60 * 400 * 24.51

(9-18)

.0519 * .0340 (2.2 * 8.33 - 10) * 16,000 = 147

(EP + 6P )
ECO c =p + c (9-20)
.0519 0v

(162 + 147)
10 + = 10.6
.0519 * 10,000

(127 + 147)
10+ = 10.5
.0519 * 10,000
 189

Figure 0-3 - 8ft Hrdraulics Opti.ization

Line a

The criterion for maximum flowrate is critical velocity opposite collars.

v
Q(max) = Q * .-£
v
400 * 482.1 = 374.0
516.0

Line b

Minimum flowrate is chosen to give 24 ft/min in the top annular section.

Q(min) = Q * v(min)
v

400 *...1L
49.0 = 204.0

Line c

As slow circulating data is not provided, a default is used for the parasitic
pressure exponent. The following default value is consistent with Power Law
turbulent flow calculations:

m = 2 + (2 - n) * (log n - 1.75)
7

2 + (2 - .724) * (log .724 - 1.75) = 1.6554

7

P (opt) = P (max)/(m + 1) (10-3)

p s
 190

= P (max) - P (opt) Section 10. Paragraph 6

s p

Pp(opt) 2000
= -......;;;..~-- = 753
(1.6554 + 1)
Pb(opt) = 2000 - 753 = 1247

line d

For the previous bit run.

Section 10. Paragraph 6

2800 - 1880 = 920

Noting that for any drilling assembly. the parasitic pressure is proportional
to the m power of flowrate.

~ = (~) m
Pp2 Q2

Therefore.
P 11m
Q2 = Q1 (~)
Pp1
The parasitic pressure Pp2 is the difference between the desired maximum
pressure. which is specified. and the optimum bit pressure. which was
determined in the previous calculation. Thus.

{ps(max) - Pb(OPt)}] 11m

Q(opt) = Q * [
Pp

(2000 - 1247)] 1/1.6554

400 * [ = 354
920
 191

Line e

Optimum flow is between minimum and maximum limits.

Line f

The optimum pressure from line c is retained.

Line 9

Pb * Q(opt)
Wb = (10-1)
1714

1247 * 355
= 258
1714

Line h

1120 * Pb 1/2
Vj = [ p ] (6-5)

p*Q(opt)*v.
Fi = J (10-5)
1932

1/2
v. = [1120 * 1247] = 374
J 10

F.= 10 * 355 * 374 = 687

1
1932

line i

418.3 * Q(opt)
Ed. 2 = (6-2)
J
Vj
 192

11 * Ed. 2
J
An (6-2)
4096

Ed j
2 418.3 * 355 = 397
374

An
11 * 397
= 0.30
4096

Line j

A = _11_ (12 2 + 112 + 112) 0.30

n 4096 - - -

Any combination of nozzle sizes may be used as long as total nozzle area
equals 0.30. The program distributes the recommended nozzle area as equally
as possible among the specified number of nozzles.

Line Ie

(10-7)

Pb (opt) P (max) - P (opt) Section 10, Paragraph 6

s p

PP (opt) =
2 * 2000
1094
(1.6554 + 2)

Pb(opt) = 2000 - 1094 = 906

 193

line 1

Q(opt) = Q *
Pp

1/1.6554
400 * [(2000 - 906)] = 444
920

line m

Since optimum flowrate exceeds maximum pump flow, the maximum permissible flow
is used.

line n
m
Pb = Ps ( max ) _ pp * (Q(max))
Q

1.6554
2000 - 920 * (374) = 1177
400

line 0

Pb * Q(max)
W = --::..--- (10-1)
b 1714

1177 * 374 = 257

1714

line p

1120 Pb 1/2
v.
J
=[ ] (6-5)
p
 194

= p * Q(max) Vj
Fi (10-S)
1932

[1120 * 1177] 1/2 = 363

10

10 * 374 * 363 = 703

1932

Line Q

= 418.3 Q(max) (6-2)

Vj

An =
11 * Ed·J 2
4096

Ed. 2 = 418.3 * 374 = 431

J 363

A = 11 * 431 = 0.33
n 4096

Line r

An = _11_*
0.33
4096

Any combination of nozzle sizes may be used as long as total nozzle area
equals 0.33. The program distributes the recommended nozzle area as equally
as possible among the specified number of nozzles.
 GLOSSARY
annulus: The space between two cyl-
inders, one of which is contained
within the other. Usually refers to
the space between the drill string
and the wellbore.
apparent viscosity: Shear stress
divided by shear rate.
attapulgite: Clay mineral commonly
used to provide viscosity in salty
muds. Attapulgite particles are
acicular, while those of most other
clays used in drilling fluids are
platy.
bentonite: A naturally occurring
montmorillonite clay that is com-
monly used as a viscosifier in
fresh-water muds.
Bernoulli's principle: A formula
relating fluid pressure to velocity,
which can be expressed in the form:
hydrostatic pressure = flowing
pressure + dynamic pressure.
This formula neglects the ef-
fects of fluid friction.
Bingham number: A dimensionless
quantity used to indicate the degree
of departure from Newtonian behavior
of a Bingham fluid. It is calcula-
ted from yield point * diameter!
plastic viscosity! bulk velocity.
Bingham plastic: A fluid model rep-
resented by the relationship: shear
stress = yield point + (plastic vis-
cosity * shear rate).
Blasius formula: A formula relating
Reynolds number and turbulent fric-
ti on factor as a power functi on, or
a straight line on a log-log plot.
booster pump: A pump used to in-
crease fluid velocity from the SOPs
to the flowline in long risers.
bulk velocity: Flowrate divided by
a cross-sectional area of flowpath.
Casson fluid: A two-parameter fluid
model representing behavior interme-
diate between Singham and Power Law.
clinging constant: A parameter used
in calculating swab and surge pres-
sures. It gives a convenient way to
find the effective mud velocity that
would develop the required pressure
drop in a stationary annulus.
consistency factor: One of the two
parameters characterizing a Power
Law fl ui d.
Couette flow: Flow between two con-
centri c cyl i nders whi ch rotate with
respect to each other, as ina ro-
tary vi scometer.
critical velocity: The bulk veloc-
ity above which laminar flow ceases.
dilatant fl uid: A fl ui d whose ap-
parent vi scosi ty increases as shear
rate is increased.
double-acting pump: A pump whi ch
displaces fluid when the piston
travels in either direction.
 196
drag coefficient: A dimensionless
number representing the ratio of the
stress tendi ng to oppose moti on to
the dynamic fluid pressure.
duplex pump: A reciprocating pump
with the cylinders.
dynamic pressure: A property of
fluid in motion equal to the kinetic
energy of unit volume of fluid.
Fanning friction factor: In turbu-
lent flow, the ratio of shear stress
oppos i ng moti on at the wa 11 of the
flow channel to dynamic pressure.
flash gels: High gel strength imme-
diately after shearing the fluid,
usually indicating flocculation.
flocculation: Aggregation of clay
particles suspended in a fluid.
flow behavior index: A parameter
describing Power Law fluids, usually
used to i ndi ca te the degree of de-
parture from Newtonian behavior.
flow regime: A term describing gen-
eral characteristics of fluid
flow. May be plug flow, or laminar,
transitional, or turbulent flow.
friction factor: See "Fanning fric-
ti on factor."
gel strength: Resistance to shear-
ing of stationary fluid.
Hedstrom number: A dimensionless
number characterizing a Bingham
fl ui d.
helical flow: A combination of an-
nular flow and Couette flow, such as
occurs in the annul us outsi de a ro-
tating drillstring.
Herschel-Bulkley fluid: three-
parameter non-Newtonian fluid model.
hydraul i c power: Power requi red to
cause a fluid to flow: the product
of flowrate and pressure drop.
hydrostati c pressure: The pressure
exerted by gravity acting on a sta-
tic column of fluid; the product of
the vertical height of the column,
the fluid's density, and the accel-
eration due to gravity.
impact force: The thrust developed
by a moving jet of fluid: the prod-
uct of dynamic pressure and the
cross-sectional area of the jet.
impact pressure: Impact force where
the jet of fl ui d from bit nozz 1es
strikes the bottom of the hole, di-
vided by area of impact.
initial gel: Gel strength measured
10 seconds after shearing the fluid.
Von Karman formula: A mathematical
relationship between Reynolds number
and Fanning friction factor.
laminar flow: Flow in which all
fluid particles move along stream-
lines.
Marsh funnel: Instrument for test-
ing viscosity in the field.
mean viscosity: The viscosity of
the Newtonian fluid which, in lam-
inar flow, would develop the same
pressure drop as the fluid being
circulated or tested.
Moineau motor: Downhole motor work-
i ng on the positive-displacement
principle.
montmorillonite: Clay mineral
widely used to provide viscosity in
water-based drilling fluids.
Moody diagram: Log-log plot of Fan-
ning friction factor against Rey-
nolds number.

Newtonian fluid: A fluid having
viscosity independent of shear rate.
Ostwald-de Walde fluid: Power Law
fluid.
parasitic pressure loss: The con-
tri buti on to total pressure drop
made by all parts of the circulating
system excluding the bit nozzles.
plastic viscosity: In a Bingham
fluid, the slope of the graph of
shear stress versus shear rate. An
apparent plastic viscosity is re-
ported for drilling fluids, based on
two viscometer measurements.
plasticity: See "Bingham number".
plug flow: Flow with no deforma-
tion; shear rate is zero in a plug
flow region.
poiseville flow: Flow inside a cir-
cular tube.
Power Law fluid: A fluid in which
shear stress is a power function of
shear rate.
progressive gels: A IO-mi nute gel
strength very much higher than the
IO-second gel reading; also called
strong gels.
pseudoplastic: A fluid in which ap-
paren t vi scos ity decrea se s as shear
rate is increased.
Reynolds number: A dimensionless
correlation parameter. For New-
tonian fluids flowing in circular
tubes, the Reynolds number is
Density * bulk velocity * diam-
eter/vi scosity. For non-
Newtoni an fl ui ds and other ge-
ometries, there is no univer-
sally accepted definition.
197
rheology: The study of the flow of
ma tter.
Robertson-Stiff fluid: A three-
parameter non-Newtonian fluid model.
shear rate: The rate of deformation
of an element of fluid.
shear stress: The stress developed
by a fluid, tending to resist defor-
mation.
shear thinning: A reduction in ap-
parent viscosity as shear rate is
increased.
single-acting: A pump in which
fluid is discharged only on the for-
ward stroke of the piston.
slip velocity: The velocity with
which a particle sinks relative to
the fluid surrounding it.
stability parameter: A dimension-
less quantity proposed as a means of
calculating the onset of turbulence.
Stanton diagram: A plot of friction
factor against Reynolds number.
superchargi ng pump: A centrifugal
pump feeding fluid under positive
pressure to a reciprocating pump.
thixotropy: A reduction in viscos-
ity as fluid is sheared for a period
of time.
transitional flow: A flow regime in
which characteristics are intermedi-
ate between laminar and turbulent
flow.
transport ratio: Net upward veloc-
ity of suspended particles, divided
by annular velocity.
transport velocity: Net upward ve-
locity of particles, obtained by
 198

subtracting slip velocity from annu-

l ar velocity.

triplex pump: A reciprocating pump

containing three cylinders.

turbodrill: A downhole motor oper-

ating on the turbine principle.

turbulent flow: Flow with numerous

eddies, in which the fluid becomes
completely mixed.

upset: A portion of a pipe with in-

creased wall thickness.

viscosity: A measure of a fluid's

resistance to flow. In a Newtonian
fluid, it can be defined as the
ratio of shear stress to shear rate.

vo 1umetri c effi ci ency: The volume

of fluid output by a pump during one
stroke, divided by the volume swept
by the pistons.

yield point: In a Bingham fluid,

the stress required to ini tiate de-
formation. An apparent yield point
is usually reported, based on vis-
cometer readings at two shear rates.

yield-pseudoplastic: See "Robert-

son-Stiff fluid".

yield stress: The stress required

to initiate deformation in a non-
Newtonian fluid.

z-factor: See "stabil ity parameter".

INDEX
Absolute roughness, 71 Circulating pressure, at bit, 187
Absolute viscosity, 16-17 Clinging constant, 114-117
Angular velocity, 30, 32 Colebrook equation, 73
Annular flow Consistency factor, 19, 21
analysis of, 91-106 calculation of, 39-41
Power Law equation for, 154-155, 164-165 Continuity of flow, principle of, 14-15
Annular pressure loss Core bit, 88
approximations of, 97-100 Correction factor, for Power Law
calculation of, 91-96 consistency factor, 40-41
practical methods for solving, 100-103 Critical Reynolds number, 70, 180
Annular velocity, 56 Critical velocity
Annulus, 56, 91-106 critical Reynolds number and, 70
average fluid velocity of, 15 flow regime determination and, 13-14
fluid flow up, 7 Reynolds number and, 13-14
laminar flow in, 91-103 Cuttings, pressure drop due to, 126
transitional flow in, 105 Cuttings transport, 119-127, 156, 166
turbulent flow in, 103-104 Cuttings velocity, 124-126
Apparent viscosity, 18, 19, 22
Attapulgite, 48 Deformation, fluid, 8-10
Average fluid velocity, 15 Density. See Fluid density
Diamond bit, 88
Bentonite, 47-48 Dilatant fluid, 19
Bingham fluid Dodge, D. W., 73-74, 76
in annulus, 96, 97,100-102,105-106 Drag coefficient, 121-122
field procedures for, 39, 66-67 Drilling fluid, 2, 47-50
gel strength and, 42-44 components of, 47
laminar flow in, 65, 66, 96, 97, 100-102 cuttings transport by, 119-127
model of, 17-18 flow curve of, 20 (fig. 2-10), 21
plasticity in, 67 flow of, in driIIstring, 59-79
Power Law model and, 19-21 functions of, 47
properties of, 36-37 gel strength of, 23
transitional flow, 105-106 hydrostatic pressure of, 3-4
shear rate in, 35 non-Newtonian fluids and, 16
shear stress in, 34 Power Law fluid model and, 19-21
Bingham fluid model flow curve shear thinning in, 19-21
drilling fluid curve and, 20 (fig. 2-10), 21 time-tiependent flow behavior of, 22-23
Bingham number, 67, 100 yield stress in, 21
Bingham Plastic fluid model. See Bingham fluid Drilling hydraulics, principles of, 1-5
Bit Drilling muds. See Drilling fluids
circulating pressure at, 187 DriIIstring, 55, 59-79
pressure loss at, 55-56, 86-88, 187 average fluid velocity of, 15
Bit/drive combinations, calculations for, 88 fluid flow down, 7
Bit hydraulics optimization, 24, 170 (fig. D-3) swab and surge pressures and, 111-113
Bit nozzles, 86-88
equation for, 156, 165-166 ECD. See Effective circulating density
Blasius relationship, 73, 75 (fig. 5-5) Effective circulating density, 57, 126-127
Booster pumps, 129 Effective viscosity, 18
Bourgoyne, A. T., 122 Emulsions, 47, 49
Equations
Calcium montmorillonite, 48 key, 145-166
Casson fluid in oilfield units, 145, 146, 157-166
in annulus, 98, 103 in S. 1. units, 145-156
gel strength and, 42-44 Equivalent Reynolds number, 69
laminar flow of, 65, 98, 103
model of, 21-22 Fann viscometer, 38-39
plasticity in, 67 Fanning equation, 70-71
properties of, 37 Fanning friction factor, 71-72
shear rate in, 35 Field procedures
shear stress in, 34 for Bingham fluid, 39, 66-67
Centipoise, 39 for fluid flow measurements, 38-44
200

for laminar flow, 66-67 Friction forces, in equilibrium, 27, 28

for Newtonian fluid, 39 Funnel, Marsh, 24-25
for Power Law fluid, 39-44 Funnel viscosity, 25
Flocculation, 48
Flow. See also Fluid flow; Laminar flow; Transi- Gas, 1
tional flow; Turbulent flow Gel strength
continuity of, 14-15 drilling fluid and, 23
defined,7 excessive, 23
plug, 10 fluid flow model selection and, 42-44
Flow behavior index, 19, 98 fragile, 23
Flow-pressure loss, flowrate and, 19 progressive, 23
Flow regime, 10-14 in Robertson-Stiff fluid model, 22
determination of, 13-14,68-69 strong, 23
Flowrate time-dependent flow behavior and, 23
flow continuity and, 14-15 weak,23
flow-pressure loss and, 19
hydraulic power and, 130-134 Hanks, R. W., 77-78, 105-106
maximum, 130, 189, 191, 193-194 Hedstrom number, 77-78
measurement of, 24-25 Herschel-Bulkley fluid
minimum, 129, 130, 189, 191 model of, 21-22
parasitic pressure and, 190 pseudo, 22
Fluid shear rate in, 36
defined, 1-2 shear stress in, 36
density of, 2 Hydraulic power
determination of properties of, 36-38 equation for, 156, 166
dilatant, 19 flowrate and, 130-134
fundamental properties of, 1-5 Hydraulics calculations, examples of, 167-194
hydrostatic pressure in, 2-4 Hydraulics program optimization, 129-134
Newtonian, 10, 12, 13, 16-17 Hydrostatic pressure, 2-4, 57
non-Newtonian, 10, 12, 16, 17-23, 25, 68-69
non-time dependent, 26-27 Impact force
pressure measurement of, 24-25 equation for, 156, 166
pseudoplastic, 19 jet, 132
rheological properties of, 27 Inlet coefficient, 79
rheopectic, 22 Invert emulsions, 49
thixotropic, 22
types of, 1-2 Jet impact force, 132
Fluid deformation, 8-10 Jet velocity, 86
Fluid density, 2, 3 Johnson, M. M., 76-77
funnel viscosity and, 25
minimum, 129 k-correction factor, 40-41
Reynolds number and, 13-14 Kick, Pascal's Law and, 4-5
Fluid flow. See also Flow
analysis of, 7, 26-36 Laminar flow, 7
up annulus, 7 in annulus, 91-103
down drillstring, 7, 59-79 cuttings transport in, 119-120
field procedures for measuring, 38-44 defined, 10-12
principles of, 7-15 field procedures for, 66-67
properties, 24-44 fluid property measurement in, 13
Fluid flow models, 16-23. See also Bingham fluid; hydraulics calculations in, 172-173, 178, 179-180
Casson fluid; Herschel-Bulkley fluid; New- mathematical analysis of, 59-69
tonian fluid; Power Law fluid; Robertson-Stiff in pipe, 59-69
fluid pressure losses in, 59-69
field procedures and, 38-44 Reynolds number and, 68-69
fluid property determination in, 36-38 shear stress/rate analysis and, 26-27
selection of, 42-44 Laminar-to-turbulent transition. See Transitional
shear rate in, 35-36 flow
shear stress in, 34-35 Liquid, 1-5. See also Fluid
Fluid mechanics, 1, 24-44
Fluid velocity. See Velocity Marsh funnel, 24-25
Fluid viscosity. See Viscosity Mayes, T. M., 123
Formation damage, minimizing, 129 Mean viscosity, 68-69
Friction factor, 71-72, 121-122 Measurement, units of, 143-144
 201

Metzner, A. B., 73-74, 76 Pipe flow

Moineau motor, 83-84 Bingham (approximate) equation for, 148-149,
Moment, 28-29 159
Moore, P. L., 122, 123 Bingham (exact) equation for, 147-148,
Motor, 83-84 158
Mud Power Law equation for, 149-150, 160
oil-based, 47, 49 Pipe flow rheometer, 24
water-based, 47-49 Pipe viscometer, 13
yield stress in, 17 Plastic viscosity
Mud circulating system, 51-57 conversion to centipoise, 39
Mud hydraulics, calculations for, 167-194 defined,17-18
Mud pump Plasticity, 67, 100
double-acting, 51-54 Plug flow, 10
single-acting, 51-54 Polymers, as viscosifiers, 48-49
Mud viscosity, 49-50 Positive displacement motor, 83
Mudweight, 2 Power Law fluid
in annulus, 98, 102-103
Narrow annulus approximation, 96-100 Bingham fluid model and, 19-21
Newtonian fluid, 10 consistency factor kin, 39-41
clinging constant in, 114 field measurement of properties, 39-44
field measurement of properties of, 39 gel strength and, 42-44
flow behavior index and, 19 k correction factor for, 40-41
friction factor in, 72 laminar flow in, 65, 98, 102-103
gel strength and, 42 model of, 19-20
in laminar flow, 12,62-65 properties of, 37
laminar flow in annulus of, 96, 97, 100 shear rate in, 35
model of, 16-17 shear stress in, 34
properties of, 36 Power Law fluid model flow curve, drilling fluid
shear rate in, 35 curve and, 20 (fig. 2-10), 21
shear stress in, 34 Pratt, D. R., 77-78, 105-106
shear stress/shear rate relationship in, 16-17 Pressure
in turbulent flow, 13 hydrostatic, 57
viscosity in, 12 parasitic, 189-190
Newtonian fluid model flow curve, drilling fluid surge, 24,111-117
curve and, 20 (fig. 2-10), 21 swab,24,111-117
Nomenclature, 137-142 Pressure loss, 24, 55-57
Non-Newtonian fluid, 10 annular, 56, 91-106
clinging constant in, 114-115 bit and, 55-56, 87-88, 187
flow behavior index and, 19 calculation of, 59-79
friction factor in, 73 cuttings and, 126
mean viscosity of, 68-69 drillstring and, 55
models of, 16, 17-22 motor and, 83-84
shear stress/shear rate relationship in, 16, 18 orifice and, 86-87
time-dependent behavior in, 22-23 parasitic, 130-134
viscosity in, 12 tool joint and, 78-79
Nozzle turbine and, 85
flowrate and, 134 Pseudoplastic fluid, 19
pressure drop at, 86-88 Pump
Nozzle size, nozzle area and, 192, 194 booster, 129
mud,51-54
Oil-based muds, 47, 49 Pump output, equation for, 146, 157
Oilfield units, 143-144
key equations in, 145, 146, 157-166 Reed, ]. C., 76
Outlet coefficient, 79 Relative roughness, 71-72
Relative sinking velocity. See Slip velocity
Parallel-Plate approximation, 96 Reynolds, Osborne, 68
Parallel-Plate flow Reynolds number, 68-69
_Bingham (approximate) equation for, 151-152, annular flow and, 103-104
162 critical, 70
Bingham (exact) equation for, 150-151, 161 cuttings transport and, 119-122
Power Law equation for, 152-153, 163 equivalent, 69
Parasitic pressure, 130-134, 189-190 flow regime determination and, 13-14
Pascal's Law, 4-5 transitional flow and, 105
202
Rheological properties, of fluid, 27
Rheometer, pipe flow, 24
Rheometry
Bingham equation for, 146, 157
Power Law equation for, 146, 157
Rheopectic fluid, 22
Robertson-Stiff fluid
in annulus, 98, 103
gel strength and, 44
laminar flow in, 65, 98, 103
model of, 21-22
plasticity in, 67
properties of, 37-38
shear rate in, 36
shear stress in, 34-35
Rotary viscometer, 19, 22-23
Rotating sleeve viscometer, 24-36
Roughness
absolute, 70
relative, 71-72
Ryan, N. W., 76-77
Sample, K. ]., 122
Schuh, F. J., 73, 76
Shear rate
in Bingham plastic model, 17-18
defined,9
flow time and, 22
fluid models and, 16-22
in laminar flow, 10-12, 62
mathematical analysis of, 24-25, 31, 34-36, 40
mud viscosity and, 49-50
in Newtonian fluid model, 16-17
in Power Law fluid model, 19-21
shear stress and, 9-10, 16-22
Shear-rate ranges, measurement of, 25
Shear stress
in Bingham Plastic fluid model, 17-18
in Casson fluid model, 21-22
defined, 8-10
flow rate and 22
fluid models and, 16-22
in Herschel-Bulkley fluid model, 21
in laminar flow, 10-12,61-62
mathematical analysis of, 24-43
measurement of, 25
in Newtonian fluid model, 16-17
in Power Law fluid model, 19
in Robertson-Stiff fluid model, 21
shear rate and, 9-10, 16-22
Shear thinning, 18, 19-20
S. I. units, 143-144
key equations in, 145-156
Slip velocity, 119-124
Sodium montmorillonite, 47-48
Specific weight, 2, 3
Sub-bentonite, 48
Surge pressure, 24, 111-117
Swab pressure, 24, 111-117
Thixotropic fluid, 22
Time-dependent behavior, in non-Newtonian
fluids, 22-23
Tool joints
equation for, 155, 165
pressure drop at, 78-79
Torque, 28-29
Transitional flow, 13, 68-69, 76-78
in annulus, 105
Transport ratio, 123-125
Turbine, 83, 85
Turbodrill, 83
Turbulent flow, 7
in annulus, 103-104
clinging constant in, 114-117
defined, 13
. fluid property measurement in, 13
hydraulics calculations in, 172, 176-178
pressure losses in, 70-75
Reynolds number and, 68-69
Velocity
average fluid, 14, 15
critical, 13-14
flow continuity and, 14-15
jet, 86
Reynolds number and, 13-14
slip, 119-124
Velocity profile
of laminar flow in annulus, 91-93
of laminar flow in pipe, 13 (fig. 2-5)
of turbulent flow in pipe, 11 (fig. 2-4)
V-G meter, 13, 18
Viscometer
Fann, 38-39
rotary, 19, 22-23
rotating sleeve, 24-36
Viscometric instruments, 12, 13, 19, 24-25
Viscometric properties
measurement of, 24-25
Viscosifiers, polymers as, 48-49
Viscosity
absolute, 16-17
apparent, 18, 19, 22
conversion to centipoise, 39
defined, 10-12
effective, 18
flow time and, 22
funnel,25
funnel viscosity and, 25
mean, 68-69
mud,49-50
plastic, 17-18
Reynolds number and, 13-14
temperature and, 44
zero, 26-27
Viscosity gradient, in turbulent flow, 13
Viscous drag, 60-61
Volumetric efficiency, of mud pump, 51-54
Volumetric output, of mud pump, 51-54
Von Karman relationship, 74, 75 (fig. 5-5)
 203

Walker, R. E., 123 in laminar flow, 61

Water·based muds, 47-49 mud viscosity and, 49-50
Yield stress
Yield point in Bingham Plastic fluid model, 17
in Bingham Plastic fluid model, 17 in fluid models, 17, 19-21
field measurement of, 39 in Herschel-Bulkley fluid model, 22