Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract
Mufflers are important part of engine system and commonly used in exhaust
system to minimize sound transmissions caused by exhaust gases. Design of
mufflers is a complex function that affects noise characteristics, emission and
fuel efficiency of engine. Therefore muffler design becomes more and more
important for noise reduction. Traditionally, muffler design has been an
iterative process by trial and error. However, the theories and science that has
undergone development in recent years has given a way for an engineer to cut
short number of iteration. This paper discusses the various functional
requirements of automotive muffler like Insertion loss, Size of muffler,
Backpressure, Cost and Weight. The objective of this study is to give general
design guidelines for designing various parameters of muffler. This paper
suggests suitable guidelines for selection of muffler grade, muffler length and
diameter, Tail-pipe length according to engine cubic capacity and calculation
of pressure drop in muffler on the basis of exhaust gas flow rate. It also
explains the checking criteria for suitability of muffler for particular
application.
Introduction
Internal combustion engines are generating the acoustic pulse by the Combustion
process. This noise is controlled through the use of silencers and mufflers. A silencer
has been the traditional name for noise attenuation devices, while a muffler is smaller,
mass-produced device designed to reduce engine exhaust noise. Continuous
development has been made in improving performance of the silencers used for
automotive exhaust systems. Exhaust mufflers are widely employed to muffle the
noise of an engine body or the noise of other predominant sources in vehicles. In
order to maintain a desired noise and comfortable ride, the modes of a muffler need to
be analyzed. The intensity and magnitude of the noise will vary greatly depending
484 Vinod Sherekar and P. R. Dhamangaonkar
upon engine type i.e. naturally aspirated or turbocharged, horse power developed,
means of scavenging, type of fuel used, number of cycles whether 2 cycle or 4 cycle
engine etc.
Adequate Insertion Loss(IL): An effective muffler will reduce the sound pressure of
the noise source to the required level. In the case of an automotive muffler the noise
in the exhaust system, generated by the engine, is to be reduced.A mufflers
performance or attenuating capability is generally defined in terms of insertion loss or
transmission loss. Insertion loss is defined as the difference between the acoustic
powers radiated without and with a muffler fitted. The transmission loss is defined as
the difference (in decibels) between the sound power incident at the entry to the
muffler that of the transmitted by muffler.The muffler designer must determine the
required insertion loss so that a suitable type of muffler can be designed for the
automotive application. [1,2]
Selection of size: The proper selection and sizing of the silencer is of utmost
importance to ensure that pressure drop, acoustical performance and other specific
design criteria are met. The selection of the correct type of engine exhaust silencer is
determined by the type of engine, the end use of the engine and the degree of
silencing required. Also, the silencer size selected must accommodate the specified
volume of exhaust gas flow keeping the back pressure within the limits specified. The
available space has a great influence on the size and therefore type of muffler that
may be used. A muffler may have its geometry designed for optimum attenuation
however if it does not meet the space constraints, it is useless. [2]
Cost and Weight: Generally the larger a muffler is, the more it weighs and the more
it costs to manufacture. For a performance vehicle every gram saved is crucial to its
performance.Effectively supporting a muffler is always a design issue and the larger a
muffler is the more difficult it is to support. A Muffler’s mounting system not only
needs to support the mufflers weight but it also needs to provide vibration isolation so
Design Principles for an Automotive Muffler 485
that the vibration of the exhaust system is not transferred to the chassis and then to the
passenger cabin. This vibration isolation is usually achieved with the use of hard
rubber inserts and brackets that isolate or dampen vibration from the muffler to the
chassis. Therefore small light weight muffler is desirable [4].
Industrial/Commercial:
IL = 15 to 25 dBA
Body/Pipe = 2 to 2.5
Length/Pipe = 5 to 6.5
Residential Grade:
IL = 20 to 30 dBA
Body/Pipe = 2 to 2.5
Length/Pipe = 6 to 10
Critical Grade:
IL = 25 to 35 dBA
Body/Pipe =3
Length/Pipe = 8 to 10
Step-3: To calculate the unsilenced exhaust noise at the receiver location. The
following equation provides a correction for distance assuming free-field
spreading.[6, 7]
Lp (Xr)UNL= Lp (Xo) – 20 log (Xr/Xo) (2)
486 Vinod Sherekar and P. R. Dhamangaonkar
Where
Xr = the reflection distance consider for calculation
Xo = the distance at which unsilenced noise level (UNL) is measured
Exhaust engine tones: One needs to calculate the target frequencies to give more
concentration of higher transmission loss. For calculating the target frequencies
engine max power rpm is required and calculation follows: [6,8]
49.03*√oR 49.03*√oR
0.5 ( )≤ L1 ≤ 2.6 ( ) (oR- Rankin temperature) (6)
2*π*f 2*π*f
Tail-pipe length: Exhaust tail pipe will have resonances that can amplify engine
tones.To avoid amplification of tones use short tail pipe. [6, 7]
c S3
Optimum tail-pipe length (L2) = (4*f - 2 ) (11)
1
(f1=fundamental firing frequency, c= speed of sound in fps)
Conclusion:
An automotive muffler should be designed to meet all necessary requirements as
mentioned above, like adequate insertion loss, minimal backpressure, space
constraints, be durable, light weight, be cost effective. There will be many possible
muffler design solutions for a particular situation and many possible ways to predict a
mufflers insertion loss. The muffler can be designed by various methods to achieve
good performance some of them are stated above but the design is proven by its
performance on an automobile itself.
Acknowledgement
It is pleasure to thank our Honorable H.O.D. (Mechanical Engg. Department)
Dr.S.N.Sapali for their suggestion, co-operation and encouragement. I express my
deepest gratitude towards Prof.A.P.Bhattu and Mr. Mahesh Patil who helped me in
the completion of this paper.
Design Principles for an Automotive Muffler 489
References
[1] Sanjoy Biswas, Goutam Mandal, “An Approach to reduce the product variants
through design Of hybrid muffler”SIAT, India 2013-26-0096
[2] Potente, Daniel, “General design guidelines for an Automotive muffler”
Acoustics 2005
[3] M.R.Reddy, K.M.Reddy, “Design and optimization of automotive
mufflers”IJERA
[4] J.H.Chaudhari, B.S.Patel, “Muffler design for automotive noise attenuation-A
Review “January 2014
[5] M.Rahman, T.Sharmin, M.Alnur“Design and construction of muffler for
engine noise Reduction” ICME05-TH-47
[6] Bell, L.H., 1982, Industrial Noise Control, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Lilly, J.J., “Engine ExhaustNoise Control”, ASHRAE Technical Board 2.6.
[7] Jim R.Cummines, Bill G.Golden“Silencer application handbook” 1993 edition
[8] Shital Shah, Kalyankumar, Prof.D.G.Thombare,”A practical approach towards
muffler Design, development and prototype validation”2010-032-0021
[9] P.H.Smith, J.C.Morrison, “Scientific design of exhaust and intake systems”
[10] P.S.Yadav, S.Raju“Optimized design of silencer-An integrated approach”SAE
2007-26-037
[11] M.Singh Lota, Ravindran V, P.Rao V and Rakesh Verma, “FEA Approach for
Calculating back pressure in Automotive Muffler” SIAT, India 2013-26-0046