Architecture of a infrastructure based

Cellular systems
mobile system
Purpose:
To provide network access to a large number of fixed or mobile users
(location of the users a priory not known)
Switching Fixed
Mobile Stations
• Two way link to the users (duplex links) Network Network
• The signal strength deteriorates together
with distance.
Base Stations
• Every transmitter can offer only limited
amount of simultaneous radio links to the
end-users. Basic structure of a cellular network
• Cellular concept:
– large area is divided into a number of • Large area is divided into a number of sub-areas - cells.
sub-areas - cells. • Each cell has its BS which is able to provide a radio link for number of
– Each cell has its BS which is able to simultaneous users.
provide a radio link for number of – Each terminal is assigned to a BS
simultaneous users. A clusters of cells in a cellular network – Coverage requirements
– Service requirements
• Fixed network structure (not Ad-Hoc)

Coverage area: 1 Coverage area: 2

• The area where BS can be accessed is called service
area • Population availability :
– depends on the radio propagation probability that some randomly selected user can be
– depends on the load in the network (interference WCDMA) provided with adequate communication service
– depends on the network planning depends on the radio propagation
• Service area might have ``holes''
• Service from different BS may overlap
– depends on the load in the network (interference
• Coverage area:
WCDMA)
a fraction of the service area where communication with some
required quality is possible. – depends on the network planning
– can be calculated as a weighted sum with the location
probability and service quality
 Challanges for a cellular system Interference
• Assume the asynchronous users sharing
• Problems the same bandwidth and using the same
– Interference due to the cellular structure, inter- and intra-cell radio base station in each coverage area
interference or cell.
– Mobility handling • Intra-cell/co-channel interference due to l
Intra-cell Interference

the signal from the other users in the

– Cell based radio resource scarcity
• Physical environment related limitations
– Rang, Coverage limitations
• Environment, antenna height, tx power, agility of the system
• Usage related limitations
– Capacity related limitations
• unpredicted: user demand, data rate, network load,
– Network load related to the interference level
home cell. Inter-cell Interference
• Inter-cell/adjacent channel interference
due to the signal from the users in the
other cell.
• Interference due to the thermal noise. Inter-cell and intra-cell interference in a cellular system
Methods for reducing interference:
• Frequency reuse: in each cell of cluster pattern different frequency is used
– By optimising reuse pattern the problems of interference can be reduced
significantly, resulting in increased capacity.
• Reducing cell size: in smaller cells the frequency is used more efficiently.
• Multilayer network design: macro-, micro-, pico-cells

Signal and interference Interference in the network

P1,1 P
P Signal received at the BS
P1,1 user 1 signal
SIR1 = G SIR2 = G 2,2
P2,1 + N0 P1,2 + N0
I j Spectral density of P2,1 interference
interference from other G processing gain
users in the cell I nW
P2,2 user 2 signal P1,1
In Spectral density of Radio tower
CIR1 =
Ij W=(n-1)P
interference from users in P1,2 interference I j + In + N
other cells
Interference in one cell
N0 Thermal noise spectral P P1,1 user 1 signal P2,1 interference
density
P = E b Pb
Eb Energy per bit of data P E R
CIR = = b b P1,2 interference P2,2 user 2 signal
Rb data rate
(I j + I n + N 0 ) I 0 W
Interference in multiple cells
 Capacity estimation in a Impact of uncertainties to the
capacity in the cell
CDMA cell • Location of users in the cell 40
Number of users per cell = 50

– depending where users are located in 20

the cell they get different interference

N K j -1
0

[dBm]
from other cells and capacity varies
+ P1, 0 +...+ PK0 , 0 + Â Â Pk , j + h = 0
−20

- CIR
P

s,i
0,0

P
−40 min distance
• Speed of users −60
uniform distribution
max distance

j =1 k =1 – target CIR function of speed −80

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

N K j -1 – conditions in the cell vary with users movements

+...+ PK0 , 0 + Â Â Pk , j + h = 0
−3
x 10

P0, 0 - CIR
P
1, 0 • Data rates 8

– n times voice datarate corresponds to n users7.5 transmitting from that location. (“high
j =1 k =1 nonuniformity”)

CIR
7

6.5

N K j -1 Soft Capacity
+ Â Â Pk , j + h = 0
6
PK0 , 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

P0 , 0 + P1, 0 +...- CIR • surrounding cells lightly loaded

Distance from BS [m]

0 .3
• less interference to the heavily loaded 1 .2
j =1 k =1
cell
• capacity to heavily loaded cell can be
increased

Cell breathing Classification

30

• Reasons 25

20 N = 40
• Range limited systems
N = 50
– same spectrum for all users N = 60
15
N = 70
N = 80
– The distance between BS is too small
Ps,i [dBm]

– power control 10

– interference depends on location 5 • too high attenuation in the system

of users 0

−5
• Interference limited systems.
– Load in the system too high
−10
0 200 400 600 800 1000

• Outcome Distance from BS [m]

– system capacity sensitive to instantaneous conditions in the – QOS difficult to satisfy

cell
– for “bad” users configuration the demanded capacity will be
more than available capacity
– all users increase their transmission power
– some users reach their available power and CIR requirement
for them will be violated
 Mobility Interference control solutions
• Mobility provides for the end-user the possibility of being reachable
anywhere and any time
The mobility is provided through:
• Standards
• Handover: guarantees that whenever the mobile is moving from one BS – Split the spectrum
area/cell to another, the signal is handed over to the target BS.
When there is no continuous active radio link between mobile and BS the
– In time/ in space
mobility is supported by:
• Location update: user registers in the network that it can be found in
given area. Mobile always initiates the location update procedure. • Dynamic handling
• Paging: indication to the user about the the need for transaction.
Paging procedure is always initiated by the network. – GSM
– WCDMA
– Flash OFDM
– Dect

Regulation
Spectrum utilization
Legal-administrative aspects:
• Spectrum allocation. Technical-engineering
factors
• Technical standardisation.

Economic-political aspects:
The spectrum made available Regulation
such that:
Legal-administrative Economic-political
• System providers and users factors factors
are satisfied.
• Spectrum efficiently used.
Factors in the regulation process

Spectrum utilization
(from IEE review May 2005)
 Changing Capacity
Cellular network Link Quality RRM purpose.
Optimisation
• Ensure planned coverage for each
and tailoring service.
• Why such high utilization in the cellular • Ensure required connection quality.
networks • Ensure planned (low) blocking.
• Optimise the system usage in run
– Cellular structure Cell coverage Cell Capacity
time.

– Separation of the user signals. Uplink interference power

Real time RRM and
Optimisation functions.
– Attenuation, orthogonality, decoding, Prx_threshold Overload area
• Interference measurements.
– Multiplexing methods Prx_target
Marginal load area
• Soft capacity utilisation.
Planned load area • Scheduling in radio interface.
• Dynamic resource control ∆Prx • Actions to load change.
∆Load • Real time interference minimisation:
– Handover control.
Max planned load
– Service prioritisation.
– Connection parameter settings.
– Admission control.

Radio Resource Management

Resources to be managed targets

• Radio frequence spectrum • Quality of service

• Contracts - guarantees for certain level of service
• Orthogonality • Mapping of service requirements to various technical
QOS requirements: e-q
• Power – error performance
– Data speed – delay
– data rate (throughput)
– Data processing compexity
• Non RT v. RT.
• Costs – Guaranteed minimum throughput
– Utilize all available throughput at any time
– Guaranteed constant data rate & delay
 Information quality
Performance measures
• Coverage • Maximum transfer delay: Transfer delay is the time
• Outage between the request to transfer the information at one
– interference different in uplink downlink access point to its delivery at the other access point.
• Quality requirements • Delay variation: The delay variation of the information
received information over the bearer has to be controlled
Evolution from voice to data to support real-time services.
• Many data applications are extremely bursty • Bit Error Ratio: The ratio between incorrect and total
– Voice users have fixer rate demand over relatively long time transferred information bits.
• Voice has relatively tight latency requirements • Data rate: The data rate is the amount of data
– Data application have wide range of latency requirements transferred between the two access points in a given
period of time.

UMTS QoS Classes QoS requirements

Real Time (Constant Delay) Non Real Time (Variable Delay)

Error Conversational Streaming audio

tolerant Voice messaging Fax Operating BER/Max Transfer Delay BER/Max Transfer Delay
voice and video and video
environment
Satellite Max Transfer Delay less than 400 ms Max Transfer Delay 1200 ms or more
(Terminal (Note 2)
relative speed to BER 10-3 - 10-7
E-commerce, E-mail arrival ground up to (Note 1) BER = 10-5 to 10-8
Error Telnet, WWW browsing, FTP, still image, notification 1000 km/h for
intolerant interactive games paging
plane)
Rural outdoor Max Transfer Delay 20 - 300 ms Max Transfer Delay 150 ms or more
(Terminal (Note 2)
Conversational Interactive Streaming Background relative speed to BER 10-3 - 10-7
(delay <<1 sec) (delay approx.1 sec) (delay <10 sec) (delay >10 sec)
ground up to 500 (Note 1) BER = 10-5 to 10-8
km/h) (Note 3)
Urban/ Suburban Max Transfer Delay 20 - 300 ms Max Transfer Delay 150 ms or more
• Conversational: end-to-end delay is low and the traffic is symmetric of outdoor (Note 2)
nearly symmetric. (Terminal BER 10-3 - 10-7
relative speed to (Note 1) BER = 10-5 to 10-8
– Speech, Video telephony, … . ground up to 120
km/h)
• Streaming: data is transferred such that it can be processed as a steady Indoor/ Low Max Transfer Delay 20 - 300 ms Max Transfer Delay 150 ms or more
range outdoor (Note 2)
continuous stream. (Terminal BER 10-3 - 10-7
relative speed to (Note 1) BER = 10-5 to 10-8
– Video, audio, … . ground up to 10
km/h)
• Interactive: interaction between human or machine and remote NOTE 1; There is likely to be a compromise between BER and delay.
equipment. NOTE 2; The Max Transfer Delay should be here regarded as the target value for 95% of the data.
NOTE 3; The value of 500 km/h as the maximum speed to be supported in the rural outdoor environment
– Web browsing, tele-mechanics, ... . was selected in order to provide service on high speed vehicles (e.g. trains). This is not meant
to be the typical value for this environment (250 km/h is more typical).
• Background: non real time data traffic.
– email … .
 End-user performance expectation End-user Performance Expectations
conversational/real time traffic - Interactive Services
Medium Application Degree of Data rate Key performance parameters and target values
symmetry
Medium Application Degree of Data rate Key performance parameters and target values
symmetry One-way Delay Information loss
End-to-end One- Delay Information
way Variation loss Delay Variation
Delay within a
call Audio Voice messaging Primarily < 1 sec for < 1 msec
Audio Conversational playback
one-way 4-13 kb/s < 3% FER
voice Two-way 4-25 kb/s <150 msec < 1 msec < 3% FER < 2 sec for
preferred record
<400 msec limit
Note 1
Video Videophone Two-way 32-384 < 150 msec < 1% FER
kb/s preferred Data Web-browsing Primarily < 4 sec /page N.A
<400 msec limit one-way
- HTML Zero
Lip-synch : < 100
msec
Data Transaction Two-way < 4 sec N.A
Data Telemetry Two-way <28.8 < 250 msec N.A services – high
- two-way kb/s Zero priority e.g. e- Zero
control commerce, ATM
Data Interactive games Two-way < 1 KB < 250 msec N.A Zero
Data Telnet Two-way < 1 KB < 250 msec N.A Zero E-mail Primarily < 4 sec N.A Zero
(asymmetri
Data (server access) One-way
c)

End-user Performance Expectations

- Streaming Services Performance criteria
Medium Application Degree of Data rate Key performance parameters and target values
symmetry
• Capacity
One-way Delay Information loss

Delay Variation
– number of subscribers served
Audio < 10 sec < 1 msec < 1% FER – Bitrate/ Bandwidth provided
High quality
streaming audio
Primarily
one-way
32-128
kb/s • Quality
– BER
Video One-way One-way 32-384
kb/s
< 10 sec < 1% FER
– Delay
• Service Probability
Data Bulk data Primarily < 10 sec N.A
transfer/retrieval one-way
Zero
– coverage
Data Still image One-way < 10 sec N.A Zero – outage probability
– Blocking, service denial
Data Telemetry One-way <28.8 < 10 sec N.A Zero
kb/s
- monitoring
 General resource allocation
methods
• Static resource allocation
– Allocation is based on the prior statistics
• Channel conditions
• Load conditions
• QoS requirements
• Dynamic resource allocation
– Measurements rate is high enough to track
changes in the network

Resource Management Architecture RRM methods

Network based functions.
in WCDMA • Admission control (AC).
– Handles all new incoming traffic. Check whether new connection can be admitted to the
system and generates parameters for it.
• Communication Management: functions and procedures related to the – Occurs when new connection is set up as well during handovers and bearer
user connections. modification.
• Mobility Management: functions and procedures related to mobility and • Load control (LC).
– Manages situation when system load exceeds the threshold and some counter
security. measures have to be taken to get system back to a feasible load.
• Radio Resource Management: algorithms related to the radio resource. • Packet scheduler (PS).
• The functions are related to the – Handles all non real time traffic, (packet data users). It decides when a packet
Communication Control
control mechanisms: CM CM
transmission is initiated and the bit rate to be used.
– Communication Control. Mobility Control Mobility Control • Resource Manager (RM).
MM MM MM – Controller over logical resources in BTS and RNC and reserves resources in terrestrial
– Mobility Control.
Radio Resource Control
network.
– Radio Resource Control. RRM RRM Connection based functions.
• Handover Control (HC).
Open Interface Uu Open Interface Iu
– Handles and makes the handover decisions.
– Controls the active set of BS of MS.
Terminal (UE) UTRAN CN
• Power Control (PC).
NMS – Maintains radio link quality.
– Minimise and control the power used in radio interface.