Source Current Harmonics Reduction with

Intelligent controlled Multiple RES based

SAPF
A project thesis submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

With specialization
of

Power Electronics & Power Systems

By

G.LAKSHMI NARAYANA REDDY (13491D9908)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Sri. R. Sathish Kumar, M.Tech.,

Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

QIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, ONGOLE

(Autonomous)

(Affiliated to JNTU KAKINADA & Approved by A.I.C.T.E)

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified & Accredited by NBA)

2013 – 2015
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
QIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, ONGOLE
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to JNTU KAKINADA & Approved by A.I.C.T.E)

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified & Accredited by NBA)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project thesis entitled “Source Current Harmonics

Reduction With Intelligent Controlled Multiple RES Based SAPF” is being

submitted by G.LAKSHMI NARAYANA REDDY (13491D9908), in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology with

specialization of Power Electronics & Power Systems in Electrical & Electronics

Engineering during the academic year 2013– 2015.

The results embodied in the dissertation have not been submitted to any universities

or institutes for the award of any degree.

GUIDE Head of the Department

Sri R.Sathish kumar M. Tech, Dr. B.Venkata Prasanth M.Tech., Ph.D.
Associate Professor Professor
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE
QISCET, Ongole QISCET, Ongole

Viva –Voce Held On:

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to express deep sense of gratitude to Associate

professor Sri. R.Sathish kumar M. Tech My guide, professor and HOD of EEE

department Dr. B.VENKATAPRASANTH, M.Tech, Ph.D . for his whole hearted and

individual guidance throughout the project and also for providing all the necessary

facilities that led to the successful completion of my project with his sustained and

sincere effort, this project would not have taken this shape. He encouraged and

helped me to overcome various difficulties that I faced at various stages of my

project.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank for our beloved Principal
Dr.K.VEERA SWAMY, M.Tech, Ph.D for providing a great support for using completing of
this project.

We would like to thank all the faculty members of the department of

Electrical & Electronics Engineering for their direct or indirect support for helping
me in completion of this project.

Finally I would like to thank all of our friends and family members for their
continuous help and encouragement.

G.LAKSHMI NARAYANA REDDY

(13491D9908)

ABSTRACT
i
 Now a day’s due to increase in the power demand, generation has to be increased.
Due to which the fossil fuels are using out which creates the pollution too. Hence we are
using the Renewable energy sources which neither creates pollution problems nor energy
conservation problems. Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected
in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. In recent years, the number and
variety of applications of Hybrid Fuzzy Logic (HFL) have increased significantly. Among the
Renewable energy resources most abundantly available throughout the earth is Sun radiation.
This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from
these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The
inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power
filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power
generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load
current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these
functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. This new intelligent
(HFLC) controller based concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink
simulation studies.

LIST OF FIGURES

ii
FIG NO PAGE NO
Figure 1.1 Structure of PV cell 2
Figure 1.2 Photovoltaic system 3
Figure 1.3 Working of PV cell 4
Figure 1.4 Equivalent circuit of Single diode modal of a solar cell 5
Figure 1.5 A cross-section of a Mode-1 wind turbine 6
Figure 1.6 Components of a WECS 6
Figure 2.1 Transients (a) Impulsive; (b) Oscillatory 10
Figure 2.2 (a) Sag; (b) Under-Voltage 11
Figure 2.3 (a) Swell; (b) Over-Voltage 12
Figure 2.4 Voltage fluctuation 13
Figure 2.5 (a) Notches; (b) Noise 14
Figure 2.6 Block diagram of power system with nonlinear Loads 15
Figure 2.7 Different Solution to PQ Problems 18
Figure 3.1 Classification of Filters 19
Figure 3.2 Low Pass Filter 20
Figure 3.3 High Pass Filter 20
Figure 3.4 Classification of Active Power Filter 21
Figure 3.5 Inverter Based APF (a) Current Source Inverter;
(b) Voltage Source Inverter 22
Figure 3.6 Shunt Active Power Filter (a) Single Phase Two Wire;
(b) Three Phase Three Wire; (c) Three Phase Four Wire 23
Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of Series active power filter 24
Figure 3.8 Schematic diagram of Unified Power Quality Conditioner 25
Figure 3.9 Shunt APF and Series APF Combination 26
Figure 3.10 Shunt APF and Shunt Passive Filter Combination 27
Figure 3.11 APF in series with Shunt Connected Passive Filter 27
Figure 3.12 Series APF with Shunt Connected Passive Filter 28
Figure 4.1: Stand-alone hybrid power generation system with a shunt active
Power filter 30
Figure 4.2: Three-phase equivalent circuit of the proposed shunt active power
Filter 30
Figure 4.3: Two-level four-leg PWM-VSI topology 31
Figure 4.4: Proposed predictive digital current control block diagram 32

iii
Figure 4.5: dq-based current reference generator block diagram 34
Figure 4.6: DC-voltage control block diagram 36
Figure 5.1:DC Voltage regulation using Fuzzy Logic Controller 39
Figure 5.2: The Membership Function plots of error 40
Figure 5.3: The Membership Function plots of change error 40
Figure 5.4: The Membership Function plots of duty ratio 41
Figure 5.5. Hybrid PI Fuzzy Logic Controller 44
Figure 6.1:Shows the MATLAB/SIMULINK model of Predictive control
Scheme for fuzzy controller 50
Figure 6.2: Simulated waveforms of the proposed control scheme
(a) Phase to neutral source voltage (b) Load Current (c) Load neutral
current. (d) Three phase source current. (e) Compensating currents.
(f) DC voltage converter 50
Figure 6.3: Simulated waveforms of single phase source load compensating
Currents 51
Figure 6.4:Simulated waveforms of 3-phase source load current neutral line
current compensating current source voltage 51
Figure 6.5: Shows the Power factor 51
Figure 6.6: Shows the total harmonic distortion 29.98%. 52
Figure 6.7: Matlab/simulink model of fuzzy controller based APF 52
Figure 6.8: Shows the source current Power factor with fuzzy controller 52
Figure 6.9: Simulated waveforms of the proposed intelligent control scheme
(a) Phase to neutral source voltage (b) Load Current. (c) Compensating
currents (d) Load neutral current. (e) Source neutral current.
(f) Three phase source current. (f) Constant DC voltage converter 53
Figure 6.10:Shows the total harmonic distortion of fuzzy based APF is 1.27%. 53

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

iv
 HPF High pass filter
APF Active power filter
SAPF Shunt Active Power Filter
EMI Electromagnetic interference
HAPF Hybrid Active power filter
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
PCC Point of Common Coupling
LPF Low pass filter
PI proportional and integral
SVC Static Var compensator
VSC Voltage source converter
SMPS switch mode power supply
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
FLC Fuzzy Logic controller
Matlab Matrix Laboratory

CONTENTS
Page No.
Acknowledgments i

v
Abstract ii
List of Figures iii
List of Abbreviations v
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 PV System 2
1.2.1 PV Cell 2
1.2.2 PV Module 2
1.2.3 PV Array 3
1.3 Working of PV Cell 3
1.4 Modeling of a Solar Cell 4
1.5 Wind Energy 5
1.6 Basic elements of the WECS 5
CHAPTER 2-POWER QUALITY
2.1 Overview of Power Quality 9
2.2 Power Quality Problems 10
2.2.1 Transients 10
2.2.2 Sag/Under-Voltage 11
2.2.3 Swell/Over-voltage 12
2.2.4 Voltage Fluctuation 13
2.2.5 Notches 13
2.2.6 Noise 14
2.3 Harmonic distortion 14
2.3.1 Disadvantages of Harmonics 16
2.3.2 Total Harmonic Distortion 16
2.4 Solution to Power Quality Problems 17
CHAPTER 3-POWER FILTERS
3.1 Filter Classification 19
3.2 Passive Power Filters 19
3.2.1 Low Pass Filter 19
3.2.2 High Pass Filter 20
3.3 Active Power Filter 21
3.3.1 Shunt Active Power Filter 22
3.3.2 Series Active Power Filter 23

vi
 3.3.3 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 24
3.4 Hybrid Power Filters 25
3.4.1 Shunt APF and Series APF 26
3.4.2 Shunt APF and Shunt Passive Filter 26
3.4.3 APF in Series with Shunt Passive Filter 27
3.4.4 Series APF with Shunt Connected Passive Filter 28
CHAPTER 4-PROPOSED CONCEPT
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Four-Leg Converter Model 30
4.3 Digital Predictive Current Control 32
4.4 Current Reference Generation 34
4.4.1 DC-Voltage Control 36
CHAPTER 5-HYBRID FUZZY LOGIC CONTOLLER
5.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller 38
5.1.1 Fuzzy Logic Membership Functions 40
5.1.2 Fuzzy Logic Rules 41
5.2 Proportional Integral (PI)Controller 41
5.2.1 Proportional Band 43
5.2.2 Integral 43
5.3 Hybrid Fuzzy Logic Controller 44
CHAPTER 6-SIMULATION RESULTS
6.1 Introduction to MATLAB 45
6.2 Six Main Parts of the MATLAB System 47
6.2.1 Development Environment 47
6.2.2 The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library 47
6.2.3 The MATLAB Language 47
6.2.4 Graphics 47
6.2.5 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API) 47
6.2.6 MATLAB Documentation 48
6.3 Mat lab tools 48
6.4 Introduction to Simulink 49
6.5 Matlab/simulation Results 50
6.5.1 Predictive control Scheme for 4-Leg APF 50
6.5.2 Intelligent controller based APF 52

vii
CHAPTER 7-CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 54
REFERENCES 55

viii