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SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCION
INGENIERIA DE PETROLEOS
2
Well Inflow Performance
3
Flow Models for Stabilized Well Inflow
LINEAR
RADIAL
4
Pressure drawdown in the Wellbore
Well re
rw
Pe
P̄ P̄
PDD
Pwf
Pwf
5
Darcy’s Law
L
Area A
q q
p1 p p2
k dp kAdp
v q vA
dx dx
= fluid viscosity
6
The Radial Diffusivity Equation
1 k p p
( r r ) c
r r t
pressure : radius : time
Homogeneous reservoir
Isotropic Permeability
Radial Flow
7
Radial Flow
re
r
dr
h
pe pwf pe
h
rw re
8
Flow Regimes
There are three flow regimes:
• Steady-state flow
• Unsteady-state flow
• Pseudosteady-state flow
Steady-State Flow
The flow regime is identified as a steady-state flow if the
pressure at every location in the reservoir remains
constant, i.e., does not change with time.
Mathematically, this condition is expressed as:
Flow Regimes
The above equation states that the rate of change of pressure p with
respect to time t at any location i is zero. In reservoirs, the steady-
state flow condition can only occur when the reservoir is completely
recharged and supported by strong aquifer or pressure maintenance
operations.
Unsteady-State Flow
The unsteady-state flow (frequently called transient flow) is defined as
the fluid flowing condition at which the rate of change of pressure with
respect to time at any position in the reservoir is not zero or constant.
This definition suggests that the pressure derivative with respect to time
is essentially a function of both position i and time t, thus
Pseudosteady-State Flow
P
tpss
time
13
Reservoir – Well Flow Regimes
3 common conditions of flow
162.6qo Bo o
pi pwf {log t log c r 2 3.23}
k0
ko h o t w
14
Reservoir – Well Flow Regimes
3 common conditions of flow
p and r
141.2qB 141.2qB r
Expressed in pe pwf
r
{ln re 12} pe pwf {ln re }
terms of: kh w kh w
p = pe at r = re
17
Darcy’s law for noncircular drainage area(1 )
k o h ( pr pwf )
qo
141 . 2 μ o B o ( ln(0,472X) s )
X is obtained from next slide for different shapes
and well positions in a drainage area.
rw 2.206A1/2
1
rw
0.604A1/2 2
rw 1.925A1/2
1
rw
0.678A1/2 4
1/3 rw
1 6.590A1/2
1
0.668A1/2 1
rw
2 rw 4
1 1.368A1/2 9.360A1/2
1
4
rw rw
1
2.066A1/2 4
5 rw
0.610A1/2
0.884A1/2
60o rw
rw
1.485A1/2
r
Factor (X) for different shapes and positions in a
drainage area (cont.)
X
SYSTEM
1.724A1/2
rw
1.794A1/2
1
rw
2
4.072A1/2
1
rw
2
9.523A1/2
1
rw
2
10.135A1/2
rw
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX CONCEPT
BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
Pr
Q
Pwf = Pr - Q/J J=
Pr - Pwf
Slope = - 1/J
Intercepts: Pr y Qmax
0
Pr – Pwf: DRAW-DOWN
0
FLOW RATE, Q Qmax
Straight-Line IPR Relationship
pwf1
q omax
q1 q
qo1 qo1 qo max qo1 qo 2
PI J tan
p p pwf 1 p pwf 2 pwf 1
22
The Productivity Index (PI)
qo
pwf pR
J
23
EXERCISE
APPLICATION OF PRODUCTIVITY INDEX CALCULATIONS
A well that is producing from a reservoir having an average pressure of 2085 psig
produced at a rate of 282 STB/D when bottomhole flowing pressure was 1765 psig.
Calculate:
0
282
0
Q Qmax
Inflow Performance Relationship (Pwf < Pb)
pR
Straight Line IPR
Pressure
pb
Curved IPR
Flow Rate
Two-phase flow
26
Different Methods when Pb > Pwf
qo pwf pwf 2
1 0. 2( ) 0. 8( )
qo(max) pR pR
28
Vogel’s dimensionless IPR
1.00
0.80
p
wf 0.60
p
R
0.40
0.20
0
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
q 1. 8 q
L
L
q L ( ) J p
max R
29
EXERCISE
APPLICATION OF VOGEL METHOD
SATURATED RESERVOIR, ZERO SKIN
(Pr<Pb)
A well is producing from a reservoir having an average reservoir pressure
of 2085 psig. A stabilized production test gave 282 STB/D when the flowing
bottomhole pressure is 1765 psig. The bubble point pressure is 2100 psig.
qb=J(Pr –Pb)
dq
Pb J=
dpwf
Pwf
FLOW RATE
FETKOVICH METHOD FOR IPR DETERMINATION
qo = C(Pr2 – Pwf2) n
qo = producing rate,
Pr = average reservoir pressure,
Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure,
C = flow coefficient ,and
n = exponent depending on well characteristics.
A plot of Pr2 – Pwf2 versus qo on log – log scales will result in straight line
having a slope of 1/n and an intercept of qo=C for Pr2 – Pwf2 = 1.
PROCEDURE FOR APPLICATION OF FETKOVICH METHOD
EXAMPLE
log104 - log103 1. Plot values of Pr2-Pwf2/103 versus q on log-log
slope = scales, using the data from the multirate test.
log4000 – log150
2. Draw the best straight line through the points.
3. Calculate the slope of the straight line, by
calculating the change in flow rate for one cycle
in the vertical log scale.
4. Calculate n=1/slope.
5. Calculate C by substituting a known value of q
and Pwf in the Fetkovich equation.
150 4000 6. Generate the IPR curve by assuming values
of Pwf and calculating the flow rate from the
Fetkovich equation.
FLOW RATE, STB/D
FETKOVICH METHOD – Rigorous Case
FETKOVICH METHOD – Rigorous Case
FETKOVICH METHOD – Rigorous Case
Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE
38
FETKOVICH METHOD – Rigorous Case
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Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE 2
40
Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE 2
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Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE 2
42
Fetkovich Method - EXAMPLE 2
43
Vogel’s Practical Application by BEGGS
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Vogel’s Practical Application by BEGGS
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Vogel’s Practical Application by BEGGS
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Example for Pwf < Pb
Data from previous example
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Oil Well Performance
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Future IPR Prediction
Third Approximation Method - Fetkovich
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Future IPR Prediction
(1)
(2)
(3)
51
Future IPR Prediction
52
Future IPR - EXAMPLE
53
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EFFECT OF TURBULENCE
Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR determination
p r p wf
A B(qo )
qo
Coefficients:
re
141.2 o * Bo * Ln 0.472* S
rw
A
(ko *h)
1.88 10 10
b 1.47 0.53 Unconsolidated Sand
k
2.33 10 10
Consolidated Sand
b 1.201
k
56
EFFECT OF TURBULENCE
Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR determination
2.5
2.0
pr pwf
A B (qo )
pr pwf
qo
qo
1.5
B (slope)
0.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Qo, STB/day
EFFECT OF TURBULENCE
Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR determination
A’ = A + BxAOF
Jones, Blount and Glaze Method for IPR determination
INTERPRETATION OF VARIOUS WELL TESTS
Conclusions based on the plot
(1) if A is low -less than 0.05- no formation damage occurs in the well.
The degree of damage will increase with increasing values of A
(2) If the value of A’/A is low -less than 2- litlle or not turbulence is
occurring in the well formation system
(3) If the values of A and A’/A are low, the well has a good completion
(4)If the value of A is low and A’/A is high (2-3), stimulation is not
recommended. The low productivity is caused by insufficient open
perforated area. Additional perforations would be recommended
(5) if the value of A is high and A’/A is low, stimulation is recommended
Inflow Equations incorporating “Skin”
141.2qo Bo r
General (p, r ) relationship
p pwf (ln S )
ko h rw
Semi-steady state flow
141.2q o Bo re 3
in terms of Average pR pwf (ln S )
reservoir pressure ko h rw 4
61
The “Skin” effect (Hawkins “thick” Skin)
ra
S [kk 1] ln( r )
a e
rw
re
ra
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INFLOW PERFORMANCE IN HORIZONTAL WELLS
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APLICATION OF HORIZONTAL WELLS
• Kv>>>Kh
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METHODS TO DETETRMINE IPR IN HORIZONTAL WELLS
Mathematical Models
• Borisov
• Giger-Reiss-Jourdan
• Joshi
• Renard-Dupuy
• Babu
• Un,erical Simulations
Empirical Correlations
• Bendakhlia y Aziz
• Fetkovich
• Cheng
65
Drainage Area of a Horizontal Well
METHOD 1 (JOSHI)
A) Longitudinal View
a
kv
Assumption: The drainage h
area is represented by two kh
half circles in each end of L
the horizontal section
which radius is b
(equivalent to the radius of
a vertical well, rev ) plus a B) Plant View
rectangle with dimensions
Lx2b.
b L
2b
a
66
Drainage Area of a Horizontal Well
METHOD 1 (JOSHI)
Plant View
b L
2b
Plant View
b
a b
68
Drainage Area Comparison between both Methods
b
b L
2b a
L
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EQUVALENT DRAINAGE RADIUS FOR A HORIZONTAL WELL
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IPR in Horizontal wells
JOSHI
DRAINAGE PATTERN OF A
HORIZONTAL WELL AFTER JOSHI
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IPR in Horizontal wells
JOSHI
Where
and
72
IPR in Horizontal wells
JOSHI
where
and
73
IPR in Horizontal wells
BABU-ODEH METHOD
Problem was analyzed in the same way as a vertical well with partial penetration,
assuming pseudosteady state flow.
74
IPR in Horizontal wells
BABU-ODEH METHOD
Ly k z 1 yw yw
2
ln (CH ) 6.28
h k y 3 Ly Ly
o z w Ly k
ln sin 180 0.5 ln z
1.088
h h k y
75
Exercise
sol
76
Formation damage in horizontal wells
(Economides)
k 1 4 aH,max aH,max
2
Iani
77
IPR in Horizontal wells
Empirical Correlations
• Bendakhlia y Aziz
• Fetkovich
• Cheng
78
IPR in Horizontal wells
BENDAKHLIA Y AZIZ
q Pwf Pwf n
= 1–V( ) - (1-V) ( )2
qomax Pr Pr
Three production tests are needed to calculate qomax, V and exponent ‘n’.
79
IPR in Horizontal wells
FETKOVICH
qo = C(Pr2 – Pwf2) n
80
IPR in Horizontal wells
CHENG
(Pr<Pb)
81
Performance Improvement Factor (PIF)
PI hor Lhor kv
PIF
PIvert Lvert kh
where:
PI Productivity Index
Lhor Net pay zone of horizontal section
Lvert Net pay zone of vertical section
Kv Vertical Permeability
Kh Horizontal Permeability
82