Asigurarea calitatii serviciului de alimentare cu energie

electrica

Laborator nr. 3
Rolul statiilor electrice in sistemele electroenergetice.
Statii compacte .
The substation as node in the power network
Example Switzerland GERMANY
220 kV
Asphard 380 kV
Breite
Beznau
Laufenburg
Ormalingen
Froloo Gösgen
Bassecourt Winkeln

Flumenthal
FRANCE Mettlen

Gerlafingen
Grynau
Bickigen
Benken
AUSTRIA
Mühleberg

Bonaduz Pradella

Innertkirchen
Mathod Sils
Airolo

Vaux Romanel Wimmis

Lavorgo
Robbia
Soazza
Vouvry St.Triphon
Creux de
Chippis
Magadino
Chamoson
Vallorcine
La Bâtiaz Manno

ITALIEN
Albertville
ITALY

Bovisio
Features of the power network (1)

• Alternating current (AC) system

• Nominal frequency 50/60 Hz

(for some railways also 16.7 Hz)

• Three-phase system
in star-type configuration

• Hierarchical grid structure

with voltage levels
representing transmission and distribution
connecting power producers with consumers

• Continuous load flow between

generation and consumption
Features of the power network (2)

• Load flow according line impedances and

switch positions

• At generator side
control of frequency (f) by power (P)
control of voltage (V) by reactive power (Q)

• Faults in the grid (Line faults)

• Faults of devices for generation and consumption

• Faults in the nodes of the network (substations)

referring to busbars, switches and transformers
Networks and Substations
Basic structure of a power system

T
G
L G
L
T

B B
B G
Load
L
T T
Load
Objects
G B Busbar
G Generator
Voltage and Current L Line
Instrument Transformers T Transformer
The substation: Some primary objects definitions
Definitions

Station ( -> station level)

• Complete node in the power network (=
substation) or
• Station busbar
Bay ( -> bay level)
Subpart of the substation with some dedicated
local functionality
e.g. related to an
• incoming line (“feeder”)
• diameter in a 1 1/2 breaker arrangement etc.
Switchyard objects ( -> process level)
• circuit breaker, isolator (disconnector), earthing
(grounding) switch
• power transformers
• instrument transformers
The Power System
From Generation to Consumption

Power generation Transmission and distribution Power consumption

• This schematic picture indicates

the countrywide interconnection
of power production and consumption
by the transmission and distribution network
Classification of Networks (Power Grids) 1
Types and classification of electrical networks by voltage level

Power transfer networks: - in bulk over large distances

(EHV) - 400 - 1000kV
- HVDC (High-Voltage Direct Current)

Transmission networks: - 50 - 500 kV

(HV)

Distribution networks: - Medium and High voltage systems

(MV) - 3,6kV up to 170kV

Network Coupling: - of nonsynchronous networks

by HVDC-links
Classification of Networks (Power Grids) 2
Classification according structure (and tasks)

• Transmission and Distribution

• No general allocation to voltages !
• Distribution may be done at 220 kV in big cities
• Transmission may be done at 110 kV in rural areas
• Transmission Networks
• Consist of relatively long lines (depending on country
size)
• The interconnected lines are building a mesh for alternative
power flow routing e.g. in case of lines losses
• Distribution Networks
• Consist of relatively short lines (depending on distribution
area size)
• Have mostly a star type structure
• May be implemented as local rings
Transmission Network
Operation principle: Meshed network with multi infeed
Distribution Network
Operation principles:
• Radial network

CB

• Local ring network with single infeed CB = Circuit Breaker

LS = Load Switch

LS
(closed)
LS
CB
(open)
Substations in Electrical Networks (1)
Typical Transmission Substations
Substations in Electrical Networks (2)
Typical Transmission Substations
Substations in Electrical Networks (3)
Typical Distribution Substations
The hierarchy of network control levels

REGION / NATION
NETWORK Network control
LEVEL

AREA 1 AREA 2
Network control Network control

SUB-
STATION
LEVEL
SUBSTATION 1 SUBSTATION 1 SUBSTATION 1 SUBSTATION 1
SA SA SA SA

Switchgear Switchgear Switchgear Switchgear

Power transformer Power transformer Power transformer Power transformer

Meas. transf. U, I Meas. transf. U, I Meas. transf. U, I Meas. transf. U, I

Aux. devices Aux. devices Aux. devices Aux. devices

SA as process interface for network control
All information from process
(Power System) are acquired by the
Substation Automation system*
Network
All actions on the process (Power Control
System) are performed by the Center
Substation Automation System*

*) protection integral part of SA

Substation Automation System

Substation
Schematic diagram of SA system

Station
HMI Station Station
level gateway
computer

Station
bus

Bay
level Control Protection Protection Control Protection
& Control
Process
bus Cu wires

Process Interface Process Interface Process Interface

Process
level
Switchgear/Switchyard
Schematic diagram of SA system

Tasks at Network Level Operative state of the network

 Economic and reliable power supply

normal
 High availability of network

Tasks at Substation Level

 Detection of dangerous conditions
alert
 Evaluation of disturbance
 Determination of the remaining availability
 Detection of fault
 Selective fault tripping emergency
 Restoration of power supply
 Reliable isolation
 Bypassing the faulted section interrupted
Trends in Substation Automation (SA)

SA conventional Todays SA „Intelligent SA“ Location

MMI, Control board HMII HMI

Gateway Gateway Operating

room

Event recording, Copper

Protection cables Serial communication Serial communication
(Fiber optics) (Fiber optics) Relay
room
SCADA, distribution, metering, Station bus Station bus
etc. Process bus

to other bays to other bays

Copper cables

Switch
GIS GIS GIS Yard

(GIS or
Sensors and AIS)
Copper Copper
Bay cubicle Bay cubicle cables Bay cubicle Actuators
cables
Functionality: SA to control,operate, monitor, and protect the substation
Innovative HV Switchgear Solutions
 Combining primary devices into more and more
compact multifunctional switchgear units
 Implementation of non-conventional current and
voltage transformers
 Innovative (simpler) configurable substation
layouts

Aim:
• increase availability
• decrease space required
• shorten project runtimes
• extend maintenance intervals with significant
increase in ease of maintenance
Circuit Breaker Innovation
HPL B1 with one breaking unit
Air blast with 10 breaking units for 300 kV

Oil minimum with 4 breaking units

Bulk Oil Breakers

Air blast Breakers Disconnectors with Hydraulic operating mechanisms

open contacts ?
Minimum Oil breakers Pneumatic operating mech.

SF6 Breakers Spring operating mech.

1950 2000 1950 2000

COMpact Prefabricated Air-insulated Sub-Station: COMPASS

current transformer

breaker mechanism
Isolating gaps
draw-in / draw-out
breaking chamber mechanism
COMPASS (up to 170 kV): the steps

inserted isolated

drawn down removed

COMPASS (up to 170 kV): Maintenance

Guard zone Safety zone

drawn down
COMPASS (up to 170 kV): H-configuration
Conventional configuration
total area: 2600 m2
switchyard: 930 m2
foundations: 150 m3 (41 blocks)

Compass configuration

total area: 1200 m2

switchyard: 300 m2
foundations: 45 m3 (5 platforms)

Switchyard: < 60%

Space saving: Total area: < 50%
Example: Guardian Utility (PL) - “H 5” 110 kV S/S
Truck Breaker / Disconnecting CB 72 - 300 kV

Conventional COMPACT COMBINED

AIS equipment: switching module: disconn breaker:

disconnector fixed contact disconn circuit

circuit breaker withdrawable breaker
circuit breaker
disconnector fixed contact
busbar busbar busbar
Truck Breaker / Disconnecting CB 360 – 550 kV

1) Disconnecting CB 2) COMBINED

Circuit Breaker 360 - 550 kV

Pantograph Disconnector on
one or both sides
Self-cleaning
and
maintenance free fixed
contacts
 Substation Availability

How to achieve increased availability?

Conventional AIS:
 Multiple bus bars
 Many disconnectors
 Large separation distances provide easy access for maintenance
work
© ABB PTHVP – 29, 2002-01-18, MT, Level1

Compact and Combined:

 Conventional disconnectors are eliminated
 Maintenance-free bus bar connections with low failure rate
 Minimised maintenance requirements for remaining parts
 Simplified bus bar schemes are possible
Simplified busbar schemes
Traditional single + aux bus Disconnecting single Withdrawable single
or ”double” bus or ”double”bus

Traditional double breaker Disconnecting double breaker DCB/WCB 11/2

From “apparatuses” to “solutions”

1000 m2 120 m2
Typical conventional 145 kV station
Configurable 145 kV station

32 x
40 m 3ph 4 30 m

25 m 4m
Indoor Truck Breaker, Lottefors 145 kV station, Sweden
MTG: PlugAndSwitchingSystem PASS M0

 Integrates several functions in one module

Conventional AIS PASS M0 SBB
DS/ES CB CT L

DS CB DS DS

BB L BB
CT ES VT ES

Legend:
circuit breaker CB current transformer CT
voltage transformer VT line L
disconnector DS earthing switch ES
AIS-GIS-Hybrid PASS M0 up to 170 kV
All the components are arranged in one enclosure:

Bushing

Circuit Breaker

CT ring type

CB Driver
Combined
Disconnector/
Earthing Switch
AIS-GIS-Hybrid PASS M0, SBB

Combined DS/ES
AIS-GIS-Hybrid PASS M0, DBB
Combined DS/ES
AIS-GIS-Hybrid PASS M0, DBB+

Featuring:
- Extra Line DS/ES
- ES on the “In”
and “Out” line sides
- Capacitive Voltage
Sensors
AIS-GIS-Hybrid PASS M0, Double Circuit Breaker

….One pole
and the simplified
single-line-diagram

innovative
configurations
AIS-GIS-Hybrid PASS M0, Double Circuit Breaker

“H” configuration with 2 modules DCB

only
but having functionalities of 4 bays
PASS M0 IOS In-Out S/S fed through substation
PASS M0 IOS H-configuration with transformer breaker

44 m
20 m
Mobile SubStation MoSS with PASS M0

HV side including:
VTs, SAs, and PASS M0 (DS/ES, CB, CTs)
Innovative Switchgear cost structure

Maintenance

Pre-engineered &
Unavailability type tested modules:
• Simple application
C. Erection Maintenance • Fast erection
Installation • Simple maintenance
Unavailability
• Fast replacement
Total other cost
B. Civil work
(A+B+C)
Increased availability
A. Engineering
and reduced total cost
Project mgnmt.

Innovative
Conventional Switchgear
equipment