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A Method to Estimate the Rheological Properties of Aged Asphalt Binders

without Actually aging them

Article  in  Road Materials and Pavement Design · January 2002

DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2002.9689929

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Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 3, No. 3, 331 - 343 (2002)

A method to estimate the rheological properties of aged

asphalt binders without actually aging them

Aroon Shenoy

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center

6300 Georgetown Pike
McLean, VA 22101
USA

aroon.shenoy@fhwa.dot.gov
 2

ABSTRACT: Asphalt binder stiffens due to aging during the mixing and lay down operations as well as during
the service life of the pavement. The aging processes in the field have been simulated in the laboratory through the
use of accelerated test procedures and tracked through rheological characterization of the aged asphalts. However,
the laboratory aging procedures along with the rheological characterization of the aged samples are time-
consuming processes. Some researchers have been seeking methods to shorten the time involved in generating this
information, while others have been suggesting improvements in the test procedures to get reproducible and reliable
data, and still others are attempting to find the procedures that would give information in the laboratory that is
closer to the reality in the field. In all cases, it is the rheological properties of the aged binders that are used for
characterizing the extent of aging.
The present work is a step in the same direction but chooses a different approach. A method is proposed to
shorten the time involved in generating the information on the aged binder rheology. The suggested procedure aids
in estimating the rheological properties of aged asphalts without actually going through the aging process. In order
to establish the procedure, rheological data on unaged asphalts are compared with rheological data on aged
samples after the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV)-aging. It is shown that
estimates of the specification temperatures based on the high and intermediate temperature rheological properties
of the aged asphalts can be obtained without actually aging the binders in the laboratory. By eliminating the
laboratory aging procedures to obtain the rheological properties of the aged asphalts, there is a great saving in
time and the information is obtained rapidly.

KEYWORDS: Aging, rheology, asphalt binder, RTFOT, PAV

 3
1. Introduction

Laboratory aging procedures have been supported and set up [AND 94] during the Strategic Highway
Research Program - SHRP (a five-year $150 million dollar United States research effort established and funded in
1987) in order to simulate in an accelerated manner the aging that the asphalt is likely to undergo (a) during the
mixing and lay down operations and (b) during the service life of the pavements. The Rolling Thin Film Oven Test
(RTFOT), as described by the ASTM Standard Method D2872, has been accepted as a reliable procedure to simulate
the aging of the asphalt that occurs during the mixing and lay down operations. The protocol uses a temperature of
163oC for 85 minutes. Further aging is carried out on the RTFOT residue using the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV)
following the standard practice outlined by AASHTO [AAS 93a]. This is done to simulate the aging that occurs
during the service life of the pavements. The protocol involves the exposure of the asphalt to a temperature of
100oC for 20 hours.

An alternative method to AASHTO PP1 procedure [AAS 93] is suggested using microwave radiation [BIS
95, BIS 96, BIS 98, BIS 99, BIS 00, BIS 01, BIS 02]. The method simulates, in one step, the oxidative aging of neat
asphalts that occurs in the mix during the paving process as well as during service. The residue from this procedure
is considered to be equivalent to that obtained after the combined “RTFOT + PAV”. The protocol exposes the
asphalt to a temperature of 147oC for a period of 4 hours, thereby cutting down the experimental time by a
significant amount. There is ongoing effort for refining this procedure and making it applicable to polymer-
modified binders.

It is known that the RTFOT short-term aging procedure has difficulties when handling modified binders
due to surface skin formation and poor flow in the bottles [BAH 01]. The FHWA-modified German Rolling Flask
[ROB 01] provides the equivalent of the RTFOT for conventional and polymer-modified asphalts, and overcomes
these problems of skin formation and homogeneous aging. The procedure is still in the process of improvement and
refinement before it could be recommended for routine use.

On the other hand, a stirred air-flow test (SAFT) has been suggested [VAS 01, VAS 02] to simulate the hot
mix process as an alternative to the RTFOT and shown to work well even for modified asphalts. It has been shown
[VAS 01, VAS 02] that the SAFT procedure produces asphalt residues that are similar in viscosity and infrared
carbonyl peak area to those of the RTFOT. For long-term aging, the suggested procedure [KNO 02] involves aging
in an environmental room maintained at 60oC under atmospheric pressure and 50 percent relative humidity, so as to
simulate as closely as possible the conditions under which most roads age in practice.

A recent investigation [ABB 02] sought to find out whether the prescribed sequence of binder aging
procedures (i.e. RTFOT followed by PAV) was necessary or whether similar binder rheological properties could be
 4
obtained by only using the PAV procedure. It was found [ABB 02] that, in general, the rheological properties of
asphalts aged by RTFOT followed by PAV are significantly different from those obtained after only PAV aging.

In all the alternative methods, the attempts have been to alter the aging procedures either for better product
control or for shortening the experimental time. None of the above mentioned alternatives have considered the
possibility of estimating the rheological properties of the aged asphalts without going through the aging process. A
recent paper [SHE 02] has shown that prediction of high temperature rheological properties of aged asphalts can be
done from the flow data of original unaged asphalts. The method involved the use of the unified curves [SHE 01] for
each rheological function. Each unified curve has been shown [SHE 00] to be unique for all unmodified asphalts,
whether they are in their original unaged form or RTFOT and PAV-aged forms. Through a correlating equation of
the rheological property, it has been shown that estimates of the high temperature dynamic rheological properties of
the aged asphalts without actually aging the binder in the laboratory.

The present paper develops a procedure to cut down the experimental time in the laboratory and
demonstrates a different method to the one suggested earlier [SHE 02] on how estimates of the rheological
properties of aged asphalts can be obtained through the rheological properties of original unaged asphalts. To
generate this information, the method relies on establishing a general correlation between the rheological properties
of the original unaged asphalts and the rheological properties of the RTFOT and PAV-aged forms. Once this
relationship is obtained the need for aging a new asphalt is eliminated and the rheological behavior of the aged
sample can be predicted simply from that of the unaged sample in a fraction of the time that would otherwise have
been needed by following the current practice.

2. Experiments
2.1 Materials used for testing

A total of seventy-six binders were used in this study. They were categorized into five sets.

The first set consisted of twelve different binders that included a PG52-28 (flux) [B6224], a PG64-28
(unmodified base) [B6225], a PG70-28 (unmodified high grade) [B6226], a PG70-28 (air-blown) [B6227] and eight
PG70-28 polymer-modified systems: Elvaloy [B6228], Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Linear-Grafted [B6229],
Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Linear [B6230], Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Radial-Grafted [B6231], Ethylene-Vinyl
Acetate [B6232], Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate Grafted [B6233], Crumb Rubber [B6243] and Ethylene Styrene
Interpolymer [B6251]. All these unmodified and modified asphalts, which are given in Table 1, are part of the
extensive ongoing polymer research program being carried out at the Pavement Testing Facility located at the
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in McLean,
Virginia, USA.
 5
TABLE 1: Details of Twelve Asphalt Binders from the TFHRC polymer program (Set 1)

Binder Code Performance Grade Asphalt Description

B6224 PG52-28 Flux

B6225 PG64-22 Unmodified base
B6226 PG70-22 Unmodified high grade
B6227 PG70-28 Air-blown
B6228 PG70-28 Modified with Elvaloy
B6229 PG70-28 Modified with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Linear Grafted
B6230 PG70-28 Modified with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Linear
B6231 PG70-28 Modified with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Radial Grafted
B6232 PG70-28 Modified with Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
B6233 PG70-28 Modified with Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Grafted
B6243 PG70-28 Modified with Ethylene Styrene Interpolymer
B6251 PG70-28 Modified with Crumb Rubber

N.B. All the above asphalts were from the same source, namely, Venezuelan crude (blend of Boscan and
Bachaquero). The air-blow grade was obtained by the noncatalytic air-blowing of the flux. The polymer-modified
grades were obtained by addition of various amounts of different polymers to the base and flux in different
proportions so as to achieve the same performance grade.

TABLE 2: Selected Details about the Twelve Material Reference Library Asphalts (Set 2)

Asphalt ID Source Viscosity@140oF, poise Asphaltenes, % W.Av.Mol.Wt., Daltons

Dash 1 Series
AAA-1 Lloydminster 864 16.2 790
AAB-1 WY Sour 1029 17.3 840
AAD-1 California 1055 20.5 870
AAF-1 W Tx Sour 1872 13.3 840
AAK-1 Boscan 326 20.1 860
AAM-1 W Tx Intermediate 1992 4.0 1300

Dash 2 Series
AAA-2 Lloydminster 363 16.2 ---
AAB-2 WY Sour 403 16.7 ---
AAC-2 Redwater 304 9.8 870
AAD-2 Coastal 600 21.3 ---
AAF-2 W Tx Sour 867 13.0 ---
AAG-2 California Valley 367 3.0 ---

The second set consisted of twelve asphalts chosen from among the SHRP Materials Reference Library
asphalts [COM 89] to serve as representatives of unmodified asphalts. These were AAA-1, AAB-1, AAD-1, AAF-1,
 6
AAK-1 and AAM-1 from the dash1 series and AAA-2, AAB-2, AAC-2, AAD-2, AAF-2 and AAG-2 from the
dash-2 series. Selected properties of these asphalts are shown in Table 2. The asphalts from the dash1 series and the
dash2 series together cover a wide range of asphaltene content, a broad span of molecular weight, and a good spread
of viscosity values.

The third set consisted of five binders that were utilized in the Superpave binder validation study [STU 99]
using the Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF) at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). These were three
unmodified binders - a PG58-34 [AC-5], a PG58-28 [AC-10], and a PG64-22 [AC-20], and two modified binders - a
PG76-22 [Novophalt] and a PG82-22 [Styrelf] as shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3: Details of Five Asphalt Binders from FHWA’s ALF program (Set 3)

Binder Code Performance Grade Asphalt Description

AC-5 PG58-34 Unmodified

AC-10 PG58-28 Unmodified
AC-20 PG64-22 Unmodified
Novophalt PG76-22 Modified with Low-density polyethylene
Styrelf PG82-22 Modified with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene

The fourth set consisted of two chemically modified crumb rubber asphalts – CMCRA 76-22 and CMCRA
82-22, each designed to match performance grade (PG) of Novophalt and Styrelf, respectively, as shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4: Details of Two Asphalt Binders from the Crumb Rubber series (Set 4)

Binder Code Performance Grade Asphalt Description

CMCRA 76-22 PG76-22 Chemically modified crumb rubber to match Novophalt grade
CMCRA 82-22 PG82-22 Chemically modified crumb rubber to match Styrelf grade

The fifth set consisted of forty-five binders that included unmodified and modified types, which were used
in the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Program. The details of these binders are given in Table 5.

The samples were each tested in their original unaged form and then again after aging using the rolling thin
film oven test (RTFOT) at 163oC for 85 minutes and further followed by aging in the pressure aging vessel (PAV) at
100oC for 20 hours in accordance with the AASHTO provisional standard procedure [AAS 93a].
 7

TABLE 5: Details of Asphalt Binders from the LTPP program (Set 5)

Binder Code Asphalt Description

LTPP01 AC-20; Young Brother; Type AC-Plant; 4808XX; 7/17/96
LTPP02 AC-20; Project 34-49 K-3J96-01; Kiowa County; KS; SPS1 and SPS9
LTPP03 AC-30 from MS State Highway Department
LTPP04 Iowa DOT (800 Lincoln Way, Ames, IA 50010); Sample Code BA01; SPS1
LTPP06 MRL 360800; GLSC, Stafford NY, 8/16/94
LTPP07 030500 SP 55; I-90 Big Timber, MO, 850100 Pen
LTPP10 SPS1; Sample BC01; 8/30/95; 510100
LTPP12 SPS-5 (AZ) AC-20 for recycled sections
LTPP13 SPS-5; Alberta Canada; 10/10/90; 200/300 asphalt; Recycled sections; 1/11
LTPP14 State code 01; Alabama SPS-5; VS-84; Eastbound; Date 12/18/91; AC-10 used in RAP mixes
LTPP15 SPS-5 Alberta Canada; 10/3/90; 150/200 asphalt virgin section; can 8/11
LTPP16 SPS-5 Arizona; AC-40 for virgin HMAC sections
LTPP17 SPS-5 Limon CO; AC-20
LTPP18 MD-DT SPS-5; 24-05-00 AC for recycled sections May 1992; Styrelf modified
LTPP19 SPS-5; Manitoba; Broken River Test section; 150/200 Imperial Oil
LTPP20 SPS-1 AC-20; 10/18/92
LTPP21 SPS-5 Alberta Canada; 10/3/90; 150/200 asphalt virgin section; can 11/11
LTPP22 MD-DOT SPS-5; 2405-00; Asphalt cement recycled sections; May 1992; 11 of 11; AC-5
LTPP23 240500 Virgin section AC-20 SPS-5; Fredrick MD April 1992; 11 of 11
LTPP25 Project FRI36(24) US75 019793-049; Design 18-91-1887/1892; AC-5; 11 of 11
LTPP26 Mississippi State Highway AC-30
LTPP27 Mississippi State Highway Asphalt
LTPP28 AC-20 + Rubber additive; Open graded rubber mix; NJ SPS-5
LTPP29 MN SPS-9; Project No. TH169 SP7007-200; Grade 85/100 Ashland refinery
LTPP30 FRI36(24) US-175; Control 0197-03-049; Design 18-91-1805/1810; AC-10w3% Latex7
LTPP31 Minn SPS-5; 85/100; Sampling location 270500
LTPP33 WA SPS-8 530800
LTPP34 Arizona, SPS 9A PG76-10 Composite
LTPP35 Maryland SPS-9 I-70 WB
LTPP36 Kansas SPS-9, 54-49, K-3196-01, Kiowa County, 9/28/93, NRP200902, AC-5/w polymer
LTPP37 AR SPS-9 76-22, BC02A01
LTPP38 AR SPS-1 BA-18, 050119
LTPP39 Wisconsin I-94 EB AC 85/100 antistrip added
LTPP40 MN SPS-9, Project TH169, SP7007-20, 85/100 Koch 270910
LTPP41 MN SPS-9 Proj 169 SP7007-20 PG58-34 Proj 270902
LTPP42 AR SPS PG 64-22 BC51A02
LTPP43 WI SPS-9 I-94 EB, 85/100 with antistrip
LTPP44 AR PG58-72 BC 02A0 SPS-9
LTPP46 WI 550900 85/100
LTPP47 WI SPS-9, I-43 NB and SB Amoco 85/100
LTPP48 Kansas SPS-1and SPS-9, 54-29 K3196-01 AC-20
LTPP49 AZ SPS-9 AC-40 SHRP I, PG70-10, 048903
LTPP50 AZ SPS-9 PG 70-22, BC02A, 282, 2500
LTPP51 Young Bros 4808XX F-101, C-1321
LTPP52 WI SPS-9, WI-DOT mix, I-94 EB, 85/100 with antistrip
 8

2.2 Equipment used for rheological characterization

The Rheometrics Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) was used for generating the dynamic data for the all
asphalts at different temperatures between 7oC-82oC. Samples for the test were prefabricated using a silicone rubber
mold. All data were generated using a frequency sweep covering a range from 0.1 radians/s to 100 radians/s with a
set of parallel plates of 25 mm diameter or 8 mm diameter depending on the temperature of interest, following the
procedure given in the AASHTO provisional specifications [AAS 93b]. Care was taken to establish target strains
and use them in order to ensure that the generated data is within the linear viscoelastic range of response.

3. Analysis and Discussion of Results

Rheological data obtained from the DSR are available in terms of various viscoelastic parameters such as
the complex modulus |G*|, storage modulus G’, loss modulus G” and phase angle δ. Meaningful combinations of
these parameters are used as specification parameters for rutting and fatigue cracking resistance of binders.

3.1. RTFOT-aged Binders

SHRP identified |G*| / sin δ, a meaningful combination of two of the above stated viscoelastic parameters,
to get a measure of the asphalt binder’s resistance to permanent deformation. The temperature at which |G*| / sin δ
= 2.2 kPa at a frequency ω = 10 radians/s for RTFOT-aged samples is specified as the one to assess the efficacy of
the binder to resist rutting.

If the temperature at which |G*| / sin δ = 2.2 kPa at a frequency ω = 10 radians/s for unaged samples has a
good correlation with the temperature at which |G*| / sin δ = 2.2 kPa at a frequency ω = 10 radians/s for RTFOT-
aged samples, then it might be acceptable to analyze only the original unaged samples in the future and get an idea
of the rheological changes due to aging without actually aging the binders in the laboratory. Figure 1 shows the
plot of the temperature (°C) when (|G*| / sin δ)RTFOT = 2.2 kPa versus the temperature (°C) when (|G*| / sin δ)ORIG =
2.2 kPa. The statistical analysis of the data was done using the software STATISTICA™. It was found through a
multiple regression analysis that the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.95, the standard error of estimate was 1.6 and
comparison of the residuals with the predicted values showed that the residuals were between ±3.5°C based on the
95% confidence limits. It is thus obvious that the rheological changes due to RTFOT-aging can be very easily
matched with the rheological behavior of the original unaged binder at an equivalently determined temperature.
The data showed that adding 6°C to the temperature at which (|G*| / sin δ)ORIG = 2.2 kPa gives the temperature at
which (|G*| / sin δ)RTFOT = 2.2 kPa.
 9

ORIGINAL UNAGED TO RTFOT-AGED

90
Y=X+6°C
T(°C) when (|G*|/sinδ )RTFOT =2.2kPa

B6224 B6225
B6226 B6227
B6228 B6229
B6230 B6231
80 B6232
B6243
AAA-1
B6233
B6251
AAB-1
AAD-1 AAF-1
AAK-1 AAM-1
R 2=0.95 AAA-2
AAC-2
AAB-2
AAD-2
AAF-2 AAG-2
AC-5 AC-10
AC-20 Novophalt
Styrelf CMCRA 76-22
CMCRA 82-22 LTPP01
70 LTPP02
LTPP04
LTPP03
LTPP06
LTPP07 LTPP10
LTPP12 LTPP13
LTPP14 LTPP15
LTPP16 LTPP17
LTPP18 LTPP19
LTPP20 LTPP21
LTPP22 LTPP23
LTPP25 LTPP26
LTPP27 LTPP28
60 LTPP29
LTPP31
LTPP34
LTPP30
LTPP33
LTPP35
LTPP36 LTPP37
LTPP38 LTPP39
LTPP40 LTPP41
LTPP42 LTPP43
LTPP44 LTPP46
LTPP47 LTPP48
LTPP49 LTPP50
LTPP51 LTPP52
Best Line
50

40
40 50 60 70 80 90
δ )ORIG=2.2kPa
T(°C) when (|G*|/sinδ

Figure1: Temperature when |G*| / sinδ =2.2 kPa for RTFOT-aged binders versus temperature when |G*| / sinδ = 2.2
kPa for original unaged binders.
 10
3.2. PAV-aged Binders

Similarly, SHRP identified |G*| x sin δ, another meaningful combination of two viscoelastic parameters, to
get a measure of the asphalt binder’s resistance to fatigue cracking. The temperature at which |G*| x sin δ = 5000
kPa at a frequency ω = 10 radians/s for PAV-aged samples is specified as the one to assess the efficacy of the binder
to resist fatigue cracking.

Thus, if the temperature at which |G*| x sin δ = 5000 kPa at a frequency ω = 10 radians/s for unaged
samples is found to have a reasonably good correlation with the temperature at which |G*| x sin δ = 5000 kPa at a
frequency ω = 10 radians/s for PAV-aged samples, then the rheological changes due to PAV-aging can be obtained
from the rheology of unaged samples without actually aging the binders in the laboratory. Figure 2 shows the plot
of the temperature (°C) when (|G*| x sin δ)PAV = 5000 kPa versus the temperature (°C) when (|G*| x sin δ)ORIG =
5000 kPa. Again, the statistical analysis of the data was done using the software STATISTICA™. It was found
through a multiple regression analysis that the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9, the standard error of estimate was 1.8
and comparison of the residuals with the predicted values showed that the residuals were between ±3.6°C based on
the 95% confidence limits. The correlation coefficient in the case of PAV-aged binders in Figure 2 is not as good as
that for the RTFOT-aged binders seen in Figure 1. There is more scatter in the data from the best line shown in
Figure 2 as compared to Figure 1. The reason for this is quite obvious. The PAV-aging process is more severe than
the RTFOT-aging process and, hence, the drastic rheological changes cannot be tracked accurately by simply
moving down the temperature. Nevertheless, with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9 for a variety of binders in this
study, it is evident that the rheological changes due to PAV-aging can be matched within a margin of error to the
rheological behavior of the original unaged binder at an equivalently determined temperature. The data showed that
again adding 6°C to the temperature at which (|G*| x sin δ)ORIG = 5000 kPa gives the temperature at which (|G*| x
sin δ)PAV = 5000 kPa.

4. Concluding Remarks

The present work shows that a good correlation exists between the specification parameters determined
from the aged asphalts with those of the original unaged samples. Thus, it should be possible in the future to get an
idea of the rheological behavior of the aged asphalts without actually having to age the binders in the laboratory.
The method involves the determination of temperatures at which (|G*| / sin δ)ORIG = 2.2 kPa and (|G*| x sin δ)ORIG =
5000 kPa. Adding 6°C to each of these temperatures will provide the temperatures at which (|G*| / sin δ)RTFOT =
2.2 kPa and (|G*| x sin δ)PAV = 5000 kPa., implying that the grading system could be based only on unaged samples.
 11

ORIGINAL UNAGED TO PAV-AGED

30
T(°C) when (|G*|xsinδ )PAV =5000kPa

Y=X+6°C B6224 B6225

B6226 B6227
B6228 B6229
B6230 B6231
B6232 B6233
B6243 B6251
AAA-1 AAA-2
R 2=0.90 AAB-2
AAF-2
AAD-2
AAG-2

20 AC-5
AC-20
AC-10
Novophalt
Styrelf CMCRA 76-22
CMCRA 82-22 LTPP01
LTPP02 LTPP03
LTPP04 LTPP06
LTPP07 LTPP10
LTPP12 LTPP13
LTPP14 LTPP15
LTPP16 LTPP17
LTPP18 LTPP19
LTPP20 LTPP21
LTPP22 LTPP28
LTPP29 LTPP30
LTPP35 LTPP36
LTPP37 LTPP39
10 LTPP40
LTPP42
LTPP41
LTPP43
LTPP44 LTPP46
LTPP47 LTPP48
LTPP49 LTPP50
LTPP51 LTPP52
Best Line

0
0 10 20 30
δ )ORIG=5000kPa
T(°C) when (|G*|xsinδ

Figure2: Temperature when |G*| x sinδ =5000 kPa for PAV-aged binders versus temperature when |G*| x sinδ =
5000 kPa for original unaged binders.
 12

The suggested procedure to obtain the specified information on the aged asphalts would take only fraction
of the time that would otherwise be needed if one were to go through the process of actually aging the samples and
then determining the data on the aged samples from the DSR.

The estimates of the temperatures obtained from this procedure are within a maximum error bound of ±3°C
for RTFOT-aged and PAV-aged asphalts in 90% of the binders analyzed in this study as can be seen from Table 6
based on the analysis of the residuals using the software STATISTICA™. The adoption of this procedure on a
routine basis would thus be dictated by how much of an error bound can be tolerated and this needs to be weighed
against the enormous savings in time and energy in not having to actually age the samples to get the information.

TABLE 6 (a): Residuals obtained in the predicted high specification temperatures through the
statistical analysis of the data using the software STATISTICA™

RTFOT-aged Samples
Percentage of Binders in this Study Residuals in the predicted high specification temperature

50% 0°C to ±1°C

30% ±1°C to ±2°C
10% ±2°C to ±3°C
10% ±3°C to ±3.5°C
0% > ±3.5°C

TABLE 6 (b): Residuals obtained in the predicted intermediate specification temperatures through
the statistical analysis of the data using the software STATISTICA™

PAV-aged Samples
Percentage of Binders in this Study Residuals in the predicted intermediate specification temperature

32% 0°C to ±1°C

40% ±1°C to ±2°C
18% ±2°C to ±3°C
10% ±3°C to ±3.6°C
0% > ±3.6°C
 13

5. Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Ms. Susan Needham for generating all the rheological data on the DSR. The

author is also thankful to Dr. Ernest J. Bastian, Jr. for his comments.

6. References

[AND 94] ANDERSON, D. A., CHRISTENSEN, D. W., BAHIA, H. U., DONGRÉ, R., SHARMA, M. G., ANTLE, C. E.,
BUTTON, J. Binder Characterization and Evaluation Vol. 3: Physical Characterization, SHRP-A369, Strategic
Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington D.C., 1994.

[AAS 93a] AASHTO, Standard Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel
(PAV). AASHTO Provisional Standard PP1 (Edition 1A): Washington, 1993.

[AAS 93b] AASHTO, Standard Test Method for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a
Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). AASHTO Provisional Standard TP5 (Edition 1A): Washington, 1993.

[ABB 02] ABBAS, A., CHOI, B.C., MASAD, E., PAPAGIANNAKIS, T. The Influence of Laboratory Aging Method on
the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 30(2), 171-176, 2002.

[BAH 01] BAHIA, H. U., HANSON, D. I., ZENG, M., ZHAI, H., KHATRI, M. A., ANDERSON, R. M. Characterization of
Modified Asphalt Binders in Superpave Mix Design, NCHRP Report 459, Transportation Research Board –
National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 2001.

[BIS 95] BISHARA, S. W., MCREYNOLDS, R. L. Effect of Microwave Energy on The Properties of Asphalt, and Its
Use as An Aging Tool, Presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board at Washington
D.C. in January 1995, Transportation Research Record Series 1995; 1488: 1-12.

[BIS 96] BISHARA, S. W., MCREYNOLDS, R. L. Laboratory Aging and Annealing of Asphalt Binders by Microwave
Radiation, Presented at the 75th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board at Washington D.C. in
January 1996, Transportation Research Record Series 1996; 1535: 98-107.
 14

[BIS 98] BISHARA, S. W., ROBERTSON, R. E., MAHONEY, D. Transient Changes Occurring during Microwave
Aging. Comparison with PAV Aging, Presented at the Thirty-fifth Petersen Asphalt Research Conference at
Laramie, Wyoming, in July 1998.

[BIS 99] BISHARA, S. W., ROBERTSON, R. E., MCREYNOLDS, R. L., Mahoney, D. Rapid and Simple Method for
Binder Oxidative Aging, Presented at the Thirty-sixth Petersen Asphalt Research Conference at Laramie, Wyoming,
in July 1999; also Report FHWA-KS-99-5, 1999.

[BIS 00] BISHARA, S. W., ROBERTSON, R. E., MAHONEY, D. Rapid Oxidative Aging of Asphalt Binders using
Microwave Energy, Presented at the 2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Barcelona, Spain, September 22-25,
2000.

[BIS 01] BISHARA, S. W., ROBERTSON, R. E., MCREYNOLDS, R. L., MAHONEY, D. An Improved Method for Binder
Oxidative Aging using Microwave Energy, Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research
Board at Washington D.C. in January 2001: Preprint # 01-0145.

[BIS 02] BISHARA, S. W., ROBERTSON, R. E., SHENOY, A., MAHONEY, D. Rapid Aging of Modified Binders by
Microwave Energy, Presented at the Thirty-ninth Petersen Asphalt Research Conference at Laramie, Wyoming, in
July 15-17, 2002.

[COM 89] COMINSKY, R. J., MOULTHROP, J. S., ELMORE, W. E., KENNEDY, T. W., SHRP Materials Reference
Library Asphalt Selection Process, Research Report No. SHRP-IR-A-89-002 (UT-SHRP-A-001-2), August 1989.

[KNO 02] KNORR, D. B., DAVISON, R. R. and GLOVER, C. J., The Effect of Various Aging Techniques on Asphalt
Low-Temperature Properties, Paper (02-3223) presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research
Board, Washington D.C., January 2002.

[ROB 01] ROBERTSON, R. E., BRANTHAVER, J. F., HARNSBERGER, P. M., PETERSEN, J. C., DORRENCE, S. M.,
MCKAY, J. F., TURNER, T. F., PAULI, A. T., HUANG, S-C., HUH, J-D., TAUER, J. E., THOMAS, K. P., NETZEL, D. A.,
MIKNIS, F. P., WILLIAMS, T., DUVALL, J. J., BARBOUR, A., WRIGHT, C., AALMANS, S. L., HANSERT, A. F.,
Fundamental Properties of Asphalts and Modified Asphalts, Volume II: Final Report, New Methods, Publication
No. FHWA-RD-99-213, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, October 2001.

[SHE 00] SHENOY, A. Validating the Generality and Predictive Ability of Unified Rheological Curves for
Unmodified Paving Asphalts. Construction and Building Materials, 14, 325 - 339, 2000.
 15

[SHE 01] SHENOY, A. Unifying Asphalt Rheological Data Using the Material’s Volumetric-flow Rate. Journal of
Materials in Civil Engineering, 13(4), 260 - 273, 2001

[SHE 02] SHENOY, A. Prediction of High Temperature Rheological Properties of Aged Asphalts from the Flow Data
of Original Unaged Samples, Construction and Building Materials, 16, 509 - 517, 2002

[STU 99] STUART, K. D., MOGAWER, W. S. and ROMERO, P., Validation of Asphalt Binder and Mixture Tests that
Measure Rutting Susceptibility using The Accelerated Loading Facility, Report FHWA-RD-99-204, 1999.

[VAS 01] VASSILIEV, N. Y., DAVISON, R., WILLIAMSON, S. A. and GLOVER, C. J., Airblowing of Supercritical
Asphalt Fractions, Ind. Eng. Chem., 40, 1773-1780, 2001.

[VAS 02] VASSILIEV, N. Y., DAVISON, R., and GLOVER, C. J., Development of a New Stirred Air-Flow Test (SAFT)
Procedure for Short-Term Aging of Asphaltic Materials, Paper (02-3530) presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of
the Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., January 2002.

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