7) +nematodes Fall20 PDF

ROSS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
VMP 5265 Parasitology

7. Nematodes – Strongylida
Metastrongyloidea
Order Superfamily Typical features

Bursate nematodes
Strongylida Ancylostomatoidea • Life cycle direct
Ancylostoma, etc. • Infection by L3
Strongyloidea • Buccal capsule well
Strongylus, developed; leaf crowns
Syngamus, etc. and teeth
• Life cycle direct
• Infection by L3
Trichostrongyloidea • Buccal capsule small
Trichostrongylus, • Life cycle direct
Dictyocaulus, etc • Infection by L3
Metastrongyloidea • Buccal capsule small
Metastrongylus, • Life cycle indirect
Aelurostrongylus, • Infection by L3 in
Filaroides* intermediate host
• *L1; No IM
Anthelmintic Resistance
• Manage parasites and anthelmintics
• Selective treatments: FEC; FAMACHA; 5 point √
• Protect refugia
• Use host physiology
• Resistant and resilient animals
• Strategic and tactical treatments = faster
development of resistance
• FECRT to assess efficacy (10-14 d post
treatment)
• Assess program
Anthelmintic Resistance
• FAMACHA is NOT diagnostic
• It is only validated for H. contortus
• It is only validated for sheep and goats
Order Superfamily Typical features

Bursate nematodes
Strongylida Ancylostomatoidea • Life cycle direct
Ancylostoma, etc. • Infection by L3
Strongyloidea • Buccal capsule well
Strongylus, developed; leaf crowns
Syngamus, etc. and teeth
• Life cycle direct
• Infection by L3
Trichostrongyloidea • Buccal capsule small
Trichostrongylus, • Life cycle direct
Dictyocaulus, etc • Infection by L3
Metastrongyloidea • Buccal capsule small
Metastrongylus, • Life cycle indirect
Aelurostrongylus, • Infection by L3 in
Filaroides* intermediate host
• *L1; No IM
Lecture topics
Superfamily Metastrongyloidea
• General characteristics
• Muellerius spp.
• Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
• Metastrongylus spp.
• Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
• Filaroides spp.
• Angiostrongylus sp.
Learning objectives
• Describe general characteristics for the

Metastrongyloidea
• For each parasite know the:
– Age of animal
– Seasonality
– Clinical signs
– Diagnostic method(s)
• Be able to differentiate lungworm
infections within a host
Metastrongyloidea
• Infect the respiratory, vascular and

nervous systems of mammals
• Life cycle: most indirect life cycle
• IH: snail or slug
• Diagnostic stage: most L1 kinked s-
shaped posterior end; Baermann
• Most clinical signs only occur in heavy
infections
Metastrongyloidea
Kinked tail Straight tail
Zajac and Conboy 2012

Muellerius spp.
Common name: Lung worm
Hosts
• Final host - sheep and goats
• Intermediate host - molluscs
Identification
• Adult lungworms embedded in lung tissue
• L1 with s-shaped kink
Muellerius spp.
Life cycle (PPP = 6-10 wk)
• L1 pass in feces and penetrate foot of
molluscan host, develop to L3
• Sheep ingests mollusc, L3 liberated and
migrate to lungs
• Develop to adults in lymph nodes and
nodules in lungs
Site(s) of infection: Lungs
Muellerius spp.
Pathogenesis and lesions
• Nodular lesions look and feel like “lead
shot,” embedded in lung tissue
Clinical signs
• Signs of pneumonia rare in sheep
• Heavy infections in goats more serious
Muellerius spp.
Images supplied by Dr R Woodgate

Western Australia Department of Agriculture
http://www.wormboss.com.au/LivePage.aspx?pageId=561
Muellerius spp.
Photo copyright Thomas Nolan

Muellerius spp.

Muellerius spp.
Treatment and prevention
• Several anthelmintics reported effective
• Control difficult because L3 live as long
as mollusc

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Common name: Meningeal worm
Hosts
• Final host white-tailed deer
• IH molluscs
• Aberrant hosts equine, sheep, goats,
llamas, camels, etc.
Clinical signs
• White-tailed deer rare
• Aberrant hosts neurological
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Aberrant hosts
• Larvae invade nervous tissue
• Neurologic disease
• Can be fatal
• Normally not patent
Diagnosis
• Clinical signs
• White-tailed deer in the pastures
Metastrongylus sp.
Common name: Lungworm of pigs
Hosts
• Final host is pig
• IH earthworm
Identification
• Slender white worms, 6 cm
• Small eggs with L1; irregular exterior;
> Strongyloides sp.
Metastrongylus sp.
Metastrongylus sp.
Direct / Indirect
L1 to L3: 1-2 wk
PPP: 4 wk
Metastrongylus sp.
Site(s) of infection
• Bronchi and bronchioles
Pathogenesis, lesions, clinical signs
• Lung migrations cause lesions
• Bronchitis / coughing
• Secondary infections
• Fatal cases can occur
Diagnosis
• Eggs with L1 in fecal examination
Metastrongylus sp.
• Young pigs (4-6 months old) severely
affected
• Long-lasting exposure due to the
earthworm reservoir
• Several anthelmintics approved
Metastrongylus spp.
www.animalwelfareapproved.org
Hogs raised outdoors in close contact with

earthworms have a greatly increased chance
of acquiring Metastrongylus infection
aelurophilic,
ailurophilic
Someone who has a special fondness for cats.
http://wordinfo.info/unit/42
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Common name: Cat lungworm
Hosts
• Final host cats
• IH snails and slugs
• PH birds, rodents and frogs
Identification
• Aggregations of parasites in lung tissue
• L1 with kinked tail in feces
Life cycle
• L3 ingested, migrate to lungs
• Female lays eggs in “nests”; lung
parenchyma; small grayish nodules
• L1 hatch, coughed, swallowed, feces
• L1 ingested by IH (molluscs) and develop
to L3
• PH eat IH
• PH or IH ingested by cat
Site of infection
• Lung parenchyma and bronchioles
Pathogenesis, clinical signs
• Low pathogenicity
• Chronic mild cough
Diagnosis
• Fecal; Baermann kinked tail L1
• Prevent access to the IH and PHs
Filaroides and Angiostrongylus

Common names: Lungworms
• Specific species Tracheal worms, French
Heartworm
Hosts
• Dogs and wild carnivores
Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri
Filaroides hirthi
Angiostrongylus vasorum (French HW)
Crenosoma vulpis
Filaroides and Angiostrongylus

F. osleri F. hirthi A. vasorum C. vulpis
Direct Direct Indirect snail Indirect snail
Kinked tail Kinked tail Kinked tail Straight pointed tail
Young dogs
Older dogs
Breeding facilities
Hemorrhagic or Embedded in Pulmonary arteries Bronchi
granular nodules in parenchyma of the
the trachea and lungs
bronchi
Dry, nonproductive Dry, nonproductive Gradually progressing Dry, nonproductive
cough cough pulmonary disease cough
Respiratory distress, Hyperinfection can be and cardiac failure
anorexia, and fatal
emaciation
Young dogs Beagle colonies Foxes Foxes
6-7 months 5 weeks 28-108 days 19 days
http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/canine-and-feline-lungworms-proceedings?id=&pageID=1&sk=&date=

(http://www.heritagehearthmastiffs.com/)

Life cycle
• L1 ingested; develop in lungs
• Female lays eggs with larvae
• L1 hatch, expelled in sputum or coughed
up, swallowed, pass in feces
Infection by ingestion of
• regurgitated stomach contents, lung
tissue or feces of infected dogs

Diagnosis
• Nodules detected with a bronchoscope
• L1 with kinked tail in feces or sputum,
centrifugal flotation or with Baermann
technique
• Persistent problem in kennels
• Benzimidazoles reduce levels?
Nodules in trachea and bronchi
(www.vetnext.com) (Zajac and Conboy 2012)
L1 with
kinked tail
“Lungworms”
Filaroides hirthi
Angiostrongylus vasorum
Crenosoma vulpis
Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophilus (dogs/cats)
Eucoleus (Capillaria) boehmi
Alaria sp. (trematode; immature stages in lungs)
Paragonimus kellicotti (trematode)
Cough, exercise intolerance
Diagnosis can be challenging: flotation, Baermann,
sedimentation
“Lungworms” Treatment Capcvet.org

Lecture topics
Superfamily Metastrongyloidea
• General characteristics
• Muellerius spp.
• Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
• Metastrongylus spp.
• Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
• Filaroides spp.
• Angiostrongylus sp.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi87Ipqy6UQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vqo63fE2dPo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOEth078ig0
In a calf that died from severe diarrhea associated

with high serum pepsinogen levels, necropsy
reveals the rumen, reticulum, and omasum to be full
of feed, while the remainder of the alimentary tract is
virtually empty. The mucosa of the abomasum is
covered with gray-white, 3- to 5-mm nodules, each
of which contains a small worm. The parasite
responsible for this type of lesion in cattle is:
a. Haemonchus placei
b. Trichostrongylus axei
c. Ostertagia ostertagi
d. Nematodrius helvetianus
e. Bunostomum phlebotomum (Pratt, 1998)
In a calf that died from severe diarrhea associated

with high serum pepsinogen levels, necropsy
reveals the rumen, reticulum, and omasum to be full
of feed, while the remainder of the alimentary tract is
virtually empty. The mucosa of the abomasum is
covered with gray-white, 3- to 5-mm nodules, each
of which contains a small worm. The parasite
responsible for this type of lesion in cattle is:
d. Nematodrius helvetianus
Young beef cattle in Mississippi develop anemia and

anasarca during a wet period of the summer. None of
the animals shows any signs of diarrhea and some
seem constipated. One animal dies and necropsy
reveals numerous red and white worms, 20 to 30 mm
long, within the abomasum. The worm most likely
responsible for the disease in these cattle is:
d. Nematodirus helvetianus
Young beef cattle in Mississippi develop anemia and

anasarca during a wet period of the summer. None
of the animals shows any signs of dirrhea and some
seem constipated. One animal dies and necropsy
reveals numerous red and white worms, 20 to 30
mm long, within the abomasum. The worm most
likely responsible for the disease in these cattle is:
d. Nematodirus helvetianus
A calf develops dark, watery diarrhea; no parasite

eggs are noted in the feces. Necropsy reveals small,
caseous nodules in the wall of the small intestine.
Each nodule contains a worm or a decaying worm.
Living worms have a large buccal capsule. The
worms causing this disease are most likely:
a. Oesophagostomum radiatum
b. Bunostomum phlebotomum
c. Haemonchus placei
d. Strongyloides papillosus
e. Dictyocaulus viviparus (Pratt, 1998)
A calf develops dark, watery diarrhea; no parasite

eggs are noted in the feces. Necropsy reveals small,
caseous nodules in the wall of the small intestine.
Each nodule contains a worm or a decaying worm.
Living worms have a large buccal capsule. The
worms causing this disease are most likely:
a. Oesophagostomum radiatum
b. Bunostomum phlebotomum
c. Haemonchus placei
d. Strongyloides papillosus
e. Dictyocaulus viviparus (Pratt, 1998)
Trichostrongyles parasitizing cattle can be identified

by the stages passed in the feces using:
a. Careful measurement of the eggs

b. Microscopic examination of first-stage larvae
grown in culture
c. Microscopic examination of infective larvae
grown in culture
d. Microscopic examination of the ornamentation
of the eggshells
e. Microscopic examination of the larva within the
eggshell (Pratt, 1998)
Trichostrongyles parasitizing cattle can be identified

by the stages passed in the feces using:
a. Careful measurement of the eggs

b. Microscopic examination of first-stage larvae
grown in culture
c. Microscopic examination of infective larvae
grown in culture
d. Microscopic examination of the ornamentation
of the eggshells
e. Microscopic examination of the larva within the
eggshell (Pratt, 1998)
Which parasites have stages that migrate through

the lungs of dogs but do not become patent in the
lungs?
a. Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis

b. Ancylostoma caninum and Filaroides osleri
c. The Metastrongyloid lungworms
d. Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis
e. Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis,
Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis
Which parasites have stages that migrate through

the lungs of dogs but do not become patent in the
lungs?
a. Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis

b. Ancylostoma caninum and Filaroides osleri
c. The Metastrongyloid lungworms
d. Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis
e. Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis,
Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis
Infection of sheep and goats with Bunostomum

would be expected to cause:
a. Abortion storms
b. Clinically inapparent respiratory disease
c. Severe central nervous system disease
d. Anemia
e. Mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge
Capcvet.org
Infection of sheep and goats with Bunostomum

would be expected to cause:
a. Abortion storms
b. Clinically inapparent respiratory disease
c. Severe central nervous system disease
d. Anemia
e. Mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge
Capcvet.org
The preferred method for detecting the larvae of

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in cats is:
a. Fecal sedimentation
b. Fecal filtration
c. Baermann examination of feces
d. Direct smear of feces
e. Thoracic radiographs
Capcvet.org
The preferred method for detecting the larvae of

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in cats is:
b. Fecal filtration
d. Direct smear of feces
Capcvet.org
Several elk and moose in a mixed-species hoof stock exhibit

at a wildlife park develop neurologic disease, including ataxia
and torticollis. However, the white-tailed deer in the exhibit are
all normal. You suspect a nematode may be responsible. If so,
how did the animals become infected?
a. Ingestion of snail or slug intermediate hosts infected with

third-stage larvae (L3)
b. Ingestion of first-stage larvae (L1) shed in feces of infected
deer
c. Ingestion of third-stage larvae (L3) free on pasture
d. Skin penetration by first-stage larvae (L1) shed in feces of
infected deer
e. Skin penetration of third-stage larvae (L3) free on pasture
Capcvet.org
Several elk and moose in a mixed-species hoof stock exhibit

at a wildlife park develop neurologic disease, including ataxia
and torticollis. However, the white-tailed deer in the exhibit are
all normal. You suspect a nematode may be responsible. If so,
how did the animals become infected?
a. Ingestion of snail or slug intermediate hosts infected with

third-stage larvae (L3)
b. Ingestion of first-stage larvae (L1) shed in feces of infected
deer
c. Ingestion of third-stage larvae (L3) free on pasture
d. Skin penetration by first-stage larvae (L1) shed in feces of
infected deer
e. Skin penetration of third-stage larvae (L3) free on pasture
Capcvet.org
A five day old puppy presents with bronchitis. Which

parasite is on the top of your differentials?
a. Ancylostoma caninum
b. Filaroides osleri
c. Strongyloides stercoralis
d. Toxocara canis
e. Uncinaria sp.
A five day old puppy presents with bronchitis. Which

parasite is on the top of your differentials?
a. Ancylostoma caninum
b. Filaroides osleri
c. Strongyloides stercoralis
d. Toxocara canis
e. Uncinaria sp.
A dog presents with a dry cough and apparent

exercise intolerance. Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)
has been excluded as a cause. Given other
parasites that can cause similar clinical signs, what
diagnostic method could be useful?
b. Direct smear of feces
d. Fecal filtration
A dog presents with a dry cough and apparent

exercise intolerance. Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)
has been excluded as a cause. Given other
parasites that can cause similar clinical signs, what
diagnostic method could be useful?
b. Direct smear of feces
d. Fecal filtration

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ROSS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

VMP 5265 Parasitology

Order Superfamily Typical features

Order Superfamily Typical features

• Describe general characteristics for the

• Infect the respiratory, vascular and

Kinked tail Straight tail

Zajac and Conboy 2012

Images supplied by Dr R Woodgate

Photo copyright Thomas Nolan

Photo copyright Thomas Nolan

Photo copyright Thomas Nolan

Hogs raised outdoors in close contact with

Someone who has a special fondness for cats.

Filaroides and Angiostrongylus

Filaroides and Angiostrongylus

Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri

Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri

Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri

Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri

Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri

Nodules in trachea and bronchi

(www.vetnext.com) (Zajac and Conboy 2012)

“Lungworms” Treatment Capcvet.org

In a calf that died from severe diarrhea associated

In a calf that died from severe diarrhea associated

Young beef cattle in Mississippi develop anemia and

Young beef cattle in Mississippi develop anemia and

A calf develops dark, watery diarrhea; no parasite

A calf develops dark, watery diarrhea; no parasite

Trichostrongyles parasitizing cattle can be identified

a. Careful measurement of the eggs

Trichostrongyles parasitizing cattle can be identified

a. Careful measurement of the eggs

Which parasites have stages that migrate through

a. Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis

Which parasites have stages that migrate through

a. Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis

Infection of sheep and goats with Bunostomum

Infection of sheep and goats with Bunostomum

The preferred method for detecting the larvae of

The preferred method for detecting the larvae of

Several elk and moose in a mixed-species hoof stock exhibit

a. Ingestion of snail or slug intermediate hosts infected with

Several elk and moose in a mixed-species hoof stock exhibit

a. Ingestion of snail or slug intermediate hosts infected with

A five day old puppy presents with bronchitis. Which

A five day old puppy presents with bronchitis. Which

A dog presents with a dry cough and apparent

A dog presents with a dry cough and apparent

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