3) +nematodes Su20 PDF

ROSS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
VMP 5265 Parasitology
3. Nematodes – Strongylida
Strongyloidea
Genus Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Uncinaria

species caninum tubaeforme braziliense stenocephala
Life cycle
Identification
Host Dogs Cats Dogs and cats Dogs and cats
Clinical signs
Zoonotic
Somatic
stages
Lung
migration
Comments
Genus Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Uncinaria

species caninum tubaeforme braziliense stenocephala
L3 infective (per os; percutaneous) – L4 – L5 – Adult in small intestine; PPP
Life cycle 2-3 weeks
“Leakage” from migrating/somatic stages
Adults: hook shape on end; 1-2 cm; differentiate by host and teeth (anemia)
Identification
Eggs: average, oval, thin shelled; fecal flotation; differentiate by L3
Host Dogs Cats Dogs and cats Dogs and cats
Anemia (can be
severe); L4/L5 As per A. Little anemia
As per A.
caninum but *Interdigital
Clinical signs Diarrhea (with caninum but
even less dermatitis with
blood/mucus) less severe
severe repeat infections
Dermatis
Zoonotic Yes Yes Most zoonotic Less
Somatic Yes – very
Yes Yes Yes
stages important
Lung Yes – very
Yes Yes Yes
migration important
Transmammary
Comments transmission most No comments No comments No comments
common
Lecture topics
• Superfamily Strongyloidea
− General characteristics
• Family Strongylidae
− Large strongyles
− Small strongyles
− Oesophagostomum spp.
− Syngamus sp.
• Anthelmintic resistance
Learning objectives
Superfamily Strongyloidea
• Know the life cycle
• Know the diagnostic stage and method
Family Strongylidae
• Difference between large/small strongyles
• Source of pasture infectivity
• Primary clinical signs
• Seasonality and age differences
• Management / treatment
• FEC / McMaster / FECRT
Order Superfamily Typical features

Bursate nematodes
Strongylida Ancylostomatoidea • Life cycle direct
Ancylostoma, etc. • Infection by L3
Strongyloidea • Buccal capsule well
Strongylus, developed; leaf crowns
Syngamus, etc. and teeth
• Life cycle direct
• Infection by L3
Trichostrongyloidea • Buccal capsule small
Trichostrongylus, • Life cycle direct
Dictyocaulus, etc • Infection by L3
Metastrongyloidea • Buccal capsule small
Metastrongylus, • Life cycle indirect
Aelurostrongylus, • Infection by L3 in
Filaroides* intermediate host
• *L1; No IM
Strongyloidea
Families: Strongylidae, Chabertiidae,

Stephanuridae, Syngamidae
• Life cycle: direct; infection by L3
• Some species arrest
• Eggs: thin shelled; oval; average size
• Males have a bursa
• Well developed buccal capsule
• Thick body
• Will discuss 2 exceptions
Strongyloidea
Strongyloidea
Strongyloidea
Males have a bursa
RUSVM, 2006
Strongyloidea
Strongyloidea
Family Strongylidae
• Order: Strongylida
– Superfamily: Strongyloidea
• Family: Strongylidae
–Subfamily: Strongylinae
–Subfamily Cyathostominae
• Common names
– Strongylinae = large strongyles
– Cyathostominae = small strongyles or
cyathostomins
Small and Large Strongyles
Large Strongyles (3 species presented)

• Larvae migrate in organs; colic
• Adults bloodsuckers/plugfeeders; anemia
Cyathostomins
• >50 species
• Larvae damage large intestine mucosa =
colic; diarrhea
• Synchronized emergence in spring
• Resistance
Common Small strongyles

Large strongyles
name (cyathostomins)
Adult worms Lumen large intestine
Large (1.5-5 cm) Small (< 1.5 cm)
Anemia Minimal pathology
Larvae Various organs Encyst in large
intestinal walls
Can be destructive Diarrhea; severe in
(adaptations?) spring
PPP 6-11 mo 1.5-4 mo
Eggs 60-120 X 35-60 µm
Anthel-
mintic No / maybe Yes
resistance
Large and Small Strongyles
http://vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/#_images
http://loudoun.nvcc.edu/vetonline/VET133/Baermann%20technique.htm

Larvae
migration
differs
Size of
adult
differs
PPP
differs
Larvae in eggs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QxPOpqJl04
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_n7cPD6p06k
Large Strongyles
Identification
• Adult mouth capsule
• All eggs the same
• L3 can be distinguished
Site of infection
• Adults large intestine
• L3/L4 location species dependent
Large Strongyle
leaf crown
buccal capsule
ear shaped teeth
Photo: RUSVM
Large Strongyles
S. vulgaris S. edentatus S. equinus

All mouth capsules globular
Large Strongyles
Strongylus vulgaris
*Larvae L4
• Migrate in arterial vessels of intestine
• Cranial mesenteric, ileocolic arteries and
other arteries
• Arteritis, marked thickening, thrombus,
infarction, death
• Aberrant larvae migration
• Clinical signs: thrombo-embolus; colic
Strongylus vulgaris
Adults
• Bloodsuckers; remove plugs of mucosa
• Anemia in heavy infections
Strongylus edentatus
Larvae L4
• In liver and abdominal tissues (flanks)
• Acute: fever, anorexia
• Chronic: intermittent colic
Adults
• *Anemia in heavy infections
Strongylus edentatus
Strongylus equinus
Larvae L4
• In liver
• Form hemorrhagic tracts
Adults
• *Anemia in heavy infections
Large Strongyles
Strongylus Strongylus Strongylus
vulgaris edentatus equinus
Identification Adults 1-2 cm Adults 3-4 cm Adults 3-4 cm
Life cycle Migration Migration in liver Migration to liver,

through arteries. and abdominal pancreas and
6 mo tissues. 11 mo cecum? 9 mo
Pathogenesis *Arteritis, Massive infection Hemorrhagic
from larvae thrombus, death results in fever, tracts
anorexia, death
Pathogenesis
from adults Bloodsuckers S. edentates & S. equinus > S. vulgaris
Diagnosis of Cannot differentiate eggs

Eggs of large or small
Diagnosis of
larvae & adults Can differentiate
Large Strongyles
Clinical signs
• Colic(?) most typical
• Fever, anorexia, constipation, etc.
• Adults, in heavy infections, anemia
Diagnosis
• Eggs in fecal flotation (McMaster)
• Identification of L3
• Larvae antibody test: S. vulgaris
• Necropsy
Large Strongyles
Treatment adults
• S. edentatus and S. equinus more difficult
• Several anthelmintics
Treatment migrating L4
• S. vulgaris: Ivermectin, Moxidectin, FBZ
• S. edentatus MCLs
Lecture topics
− Syngamus sp.
Common Small strongyles

Large strongyles
name (cyathostomins)
Adult worms Lumen large intestine
Large (1.5-5 cm) Small (< 1.5 cm)
Anemia Minimal pathology
Larvae Various organs Encyst in large
intestinal walls
Can be destructive Diarrhea; severe in
(adaptations?) spring
PPP 6-11 mo 1.5-4 mo
Eggs 60-120 X 35-60 µm
Anthel-
mintic No / maybe Yes
resistance
http://vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/#_images
Cyathostomins
Identification
• Adults normally < 1.5 cm
• Mouth capsule rectangular or square
• Egg typical strongyle
• Over 50 species
Life cycle
• PPP: 6 wk to 2-4 mo; most > 8 weeks
• Arrested development (up 2 ½ y; L3)
Cyathostomins
Cyathostomins
Site(s) of infection
• Larvae throughout large intestine mucosa
• Adults in intestinal lumen (large intestine)
Cyathostomins
Noah’s Archive
Cyathostomins
Pathogenesis and lesions
• Larval cyathostominosis
– L3 enter mucosa or submucosa, fibrous
capsule of host origin forms, “encysted”
– Molt to L4 and excyst; 10x bigger than a
L3
• Lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration
• Catarrhal colitis
• Protein losing enteropathy
• Note: more encyst then develop to adults;
washout
Cyathostomins
Clinical signs
• Primarily clinical signs associated with
emergence of L4
• Chronic diarrhea; colic
• Seasonality
• Severe weight loss, edema
Cyathostomins
Diagnosis
• Eggs in fecal examination (McMaster)
• Distinguish cyathstomin L3 from large
strongyle L3
• Eggs in feces of foals (< 6 wk) due to
coprophagia
• NOTE: need lots and lots of emerging L4
for clinical signs – would a 6 week old foal
have eaten enough L3 they day it was
born to have cyathostomin induced
diarrhea at 6 weeks of age?
Cyathostomins
Epidemiology
• Northern temperate climate
– Larvae arrest during winter
– Emerge, adults spring
– Egg counts increase in spring
• Southern temperate climates
– Larvae encysts during summer
– Transmission occurs during winter
Cyathostomins
Epidemiology
• History of horses with syndrome
• Inadequate trtmt during the preceding
grazing season
• Over-stocked, highly infective pastures
• These circumstances result in
accumulation of large burdens of
encysted (arrested) larvae
Cyathostomins
Epidemiology
• Mare origin of infection for foal: mare
contaminates the pasture
• Each horse has own supply of mucosal
larvae to become next season’s adults
Cyathostomins
Cyathostomins
Treatment
• Mucosal larval stages
• FBZ for 5 d or MOX single dose;
challenging
• BZs, MCLs, Pyrantel and others for adults
• Resistance to all drug classes
Large and small strongyles
Historical program was for S. vulgaris

• Every 2 months
• Rotate dewormers
Result
• S. vulgaris is rare in N. America
• Resistance with small strongyles
• Resistance with Parascaris spp.
Current Recommendations
Foal to yearling treatments
• 2-3 months of age, benzimidazole
(Ascarids)
• 4-6 months, just before weaning
• FEC at weaning, determine strongyles or
ascarids
• 9 and 12 months, treat strongyles
• 9 months (fall), treat tapeworms
Yearlings and two-year olds

• Treat as “high” shedders
• Treat three times a year
Mature horses
• Determine if low or high shedder
• Low: Treat one to two times a year
• High: treat three times a year
Cyathostomins & Resistance
• McMaster egg count
• Cut off? <200; 200-500; >500 epg

• Cannot distinguish species – L3
• Pre and post treatment for FECRT
Prevention/management
• Accurate diagnosis required
• Know efficacy of anthelmintics (FECRT)
• Treatment timing
• Manage pasture
• Treat “high-shedders”
• Clean up feces
• Do not overstock
Lecture topics
− Syngamus sp.
A stable owner has not used a pasture since March 2016. She/he
places 20 horses on this pasture at the beginning of the grazing
season in 2017. In 6 weeks several of the horses have high fecal egg
counts. Where did the parasites come from?
a) Larvae that survived on the pasture

b) Larvae on supplemental hay
c) Arrested larvae in some of the horses have resulted in pasture
contamination and hence infection in other horses
d) Eggs that survived on the pasture and hatched larvae
e) Arrested larvae in all of the horses
A stable owner has not used a pasture since March 2016. She/he
places 20 horses on this pasture at the beginning of the grazing
season in 2017. In 6 weeks several of the horses have high fecal egg
counts. Where did the parasites come from?
a) Larvae that survived on the pasture

b) Larvae on supplemental hay
c) Arrested larvae in some of the horses have resulted in pasture
contamination and hence infection in other horses
d) Eggs that survived on the pasture and hatched larvae
e) Arrested larvae in all of the horses
Note: Given the PPP, insufficient time has passed for “c” to have
occured
(Mosby’s Basic Sciences, p 175, 1998)




The prepatent period of Strongylus vulgaris is:

a) 2 weeks
b) 1 month
c) 2 months
d) 4 months
e) 6 months

The prepatent period of Strongylus vulgaris is:

a) 2 weeks
b) 1 month
c) 2 months
d) 4 months
e) 6 months

Information Discussed in Class
The following slides contain:

• Summaries of some information from
class
• Definitions presented
• Additional photos

• Large Strongyles were the main problem
causing parasite of adult horses (equine).
• MCLs and other anthelmintics effectively
controlled them; deworming daily or
every 4-8 weeks was designed for these
worms.
• Now Small Strongyles (cyathostomins)
are the main problem causing parasite of
adult horses.
• BUT large strongyles can come back!
Refugia Resistance
• Parasites not exposed to anthelmintics
• Parasite stages in the environment
• Parasite stages in untreated animals
• Destroying refugia is a primary cause of resistance
development
• Deworming of horses every 6-8 weeks to control large
strongyles (prevent larvae from arresting and
migrating) resulted in heavy small strongyle exposure
to anthelmintics = small strongyle resistance
• Remember small strongyles have a much shorter PPP,
hence more generations were exposed compared to
large stronglyes, selecting rapidly for resistance
“red worms”
Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus vulgaris
Larval migration can results in arteritis, marked thickening,

thrombus, thrombo-embolus, infarction, death
Strongylus vulgaris
Noah’s Archive
Larval migration can results in arteritis, marked thickening,
thrombus, thrombo-embolus, infarction, death
Cyathostomins
Noah’s Archive
Larval Cyathostominosis

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ROSS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

VMP 5265 Parasitology

Genus Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Uncinaria

Host Dogs Cats Dogs and cats Dogs and cats

Genus Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Ancylostoma Uncinaria

Order Superfamily Typical features

Families: Strongylidae, Chabertiidae,

Small and Large Strongyles

Large Strongyles (3 species presented)

Common Small strongyles

Large and Small Strongyles

Large and Small Strongyles

Large and Small Strongyles

ear shaped teeth

S. vulgaris S. edentatus S. equinus

Life cycle Migration Migration in liver Migration to liver,

Diagnosis of Cannot differentiate eggs

Common Small strongyles

Small and Large Strongyles

Large and small strongyles

Historical program was for S. vulgaris

Large and small strongyles

Large and small strongyles

Yearlings and two-year olds

Cyathostomins & Resistance

• McMaster egg count

• Cut off? <200; 200-500; >500 epg

Large and small strongyles

a) Larvae that survived on the pasture

a) Larvae that survived on the pasture

(Mosby’s Basic Sciences, p 175, 1998)

(Mosby’s Basic Sciences, p 175, 1998)

(Mosby’s Basic Sciences, p 175, 1998)

(Mosby’s Basic Sciences, p 175, 1998)

The prepatent period of Strongylus vulgaris is:

(Mosby’s Basic Sciences, p 175, 1998)

The prepatent period of Strongylus vulgaris is:

(Mosby’s Basic Sciences, p 175, 1998)

Information Discussed in Class

The following slides contain:

Small and Large Strongyles

Small and Large Strongyles

Larval migration can results in arteritis, marked thickening,

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