‘Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sto Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK woweambridge-ons Taforination on this ttle: warwecambridge-org/9780521532891 (© Cambridge University Press 2008 “This publication isin copyright. Subject to statutory exception dnd tothe provisions of relevant colletve licensing agreements, ao tepeoduction of any part may take place without the written peemision of Cambridge University Press First published 2004 16th printing 2030 Printed in Singapore KIS. Printing Co Pre Ltd ISBN 978-0-521°53289-1 Edition yith ansivers Sen! 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N 7 RERRAARRPPARARARAGCRR SWBVBERBUUBRBUBELIUUBUUEIT UY Thanks vi To the student vi To the teacher x Present and past yesent continuous (Iam doing) Preient simple (1 do) Present continuous and present simple 1 (Lam doing and I do} ” simple 2 (am doing and I do) Presene continsous and present Past simple lid Past continuous (Las doing) — Present perfect and past Present perfect | (U have done) Present perfect 2 (l have done) Present perfect cositinuous (I have been doing) Present perfect continuous and simple (Ihave been doing and I have done) How long have you (been For and since - When... ? and How Tong .. Present perfece and past 1 (L have done and Idi Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did) Past perfec {had done) Past perfect continuous (1 had been doing) Have got and have Used to (do) Future 9 20 2 2 b 24 as Present ress (Lan doing /1 do} forthe furue mn} going to (do) Willshall | Willshall 2 Iwill and I'm going to Will be doing and will have done Whoa Ido! When P've done, When and if Modals 26 2 » 30 3 3 34 3S fr ‘Can, could and (be) able vo ould (do} and could have (done) Must snd can’ May and sight 1 ‘May and might 2 Haye to and must Mast mustn't aceda’ Should 1 Should 2 Hadbewer Its ime Would Can(Could/Would you .. ? ete, (Request, offers, permission and invitations) ET Mnfond wish 38 If do .. and IFT did 39 fT knew .. Lwish I knew « 40 Wthad known... Tish Thad known .. 41 Wish Passe 42. Passive I (is done / was done) 43. Passive 2 (be done / heen done / being done) 44 Passive 3 45: It is said that... Heis said to .. He is supposed to 46. Have something done Reported speech 47 Reported speech 1. (He said chat 48. Reported speech 2 Questions and ausiliony verbs 49. Questions 1 50 Questions 2 (Do you know where .. ?/ He asked me where.) 51 Auxiliary verbs (haveldovean exe) 11 52. Question tags (do you? isnt it? et.) ing and the infiitive ‘52. Verb + -ing enjoy doing / stop doing et.) 54 Verb +t0 1 (decide £0. forget t0 . :) 55. Vetb (+ object) + to. (I want yOu (0 tc.) 56 Verb + -ing or to. 1 (femember/egest et.) 57. Verb + ing oF to... 2 (teyineedelp) S58 Vegb + -ing orto. 3 (like / would like ee) 59 Prefer and would eather 660. Prepostion (ilfor/abour et.) + ing 61 Belge used to something (I'm used 0.) 62. Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing/ accuse somebody of -ing et.) 63. Expressions + ing (64, To ve» fr vu and 80 that. (purpose) 65 Adjective + 10 {66 To ws afraid to do) and preposition + ing (afraid of ing) {67 See somebody do and see somebody doing {68 ing clauses (Feaing ied, I went ro bed early.) Articles and nouns {69 Countable and uncountable 1 70 Countable and uncountable 2 71 Countable nouns with alan and some 72 Alan and the 73 The 74. The 2 (school /the school et: 75. ‘The 3 (children / the childeen) 76 The 4 (the giraffe the telephone / the piano et. the + adjective Names with and without the 1 8 Names with and without the 2 ReanaananvrwerereeaRrmeangnaeaganaseVUEBUUTUUEETUUUUBUEUUUY 79 Singulae and plucal 80 Noun + noun (a tennis balla headache 81 (your sisters name) and of... (the name ofthe book] Promonens and determiners 82 Myselfyourslfthomselves ec 53 A fiend of mine My own house On my own by myself 84 There .. and it 85. Some and any 86 Nofaone/any Nothinginobody ee 87 Much, many, litle, few, a lt, plenty 88 All/all of most most of | no/ none of etc 89 Both /both of neither / neither of either / either of 30 ALL, every and whole 91 Each and every Relative clauses 92 Relative clauses 1: clauses with whothavwhich 93. Relative clauses 2: clauses with and. without wholthadwhich 94 Relative clauses 3: whosefwhomiwhere 95, Relative clauses 4; extea information clauses (1 96. Relative clauses 5 extea information clauses (2) 97 ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking t0 Torn, the boy inured inthe accident) Adjectives and adverbs 98 Adjecives cling it ing and -ed (bow 99 Adjectives nice new house, you look tired 100 Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quickiquickly) 101 Adjectives and adverbs 2 (wellfastate,hardihardly) 102 So and such 103. Enough and too 104. Quite, pretty, rather and faicty 105. Comparison I (cheaper, more expensive et:) 106 Comparison 2 (much bertr/ any better / beter and beter / the sooner the beter) 107 Comparison 3 fas v.98 than 108 Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable et.) 109. Word order 1: verb + objec; place ad tine 110. Word order 2: adverbs with the verb LIL Stil, yer and aleady Any more any longer /no longer 112 Even Conjnctions and prepositions 113 Although / though /even though Ia spite off despite 114 Incase HIS Unless As long as Providediproviding 116 As (As walked along the sree ../As Las hungry ..) 117 Like and as 118 Asif/as though / like CE119 For, dung and while 120 By and until By the time. Prepositions 121 Avonfn (time) 122 On time and in time At the end and inthe end 4123 Inaton (position) 1 124 Infavion (postion) 2 125 Infavon (position) 3 126 Tofatinfinco 127 Inlation (other uses) 128 By 129 Noun + preposition (reason for, eause of et.) 130. Adjective + preposition 1 131. Adjective + preposition 2 132 Verb’ preposition 1 to and at 133. Verh + preposition 2. abouufocofiafer 134 Verb + preposition 3 about and of 135. Verb © preposition 4 offor/romvon 136. Verb + preposition $infintoywithtofon Phrasal verbs 137 Phrasal verbs 1 Introduction 138 Phrasal verbs 2 infout 139 Phrasal verbs 3. out 140 Phrasal verbs 4 on/off (1) 141 Phrasal verbs S_ on/off (2) 142 Phrasal verbs 6 up/down 143. Phrasal verbs 7 up (1) 144 Phrasal verbs 8 up (2) 145 Phrasal verbs 9 awayrback Appendix 1 Regular and irregular verbs 292 ‘pt Present and past tenses 294 Appendix 3 The foture 295 ‘Appendix 4 Modal verbs “Appendix 5 Short forms Appendix 6 Spelling 298 ‘Appendix 7 American English 300 ‘i! you've /dida ete) ‘Addlional exercises 302 Study guide 326 Key to Exercises 336 Key to Additional exercises 368 Key to Study guide 372 Index 373 Coa anicouldiwilllwould es.) NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEEDTO STUDY, USE MRT RRaannae RRPARAARAREPSRAAVSESEEUEUYUEDUUUUUEUUUY | wrote the griginal edition of English Grammas in Use when I was a teacher atthe Swan School of English, Oxford. I would like to repent my thanks to my colleagues and students at the school for their help, encouragement and interest at thar time, ‘More recently {wold like to thank all the teachers and students I met and who offered their thoughts on the previous edition, fe was fun to meet you all and extremely helpful for me. Regarding the production of this third eiion, I am grateful to Alison Sharpe, Liz Driscoll, Jane Maies and Kamae Design. f would also lik co thank Cambridge University Pres for permission to access che Cambridge International Corpus. “Thank you also o the following illustrators: Paul Fellows, Gillan Martin, Roger Penwill Lisa Smith and Simon Williams.‘Tis book is for students who want help with English grammar. I is written for you to use without «teacher “The book will be useful for you if you are not sure ofthe answers to questions like these 1 What is the difference between I did and 1 bave done? 1 When do we use will for the furure? 15 What i the structure after 1 wish? 1B When do.we say used to do and when do we sa 1B When do we use th 3 sed to doing? What is the difference between like and as? “These and many other points of English grammar are explained in the hook and ehere are exercises on each poiat Level ‘Te book is intended) mainly for intermediate students (students who have already studied the basic grammar of English). It concentrates om those structures which intermediate students want to use but which often cause dificulty. Some advanced seudents who have problems with irasimar wil also find the book useful ‘The book is not suitable for elementary learners: How the book is organised There ate 145 units in the book. Each unit concentrates on a particular point of grammar. Some problems {for example, the present perfect or the use ofthe) are covered in moze than one unit. For alist of units, see the Contents atthe beginning ofthe book, Each unie consists of two facing pages: On the lft chere are explanations and examples; on the jah there are exercises. At the back of the book there isa Key for you to check your answers the exercises (page 336). 1s atthe back of che book (pages 292-301). These include eth forms, spelling and American English There are also seven Appen ieregular verbs, summaries 0 Finally there isa detailed dex atthe back of the book (page 373) How to use the book "The unis are not in osder of cifculy, o i is ot intended that you work through the book fcom beginning to end. Every learner has different problems and you should use ths book ¢o help you with the grammar that you find ditfcue. Iris suggested that you work inthis ways 15 the the Contents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the poine you are inesestd in. 1 If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide om page 326. 1 Study the explanations and examples onthe left-hand page ofthe unit you have chosen. 12 Do the exereses om che righthand page. 15 Check your answers wit the Key. 1 If your answers are nor correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went weong. ‘You can of course use the book simply as are ce book without doing the exercisesVEECECEEUUUESUUUUUETEUU Additional exercises ‘Ac the back ofthe book there are Additonal exercises (pages 302-325), These exercises bring together some ofthe grammae points from a number of differen units, For example, Exercise 16 brings together grammar points from Units 26-36. You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the grammar in the units concerned. cD Rom “The book is sold with or without a CD Rom. On the CD Rom you will find more exercises on all the units (cferen from chose in the book). There ate also 1,700 tes questions, and you can use these to make your own tests, The CD Rom can also be bought separately.sminar book, bur reachers may also find her work on grammar is necessary. English Grammar in Use was writen asa self-study it useful as additional course material in cases where “The book will probably be most useful at midale- and wpper- intermediate levels {where all or nearly all ofthe material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a some more advanced students who nea for practising new steuctuees. twill also be useful fr we probletts with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by elementary learners, “The units ace organised in grammatical categories (Present and past Articles ad nouns, Prepositions et.) They are not ordered aovording to level of dificult, so the book should not he worked through from beginning to end, It should be used selectively and flexibly in fance with the grammar syllabus being used and the iffiulties students are having The book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedh night be vsed by the whole class or by individeal students needing extra help. The left-hand pages (explnaations and examples) are written fr the student co use indivially, but they may {bf course be used by the teacher asa source of ideas and information on vshich to base lesson, The student then has the left-hand page a8 rvord of what has been taughe and can refer to it homework. Alternatively al work. Ie in the fanure. The exercises can be don fand additionally) individual students can be directed to stu certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular dffcukies not shaced by other students in ther class, Don't forge the Additional exercises atthe back of the hook (see To the student rhe buuk is sold with or without a CD Rom, Thie contains Further exereses 0m all she nits in the book, as well asa bank of 1,700 test questions from which users can select r0 compile their own tests, The CD Rom is also available separately withou An edition of English Grammar it 1 Key is also availa, Some teachers may prefer this for use with theie students English Grammar in Use Third Edition This is @ new edition of English Grammar in Use. The differences berween this edition and the second edition are There isso new wait ne numbers from the 1D There are cighe new units om phrasal verbs (Units 138-18 fon wish (Unie 41), Unite 42-81 and 83-137 al have dif second edition 10 Some of the material has been revised or reorganised, and in most units there are minor changes in the examples, explanations and exercises. 10 The Additional exercises have been extended. The new exercises are 14-16, 25, 30-31, and 37-41, 12 The book has been redesigned with new colour illustration 18 There i a new CD Rot with further exercises to accompany the book: eapenmagaanne eekEnglish Grammar in Use UETUUUTUUUEIUUUUUEUUUee‘Study this example situation: Sarah isin er eat She i on her way to work, She is driving to work. "This means: she is driving mow, at che time of speaking. ‘The action is nor Finished Amfsfare + -ing isthe present continuo Tam (=Tm) | deving helshoft is (he's ete.) | working = we're ee) | doing et welyouthe min the middle of doing i; I've started doing it and I haves't Lam doing something finished yet 1S Please don't make so much noise. I'm tying so work. (not Itsy) 1B “Where's Mark?” “He's having a shower’ (rot He has a shower) 15 Let's go out nove. Tt isn't exining any more. (not It doesn’t rain) 15 (ata party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (wot Do you enjoy) 10 Whar'sall that noise? What’ going on? (= What's happening?) the action ig not necessarily happening at the tite of speaking. For example: Steve is talking o a friend on the phone. He says (‘im reading a reall ao0d book at the moment i about aman who ' Zz i Steve is nor reading the book at the time of speaking. i D\ He means thar he has started it, bur has not finished it ye. i S\ He ie in the middie of reading i, Some more examples: "2 Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's learning Italian. (but perhaps she isn't fearing Traian at eh time of speaking) 12 Some frends of mine ae building their own house, They hope co finish ir next summer. ‘You can use the present continuouis with today / this week / this year ec. (petiods around nov): 1 as You're working hard today. (wot You work hard roday Yes, Fhave a lor o do. © The company I work for isn't doing so well his year. ‘We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially with these verbs: fet change become increare rise fall grow improve begin’ start 15 Is your English geting beter? (nat Does your English get better) e © The population ofthe world i incremsing very fast, (no increases) e e |e At first I dida't hike my job, but I'm beginning to enjoy'it now. {not I begin) Present continious and present simple ~ Units 3-4 Present tenses forthe futuré Unit 19Exercises Unit 1 ia Complete the sentences with the following verbs inthe correct form: et happen look lose make start stay try worde 1 "You -e.morhing.. hard coday.’ "Yes, Thave a lotto do." ral for Christine, Do you know where she is? 3 dark, Shall leur on the light? 4 have anywhere to live atthe moment. They with friends until they find somewhere 5 Things are not so good at work. The company money. 6 Have you got an umbrella? It wonain 7 You 4 Tot of noise. Can you be quiet 8 Why are all these people here? What Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I'm not doing ete). 1 Please don't make so much noise. Im. trying. (try) to work, 2 Lets go out now. It (rain) any more 5 You can ture off che ra (listen) toi 4 Kate phoned me lase night. She's on holiday in France. She (bave) a great time and doesn’ want to come back. 5 Teane to lose weight, so this week I (eat) lunch, 6 Andrew has just started evening classes. He learn) German, 7 Paul and Sally have had an argument. They (speak) to each other. gL (get) tired. needa rest 9 Tin (work) this week. He's on holiday Complete the conversations 18; saw Brian a few days ago. fs Ob, did you? What's he. doing. these days? (what /he / do} A: He’ at university X (what /he study) + as Peychology. it (be enjoy) As Yes, he says it's a very good course Hi, Liz, How in your new job? {you / get on bs Nor bad. fe wasn’t so good at ist, but better ove, (things! get) 4s What about Jonathan? Is he OK: Yes, but. his work at she moment, (he / not / enjoy) [He's been in the same jb for long time and ro get bored with i, the begin) Complete the sentences using the following verbs: begin change get’ crease. rise 1 The population of the world .i#.inereasing very fas. 2 The world “Things never stay the same 3 The situation is aleeady bad and it worse 4 The cost of living Every yeas things are mote expensive 5. The weather to improve. The rain has stopped, and the wind isn’t as strong,[Alex isa bus drives but now he isin bed asleep. Hie isnot driving a bus. (He is asleep.) bout He dtives a bus. (He is abus driver} Deive(s\work{s\do(es) ees the present simple: {We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use i to say that somerhing happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general 'B Nurses look after patients in hospitals. 15 Fuasually go away at weekends. (0 The earth goes round che sun. 15 The café opens at 7.30 in the morning. Remember Twork .. but Heworks... They teach... bur My sister teaches For spelling (+ or 8), see Appendix 6 We use doldoes to make questions and negative sentences: Tor] Taocnounes lame | Uva yet | [orn | ne | ae veto [P| an) | Lo L BD Tcome from Canada, Where do you come from? 1D Idon' go away very often. 1D What does this word mean? (rot What ieans this word?) 1D Rice doesn’ grow in cold climates. Inthe following examples, dois also the main verb (do you do f doesn’ do ete 15 ‘What do you da?” ‘T work ina shop.” 1B He's always so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help, ‘We use the present simple ra say how often we do things 1 getup at 8 o'clock every morning, 1B How often do you go tothe dentist? 1 Julie doesnt drink tea very often. 15 Robert usually goes away two or three times a yar, I promise /1 apologise ec Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise ro do something, you can say ‘I promise. when you suggest something, you can say T supBest 151 promise ! won't be late, (ot I'm promising) "What do you suggest Ido?" “Lsuggest that you In the same way we say: T apologise. (T advise. /Tiasist../Tagree ../Teefuse 6 RAPRARAARRRRAORRABAARRABARBESEUUEEUEVEGUUUUDEVUUUD Exercises Unit Z 24 22 Complete the sentences using the following verbs: ‘causels) connectis) drink|s) lives) open(s)peakis}- —_takels) 1 Tanya «22688... German very wel 2 Lda’ ofen coffe. 3 The swimming pool — wat 7.30 every morning 4 Bad driving ‘many accidens 5 My parents = ina very small Rat 6 The Olympic Games place every four years. 7 The Panama Canal the Atlantic and Pacific oveans. Put the verb into the coreet Form. 1 Julie doesn’ drink... (noe! drink} tea very often. 2 What time = the banks f close) here? 3 Pee gota computes, But [enn nennnnnnnn (not fuse) ie much, Wht enn (Martin / come) from? “He's Sorsh." 5 What : (you / do}? ‘Tm an electrician. 6k cake} me an hour to get to work. How long - (ie/ rake} you? 7 Look at this sentence. What nn (this word F mean)? 8 David isn't very fit. He {wot / do} any sport. Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative: believe cat flow go grow make rise tell translate 1 The earth ..9@@8... round the sun 7 Am incespretee from one 2 Rice -daesn'. FON. in Bien, Tangage into another 3 Thesun inthe east, 8 Liars are people WhO enn 44 Bees honey the era, 5 Vegetarians meat, 9 The River Amazon 6 An atheist in God, into the Atlantic Ocean ‘You ask Liz questions about herself and her family. Write the questions, 1 You know that Lie plays tennis. You want to know how often Ask het, How often 40. you. ray. tenis - - 2 Perhaps Li’ sister plays ennis too. You want to know. Ask Liz. a youe sister - 13 You know that Liz eads a newspaper every day. You want to know which one. Aste her 44 You know thar Lis brother works, You want vo know what he does. Ask Li, 5 You know that Liz goes vo the cinema a for. You want to know how often, Ask es. {6 You don’t know where Lit’ grandparent iv, You want to know, Ask Liz ‘Complete using the following: apologise insist ‘Upromise recommend suggest: I Teva nice day, suggest. we go out for a walk. 2 Lwon't tell anybody whae you sai. 5 (ima restaurant) You mus let me pay for the meal. nemmnninnnnnnons + Ae fir what Idi. It wou'e happen again 5 The new cestaurant in Hill Seretis very gO0d. ie‘Compare: Present continuous (Lam doit ‘We use the continuous for things happening | We use the simple fr things in general or at or around the time of speaking. things that happen repeatedly. ‘The action is not complete. mR 160 past ow Fase | past mow Tatare 1 Water bois at 100 degrees Celsis. 1D Excuse me, do you speak English? Present simple (1 do) 10 The water is boiling, Can you tum it off? 1 Listen to those people. What language are they speaking? 10 Let’ go out Ie isnt raining now. 0 Tm busy. ‘What are you doing?” 12 Pm getting hungry. Lets go and eae. 19 Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's learning Italian 1 The population of the world is increasing very fast. {We use the continous for temporary |/ 2 tm living with some fiends untit find place of my own. 2 A: You'ee working hard today. Yer, Ihave a lor 0 do. See Unit 1 for more information. 10 Ie doesnt rain very much in summer 1B What do you usually do at weekends? 15 Lalways get hungry in the afternoon. 18 Most people lean to swim when they sce children, 10 Every day the population ofthe world increases by about 200,000 people. We use the simple for permanent situations: 10 My parents live in London. They have lived there all tei ives. ‘0 John isnt lazy, He works hard most of the time, See Uni 2 for more information, 1 always do and I'm always doing, [always do (something) = 1 do it everytime: 1D Talways go ro work by car. (not I'm always going) “malways doing something’ has a different meaning, For example: Te lest my pen sain Frm aways tasng tings Pan always losing things =I lose things very often, perhaps £00 often, or more often than normal ‘Two more examples: 'D You'ee always watching television. You should do something more active. [= You watch television too often) 12 Tim is never satisfied. He's always complaining. (= He complains too much) Present continuous and simple 2» Unit & Present tenses forthe future» Unit 19 ARANNAARAR SL1 good a languages, She 224K... (speak) four languages very well Everybody (sae) for you. (you! listen) tothe radio?” "No, you can turn i of? ic (you / listen} to the radio every day2" No, just oceasionally.? 6 The River Nile Wow) into the Mediterranean, 7 The sver (lo) very fst today ~ much faster than usual. 78 Weusually {row vegetables in our garden, but thi year we (aot grow) any 1 Lees go out. Ie isnt. rating. (noe / rain) aos: Be Not bad. think i improve) slowly. 2 Jaliais 3 Hurry at 10 Rachel isin London atthe moment. She (stay) atthe Park Horel She aways (stay) there when she¥ in London, AL Can we stop walking $000? Tsuneo (tt) 0 fee tired, 12 &: Can you drive? eT on (lesen). My father (teach) me. 13 Normally finish) work at five, bu this week T — (ork) until six to earn a lee more money. 14 My parents ~~ live in Manchester, They were born there and have never lived anywhere’ else. Where 15. S038 on {ook} for a place to live. She her sister until she finds somewhere, 16 4: What (your brother / do}? fb: He’ an architec, but he {not / work) atthe moment. 17 (ata party) usually (enjoy) parties, bur fot / enjoy) this one very much. (your parenes/ ive)? : (tay) with 23 Finish Bs sentences, Use always 1s ve lost my pen agai, Not apaint Youre otways losing your pen 2 The car has broken down again 3: That ear useless, I one 3.4: Look! You've made the same mistake again 8 Oh no, noe again! Tene = Oh, ve forgoten my glasses again, Typical! ~ “Exercises | Unit 3 ‘Are the undetined verbs sight or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Water bos at 100 depress Celi. Ok . s 2 The water bois. Can you turn io? a 3 Look! That man tgs to open the door of youre oo 4 Can you hear those people? What do they sak about? : 5 The moon goss round the earth in about 27 days. : 6 must go now gts ae — : 7 Laswally goto work by ca — - . 8 “Hurry up es time co eave” “OK, game" — : 9 Theat you've got anew jo. How da you gt on? —— 19 Paul is never ae. He always geting 0 work on ime, _ 11 They dont gee on well. Theyezalwapsanging. : Put the ver into the correct frm, present continuous o present Simple. 9 A: How’ your Engh? = => = = = => = = —‘We use continuous forts for actions and happenings that have started but not finished (they are caving iris raining ete), Some verbs (for example, know and like) are nos normally used inthis see We dont say 1 arm knowing’ of ‘they are iking’s we say“ know’, they ike “Te following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous [ice eves ‘know realise suppose mean understand belie [belong fie_contain consi Ta Tim hungry. I want something to eat. (not Pm wanting) (5 Do you understand what I mean? 1 Ana doesnt seem very happy at the moment Think “When thnk means “believe or ‘have an opinion’, we do not use the continuous 1D think Mary is Canadian, but Pra nor sore. (not I'm thinking 55 What do you think about my plan? (= What is your opinion?) “When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible: 12 Pm thinking about whae happened. [often think about it & Nicky is thinking of giving op her job. (2 she is considering i) He is selfish and He is being selfish He being = He's behaving He's acting. Compare TD Lan’ understand winy he's being so selfish. He isnt usually like that. {being selfish = behaving selfishly atthe moment) a He never thinks about other people, He is very selfish, (not He is being) (6 He is selfish generally, not only at ghe moment “We use amvisfare being to say how somebody is behaving, Ics not usually posible in other sentences 12 I's hot today. (not Its being bot) 1 Sacah i very tired. (not is being tired) See fear smell taste ‘We normally use the present simple (aot continuous) with these verbs 13 Do you see that man over there? (nor Are you seeing) B This room smells Lee's open a window. We often use tan + sectheae/smellaste: 1D Team hear & stange noise, Can you hear it? Look feet ‘You can wse the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks ar Feels now: 15 You look well today. or You're looking wel today. 1B How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now? but co Tusually fel tted in the morning, (wo? Pm usualy feeling) Present continuous and simple 1 Unit 9 Have Unit 17 Present tenses for the future ~ Unit 19 ARRARARARARPRBRARAARARAARRALexercises a 42 4a 44 l ‘re the undetlined verbs right or wrong? Correet them where necessary, 1 Nicky is thinking of giving up ber job, 9k, 2 Acs you beicxing in God? mae 3 Tm feling hun re anything to ea 44 This sauce is rest. Ke astng really good. 5 Tmthinking this is your key. Am I sight? Use the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do this exercise) ( oho tis umbrea belong 107 Put the ver into the correct form, present continuous or present simple 1 Are you hungey? De. want. {you / want) something to eat? Don’t put the dictionary away. 1 (use) ie J 3 Don't pur the dictionary away. T (need) i 4 Who is thar man? Whar the wane? 5 Whois that man? Shy fhe / oo) at us? 6 Alan says he's 80 years old, but nobody (believe) him. 7 She told me her same, bur | ino / emember) it 20%. Bt think) of selling my caz. Would you be interested in buying ic? 91 [thiik) you should sell your car. You 10 aie {consist} mainly of nitzogen and oxygen, Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Sometimes you must use the simple {amjisfare) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable (amiis/are being) 1 can't understand why es. being so selfish, He isn’ usually lke cae. 2 Sarah very ice to me atthe moment. I wonder why 3 You'll ike Debbie when you meet het. She very nice 44 You're usualy very patient, so why ‘so unreasonable about ating 5 Why isnt Stove at work today? aeStudy this example Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian (aay ‘musician and composer. He lived from 1756 10 1791, He started composing a the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music, “He was only 35 years old when he died Lived started/weote/wasdied are all past simple Seon ‘Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): 1D T work in a travel agency tow. Before chat | worked ina department store. 15 We invited them to our parry, but they decided not co come. 1 The police stopped me on my way home last night. 5 Laura passed her examination because she studied very hard For spelling (stopped, seudied et.) see Appendix 6 ‘But many verbs are iregulay. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example te Le wrote a Morart wrote more than 600 pecs of mas. =a 1 We ew Rose in town few dys eo. fot went /Gilwentto th cinema tre ines lat week Shor = thor lr was cols shut the window: For alist of iregular verbs, see Appendix 1 tn questions and ngaives we we dilid’ + ifntve ejolseelao ec. [a ]evioret] [Trou [esior? 1) | esoy | she | saw | did | she see? she | did't | see they | went mc ES e (ser Ls Lt || ae 1 As Did you go our lastnight? sa: Yes, went fo the cinema, but I didn’ enjoy the film mach, 19 ‘When did Mr Thomas die?” ‘About ten years ago.” 15 They dida’ invite her tothe party so she didn go. 15 Did yom have time to write the letter?” “No, 1 didn’? In the following examples, do isthe main ver inthe sentence (did. do did't do} 1G What did you do atthe weekend? (not Whar did you at che weekend?) 2 I didnt do anything. (nor I dide’ anything) “The past of be (amvsfare) is waslwere Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were 1 was angry because they were late 1D Was the weather good when you were on holiday? 15 They weren't able to come because they were so busy. 10 Did you go out lastnight oF were you too tired? Past simple nd past continuous ~ Unit 6 Fast simple and present perfect» Units 12-14Exercises Unit 5 5.1 Read wht Laura says about atypical working day: (“ossiy getup a7 ok an ave xg beak Fak to) work to aes me Shout na no start work at B45. 7 never ave lnc, Fst work tS ack on ay eed when Tethone. usa coo a mel inthe eveing do wt 1 olck an alnaysseep wey Yesterday wos a typical working day for Laura, Write what she dd or didn't do yesterday. 1 She. got. ap, at 7. eso 7 at 5 o'clock, 2 she abig breakfast. 8 tired when home 33 9 ‘a meal yesterday evening, ai togerto work 10 — ‘out yesterday evening. 5 ass. Ud a0 11 o'clock, 6 “lunch, 12 ~ well last night. 5.2. Complete the sentences using the following verbs inthe eorrect form: ay catch cost fall hurt sell spend teach throw rice 1 Mozart weet. more than 600 pieces of music: 2 “How did you leaen co drive?" “My father me.) 3 We coulda’ afford to keep our cay, so we EB 4 down the stairs this morning and bis leg. 5 fim the ball t0 Sue, who ie 46 Ann “alot of money yesterday. She — von 8 dss which £100. You ask James about his holiday. Write your questions Hi, How are things? Fine, thanks. ve just had a great holiday. 1 Where, did te. gp To the US. We wert on a trip from San Francisco to Denver 2 How By ear? ‘Yes, we hired q car n San Francisco, 3 es along way'so drive. How long “Two weeks 4 Where ? In hotels? ‘Yes small hotels or morels. s > Yes burt was ver hot ~ sometimes too hot 6 the Grand Canyon? Of course. le was wonderful 54, Complete the sentences Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 41 te was warm, so 1 28K... off my coat. ‘cake) 2 The film wasn't very good. T idts®.0 jie very much. (enjoy) 3 Tew Sarah was very busy, so et, disturb) 44 Las very titel, #01 the party eacy. (leave) 5. The bed was very vacomfortable. I ‘vexy well, (sleep) 6 The window was open‘and a bid into the room. (Hy) 7 The hotel wasn'e very expensive. I ‘very mich. (cost) 8 Lwas in a huees sot tume to phone you. (have) 9 Teas hard carrying che bags. They very heavy, the) WSSCCCEeULEETUUUUUEeUUUS‘Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11.30, So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. “They were playing = they were inthe mile of ed playing, playing. They had not sere -ing isthe past playing | doing | working. et welyoulthey were 1 was doing something = Iwas in the middle of doing something ata certain time, The action or situation had already started before tis time, but had not finished: stared doing Lwas doing [finished doing + ts t : past ‘ast Tot 10 This time last year I was living in Bazi 1B What were you doing at 10 o'clock lastnight? 15 I waved to Helen, bur she wasnt looking Compare the past continuous (was doing) and past simple ( did ‘Past continuous (in the middle ofan action) | Past simple (complete action) 13 Lwas walking home when I met Dave. | 0 Iwalked home after the party last nig the way, completely) lin the middle ofan scion) 1 Kate as watching television when 10 Kate watched television a lor when she swe arcved was il last your ‘We often use the past simple and the past continuous rogether to say that something happened inthe middle of something else: © Mate phoned while we were havioy dinner © Ie was raining when I got up. 15 I saw you inthe park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book, 12 Ihure my back while Twas working in the garden. But we use the past simple co say that one hing happened after another: 5 I was walking along the road when | saw Dave. So I stopped, and we had a chat Compare . 13 When Karen arrived, we were having dines. (= we had already started bef she arived) 12 When Karen arived, we had dinner, (= Keren arrived, and then we had MAPRARARARPOPBRARARARARARST Some verbs (for example, know and want) art nor normally used inthe continuous (see Unit 44) 1 We were good friends, We knew exch other well. nat We were knowing) 1 I was enjoying the party but Chris wanted ro go home, (wot was wanting)Exercises 16.1 What were you doing at these times? Write sentences asin the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (See the second example). 1 (at 8 o'lock yesterday evening) |. was, having. dinner. 2 (at S o'clock last Monday) ..a9.on.a. bus. on my. ay, home 5 (at 10.15 yesterday mosaing) 4 (at 4.30 this morning) vo _ s 5 (ac 74S yesterday evening) s 6 (half an hour ago) - 6.2 Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous, 1 Mace phoned while we were. Naving’ dinner . 2 The doorbell rang while L ee e 3 We saw an accident while we 4 Ann fll asleep while she “5 The television was on, but nobody 6.3. Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple, Ts | ‘SUE } | ¥ hb | scram (ae) Sue in town | {meer} Tom | {eyele) home | pester, bu ke | and Je athe airport ew | yesterday wena man bt luckily 1 manage) to stop in time and (noe bit) hm. Rome. We have chat while we (ait for ovr fights. 66.4 Put the verb into the correct frm; past eoitinuous or past simple 1 Jenny a. teeting.. (wat) for me when I arrived... (arive. 2 Wh {you I do} at this time yesterday?” ‘Twas asleep” 3 {you / gol out last nigh? "No, Las too tired. 4 How fast ‘you / dive) when the accident (happen)? 5 Sam (take) @ phetograph of me while {not look) 6 We were in a very difficult positon. We (nt / know) what 10 do, > Thaven' sen Alan for ages. When I lst see) im, be (ery) 0 finda jo. sr [ovalk) along the street wen suddenly 1 near) footsteps behind me. Somebody (follow) me. Lwas seared andl star) to run, 9 When Iwas young, | (ovane) 0 be a pil. 10 Last night | (Gop) a slate when f (ao) the washing wp. Fortunately ® {noe break) — Additonal exercise 1 (page 302),meat { Hie has lost his hey = He lost it recently and be still Store aro sthe pressing Tk Uweltheylyou have (= Pve etc.) an wie ts ev) | ME ‘The presene perfect simple is havehas + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (fnished/deeided ec), but many important veebs ace irregular losldonehwritten et.) Fora list of ircegular verbs, see Appendix 1 “When we say tha “something has happened’, this is usually new informati 1D Ow! Pve cut my Finger 18 The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident. 1 from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the obbery. ‘When we use the present perfec, there isa connection with now. The action inthe past has a resol mow: 1D "Where's your key? “T don’ know. f¥e lost it? («1 don't have i nove) 1B He told ie his name, bur ve forgotten it. (= I can’t remember i now) (D's Sally here?" “No, shes gone out.” (= she is out now) 1B can’ find my bag. Have you seen i? (= Do you know where itis no1?) ‘You can ute the present perfec with just, already and yet. Just =a short time ago: 1B ‘Are you hungry?” ‘No, I've just had lunch.” 1 Hello, Have you just arrived? ‘We use alzeady to say that something happened sooner than expected: ‘a Don’ forget to send the letee” “Te already sent it” 12 ‘What time is Mark leaving?” “He's already gone” ‘Ye = until now. Yet shows chat the speaker is expecting something t happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: 1G Has i stopped raining yer 13 Pe writen the letter, but I haven't sent i ye i [Note the difference berween gone (to) and been (to) 1 Jim is on holiday: He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there) 1 Jane is back home now. She has besa to aly. (= she has now come back) ANARRAREOARARARAAARAAR gg Preset perfect + Units 8,11. Been to = Units RA 1269. Present perfect continuous —> Units 8-10 Poet en ps = Unt Yeon sia, Unt 11 Ameo gi Ad 7 gaUUUSUIUUUT 7 1 BEC Exercises Unit 7 Read the situations and waite sentences. Use the following verbs: arrive beak fall” goup grow improve ose 1 °Tom is looking for his key: He can’t find it He. has. lost his. 2 Margaret can’ wall and her leg is in plaster 3 Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now itis 90. 4 Macia’s English wasn't very good. Now icis better 5 Dan didn’ have a beard before. Now he has 3 beard 66 This morning I was expecting a lecer. Now Ihave it 7 The temperature was 20 degrees. Now itis only 12. Complete B's sentences, Use the ver in brackets + just/alreadyiyet. a ‘Would you like something 1 eat? ‘No, thanks. (Use have / lunch) Yes, : (1 just see? her) Do you kaove where Julia is? ‘What time ig David leaving? - the /alteady / lave) {don’t know. a (0 mot ead ic yet) No enna (she Falready /see Ite Bi) ‘What's in the newspaper today? Is Sue coming to the cinema with us? Are your friends here yet? | | Yes, (oy Just arrive) 77 | What does Tim think sboes your plan? — = (ove not elt bien yen) Read the sitvations and write sentences with just already or vet. 1 After lunch you go to see a send at her honse, She says, "Would you lke something to ea?" You say: No thank you. .ve.Just.tiad. ane... have lunch} the phone rings ead the caller says “Can I speak to Joe?" 2 Joe goes oue. Five minutes La You say: Vm ateaid (go ox) [5 You are eating in arestaue nt. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your place away. You say: Wait a minute! (aot finish) 4s You are going to a restauran tonight. You phone 1 reserve a table. Later your frend 9y5, “Shall I phone to reserve a sable” You say: No, ves (60) 5 You know that fiend of ours is loking fr 3 ps 0 ie, Perhaps she has been succesful Ask her. You say: — - » (find) 6 You ae sil thinking abcut where to-go for your holiday. A frend ask, ‘Where ace you going for your holilay?” You siyt : cnn + (not Mecide) 7 Linde went tc the bank, ou few mines ago she returned. Somebody asks, ts Linda el at the bank?” You say: No, {come back) ut in been or'gone. 1 Jims on holiday. He's gone. ro aly. 2 Hello! Pe just eevernnnn 0 the shops. I've bought lots of hings. 3 Alice isn't here atthe moment. She's on t0 the shop to get A newspaper 4 Tom has ‘out. Hell be back in about an hous. 5 “Are you going tothe bank?" "No, I've already soon to the bankStudy this example conversation: bait: Have you traveled lot, Jane? Joes Ye ve beet oof places. ccosign | Tallhy Have sou err bento China? SgRISBBRS/ 5 Janes Yes, Pre been ro China tice. aperidethno) Dave; What about India? — ae jun: No, {haven't been to India ase ww rinues from the past until now, we use the iking about t “When we talk about period of time that present perfect (have been have tcavelled ets, Here, Dave and Jane are Pisces Jang has visited inher life (which ise period chat continues until now Some more examples: 'D Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) 1 We've never had a c 1B Have you read Hermie?” "No, ! haven't read any of Shakespeare’ plays 15 Susan really loves that film, She's seen i eight times! What « boring flim Is the most boring film De ever seen, een (0) = visited 1D Ive never been to China. Have you been there? In the following examples too, the speakers ace talking about a period that continues until now {ncoently /in the lst Few days / so far / since breakfast) Faye you heard from Brian recently? S Pee cea loro people in the last few dys recent O Erecmhiag goog el We havea had any problems inthe ls few do so far. " 1g haven een ayting sce reklam brat of rom breakfast util aow) pa oe 12s good to see you again, Wi havent seen each other fora longtime. “we use the present perfect with today / this evening his year etc. wlhen these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 148): 1 ve drunk four cups of coffee today. 1B Have you had s holiday this year (ye)? {BI havent seen Tom this morning. Have you? 1D Rob hast studied very haed ths term. past mow is he at tine) iG (Greainensen”) ‘We say: Ie’ the (frst) time someting has happened. For example ci Don is having «driving lesson. I's his frst one Ws the frst time he has devea a ear. (not drives) for He has never driven a car befor. 1 Sarah has lost hee passpor: again. This is the second time this has happened. (oF happens) (Billi phoning his giclfrene again, That’ the cicd time he's phoned her this evening Present perfect 1 Unit Present eve + fringe > Unis 11-12Exercises Unit 8 You are asking people questions about things they have done, Make questions with ever using the words in brackets 1 {ride /norse2} "Hae. you. overridden, horse? . 2 (be California?) Have mann a : 3 (ran (marathon?) : 4 (speak f famous person?) nee oe 5 most beautiful place / visit?) What - cee Complete B's answers. Some sentences are postive and some negative, Use the following verbs: be be cat happen have meet. play read see see A 8 ‘Whats Marks siterlike?) (‘Tve no idea... never hex How is Diane these days? | | Tdon'e know. £ = her recently. ‘Ace you hungey? |] Yes. Toon much today Can you play chess? || Yes, but for ages. Are you enjoying your holiday? | | Yes, its the best holiday for long time ‘what’ that book ike? | | Tdon'e know. 7 | ts Brussels an imeresting place? | | Pee 90 idea 8 | Mike was late for work’ again toa Again? He every day this week a you tke cay don’ knows ‘Yes, isthe second time this week. 10 hear your car broke down, again yesterday. 11 \_ who's shae woman by the door? J, \ 1 don's know. 82 Complete the sentences using today j this year / this term etc. 1 I saw Tom yesterday, but |. baver't, sean, tin today 2 Lead a newspaper yesterday, bur | = 3 Last year the company made profit, but chs year — - _ 4 Tracy worked hard at school last term, but = - 5 Te snowed ator last winter, but nea {6 Our football ream won alot of games lst season, but We -—-- 8.4 Read the situations and write sentences ¢s shown inthe example, 1 Jack s diving a cas but hes very nervous and not sure what todo. You asks tave-use. wen a car before? . . Hosays, NO te. the fist tine. Ive driven car oo 2 Ben pling tenis Hes ot god ian he doe’ know te le ‘You ask: Have — He says: No, this is the frst — 3 Sue i riding s horse She dora lok. ery conident or comfortable. ‘She says: — “4 Mari sin London, She has jst aetved and ts very new for heeIchas been raining ‘Study tie example situation: Ist rainiig? [No but the ground is wet. Te has been raining. Havefhas been ~ing i the presont perfect continuous: ‘ing waiting playing ec Uweltheyiyou have felshelir has \We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped ‘There is a connection with now: Tr-You're out of breath. Have you been running? (= you're out of breath row) 1D Paul is very tired, He's been working very hard. (= he's red or] 15 Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 1G Pe been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me. 1G Whece have you been? I've been looking for you everywhere. thas been raining for two hours. Study this example situation: Ie began raining two hours ago and iis sill xing, How long has it been raining? Tt has been raining for evo hours, ‘We use the present perfect continuous inthis way with now long, for and since... The activity i sl happening (as inthis example) or has jus stopped. eee RCT AE 'S How long have you been leasning English? (= you're stil learning English) ‘2 Tim i still watching television, He's been watching clevsion all day. 19 Where have you been? P've been looking fr you forthe last half howe. ‘5 Chiis hasnt been feeling well recently. ‘You ean use the present prefect continuous for actions repeated over a petiod of time: 15 Debbie is a very good reais player. She's been playing since she was eight. 1B Every morning they meetin the same café. They've been going there for yeas CCompace 1am doing (se Uni 1) and I have been doing: 16 Don’ distur me now: I'm working, 12 Pve been working haed. Now I'm going tohave a break? 1 We'need an umbrella, I's raining. 15 The ground is wer. I's been raining. G Hurry up! We're waiting. 10 We've been waiting for an hou cRNA} STE TN TTT,BESSCECEELEETEUUUUTUUUUs exercises unit ¥ 9.1 What have these people been daing or what has been happening? 9.2 Write a question for each situation. 1 You meer Paulas he is leaving the swimming pool You ask: (you swim?) HAVE. you, Been seaming? 2 You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waitin for you ‘You ask: (you f wait long?) — 13 You mect a friend in the street. His face and hands ace very diy ‘You ask: (what / you! do?) - 4A friend of yours ts now working ina shop. You want t know how long. You ask: (how long, you / work / there?) - - A friend tells you about hs job — he sels computers. You want to know hove long, computers) - You asks (how long / you / 9.3. Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 eS raining. The sain stated ewo hours ago. 1.2 been, raining. fortwo hours. 2. We are waiting forthe bus. We stared waiting 20 minates ago. We for 20 minutes. 3 Tm learning Spanish I started classes in December. 1 : since December 44 Mary is working in London, She stated working there on 18 January. since 18 January. holidays in laly. They stated going chere yeas ago. 5 Our friends always spend thes 9.4 Put the verb into the present continuous (I am -ing) oF present perfect continuous (have been -ing). 1 Maria. has.been.learring. (Maria / lear) English for two years 2 Hello, Tom. Tok) for you. Where have you been? 3 Why {you / Took) at me like that? Stop it 4 Linda isa teacher {she / teach) for ten years 7 think) abou what you said and I've decided to cake your 6 "Paul on holiday this week?” "No, ef work) 7 Sarah is very tized. (she / work) very hard recentThe ceiling was white. ‘be has painted the "Has painted is the present perfect simple Kate's clothes are covered in paint She has been painting the ceiling, Has been painting isthe present perfect continuous. ‘We ace interested inthe activity. It does not rmaer whether something bas been finished} bs ‘or not, In this example, ee activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished. ere, the important thing is that someting been finished, Has painted iss completed ion, We are intrested in the result ofthe | sctivty (the painted ceiling), not the activity erence Compate these examples: a My hands are very det. Pve been repairing the car 1 Jor has been eating roo much recently. He should eat less cae’ nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last mer? 16 Where have you been? Have you been playiag,ennis? ne | 10 The cat is OK again now. I've repaired it 1p Somebody has eaten all my choct “The how is emp. (co Where’ the book I gave you? What Ihave you done with i? 1b Have you ever played tennis? 1 simple to say boxe much, bow Tong (for | We se d | many or ow many tes for completed anv activity that is sill happening) | sctions} 1b How ong have you been reading Haw mach ofthat book have you read? that book co Lisa is sll writing lees, Shes been | 15 Lisa has written ten lerers today. sweting lees all day | 1B They've been playing tenis ince 2 o'clock | ‘om learning Spanish, but [haven't been | 0 I'm learning learning it very lon. | tearne very much yet 1 They've played tennis theee times this week. Spanish, bu Uaven't Some verbs (for example, know/ike/believe) are not normally used inthe continuous ‘2 Te known about it fora longtime. (not I've been knowing) Fora list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. But note thar you cam use want and mean inthe present perfect continuous: {BT've been meaning to phone Jane, but I keep fongeting Present perfect simple = Units 7-8 Present perfect continuous -> Unit 8exercises Unit 10 104 102 10a For each statin, write two Sentences using the words in brackets 1 Tom started reading a book evo hours ago, He ie il eading it and now hei on page 53. (red for uo hous) He. has, bon fading. fr bh Ls {read / $3 pages so far) HE.tas. read. 58 pages, se far, ~ 2 Race s fom Australia, She traveling round Europe ar the moment. She bea he ip three months ago (crave for thece months) She (visi six counties 0 ie) 3 Patrick isa tenis player. He began playing tenis when he was ten years old This year he i national champion again - forthe fourth ie. {win/ che national championships / fou dimes) a {olay tennis since he was tea} Oo 4 When the lef college, Lisa and Sue stared aking las sogetee. Tey il make ims. {oak five fils since they le ele) They anes ensenennnnnnnn __fonake / lin since they let college) a For each situation, ask 8 question using the words in brackets 1 You have a rend wh i eating Arabic, You a how fon! leaen / Acabic?) = 2 Ong have. ye been, earring Arabi? 2 You have just arrived to mec rend. She is waiting for you. You ask (wait/Tong?) Have o — 23 You se somebody fishing bythe iver You as {catch any fish?) a 4 Some fecns of yours ae having «party newt week. You aske how many people fnvit®) mor — 5. fiend of yours is a teacher You ak: {ow Tong teach?) - — oe {6 You meet somebody wh i ter” You ask {how many books / write) — — {how long fwtte books?) one : 7 A sind of yours is saving money t0 fo on holiday. You ask {how long st¥€2) nnn _ eee {ow mach money /save2) — oe put the ver into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (V have done) or continuous {Uhave been doing). 1 Where have you ben? HEM eu Been saying (you / play tennis? 2 Look! - somebody rea) that window: 3 You look seed syou/ work) hard? + iyou/ever/ work) na factory?” No, neve” 5 ‘Lins away on holiday.” sae? Wheee sn bef go)? 6 My brother xan actor. the appa in seer fins 7 ‘Sorry a ae” “Thats alight : {1 not / wa long” 8 Isiealaining?” "No, - : ie? sop)? ° Tose) my ads book. — - ive see) 2 0 i" (ready the bok you lent me, But an — Uo! fist) i ye. F’s very interesting. u - 11/ read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.‘Daa and Jenny are married. They got married exactly 120 years ago, so today is theie 20th wedding anniversary. “They have been marred for 20 years. ‘We say: They are marcied. (present) ‘out How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not How long are they martied?) “They have heen maried for 20 years. {not They are marred for 20 years) cexsonmnnprnnmenecesanen We an the proven perfec 0 talk about something that began inthe past and still continues ‘now. Compare the present and the present perfect: 5 1 Bill sin hospital but He has been in hospital since Monday, (not Bilis in hospital since Monday) present 13 Do you know each other well? ‘but Have you known each othe fora Tong time? {not Bo you koow) pemevene: 12 She’ waiting for somebody ut She's beea waiting all morning. 12 Do they have a car? but Hlow long bave they bad their car? have knowavhadlived etc. isthe present perfect simple. Thave been learning / been waiting / been doing et. isthe present perfect continuous. “When we ask or say ‘how long, the continuous is more usual (se Unit 10}: 'E 've been learning English for six months. 1 Irs been raining since lunchtime. 1 Richad has been doing the same job for 20 years. 1G “How long have you been driving?” ‘Since Iwas 17." Some verbs (for example, knowilikefbelieve) are not normally used in the continuous: 1B How long have you known Jane? (nat have you been knowing) 1D Pve had a pain in my stomach all day. (not T've been having) See also Unite 4A and 10C. For have, see Unit 17. ‘You can use cither the present perfect continuous or simple with live and work: 1 Jalia has been livin / has ive in Paris fora long vie 10 How long have you been working / have you worked here? But we use the simple (ve lived /'ve done et) with always: Te always ive in the country. (ot always been living) We say ‘haven't done something sincefor..” (present perfect simple) ‘S Thavent seen Tom since W/anday. (2 Monday was the last time Tay him) 15 Sue hasn't phoned for ages. (=the las ime she phoned was ages ago) svrmatnmieecrctenaeanmesnteenoer te I haves. sinee/for + Unit 84 Present perfect cont uous ~ Urits 9-10 For and since — Unit 128 eExercises unit 1 11.1 Are the undetined verbs right or wrong? Coerect them whee necessary. 1 Bob ia friend of mine. Lknow him very wel 2 Bob is friend of mine. Lknosbim fa lng time. 3 Sue and Alan ane mati since July 4 The weather is awful [ts zaning again 5 The weather is awful [es raining al day. 6. ike yous house. low long ase you litig there? 7 Gaty is working in a shop forthe last few months. 8 Lane na Ta well We've only mt afew times. 9 gave up drinking coffe. {gonik drink it for a year, 10 That’ a very old bike. How long do you hae it? Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets. 1 John cells you chat his mothe sin hospital. You ask him: {how long be fin hospital?) HA lag, has ypu. mebrer. been. Mestad? 2 You meet woman who tll you that she teaches English. You ask he how tong F teach / English?) = EE 3 You know chat Jane is good frend of Caroline's. You ask Jane: (how long / know / Caroline?) es 4, Your frends brother went to Austeala sometime ago and he's il here. You ask yout fiend: (how long be in Australia?) =~ 5 Tim always wears the same jacke. I's avery old jacket. You ask hi thow long Fhave / that jacket) ——. 6 You are talking to friend about Joe, Joe now works atthe aigport, You ask your fiends thow long / work / at he airport?) - — 7. friend of yours is learning to dive. You ask him: thow long eat I e0 drive?) nnn 58 You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she ives in Chicago. You ask he: (always / ive (in Chicago?) - . Tee ai i 11.3. Complete B's answers to A's questions. => = ad 2 => = — > 2 2 sa 2 1 Bill sin hospital, isn't he) (Yes, he FA, Pen. in hospital since Monday. 2 Do you see Ann very often? || No, I haven't seem. her for three month. 3 Is Margaret marred? || Yes, she marted for ten yeas 4 ‘Are you waiting for me? || Yes, forthe last haf hour. 5| You know Linda, don't you? || Yes, we ‘ach other along time. 6 Do you still play eeanis? || No, 1 tennis for years. 7 Is Jim watching TV2 || Yes, be TV all evening. 8 Do you watch TV a let? || No, T ‘TV for ages. 9 Have you got a headache? || Yes, 1 4 headacte all morning. 10 George is never il Nov he il since ve known him 12 | Suelives in Landon, doesn’ she? 13 | Doyougo to the cinema‘ 14 | Would you like 10 goto New ‘York one day? Yes] Yes, she forthe last few years No, Yeu 1 (use always wane) ial day. = in London to the cinema forages. to goto-New York.sR fie ees . ‘We use foe and since ro say how long, something has been happening. We use for + a period of time (two hours, | We usesinee + the stat of a period six weeks ete. (@ o'dock, Monday, 1999 ete 1 I've been waiting since 8 o'dock 1 Pve been witing for two hours, fatasesotdock 8 odock + now ion [ance | Jwohous atmgeine awerk | | | sordack Apr tunchrine | | sominaes somone Monday 13 seared | [fede SO years yeas 2May Christmas Tso 1 Sally has been working here for six 1 Sally has been working here since Ap months. (not since six months) 15 Thaven'e seen Tom for thre days. (wot since ere days) {= from Apel until now) aU haven’ ses m since Monday. {x from Monday antl now) Iris possible to leave owt for (but not usually in negative sentences} 1 They've been married (for) ten yeas. (with or withoot for) 1 They haven’ had a holiday for ten years. (you must use for) We db not tse foe + all. (ll day / all my life et. ta Tve lived bere all my life. (not fr ll my ile) Compare when ...? (+ past simple) and how long. ? (+ present perfect As When did it start rining? 1 Ie started raining am hour ago /at 1 clock, How long bas ie been raining? br Irs benesining for an hour / since 1 p'loc. se When did Joe and Carol rst meet? _, {long time ago. They fet me | hen they were at school sz How long have they known cach other? fora longtime, since they were at school 1 They've knaven each other { We say ‘ (along time / two years ec) since something happened (DIes two yeas since [last saw Joe. (= I havent sen Joe for swo years) 1D Its ages since we went tothe cinema, (= We haven't besa tothe cinema for ages) You can ask “How long isi since 2: 13 How long is it since you last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joc?) © How long is it since Mes Pill died? (= When did Mrs Hill die?) ‘You can also say “Its been (= It has been}... since IIR been two years since I lst saw Joe. How fona have vou (been). ?—» Unit 1Exercises Unit 1Z aaa 12a Write for or since. 1s been raining #8. Tunchtime. 2 Sarah has lived in Paris 1995. 3 Paul has lived ia London ten years, 4 Pm tired of waiting, We've been sitang here an hous 5S Kevin has been looking for a job =. he left school 6 Thaven'e been 0 2 party ages 5 wonder where Joe is. aver seen him --—--t last weeks 8 Jae is away. She's been away Friday. 9.,The weather is dry. Ie hasnt rained few weeks. rite questions with how long and when. 1 Tes raining. thow long?) How tong, has, ie.been.raning?, fowhen?} —-When, did staré rang? — = 2. Kate i leaening Japanese. {how long / learn?) — - (ovhen Fst?) = 5 Tknow Simon, thow long / yo / know?) - [oohen / you / fst / meet?) = — 4 Rebecea and David are macried hove long?) ——— 7 co fovhen?) — — - ead the situations and complete the sentences. 1 ies raining, fee been easing since lunchtime. fe SHAPE. 8g ase af Iunchtie, 2 Ann and Sue are friends. They frst net years ago. They've Known. eachother for... years 3 Joe iil He became ill on Sunday. He has - - on Sunday 4 Joe sil He became ill afew days ago. He has 1 fw days, 5 Livis married, She's heen marcied fora year. She got — a 6 You have a headache, Iestated when yon woke up Pre Twoke up. 7 Sue has beer i Tealy for the last three weeks She went = = en ‘You'se working ina hotel. You started six months ago, Pe = _ ‘Write 8's sentences using the words in brackets. 1: Do you often go on holiday? : (no! five years} NOs. Mawen't nad. hella. fo, fie. yeas, e 2 a: Do you often see Sarah? {a0 about a month) No, a ~ = Da you often gato the cine a? 1: (90/3 long time) —— - co 4: Do you often ear in restaura ts? (a0 ages) No, 1 fee a 3 ‘Now write B's answers again. This time use It's. sinee 5 in) Nes. fe. years. since | had. @ hed, 6 (No, = — 2 Geis 8 4) Noirs“Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it He has lost his key. (present perfect) i “This means that he docsn’t have his key now. Now Tom has found his key. He has it now. Has he lost his key? _No, he has found it Did he lose his key?" Yes, he did Hie lost his key (past simple) bout now he has found it. (present ‘The present perfect (something has happened) is a present rense. Ir always tells us about the situation now. ‘Tom has lost his key’ = he doesn't have is key now (Gee Unit 7) The past simple (something happened tells vs only about the pas. IE somebody says ‘Tor lost his key’, this doesn't cell us whether he has the key now of not. I tells us only that he lost his key at some time inthe pas. Do not use che present perfect ifthe situation now is different. Compare: © They've gone away. They'll be back on Friday. (they are away row) They went away, but I think cheyee back at home now. (not They've gone 1 tas stopped raining now, so we don’ need the umbella (i sn raining now Te stopped raining fora while, but sow is raining again. (not It has stopped) You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings: 1 ‘Te repaiced the TV- les working OK now.” “Oh, that’s good. 1G Have you heard the news? Sally has won the lotery! ‘Use the past simple (not the present perfect for things chat are not recent or new 10 Mozart was 2 composer. He wrote more than 600 pices of music. {not has been .. has written) 5 My mother grew up in Scotland, (not has grown) Compare: 1 Did you know that somebody has invented a new type of washing machine? 1D Who invented the telephone? (not has invented) ‘We use the present perfect to give new information (se© Unit 7). But if we continae to talk about it, we normally use the pase simple © As Ow! F've burnt myself 5: How did you do that? (not have you done) A:T picked up a hor dish. (ot have picked) 1 As Look! Somebody has spilt something on the sof. 1: Well, iewasn't me.I dda’t do it. not hasnt been .. haven't done) Past simple ~ Unit § Present perfect Units 7-8 Present perect and past 2 —~ Unit 16 [American English ~ Appendin ?Exercises Unit 13 13.1 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use the present perfect where possible Otherwise use the past simple. Ee sinless he off empty sow in ~ a vere (See = [inca cal you st at wat Cts ee Mr oe NSE lol or he. headache, bate | | ine Can you ep ws? Out ee terest own 13.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 te .sopped.. caning for a while, but now is raining again. (stop) 2 The own is very different nov. Its. changed. fot (change) 31 did German at schoo, bot most of ie now. (forget 4 The police ‘three people but later they let them go. (arrest) 5 What do you think of my English? Do you think it improve) 6 4: Are you sil reading the papee? & No, I ‘with it. You can have it. (finish) 71 Tor a job as a tourist guide, buf wasn't suecessf. (apply) 8 Where's my bike? Ie outside the house, but i's not there now. (be) 9 Look! There's an ambulance over thete. There an accident. (be) 10 A: Have you heard about Ben? He his acm, (break) 1: Really? How that - > (happen) a He olf a ladder. (al) 123 Are the underlined parts of these sertenees right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Do you know about Sue? Shes g ven up her job. 08. My mother has grawn up in Scotland. 38 Hlow many plays has Shakespeast srtten? my finger. K's bleec ins. Drvgs have bosom a big problem everyvher. — ‘The Chinese have invented paper - Where have vou been bon? Mary isn't at home. She's gone shopping, — Albert Einstein has Beem the scientist who - : has developed the theory of eelatvity asDo not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk abot a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago /in 1999 / when I was a child) Use a past ens: 1 Je was very cold yesterday. (not has been} 13 Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago, (nor have arrived) 1 Did you eat loc of swets when you were a child? (wor have you eaten} 1 I got home late lastnight. was very tired and went scraight ro bed. ‘Use the past to ask When .. ? or What time. 15 When did your friends arrive? (nor have 15 What time did you Finish work? Compare: Present perfect ‘2 Tom has lost his key. He can't ge into the house. Is Carla here o has she let? Compare: Present perfect (have done) 1 Pve done a lot of work today: We use the present perfect fora period of time that continues wnt now. For example today / thie weele/ since 1985. fiishe = par od this week, 19 Have you seen Anna this morning? (itis sill moening) (0 Have you seen Tim eecenty? 10 don’t know where Lisa is. haven't seen hex, (= I haven’t seen her recently) 10 We've heen waiting for an hour. (we are sil waiting. now) 1 Ian lives it London. He has lived there for seven years, 10 T have never played golf (in.my life) GIFS the lost day of your holiday. You ay: It's been a relly good holiday ve really enjoyed i © Ie hasn't ri Past sone 15 Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn't set into the house 1a When did Cael leave? i Past simple (i) 15 I did lot of work yesterday ‘We ase the pas simple Fora finished time in the past. For example yesterday! Ist week! from 1995 ra 2001 finish ' past 1 Ie did’ rain Tast week 1 Did you see Anna this morning? {it is now afternoon or evening) 12 Did you sce Tim on Sunday? 1 A: Was Lisa atthe party on Sunday? ts T don't think 3. T did see ber 12 We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (we are no longer wating) 1 fan lived in Scotland for rem years Now he lives in Londo. © I didn play golf las summer. 10 Afier you come buck from holiday you say: It was a really good holiday 1 | ally enjoyed i Past simple“ Unit 5 Present pevfect = Units Present werfect and onst 1 —> Unit 1%Exercises Unit 14 4A\" fre the uncer ports ofthese sentences ight or wrong? Correst them whee neselcry. 1 Xvelos my key. Tan finde anyee & - 2 Hasevoucaten alo of sweets when you were a chikd? PL you cab 5 Hactough anew car You must come and see 4 Te bought a new car last week . § Where have you been yesterday evening? a 7 no 6 Lacy has lef school n 1999 - 7 Vn fooking for Mik. Haxe you sen him? a 8 “Have ouheen ro Paris? "Yen many times’ : - 9- Tn very hungary, [havent eaten much today. a 10) When ha his hook been published? — 14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple. (it not/ rain this week) ..IE.hasn't rained, His, week, - - L 2 (che weather /be J cold /zeceatly) The weather ~ cnn 3 in cold flac week} te - 7 4 5 (got fread Ja newspaper yesterdaj) T — {L/nor read / a newspaper today] {6 {Bmly J enon /3 lat of money J this year) 7 she! nog / ear so much f last year) - § {you / have / holiday recently?) - 14.3. Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple, 1 I don't know wheve Lisa is. HAVE. 4ou. S06. (you see) her? 2 Wheat (gee) home inst night, 1 cnn the) veey sired and | eo) straight 9 bed. Be 2 iyou finish) painting the bedroom? 1 Not yet I'l finish it tomorrow. 4 George —— ~~ (nat be) very well ase week. 5 Mr Clack {work na ak for 15 yeas. Then he gave it up. 6 Molly lives in Dublin, She —— ive) there all er lie 7s - {you /go| tothe cinema lastnight? Be Yes, Bu HE neem (Be) aise. The il cence be) fal 8 My grandfather —— (die) before Iwas boza. 1 — (never J meet bin 9. don’ know Carols husband, 1 - (never / meet him. 10 4: ls Martin here? 4: No, be Son fo) OU 1 When exactly {he /go} out? Be About ten minutes ago. 11 a: Where do you live? a: In Boston, 1s How long (you /ive) there? a: Five years A: Where ~ (you live) before that? x: In Chicago. ss And how long. a {you live) in Chicago? 1: Two yeas. 144 Write sentences avout yourself using thé ideas in brackets 1 (something you haven't done today), |_Naventt eaten.any. fruit. today, 2 (something you haven't done tay). _ <3 (something you dida't do yestecday) ~ “(something you did yesterday evening) --—~ 5 (something you haven't done recently) _ On 6 (something you've done alot recently} NO — Adaitional exercises 2-4 (pages 303-04), 14-15 (pages 310-11)Snudy this example situation at 11.00 Sarah went to pasty lase week, Paul went to the party £00, but they didn't see each othe. Paull the party at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock, So: ‘When Sarah arrived atthe parey, Paul wasn thee. Hebi gone home, Had gone is the past perfect (simple: | vweteyyou | race fom | voor | | Chedeey|fO | | | finished rc, | “The past perfoct simple is had « past participle (gonelseenifnishes Sometimes we talk about something chat happened inthe pase: 1 Sarah arrived atthe party. "This i the starting point of the seory. Then, if we want to talk about things chat happened before tis time, we use the past perfect (bad. © When Sacah arrived atthe party, Paul had already gone home. * Some mote examples 2 When we got home last night, we found thae somebody had broken into the ft. 13 Karen did't want to go tothe cinema with ws because she'd aleeady seen the film 1 Ar irs thoughe I'd done the right ching, hu I soon realised that Pd made a big mistake, 1 The man siting next ro me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't lowa belore orm He had never flown before. ‘Compare the present perfect (have seen et.) and the pat perfect (had seen et): Preiont perfect , Past perfect pat vo as vow 10. Who is thar woman? Pve never seen I lida’ know who she was. Pd never her before seem her before. (= before that vine 15 We aren't hungry. We've jst had lunch, | © We weren't hangry. We'd jos had lone 1 The house is dirty, They haven't cleaned | © The house was dirty. They hadn't it for weeks. | cleaned i for weeks ener Nhe TN ‘Compare the past simple (lft, was etc.) and the pas perfec (had let, had been et.) 1 A: Was Tom there when you arsved? | fas Was Tom there when you arrived? 1 Yes, bur he lfe soon afterwards, 1 No, he had aleeady left 10 Kate wasnt at home when I phoned, 1 Kate ad just got home when I phoned, She was at her mother’s house. She had been a her mother Past perfect continuous — Unit 16. leregular verbs (gonesces ete) + Append 1Exercises Unit 15 151 183 188 ‘ead the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets. 1 You went ro Sue house, bur she wasnt thee, {she /go/ out) She. had. gone. a, ee oe 2. You wenrback to your home town after many years, Ie wasnt the same as before, lie? change / a ot) cnn A 5 Tinvted Rachel tote party but she couldnt come. {she / arrange /10 do something else) oS ee 4 You went ro the cinema lastnight. You got co the cinema late (the film / already begin) 5 Tewas nce to see Dan again afer such a lag cme (U/not see J him for ive years) =~ 6 Toffered Sue something to eat but she wasn ban (she just have (breakfast) ae For each situation, write a sentence ending with never. before. Use the verb in brackets. 1 The man sitting next 10 you on the plane was very nervous. It was his fst fight. Uy) HEA never lon before. 2. A woman walked into the room. She was a compleze stranger to me. (see) 1 5 a nnn Heft, 5 Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it because i was his fist game (play) He 4 Last year we went to Denmark. Ie was our fis ime there, (be there) We . Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences a the order in which they happened ~ so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (9) ete. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect 1 1) Somebody broke ino the office during). We arrived at work inthe morning the night and found thar somebody . ad. broken, fa) Nearrted at wark in he morning. into che office during the nigh. So 111 We ealed the police. We nen = 2 11) Laura went our this morning. Tried to phone Laura this moening, but 2 Lered.sa phone bes — no answer ‘01 There was no answer She so OL 3 om came bask om aie ow fee ee just nner lay 2) Lunt the same day, aaa en 18) He looked very well 41) Kevin sent Sally lots of emails, , —_) Yesterday Kevin vo it She never sepied 10 them. from Salle. He veey surprised 1) Yesterday he gata phone eal from hes, [He mm lors of emails, 14) He was very surprised but she — Put the ver into the correct form, past perfect (1 had done) or past simple (tdi). 1 "Was Paul ar the party when you arrived?” “No, he Ad. g0%e.. (go) home." 2 Lele very tired when I got home, 0 vo (go) straight co bed 3. The house was very quit when I ot home. Everybody —— {go} to bed, 4 Sorry Pm late. The car (break) dow: on my way hete 5 We were driving along the road when we -— (see) a car which (break down, 0 we “(0p r0belp. > Additional exercises $-4 (pages 204-07)Study this example situation: yesterday momaing Yesterd.y morning | gor up and looked ont ofthe window. The sun was shining, but the ground was Iehad sen ining. Ie was sof ening when I looked out of the window, ‘he sur was shining. Bur it had been raining before. Ha teen ing i the past perfect contin a a [| doin vwsroutbey | gag (EPEC | yey | “Oi Teste || {Cewek Some more examples: © When the boys came into the hous, thee'lothes were dirty, theie hair was untidy and fone of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting 12 Las very tired when I got home. Id been working hard all day. 1B When I went to Madrid afew years ago, I sayed with a fiend of mine. She'd been living there only a shor time but knew the city very well You can say that something had been hapy ening fora period of time before something else happened: 5 We'd been playing tennis for abou sal an hour when started eo rai heavily 1 George went ro the doctor last Frid: y. He hadn't been feeling well for some time ‘Compare have been -ing (present perfect comtinuoue) and had been -ng (at perfect continous Presemt perfect continuous | Past perfect contin ana | ee LI 0 Thope the bus comes soon. I've een © Ar last the bus came. I'd been waiting ‘waiting for 20 minutes. (before now) for 20 minutes. (before the bus came) & © James is out of breath, He has been James was out of breath. He had been F one a I ep ee eed Compare was Unit 15Exercises Unit 16 161 162 169 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets, 1 Tas very tired when I arived home (work / hard all day) 4 been. working hard. al day, : - 2 The rwo boystame into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired, (shey play /Foorball) 3 was disappointed when I had cancel my holiday Toole forwad to ie) 7 4 Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’t know where she was. (she /deean 5 When I got home, Toon was siting infront ofthe TV. He had just turned it of (he watch fil) Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 We played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we begaa playing it started to rain We had. been, pauing or half. an hour when i started. to, rain 2 Thad arranged to meet Tos in a restaurant, I served and waited for bim. After 20 minutes 1 suddenly eeaised that I was in che weong restaurant. 1 for 20 minutes when 1 the wrong restaurant. 3 Sarah gota job in a factory, Five years later the factory closed down, A the time the factory Sara ‘here for ive yea. 4 went toa concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a the audience suddenly started shouting The orchestra when Tis time take your own sentence: 5 I began walking along the road. 1 whe Put the ver into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect {1 had done) or past perfect continuous (had been doing) 1 twas very noisy next door. Our neighbours ete. having... have) a party 2 We were good fiends. We 4d. erenin__ (know) each other for years 3 John and I went for a walk, {had difcalty keeping up with him because he (walk) so fast. 4 Sue wa sting on the ground, She was out of breath, She (oun) '5 When I artived, everybody was sitting cound the eable with their mouths fell. They = (eae 6 When I arrived, everybody was sitting roond the table and talking. Their mouths were emprs, bout their stomachs were fal. They an (et 7 Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He - look} for his contact len. 8 When F arrived, Kare —__. (oat) for me. She was annoyed with me because was late and she (oie for a long ime. 9 Twas sad when sold my cae! have it for a very long time 10 We were exiremely tired a the end ofthe journey, We == (veavel) for rmoee than 24 hours — Alitonal exercises 5-8 (pages 304-07)Haye got and have («for possession, relationships, illnesses et.) ‘You can use have got or have (without got). There ino difference in meaning: ‘They've gota new cat. or They have a new cat. 1 Lisa's got nwo brothers. or Lisa has two brothers. DTvegota headache, or Uhave a headache. 15 Our house has got a small garden. or , Our house has a small gacden 1B He's gota few problems. or He has & few problems. ‘With these meanings (possession et.), you cannar use continuous forms (am having et.) 1 We've enjoying our holiday, We've got/ We have a nice room in the horel. (not We're ‘aving) For the past we use had (without got: Co Lisa had long hair when she was a child, (nor Lisa had got) In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms: [Have yon got any questions? Thavent gor any questions | Do you have any questions? 1 don't have any questions | Have you any questions? (ess usual) Thaven’ any quesions. (ess usual) | Has she got 2 ear? She hasn't gota car Does she have a car? She doesn have a car Has she a car? (less usual) She hasn't a eat. (ess usual) In past questions and negative sentences, we use didn 1 Did you have a car when you were living in London? 11 didnt have a warch, so I didn't know the time 1 Lisa had ong, bit, did't sho? Hive breakfast /have a bath/ have a good time et “We also use have (but not have go) for many actions and experiences. For example: breakfast / dinner a exp of coffee J something teat ee. ‘bath / a shower /a swim /a break /arest/a party/a holiday fan accident /an experience /a dream 2 look (at something) ‘achat / a conversation‘ discussion {with somebody) ditfculy / rouble fn / a good time ee a baby (= give birth to a baby) “Have got is not possible in the expressions inthe box. Compare 1 Sometimes Ihave (= eat) a sandwich for my luach. (ot I've gor) bur ve got / Thave some sandwiches, Would you like one? You can use continuous forms (am having ec.) withthe expression inthe box: 1D We'ee enjoying our holiday. We're having a grat time. (not We have) (D Mike is having a shower atthe moment. He has a shower every day, In questions and negative sentences we use dotdoesid: 121 don't usually havea hig breakfast. (not I usualy haven't) 1 What cime does Jenny have lunch? (not has Jenny lunch) 1D Did you have difficulty finding a place to lve? Have (got) to. Unit.21. American English ~» Appenedx ?Exercises Unit 17 1. 173 Write negative sentences vith have. Some ae present (can't) and some are past (couldn't) 1 Lean get into the house, (a key) 1 sven’ gc Kew. 2 LEouldn't read the letter (my glasses) 1 didnt have. rey glasses 3 Tean'e get onto the roof. (a ladder) 1 4, We couldn’ visit the museum. (enough cine) We = 5 He coulda find his way to our house. (a map) 6 She can't pay her bis, (any money 7 Jean't go swioing today. (enough energy) “ 5 They couldn't take any photographs. (a camera) Complete the questions with have. Some ae present and! some are past 1 Excuse me, .. MBX. yas. 2a pen I eould borrow? 2 Why are you holding your face lke that? a toothache? 3 ‘lot of toys when you wore a child? 4a the time, please? Yes ies ten past seven 5 nce a stamp for this letter one? ‘When you worked in your lat job, your own office? 7 a; Ie started to cain very heavily wile Twas out. ® an umbrella? ‘write sentences about yourself. Have you got these things now? Did you have them ten years ago? Write two sentences each time using t'¥ve got / I haven't got and | had 1 didn’t have (ou can also write about your family: We've got. / We had . ete) now tex years ago 1 (wear) lve gob... I didneshave 8. cor 2 (a bike) T 1 3 (a mobile phone) 4 (a dog 5 (a guitar! 6 long 7 (a deving licence) Complete the sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form where necessary haveababy —haveabreak havea chat have difficulty have a good fight hhavealook, hevetunch—aveaparty havea ive time have a shower 1 I don’ eat much during the day. I never." neh, 2 David stares work at 8 o'clock and 10.30. We Tase week I was great ~ we invited lot of people 44. Excuse me, cant at you newspaper, please? 5 itm i aay on holiday ar the moment. I hope 66 I met Ann in the supermarker yesterday. We stopped and finding the book you wanted? few weeks ago. Isher second child 9 as Why dida’e you answer er 10 You meet your friend Sally atthe airport. She has just arived. You sy Hi, Sally. How are you? > ie plone?Diane doesn’ travel much these days She prefers to say at home. Bur she used to travel a lot She used 49 go away ewo or three times a yeas She used to travel a fot = she travelled a Jo reguaely in the pas, but she doesnt do this any more she doesn’t she used to travel travel Something used to happen = it happened regulacly in the past but no longer happens 15 Lused to play tenis a lr, bur {don't play very aftea now, 1 David used to spend 2 lot of money on clothes. These days he cent afford it. 15 ‘Do you go tothe cinema muck?" "Not now, bur I used to ‘We also uae used to. for things that were rue, but are not erue any more 5 This building is now a furniture shop. I used to be a cinema, © Tse to thinke Mack was unfriendly, bu now I realise he's every nie person "ve started drinking tea recently [never used o like i before. U Nicole used ro have very long hair hen she was a hil “Fused to do something’ is past. There is na prevent form. You cannot say‘ use ro do To talk about the present, ute the presen simple (Ido Compare: [ast | he used to play | we used 0 fv the used t0 be ein ‘2 We used to live ina small village, but now we lve in London. {2 There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only ond, “The normal question form is did (you) ase t0 «2 19 Did you use to eat a lor of sweets wien you were a child? “The negative form i didnt use 10... (ased not to. i also possible} (0 Iida’ use to lke hie. (or T used not to like him.) Compare I used to do and I was doing: 1 Tased co watch TV a lot. (= Twatched TV regularly inthe pas, but [no longer do this) 1B Iwas watching TV when Mike called. (= was in the middle of watching TV) Do not confuse I used to do and Im wsed to doing (see Unit 61), The structures and mesnings are different: 1D Tused to live alone, (= I lived alone inthe past, but Ino longer live alone.) 15 Tam used to living alone. (=I live alone, and I don’ ind i strange or difcule because Ire been living alone for sometime} Past continuous ( was doing) > Unit 6 Would Belget used to (doing) something > Unit 61 sed to) “> Unit 96Exercises Unit 18 18.1 Complete the sentences with use(d) to + 2 suitable verb 1 Diane docso’t tavel much now. She i824 2, travel a Jor, but she prefers to stay at home those days 2 Lie 4 mororbike, bu lst yeae she sold it and bought a cas 3 We came to live in London 2 few years ago. We in Leeds 4 rarely eat icecream now; but | it when I wae a child, 5 im say bestfriend, bur we arent good friends any longer. Te only takes me about 40 minates to ge to work now tha the new coad is open. Ie more than an howe 7 There ‘hotel ear the aicport, but i closed a Long time ago. 8 When you lived in New York, ———-, tothe theate very often? 18.2. Matt changed hs life style. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things: { stadying haed {sleeping ate He stopped | going 0 bed eal He sated | going out in the evening fuaing three miles every morning | spending lo of money Write sentences about Matt with used to and didn't use to. He used, fo. studs hard. He didn't use. to. sleep. lai. 1 - 3 4 A 6 1 and what she says today: TIVE YEARS AGO — Fiva foe | [Poon "ear ago | tweak very tard Cua) |e = Vimeo IN | nm / FPN [re] \ ara (Re [eee \ Ngee. | | cero NS | eee Now write sentences about how Karen has changed, Use used to / didn’t use to / never used to in the first part of your sentence. | go to ao of partis. Teas grate 1 _She used. to, travel. 4, l, bur he. deci go any mach. bese. das... 2 She used but 5 3 cz bur ~ — sue bur 3 = He but - 6 - but _ 7 = a bat ce — 8 z but — 9 but 10 but + Additional exercise 9 (page 307)‘Prosent continuous (I am doing) wit a futare meaning “This is Ben's diary for next week, He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon. He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning. He i having dinner with Kate on Friday. In all these examples, Ben has already decided and arranged to do thse things ‘Ym doing something (tomorrow) = Ihave already decided and atranged to do it 12 a: What are you doing on Sacurday evening? (not What do you do) 1: Pm going tothe theatre. (not Igo) ‘Whar time is Cathy arriving tomocrow? 1: Half past ten. I'm meeting her at the sition. 12 Pm not working tomocsow, 60 we can go out somewhere, lan isn playing football nexe Saturday. He's hurt his le, ‘Tm going to (do)"is also possible in these sentences: 1D What are you going to do on Saturday evening? ‘Bur the present continuous is more natural for arrangements. See also Unit 208. Do not ase will to talk about whar you have arranged to do 1 What are you doing this evening? o# What will you do) 1 Alexis getting marred next month. (wot will get) ‘You can also wie the present continuous for an ation jst before you begin to do it. This happens especially with verbs of movement (goleomelleave et: 1 Tm tired. I'm going ro hed now. Goodnight. (not I go to bed now) 15 “Tina, are you ceady yer?” “Yes, Pen coming” (not | come) Present spl (do) with 2 future meaning ‘We se the present simple when we talk about rimesables, progeammes er. (for public ‘ugnsport, cinemas et): ‘dl My train leaves at 11.30, so I need to be atthe station by 11.15, {2 What time does the flim begin this evening? 1 Its Wednesday tomorcowe./ Tomorrow it Wednesday ‘You can use the present simple to talk about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable 1D Istart my new job on Monday. 13 What time do you finish work tomoczow? Bur the continaous is more usual for personal arrangements: 1D What sme are you meeting Ann tomorrow? (tot do you meet) = Compare: Present continuous 12 Whar time are you ariving? 1 I'm going to the cinema this evening. Present simple 12 What time does the tain arrive? 1 The film begins at 8.15 (his evening). ''m going to ~ Units 20,23. Will» Units 21-22 Present simole after whenlf ete —> Unit 25,Exercises Unit 19 19.1 A fiend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about her plans. Use the words in brackets to make your questions. “oes got) — Where. are. ue >) (Scotland. (how long / go for? . Ten days. (shen F eave?) . co || New Friday (go alone?) . No, witha frend, (teavel by car?) No, by tain. (orhere I stay2) In ¢ hotel, 19.2 Tom wants you to visit him, but you are very busy. Look at your diary fr the next few days and explain to him why you can't come. ‘Toxt: Can you come on Monday evening? ‘you: Sorry, bur Lie plauing, Yoel une ‘Tout What about Tuesday evening hen? ‘you! No, not Tuesday: 1 @ ‘rom And Wednesday evening? ‘om Well are you free on Thursday? 'm afraid nor. o 19.4 Have you arranged to do anything at these times? Write sentences about yourself, “L-ithis evening) going out this evening... orl’. nob. ing anuting this, evering., 2 (romorrow morning) I - —— 3 (eomorrov evening) a 44 (aext Sunday) 5 (choose another day oF time) eo a . ~ 19.4 Put the verb into the more suitable orm, present continuous or present simple, 1 1 gang (go) to the cinema this evening. 2 Does, the Fur, begin (ohe flim / begin) at 3:30 oF 4.302 3 We : have) a party next Saturday. Would you lke to come? 4 The at exhibition en nennnnnnnn finish) on 3 May {ot go} ou this evening. I a (say) (you / do) anything tomorrow morning?” ‘No, Pm free. Why?" (go) to 2 concert tonight. te (start) a 7.30, {leave} nov ve came to say goodbye. 9a: Have you sen Lit recently? & No, but we meet) for lunch nexe week, 10 You are on the rain to London and you ask another passenger: Excuse me. What time — (chis train / get) to London? I You are talking to Hele Helen, 1 - {go} tothe supermarket, (you f come) wath me? 12 You and a frond are watching television. You sy: I?m bored with this programme, What time 2 lie dead)? 131 {not / use) the car this evening, so you ean have i a ~ (come) to see us tomorrow She = (ecavel) by tain and her tain — nen (atrve) at 10S, — Aulitonal exercises 10-13 (pages 908-10)‘Tam going todo something =I have already decided ro do it, intend to do it TE a: Are you going co watch che late film on TV tonight? 1 No, Fm going to have an early night. 10 a: Thear Surah has won some money. What is she going to do wih i? 1 She's going to buy a new car. 12 I'm just going to make a quick phone call. Can you wait for me? 1 This cheese looks horrible. 'm not going to ati. Lam doing and Iam going to do {We use Tam doing (present continuous) when we say what we have arranged to do ~ for example, atranged to meet somebody, arranged to go somewhere: ‘2 What time are you meeting Ann this evening? {2 Pm leaving eomorrow. I've got my plane ticket. 1 am going to do something = Pve decided to do it (but perhaps not arranged to doit: Your shoes are dirty” "Yes, know. I'm goiag to clean them.” (= I've decided to clean them, but I haven’ arranged to clean ther) ove decided otto stay here any longer, Tomorrow I'm going to look for somewhere else rosy. Often the difference is very small and ether form is possible. ‘You can also say that “something is going to happen’ in the future. For example: “The man can’t see the wall infront of him, By Hes going to walk ito the wal | ‘When we sy tha ‘something song to happens the | BS ‘situation now makes this clear, The man is walking t fovtads the wall nom 50 We can ee that Beis ing, & romaine +I & Le ~~ situation now fasure happening Some mare examples: 'B Look at those black clouds! going to rain. (the clouds are there now) 1 feel ceribe, I think 'm going to be sick. (I fel rersible now) 1B The economic situation is had nov and things are going t get worse. 1 was going to (do something) = Fatended to doit, but didn’ do it: 12 We were going to travel by train, but then we decided to go by car instead 10 Peter was going to do the exam, hut he changed his mind (DI was just going to cross the road when somebody shouted “Stop!” ‘You can say that ‘something was going to happea? (but din’ happen): [2 T thought ie was going to rain, hu ic didn 1 am doing forthe future = Unit 194 wil and 'm gong to -» Unit 23.Exercises Unit 20 20.1. Write a question with going to for each situation, 1 Youe frend has won some money. You ask seaithna) Waab- are yas garg. to, do, wit 82 fend is going toa party tonight. You ask: what wea?) 5 Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask: fovnere Fp it) vo 4 Your fiend has decided to have a pany. You ask: wh Finite?) 20.2 Read the situations and complete the dialogues. Use going to. 1 You have decided o tidy your om this morning ueNb: Are you going out this morning? you, No, Lm gong. to. tidy. my. 9m, ‘You bought a sweater, bu it doesn't fit you very wll You have decided to cake it back RIEND: Thar sweater is to big fr you vou. Lknow. - You have been offered a job, but you have decided not ro accept nue: I hear you've been offered a ob, vou, Tha’ ight, but 44-You have t6 phone Sarah. I's morning now; and you have decided to phone her ronght. sutsp: Have you phoned Sarah yet? You No, |5 You are in a restaurant. The food is awful and you've decided to complain xen Th vou Yes ifs disgusting : fos avi en #2 203 What going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets. 1 "There area lor of Mack clouds in the sky fan) Wes. ging. to. 2 {cic 50, Tom is leaving his house, He has to be at work at 8.45, but the journey takes 30 mines. late) He 23 There isa ho (sink) The boat 4 Laey and Chr are driving There in very lle peo etn he tank. The nearest petol station isa long way away’ run out) They w dhe bortom of the boat A Tor of water is coming in through the hole. 204 Complete the sentences with was}were going to + the following verbs: bay giveup have phone play travek 1 We -.were. gang. 20 bath. by erin, bur chen we decided to go by ca instead. a1 Mme new clothes yesterday, but ¥ was very busy and dide’t have time so go t0 the shops 3 Martin and 1 tennis last week, but he was injured at Jane, bue I decided to emai he instead 5h: When Fave saw Tim, he his jobs ie That's right, but in the end e decided to stay where he was 6 We * party last week, but some of OU f so we cancelled i‘We use Fl (=I will) when we decide to do something atthe time of speaking: 12 Oh, I've left the door open, Pll go and shut it 1B "What would you lke co drink?” ‘have an orange juice, pleas." 1D Did you phone Lucy?” “Oh no, 1 forgot. phone her now.” ‘You cannot use the present simple (I do JT go ete) in these sentences: ‘Dll go and shut the doo. (nor Igo and shut) ‘We often use I think 11 ...and I don't think 1 feel a bie hungry. I think I'l have something to ea. 18 Ton think Il go out tonight. I'm too tired, In spoken English the negative of wills usually won't (= will not): 1D Tecan see you're busy, so T wont stay long. Do not use will to talk about what you have already decided of arranged to do (see Units 19-20); ‘5 Tm going on holiday next Saturday. (not I'l go) 15 Are you working tomorror? (no! Will you work) ‘We often use wil in these situations: Offering t0 do something ‘2 That bag looks heavy. Il help you with it, (ot I hep) Agresing t0 do something ‘0 &: Can you give Tim this book? Sure, I'l give it co him when I see him this afternoon, using to do something {© Thanks for lending me the money. I'l pay you back on Friday 2 1 wont tell anyone what happened. I promise, Asking somebody to do someting (Will you «.?) ‘2 Will you please turn the stereo down? I'm eryng to concentrate. ‘You can use won’ to say thar somebody cefuses todo something: 12 Te tied to give her advice, but she wont listen. 15 The car won’ start, (=the cat “efuses' to start) Shall 1... ? Shall we Shall i used mostly in che questions shall I... ?/ shall we ‘We use shall I... ?/ shall we ..?to ask somebody's opinion (especially in offers or suggestions): 1 Shall I open the window? (= Do you want me to open the windov?} 12 Pve got no money, What shall Ido? (= What do you suggest?) 19 ‘Shall we go?" “Justa minure. Pm not ready yet? (© Where shall we go this evening? ‘Compare shall I... ? and will you. ? {2 Shall I shut the door? (= Do you want me to shut i) 12 Will you shut che door? (= Twant you eo shut it) ‘Wilishal2— Unit 22. twill and Fm going to — Unit 23 American English = Appenix 7Exercises Unit 21 21.1 Complete the sentences with I+ a suitable verb 1 1'm coo tired ro walle home, (chink. UU taken a aid (2 We cold in this room. ‘sie? fon che heating then.” ‘az We haven't got any milk is Ob, [forgot to bay some and get some now, 4 Shall Ida the washing-up?”| "No, i all right telaree? 5:11 doa'e know how couse this computer” “OK, yee” 6 “Would you like tea or coffee coffe, please” 7 “Goodbye! Have a ice holiday” “Thanks. you a postcard, Thanks for letting me borrow your camer. it back to you on Monday, OK? 9 “Are yous coming with us? No, {hink here, 21.2 Read the situations and write sentences with I think PW... or I don't think F1 "sa bit cold. The window is open-and you decide to close it. You say [think VU case dhe nindens 2: You are fling tired and it's getting late. You decide to go to bed. You say eink - 3 A friend of yours offers you a lift in his ca, but you decide ro walk. You say: “Thank you, but : 4 You arcanged to play tennis today. Now you decide that you don't want co play. You say I don’ think ‘You were going to go swimming, Now you decide that you don't want to go. You say: 218 Which is coreet? (If necessary, stuly Units 19-20 fist) 1 ‘Did you phon Lucy?” “Oh no, I forgot-ephane/ LiL phone her now.’ (LiLphane i correct) 2 can't meet you tomorcow. Pm plaving -Fikplay tennis. (mn playing is correct) 3 ‘Limsct/LlLimees you dutside the hotel in half an hour, OK? “Yes, that’s fine.” 4 Teed some money? “OK, Cin ending (lend you some. How 5 Em having! FL have a party neve Saturday. [hope yo ean come 6 "Remember 1 eta nevspaper when you go out! OK. Ldan' foxgt/T wont orgs 7 What time doce your train leave will yur san eave romorsoW? 6 Fasked Sue what happened, but she doesn’ sl/sant sell me, 9 ‘Sze you doing / Will wou do anything tomorrow evening?" “Noy I'm fee. Why? 10 don’ want to go ou alone, Do yas some Will yu come with me? 214 What do you sayin these situations? Write sentences with shall 1.2 or shall we? 1 You and frend want so do something this evening, but you don't know what. Youask your Eiend. Was ghale wt. do hi orerurg? 2 You ry ama [acer in a shop. You ae noe sure whether 1 buy it or mot. You sok & frend for advice ie tes Helens bitday next week, You want give her a presen, bur you don't know what. ich do you need?” You ask a frend for advice. What You and a friend are going om holiday You ask hiner. 7 5 You and friend are going out, You haven't decided whether to go by ear oro walk. You ask hime, 6 Your fiend wanes you ro phone gether, bus you haven't decided where. cx You don't know what tine to phone. You ask hime. Additional exercises 10-12 (pages 308-10)‘We do not use wi 1 Diane is working next week. (not Diane will work) 15 Are you going to watch television chs evening? «not Will you watch) Fors working’ and “Are you going to. , see Units 19-20. But often, when we talk about the future, we ace no talking about what somebody has decided to.do, For example: Kate is doing an exam next week. Chris and Shell pass does not meas she has Joe are talking about it. decided to pass’. Joe is saying whac | (oo CERT) fem orcs nl hpen | (rcie) C Tefen te Some more example 1 fill has been away a longtime. When she returns, she'll find 2 lot of changes here 1B ‘Where will you be this time next year?" ‘'l bein Japan, 1D Thar plate i hot. If you touch i, you'll burn yourself 1D Tom won't pass the exam. He hash’ studied hard enough, 1B When will you get your exam sesults? We often use will (1) wich: (I) don't think cI don’t think the exam will be very difficult. t a After I bope, we generally use the presen (wil s also possible}. 1B [hope Kate passes the exam, (or | hope Kate will pass.) 1B [hope it doesn’ ain tomorrovt Generally we wse will ocak about the futute, but sometimes we use will to ralk about nou For example 5 Don’t phone Ann now. She'll be busy. (= she'll be busy aw) I shall. we shall. ‘Normally we use shall only with [and we. You cam say shall or Iwill T) we shall or we will (well) I shall be late tis evening. (or Iwill be) © We shall probably go to Scotland in the summer. (or We will probably go} In spoken Enis we normally use land well 13 Well probably go to Scotland, ‘The negative of shall is shall not or shan" [I shan’ be here tomorrow. (or I won’ be) Do not use shall with helsheie'yow/they 1 She will be very angry. (no She shall be) [risa 1» Unit 21-1 will and tm going to ~> Unit 23. Wil be doing and wil have done > Unit 24Exercises Unit 22 221 Which form ofthe ver is cortect (or more natural in these sentences? The verbs are underlined. 1 Diane isn free on Saurday Sheba! She's working. (She wotking correct 2 HLga/Tim suing toa pary tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 3 eh Jenny sl gets geting the ob. She hay lot of experince 4 tan met you this evening. A ied of mine will ome x seming to see me, 5 4s Have you decided where to go for your holidays? wm Yes, tel go/ e' going totaly 6 Theses no need tobe afraid ofthe dog, won't but /cisn burg you 22.2 Complete the sentences with wil (I) + the following verbs te come get_ike live look ment pase 1 Don't worey about the exam. Pm sure you BASE 2 Why don'e you try om this jacker? Ie ice an yor. 3 You muse meet George sometime. [think you him. 4 les esining, Don't go out. You we 5 Do you think people longer in che furure? 6 Goodbye. Lespect we agaia before long 7 ve invited Sue tothe party, but I don't think she '§ When che new soad is Hnished, my journey to work h shorter 22.3 Putin will (1) 0° won't 1 Gan you wait for me? I... be very long. 2 There's no need to take an umbrella with you. Ie ‘ain, 5 Af you doa'e eas anything now, you be hungry later 44 Di sorry abour whar happened yesterday. It ‘happen again, 5 ve gor some incredible news! You never helleve what happened 6 Don't ask Amanda for advice. She lenow what to do. 22.4 Where do you think you willbe at these times? Write true sentences about yourself. Use Vibe. or TM probably be... or I don’t know where fl be 1 (next Monday evening at 7.45) 11 be-ab name... or _lU probaly. de. a heme. fr led’ kno, were. CU. be 5 o'clock somorrovr morning) 3 at 10.30 tomorrow maming) 4 (next Saturday afternoon ae 4.15) 5 his rime nest year 22.5. Write questions using do you think .. will. ? + the following bebick cost end get married happen tikes rain 1 ve bought Rosa this picture, DP. yeu Pink. sheU. ike i > 2 The weather doesn’ look very good, Do you > 3 The meeting ix stil going on. When do you : 2 4 My car needs to be repaired. How much 2 5 Sally and David are in love. Do - ? 5 ‘Vm going out now? "OK. What time : 7 The futuce situation is wncertain. What ~ 2 Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10)ature ations Study the difference between will and (be) going to: will Pl: We use will when we decide to do something ae the time of speaking, The speaker has not decided before. The party is 2 new idea Sa i talking to Helen: “nats » pee. Wet ite ots oF eagle decision Gg ELEN past row re Tater that day, Helen meets Dave be) going to: We use (be) going to when we Seam eom ieee tena er hhave already decided co do something. Helen (Were going to nite lat of people. had slzeady decided co invite los of people before she spoke 0 Dave. | decison i om | t HELEN pave ee { Cooper Gary phord while you were ou.’ ‘OK. ell him bck? “Gat Phoned we ou were ot "Ye I Kom ong tcl bi back? ‘kant in hp’ "Oh ely? dds kaow go advise he” UP ‘han sia hosp? "Yet know im going ov er hs vein” . Faure happenings and situations (predicting che fucure) Sometimes thet is aot much diference between will and going to. For example, you can say (DI think the weather wil be nice this afteaoon. (DI think the weather is going tobe nice this afternoon “When we ay smthng is gong happen, we thnk his i baceoe ofthe sation nw (se Une 200) For erp 1 Look at hose Hack clouds I going on, (nt It wil xn) {Re can oe ha ging Co an om he lode tha arin the ky now) Vt hak Fong be ck oor chink i be ely (ik im going to be ik sie Il erie noe) ‘Do no we wil nts pe of saan, Inter ations, se wl {Tom wl poly gt ere a about 8 wes 5 hin Sarah wl ke he preset we bout for et. 1 These shes ae very weltmnade.Thy' lt lang sine Fm aoina to — Unit 20° Will» Units 21-22. The future» Aonendi 3Exercises Unit.23 2a Complete the sentences using will (1) or going to 1 as Why are you turning on the television? tm going t2.Ivalch he news, (L/ watch) 1: Oh, lve just cealised. haven't got any money, i Haven't you? Well don’t worry. 3 A: Tue gota headache cw You some. (17 lend) Have youWaic a second and aan aspiin for you. (17 ge) 4-4 Why are you filling thar bucket with w & the car (1/ wash) 5 a; Tve decided to repaint this room. Ob, have you? What colour i (you! paint) 6 A: Where are you going? Ate you going shopping? Yes, something for dinner, (/ buy) 7 a: Idon't know how to use this camera Hes easy, you, (17 show) 1 As What would you like vo eat? sandwich, please. (1/ have) 9 a: Did you post that lester for 1 Ob, fm sorry. Feompletly forgot iemow. 17 do} 10s: The ceiling in this 200m doesn't look very safe, does it? 1 No, it looks as if 1 A: Has George decided what eo do whes he leaves school? ying is planned «a holiday for few weeks mnpater programming course. (be J do) mn, fie fal) ve Yes. Ev the have) Then ead the situations and complete the sentences using wit (1H) or going to 1 The phone rings and you answer, Somebody wants t speak to Jim, CALLER: Hello, Cas speak o Jim, please? vows Justa moment, UB. him. (LY get) 2 Isa nce day, so you have devied to take a valk. Just before you go, you tel your fiend. You: The weathers too nce eo stayin ‘walk, (L/ tke) sniENDs Good idea. think you. (L/ join) 3 Your friend is worried because she has lose an important letter. ‘you: Don't worsy’ ahour the leer Tm suite it. (you find) “There was a job advertised in the paper recently. At ist you were interested, by decided not eo apply ranxp: Have you decided what to do about that job you were interested in? you Yes, foes. (1 not apply) bs Thope se. 5 You and a feiend come home very late. Other people in the house are aslep. Your friend YOU! Sh! Don's make so much noise. ceveeybody up. (you / wake} 6 Paul has 10 go tothe airport to catch a plane romorrow morning. AUL: Liay I need somebody to take me to che aipore morrow morning uz ‘Thats no problem. you (1 take) What time is your fight? aut: 10550. uz OK, at about 9 o'lock chen. we leave) Later that day Joe offers to take Paul tothe airport. JOE Paul, do you want me to take you 0 te airport? aut: No thanks, Joe sme, (Lin take) — Additonal exercises 10-123 (pages 208-10)| Will be doing and will have done ‘These people are standing in a queve to get into the cinema, Half an hour from nov, che cinema will b Everyone will be watching the il THe hous from now; the cinema will be empy The film will have ished. Everybody will have gone home three hours fr «Iwill bein the middle of doing ix {willbe doing something {future comtinuoxs 1a This cme next week I'l be on holiday. I'l be lying on the beach or swimming in the sea. 15 You have no chance of getting the job. You'll be wasting your tins if you apply for it ‘ompare will be (doling and will (do: © Don's phone between 7 and 8. We'll be having dinner © Let's wait fr Lista arse and then we'll have dinner CCompace will be ing vith other continuous forms: 1 At 10 o'clock yesterday, Sally was in he ofice. She was working. (past) Tes 10 o'elock now. She i in her office. She is working. (present) At 10 o'clock tomorrow, she willbe in her ofc. She wil be working, We also use will be -ing in ifferent way to talk aboue complete actions in the f For example: 5 The government will be making » statement about (groganmery) the evs Laer today, (cet ill you be going away this summer? > © Later inthe programme, be talking o the Minister of Education 1 Our best player is injured and won't be playing inthe game on Saturday Tn these examples wil be -ing is similar to (be) going to ‘We use will have (done) (future perfect to say that something will already be complete before time in the furute. For example: : 1 Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning. She won't be at home at 9 ofslsck = she'll have gone to work, (2 We're late. The film will already have started by ihe time we get tothe cinema, Compace will hae (done) with other perfect fors 1 Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years. (present perfect) [Next year chey will have been marred for 25 years ‘When their son was born, they had been married for three yeas. (past perfect) WIN Urits 21-22 By then hy the Hine — Hn 19 The tneExercises Unit 24 241 ‘Read about Colin. Then tick (¥) the sentences which are true. In each group of sentences at least one is true Colin goes to work every day, He leaves home at § o'clock and artives at work at about 8.45. He starts work immediately and continues until 12.30 whea he has lunch (which takes about half an hou). He starts work again at 1.15 and gots home at exactly 4.30. Every day be follows the ime routine and zomoraw wil be no exception. QMS * meas athe ag howe ive HN oxi hence hace tee er ah BoRe ttistees sg Pet oe Sate nck a ae hell have started his lunch 2 AcBAs s Ard o'clock 4 e'll be leaving the house 4 hell have finished work b he'll ave Ife the house finish work Gh be working ron’ have finished work Ihe have arrived at work hell he aceiving a work 3 aro.s LP a el be working AM b he'll start work 242 Put the verb into the correct form, willbe (do}ing oF will ave (done). Acaas 4 fell leave work 1 bell be leaving work «hell have lefe work hell have arrived home 1 Don't phone between 7 and 8, Well, be, ving. (we J have} dinner then. ater 8 o'dock ‘(ove fiaish) dinner by then lock until 4.30, So at 4 o'clock, 2 Phone me: 3 Tomocrow afternoon we're going co play tenis from 3 0 ive / pay) cena, 4 Can we meet tomorzow? ot in the afternoon. work). ‘about as Bowe 1: Yes, b 5 B has to go toa meeting which begin a 10 o'lock. Ir ell 2 Will you be fre at 11.302 Yes, (che meeting J end) by then, Ben ison holiday and be is spending his money very quickly. Ife continues like this, {he / spend) all his money before the end of his boliday 7 Do you think {you sil! do the same job in Lise i rom New Zealand, She is tavelling around Farope atthe moment. So fae she has travelled about 1,000 ales. By he end of the trip, {she/ eravel) more than 3,000 mes +9 IF you need ro contact me, (0 say) at the Lion Hotel ust Friday Wo (you / se) Laura tomorrow? 1: Yes, probably. Why? ‘A: Thorzoseed this CD from hee Can you give it bac he “> Aational exercises 12-13 (pages 309-10)ay this example: aS 1 phone you when I get omnes a semence =) Se i ph re) with wo paces met Pettee ae ) the main part ‘phone you" ee a Some more examples: 15 Wellgo out when i stops raining. (nor when ie will stop) 15 When you are in London again, come and ste ws. (not When you willbe) 1 (said 104 child) What do you want to be when you grow up? (not will grow) “The same thing happens aftr while / before/after! as soon as until or ill: ‘BT going co read alot while Pm on holiday. (not while [will be) 15 il probably go back home on Sundsy, Before Igo, Id ike to vise the museum. 18 Waie here util (or sil) T come back ‘You can also use the prevent perfect (have done) after when (after until as soon 38 © Cain I borrow that books when you've finished with it? 1 Don't say anything while lan is here. Wait until he has gone 1 you use the present perfect one thing must he complete before the other (so the ewo things do not happen together 1D When I've phoned Kate, we can have dinner {= First phone Kate and after thar we can have dinner} Do not use the present perfec ifthe wo things happen together: 12 When Iphone Kate, Pl ask her about the party. noe When I've phoned) I soften possible to use either the presen simple or the present perfec: Till come as soon as I finish or T'llcome as soon as I've Bnished, © You'll feel better after you have or You'll fel better after you've had something t0 eat something to eat Altec if, we normally use the present simple (i1 do / if sce et.) fr the future: (0 Ts raining hard. Well ger wer if we go out. (nor if we will po) [DT be angey ft happens again. (ro if twill happen 1B Huery up! If swe don't hurey, we'll be late (Compare when and if ‘We use when for things which are sure ro happen: 12 Fim going shopping later. for sure) When T go shopping, P'l buy some food. ‘We use if (not when) for things that will possibly happen 15 I might go shopping later. (e's possible) IfT go shopping, Tl buy some fod. 1 If iis raining this evening, I won't go out. noe When itis raining) 1 Don't worry ifm late tonight. (08 when I'm late) 1 If they doa't come soon, 'm net going to wait. (not When they don’t come} H+ Units 38-40 Even iJ even when — Unlt 1120 Unless -r Unit 115Exercises Unit 25 25.1” Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets, All the sentences are about the future Use willwon'tor the present simple (1 see fhe plays / tis et) 11 .U-phome... (phone) you when Ig... (get) home feom work, 2 want ro sce Julia before she (go) out, 3 Wete going on holiday tomorzow. 1 (cll you all about ic when we (come) back 4 Brian looks very diferene nove When you sn 8} Kim agai, you (not / recognise) him. you be) lonely without me while I (be) away? 4 We must do something soon before it {be} oo lve 7 I dow'e want ro go without you, 1 {rat} wail you 8 Sue has applied fo the jab, bu she ian’ very well-qualified fo it Ube) sorpised if she (eet ic 9. Thope to play tennis romorrow if dae weather be) nce, 10 T'm going out now. f anybody {phone} while (be) fut can you take message? 25.2. Make one sentence from two. 1 Te will seap raining soon, Then we'l go out Well go.cut. ‘when i. steve. raining, 2 Til find somewhere co lve. Thea I'l give you my address I when 3 [ldo the shopping. Then [come seraight back home, 4 ies going to gee dark, Lees go home hefore that, ~ - before 5 She must apologise ro me fst won't speak to her until then nei 253. Read the situations and complete the sentences 1A friend of yours is going on holiday. You wane to kuow what she is going 1 do. You ask: What are you going to do when .yO.07e.on, holiday ? 2 A friend of yous is vitng you. She has ea go soon but maybe there’ time for some more coffee. ‘You ask: Would you like some more coffee before > 5 You want co sell your ea Jim s interested in buying bur he hasn't decided yee You ask; Can you let me know'as soon as 4 Yous frends are going co New York soon. You wane co know where they're going to say YYou ask; Whete are you going ro stay when - 5 The talc is very bad in your town, but they are building a new road at the moment ‘You say: I cink things willbe beter when they 254 Putin when or if Don't worry if. Pm late ronighe. 2 Tom mighe phone while Fax out this evening. he does, can you take a message? 3 1rm going to Rome next week. Pn ther, [hope to visit a frend of mie. 4 Lebink Jl wll ge the job. Tl be very surpssed she doesn’ gti 5 im going shopping. you want anything, Leza gett for you 6 Pm going away for a few days. phone you get back, 7 Lwant you to come tothe part but Yyoudost want to come, that's all righ. 8 Wecan eat at home of, ‘you prefer we ean ge to a restaurant, Additional exerises 12-15 (pages 209-11), 32 (page 321)‘We use cai to say that smething is possible or alowed, or that somebody has the ability to do something, We use can + infinitive (can dof can see ee We can see the lake from ou bedroon: window. "You can mse mine BT haven't gota, 1 Can you speak any foreign languages? 1B Lean came and see you romorrow if you ks, 1 The word ‘ply’ can be a noun ota ve “The negative is cant (= cannot Gm afaid 1 cant come tothe party on Friday You can say that somebody is able to do something, bist ean is more usual © We are able to se the lake from our bedom window. ‘But can has only two forms: eam (present) and could {past So sometimes it is necessary to we (be) able to. Compare: 1 Lean sleep. 15 Thaven’t heen able to sleep recently. 1 Tom can come tonoseow. 3 Tom might be able to come romorrow: 15 Maria can speak Pench, Spanisy and | cl Applicaats forthe job must be able ro English | speak ewo foreign languages Could Sometimes could isthe past of can. We use could espevally with ee, hear smell caste fecl remember understand 13 We had a lovely oom in the hotel. We eouk se the lake. 15 As soon as I walked int the room, I could smell gas. 121 was sitting atthe back ofthe theatre and couldn't hear very sell, We also use could to say shat somebody had the general ability or permission t0 do something: 1D My grandfather could speak five languages, 10 We were cotaly fes, We eould do what we wanted. (= we were allowed to do} Could and was able ro ‘We se could for general ability, Sue if you want to say that somebody did something in 3 specific stwation, use watiwere able to or managed to {not could T The fire spread through the building very quickly, bu fortunately everybody ‘was able to escape / mansged to escape. (vor could escape) 1 We didn't know where David was, but we managed to find / were able to find him in the end. (not could find) Compare: 1D Mike was an excellent tennis player shen fe was younges. He coud beat anybody (eh lad he general ability to beat anybody) but Mike and Pete played tennis yesterday Pete played very wel, but Mike managed 10 beat him. (= he managed to beat him inthis particular game) “The negative couldn’ (could ro) is possible inal situations: (D My grandfather couldn't swim 18 We looked for David everywhere, but we coulda’ find his 19 Pete played well, ut he couldn't beat Mike. Cou () and could have (one) = Unit 27. Must and ean't > Unit 28. Canfcould you 2. Unit 37Exercises Unit 26 26.1 "Complete the sentences using can oF (be) able to, Use can if possible; otherwise use (be) able to 1 Gagy has eravelled 3 or. He A. anguages, 2 Thaven't been. Obl £2. sleep very well ecemty 3 Nicole rive, but she hasnt got a ca 4 Lused ro stand on my head, bat I can’t do i now. 5 Tean't understand Martin. Pve never understand his. 6 Heant sce you on Friday, bat Tne ‘meet you on Saturday morning. 7 Ask Catherine about your problem. She might —— help you. 26.2. Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. 1 (something you used to be abl Tease tebe. abe to sing. wel, 2 (somerhing you used to be able co do} Tused s 3 (something you would like to be abe 0 do} rd 4 (something you have never been able co do} t do} 26:3 Complete the sentences with eanfeant/could/eouldn't + the following: come eat hear run slegp wait 1 Irmairaid 1 san. ceme.. 10 your party next week 2 When Tim was 16, he 100 metres in 11 seconds 3 Are you in a hurts?” "No I've gor pleaty of time. 1 a 4 Las feeling sick yesterday 1 ayehing. 5 Can you speak a litle louder? 1 co You very wel 6 "You look tired.” “Yes, 1 ase night” 264° Complete the answers tothe questions with was/were able to I> Did everybody escape from the fre? tr Yes although the fire spread quickly, everybody ..168. able. to. 2 Ai Did you finish your wark this afternoon? ts Yes, there was nobody to disturb me, so 3 4: Did you have difficulty finding our house? 1m Not realy. Your dicections were good and we 1d the thik get aay? we Yes o-one realised what was happening and the thief 26.5 Complete the sentences using could, couldn't or managed to, 1 My grandfather travelled alot: He, .2444.. speak five languages 2 looked everywhere forthe book, bur 1.S#UlAXt find i 53 They didn't wane to come with us at ist, but we managed. £0. persuade 4 Laura had burt her leg and walk very wel 5 Sue wasn't at home when | phoned, but contact her at her oie 6 looked very carefully and 1 see somebody in the distance. 7 wanted to buy some tomatoes. The fist shop I wene to dida't have any, but 1 L et some inthe next shop. My grandmother loved music. She play te piano very well 9 A girl fll into the river, but fortunately we rescue het 10 Thad forgotten to bring my camera, 901 take any photographs.