ASSIGNMENT ON:

ANCYCLOSTOMA AND NECATOR

SUBMITTED BY: FATIMA YASMEEN#43, SHAHIDA FIDA#42

MISS MADIHA RASOOL
BS ZOOLOGY 7TH SEMESTER
 Ancylostoma and Necator
1.Disease:
Ancylostoma duodenale(Old world hook-worm) and Necator Americanus (New world
hookworm) cause hook-worm infection.
2.Important properties:

 Humans are infected when filariform larvae in moist soil penetrate the skin,
usually of the feet or legs. They are carried by the Blood to the lungs,
migrate into the Alveoli and up the bronchi and trachea and then are
swallowed. They develop into Adults in the small intestine ,attaching to the
walls with either cutting plates (Necator)or teeth (Ancylostoma).They feed
on Blood from the capillaries of the intestinal villi. Thousands of eggs per day
are passed in the feces. Eggs develop First into noninfectious,
feeding(rhabditiform) larvae and then into third-stage, infectious, Non
feeding (filariform) larvae which penetrate the skin to complete the cycle.
3.Pathogenesis and Clinical findings:

 The major damage is due the loss at the site of Attachment in the small
intestine up to 0.1 to 0.3 mL per worm can be lost per day -Blood is
consumed by the worm and oozes from the site in response to an
anticoagulant made by the worm. Weakness and pallor accompany the
microcytic anemia caused by the loss.
Symptoms:
 These symptoms occur in patients whose nutrition cannot compensate for
the Blood loss, "Ground itch" a pruritic papule can occur at the site of entry
of the larvae into the skin. Pneumonia with eosinophilia can be seen during
larval migration through the lungs.
 4.Epidemiology:
 Hookworm is found worldwide, especially in tropical areas in the united states.
Ector is endemic in the southern state. Walking barefooted on soil predispose to
infection. An important public Health measures was requiring children to wear
shoes to school.

5. Laboratory diagnosis:
 Diagnosis is made microscopically by observing the eggs in the stools. Occult
blood in the stools is frequent. Eosinophilia is typical.
 6.Treatment:
 The drug of choice is either albendazole, mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate

7.Prevention:
 Disposing of sewage properly and wearing shoes are effective mean of
prevention.
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