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INTRODUCTION
Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926. It is
on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective
and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic
medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.69–1.35 per
dose. In the United States it is not very expensive. It can normally be found in
plants of the Ephedra type. Dietary supplements containing ephedrine are illegal
in the United States, with the exception of those used in traditional Chinese
medicine, where its presence is noted by má huáng.
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Ephedrine promotes modest short-term weight loss, specifically fat loss, but its
long-term effects are unknown. In mice, ephedrine is known to stimulate
thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue, but because adult humans have only
small amounts of brown fat, thermogenesis is assumed to take place mostly in the
skeletal muscle. Ephedrine also decreases gastric emptying. Methylxanthines
such as caffeine and theophylline have a synergistic effect with ephedrine with
respect to weight loss. This led to creation and marketing of compound products.
One of them, known as the ECA stack, contains ephedrine with caffeine and
aspirin. It is a popular supplement taken by bodybuilders seeking to cut body fat
before a competition.
3. The 1-3% solution of the free base in oil is available for tropical use.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF EPHEDRINE
PROPERTIES OF EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE
CLASSIFICATION (FORMS):-
NOMENCLATURE
GRADES:-
MECHANISM OF ACTION
COMPOUNDS WITH DECREASING Α-RECEPTOR AFFINITY
MEDICAL USE
OTHER USES
USES AND APPLICATIONS
CHEMISTRY AND NOMENCLATURE OF EPHEDRINE
CONTRAINDICATION AND ADVEISE EFFECTS OF EPHEDRINE
ADVERSE EFFECTS
OVERVIEW OF INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
IMPORT DATA OF EPHEDRINE
EXPORT DATA OF EPHEDRINE
MARKET POSITION OF API (ACTIVE PHARME INGREDIENT)
INDIA API MARKET TRADE (%), FY 2016
SHARE OF INDIA IN GLOBAL API MARKET (%), FY 2016
SHARE OF INDIA IN GLOBAL API MARKET
INDIAN API DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION MARKET FUTURE OUTLOOK
INDIAN API DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION MARKET (BILLION US$),
FY 2015-FY 2022
MAJOR APIS IN THE INDIAN API MARKET
MAJOR APIS IN THE INDIAN API MARKET
DRIVERS
RISING HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE
HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE (US$ PER HEAD), 2012-2016
INCREASING DISPOSABLE INCOMES
PERSONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME (TRILLION US$), 2012-2016
GROWING GERIATRIC POPULATION
INDIAN POPULATION - 60 YEARS OR ABOVE (MILLION), 2015 & 2030
INCREASING INCIDENCES OF CHRONIC DISEASES
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
DIABETES
INDIA - NUMBER OF PEOPLE WITH DIABETES (MILLION), 2015 & 2040
PATENT EXPIRY OF BLOCKBUSTER DRUGS
LIST OF BLOCKBUSTER DRUGS LOSING PATENT (2016-2022)
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INCREASED CONSUMPTION OF GENERIC DRUGS
INVENTION OF NEW GENERATION OF APIS
CHALLENGES
OVER DEPENDENCE ON CHINA FOR IMPORTS
API IMPORT FROM CHINA (BILLION US$), FY 2012 TO FY 2015
THE REASONS FOR LOW MANUFACTURING COST OF API IN CHINA ARE:
GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF EPHEDRINE
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS:-
REACTION WITH ACTIVELY FERMENTING GLUCOSE SOLUTION:-
CONDENSATION WITH METHYLAMINE:-
REDUCTION TO PRODUCE 1-EPHEDRINE:-
CONVERSION TO EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE:-
PACKING AND FORWARDING:-
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF EPHEDRINE
HYDROCHLORIDE (KETOL)
OTHER METHODS:
PREPARATION OF PROPIONYL CHLORIDE AND PROPIOPHENONE
EPHEDRONE [Α-METHYLAMINOETHYL PHENYL KETONE]
DL -EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE
SYNTHESIS
ANOTHER METHOD:
DL -EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING EPHEDRINE OR PSEUDOEPHEDURINE
METHYLAMINE SOLUTION PREPARING THESE SOLVENTS, THERE ARE
TWO WAYS:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PS ENDS EPHEDRIVE HCL
THE PROCESSING STAGES ARE AS FOLLOWS:-
STAGE-1
STAGE-2
STAGE-3
STAGE-4
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
INNOVATION TWO STAGE PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF EPHEDRINE
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
EPHEDRINE AND ITS SALTS ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES
EXPERIMENTAL
EXTRACTION
PREPARATION OF EPHEDRINE HCL BY FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION
SEPARATION OF THE OXALATES BY DIFFERENCE OF SOLUBILITY
PREPARATION OF PURE EPHEDRINE BASE
PROPERTIES OF PURE EPHEDRINE
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
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ACTION OF HCL UPON EPHEDRINE. PREPARATION OF PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
THE MODELING AND 3D STRUCTURES OF EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE
RAMAN SPECTRUM OF EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
APPENDIX – A:
COST ESTIMATION
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