Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introducción
http://www.zenithair.com/zodiac/gif/6fox2.jpg
Conditions
Flying Statics
Maneuver
Force of gravity produces weight
Landing gear
Causes acceleration or deceleration
increases the forces and stresses on the
wings and fuselage.
Absorbs the forces
Cargas
Cargas Internas
Externas
Esfuerzos
Deformacion
es
Tipos de cargas y esfuerzos
• Limit Loads: are Maximum loads expected during service.
• Stress is defined like a applied load per area of the material.
Torsión se considera
como una fuerza que
tiende a torcer una
parte.
Esfuerzo cortante, se
considera cuando
una pieza de material
se deliza sobre otra.
These stresses are absorbed by each component of the
wing structure and transmitted to the fuselage structure.
Bending action creates a tension
Bending force on the fuselage stress on the lower skin of the
fuselage and a compression stress on
Airflow the top skin.
What happen in the flight?
Wing Propeller
Field approval
• Do the work in accordance with
an approved supplemental type
certificate (STC).
Limitaciones de operación
Resistencia estructural
Componentes o sistemas
Mayor Menor
Se tienen
No requiere
suficientes datos
aprobación de
aprobados
campo
SI NO
No requiere de
Requiere una
un aprobación
aprobación de
de campo
campo
• A Field Approval is the granting, by an
FAA airworthiness inspector, of FAA
“approval” for a major repair or major
alteration. The approval is given only after
conducting a physical inspection and/or
after reviewing data.
OVERVIEW OF THE STEPS
• Do your homework.
• Create a standard data (SDP) package as
described in the ac.
• Submit the SDP to the local FSDO (Flight
Standards district office) .
• Interact with the ASI (aviation safety
inspector).
• Receive a final response.
WHAT WILL THE ASI DO
Orden de Ingeniería
Especificaciones
técnicas Diseño de pruebas
Planos
Características de vuelo
Limitaciones
Propuesta de suplementos a los manuales, operacionales
dimensiones, materiales y procesos.
Directivas de aeronavegabilidad
(AD’s)
• Research.
• Obtain field approval.
• Perform the alteration.
RESEARCH
– Previous Alterations
– A/C Manufacturer’s Data
– Service Bulletins
– STC’s already approved
– Other Field Approvals
– Flight Manual Supplements
RESEARCH
• Equipment manufacturer’s technical
data
– Installation manuals
– STC’s
– Other data
FAR 23
23.331 Symmetrical
Flight load factors flight conditions
represent the ratio of the
aerodynamic force Combination of airspeed
component and load factor
Condiciones F, T, H, O
ALEACIONES DE AVIACION
OBJETIVO
Semimonocasco:
Conjunto de formadores,
larguerillos, y mamparos
unidos entre si a los
cuales se adhiere la piel.
Monocasco: Conjunto de
formadores y mamparos
unidos a la piel quién
soporta las cargas de
operación.
• Although very strong, monocoque construction is
not highly tolerant to deformation of the surface.
BULKHEADS
Structure terminology
• Longerons (Largueros) Primary bending loads are
taken by the longerons,
which usually extend across
• The strong, heavy several points of support.
longerons hold the
bulkheads and formers.
Designed
Axial
Load
They have the same job and application than the stringers,
but longerons are stiffer beams, mainly machined and they
are in less number over the circular periphery of the
fuselage circle.
TERMINOLOGIA ESTRUCTURAS
• Stringers (Larguerillos)
The fuselage skin thickness varies with the load carried and
the stresses sustained at particular location.
TIPOS DE “STRINGERS”
TIPOS DE “STRINGERS”
• Beams (Vigas)
Es un miembro primario
de un formador o un ala
usado para soportar
grandes cargas incluyendo
momentos de flexión.
En las alas es a menudo
llamado como “spar”.
TIPOS DE “BEAMS”
.
Función de las vigas
.
TERMINOLOGIA ESTRUCTURAS
Las vigas que deben
soportar grandes cargas
axiales, particularmente
cargas de compresión, en
conjunto con cargas
laterales y momentos de
flexión son llamadas vigas
de columna o
beam-columns.
Nose section Center section Aft or rear section
vibration loads
Wings structure must
resist several kind of drag load
different loads applied
to it:
RIBS
• Root: The wing root is the portion of the wing that attaches to the
fuselage, or body of the aircraft.
• Ribs & Stringers: These make up the inner skeleton of the wing,
providing rigidity and strength. While strength is necessary, it is also
important that the wing can flex slightly while it flies. This flexibility
allows it to absorb the stress caused by turbulence and hard
landings.
Zodiac wing.
Zodiac wing assembly.
Zodiac wing skin.
http://www.zenithair.com/bldr/images/6wing/hds%20top%20skin.jpg
http://www.zenithair.com/bldr/images/6wing/hd%20wing%20skeleton.jpg
Wing strong.
Typical spar sections
Very high speed aircraft.
http://www.langleyflyingschool.com/Pages/CPGS%203%20Airframes,%20Engines%20and%20Systems,%20Part%201.html
Wing skin
The two main spars are still
the main strength members, stressed-skin design
but a large contribution to the
strength is made by the skin.
horizontal
vertical fin
Principal splices
stabilizer
Spar caps
PSEs
forward
canard
wing
winglets/tip
fins
Skin or reinforcement
around cutouts or
discontinuities
Skin-stringer combinations
Circumferential
frames and
adjacent skin
Pressure
Cockpit window
bulkheads
Pressurized
Skin and any
cabin
single frame or
stiffener Window frames
element around
a cutout
Door frames,
Skin around a
skins, and
cutout
latches;
The center wing is made by
The center wing is integrated with the
a structure assembly called
the wing box.
fuselage structure.
Main structural resistance of the wing to all type of loads applied to it.
REMENBER
Stressed skin
Main spars Wet wing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhMNpyOhSvU
Ejes de movimiento del Avión
• Pitch
• Roll
• Yaw
Dual Purpose Flight Control Surfaces
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mGkoANc7fi0/TRZSBR9M6kI/AAAAAAAAAnA/xJxPOV31Dzw/s1600/F117Banking2006.jpg
Ruddervator
Combines the action of
the rudder and elevator
http://avstop.com/ac/Aviation_Maintenance_Technician_Handbook_General/images/fig3_67.jpg
http://www.eaa49.av.org/kitfox/kitalb60.jpg
Tabs
• Why is necessary use this kind of devices? Because………
1. The force of the air against a control surface during the high
speed of flight can make it difficult to move and hold that
control surface in the deflected position.
http://www.zenithair.com/stolch701/gif/
701-lift.jpg