07 Altemative energy sources (solar energy)
and no bacterial recovery was observed during 24 h affer stopping
sunlight exposure. In the absence of Tie2, total disinfection was not
always reached; and bacterial recovery was observed, especially when
inactivation was not complete. Bacterial decay was mainly dependent
on light intensity. It was also d e m o n s t r a t e d that solar UV dose is not a
pertinent p a r a m e t e r to standardize solar disinfection. The influence of
the following topics on solar water disinfection is also studied in this
paper: (a) U V and total solar spectra characteristics (b) volume of
p h o t o t r e a t e d water (c) p o s t - i r r a d i a t i o n events.
05•02178 Flexible large area polymer solar cells based on
poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene
Al-Ibrahim, M. et al. Solar Energy 3laterials and Solar Cells, 2005, 85,
(1), 13 2O.
Photovoltaic devices based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)
(P3HT) and ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) (PCBM) were
fabricated and characterized using 5 x 5 cm ITO polyester foils with an
active cell area of 0.5x0.5 cm z. The H O M O / L U M O of P3HT and
P C B M were estimated from cyclic v o l t a m m e t r y data. The complete
quenching of p h o t o l u m i n e s c e n c e of P 3 H T after mixing with P C B M
indicates an effective charge transfer from P3HT to PCBM. The
absorption spectrum of a blend (1:3 w t % ) of both c o m p o n e n t s shows
that there is no ground state doping. Following device p a r a m e t e r s
w i t h o u t any special postproduction t r e a t m e n t were determined:
V o c = 6 0 0 mV, I s c = 6 . 6 1 m A / c m 2, F F = 0 . 3 9 and f]AM1.5 (PIN:100
m W / c m 2) = 1.54%.
05102179 Improvement of thermal stability of an organic-
aqueous gel electrolyte for bismuth electrodeposition
devices
de Oliveira, S. C. et al. Solar Energy 3laterials and Solar Cells, 2004,
85, (4), 489 497.
The purpose of this work is to study bismuth deposition/dissolution
behaviour in an aqueous electrolytic gel media, aiming its application
in electrochromism. The gel was m a d e from a polymeric a n i m a l protein
derivative. This polymer is extremely consistent and it becomes a
t r a n s p a r e n t gel in the 350 850 n m range (visible region). The cross-
linking reaction of the gel was m a d e with formaldehyde, targeting to
improve the t h e r m a l stability of the polymeric matrix without
considerable loss of optical properties during electrodeposition.
Differential scanning calorimetry and t h e r m o - m e c h a n i c a l analysis were
used to verify the transition t e m p e r a t u r e s of the gel, showing that the
cross-linked material can be h e a t e d up to 90c'C w i t h o u t great changes
in their mechanical properties. V o l t a m m e t r i c and chromogenic
experiments carried out with the electrochromic device using the gel
as electrolyte, were very promising and the electrochemical reversibility
of Bi/Bi 3 + redox couple is not affected by the cross-linking reaction
showing a large variation of absorbance values.
05•02180 Investigation of the damage as induced by 1.7
MeV protons in an amorphous/crystalline silicon
heterojunction solar cell
Neitzert, H.-C. eta[. Solar Energy 3laterials and Solar Cells, 2004, 83,
(4), 435 446.
C u r r e n t voltage u n d e r illumination and q u a n t u m yield characteristics
of an a m o r p h o u s silicon/crystalline silicon hetero solar cell have been
m e a s u r e d before and after exposure to high-energy (1.7 MeV) protons.
A comparison of the m e a s u r e d w a v e l e n g t h - d e p e n d e n t q u a n t u m yield
with calculated values enabled to d e t e r m i n e the effective electron
diffusion length of the crystalline silicon, that d r o p p e d from a value of
434 m before to a value of 4 m after irradiation with 5 x 1 0 1 2 cm -
protons. G o o d a g r e e m e n t has been o b t a i n e d between m e a s u r e d and
simulated data using DIFFIN,1 a finite-element simulation p r o g r a m
for a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells, enabling us to extract the
d e p t h profile of the r e c o m b i n a t i o n rate and the density of states
distribution in the semiconductor layers before and after irradiation.
05•02181 Measurement of silicon and GaAs/Ge solar cells
ac parameters
D e s h m u k h , M. P. and Nagaraju, J. Solar Energy, 2005, 78, (1), 1 4.
The ac p a r a m e t e r s (cell capacitance and cell resistance) of Silicon (Si)
and G a l l i u m A r s e n i d e ( G a A s / G e ) solar cells are m e a s u r e d at different
t e m p e r a t u r e s using time d o m a i n technique. The cell capacitance is
calculated from the O p e n circuit voltage decay ( O C V D ) and the cell
resistance from solar cell F V characteristics measured under d a r k
condition. It is observed that the solar cell capacitance increases
whereas the cell resistance decreases with increase in temperature.
05•02182 Model selection for global and diffuse radiation
over the Central Black Sea (CBS) region of Turkey
Tarhan, S. and Sari, A. Energy Conversion and 3lanagement, 2005, 46,
(4), 6O5 613.
Solar radiation over the Central Black Sea R e g i o n of Turkey, covering
the five provinces (Amasya, ~ o r u m , Ordu, Samsun and Tokat), was
analysed to guide future projects. The m a x i m u m monthly average
320 Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2005
global solar radiation ranged from 20.05 (for Ordu) to 23.71 MJ m 2
(for Tokat). The m a x i m u m monthly average daily m e a s u r e d sunshine
duration ranged from 6.89 (for Ordu) to 11 h (for (~orum). A quadratic
polynomial e q u a t i o n was empirically developed to predict the monthly
average daily global radiation. A hybrid model was also developed
based on the predictions of six existing models to predict the monthly
average daily diffuse and b e a m radiation. Various statistical tests
(analysis of variance for model adequacy and t-test for significance of
model parameter, etc.) have shown that the models developed in this
study are adequate for solar r a d i a t i o n prediction.
05•02183 Multi-wavelength transverse probe lifetime
measurement for the characterization of recombination
lifetime in thin mc-Si samples for photovoltaic industry use
Irace, A. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2004, 83, (1 4),
83 92.
A contactless, all-optical and non-destructive technique for simul-
taneous m e a s u r e m e n t of minority carrier recombination lifetime and
surface r e c o m b i n a t i o n velocity, at low injection level, in multi-crystal-
line silicon samples is presented. Being contactless and non-destructive
with respect to the surface to be analysed, the m e t h o d does not need
any surface t r e a t m e n t to be applied and therefore is suitable for
routine lifetime characterization in solar cell fabrication processes.
05/02184 New method to optimize a solar absorber graded
film profile
Zhao, S. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 78, (1), 125 130.
N o r m a l i z e d dc conductivity was used to analyse the i n h o m o g e n e o u s l y
graded depth profile structure of deposits from dc m a g n e t r o n reactive
sputtering in a roll coater. The graded coating was obtained by moving
the substrate through the deposition zone with a non-uniform
oxidation along the zone mainly due to the asymmetrical position of
the oxygen inlet to the right of the target. With this a r r a n g e m e n t , the
composition of the deposited film was gradually changed from m e t a l to
m e t a l oxide as the substrate moved from left to right through the zone.
The profile control therefore relied on the non-uniform oxidation
along the sputtering zone. The study shows that the n o r m a l i z e d dc
conductivity of stationary samples in this roll coater offers a simple and
effective m e t h o d to optimize the graded composition in spectrally
selective solar absorber coatings. A solar absorptance of 0.91 with
t h e r m a l e m i t t a n c e of 0.05 at 100c'C was achieved for a single graded
film w i t h o u t antireflection treatment.
05•02185 On the investigation of 7075 aluminum alloy
welding using concentrated solar energy
Karalis, D. G. et al. Solar Energy 3Jaterials and Solar Cells, 2005, 86,
(2), 145 163.
The application of concentrated solar energy for the welding of
a l u m i n i u m alloy 7075 was a t t e m p t e d in the present work, by employing
the installation of the C N R S Solar Furnace at Odeillo, Pyrenees,
southeast France. The characteristics of the solar treated specimens
(microstructure, hardness, S E M - E D S analysis) were fully investigated
and correlated with t h e r m a l numerical results using the finite e l e m e n t
method.
05/02186 Photocatalytic disinfection of water using low
cost compound parabolic collectors
McLoughlin, O. A. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 77, (5), 625 633.
The objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of using near
U V light to disinfect water supplies for p o t e n t i a l applications in
developing countries. A pilot scale photoreactor comprised of non-
tracking c o m p o u n d parabolic collectors installed at P l a t a f o r m a Solar
de A l m e r i a was examined and a comparison of disinfection efficiency
using E. coli K-12 was carried out with a reactor configuration of 3 and
1 m ~ i l l u m i n a t e d area. Tests were also carried out using suspensions of
titanium dioxide ( T i e , ) at concentrations ran~in~ from 0 to 9 mg/1.
The removal of E. coli K-12 from initial concentrations of 1 x l0 s
C F U / m l to below the limit of detection was achieved both with and
without the use of T i e > Levels of inactivation in 35 1 of inoculated
water of up to 4-log removal were achieved in under 30 min. The
addition of T i e 2 created an enhancement to the process only at the 3
mg/1 dose. However, the results have also suggested the possibility that
another disinfection mechanism, possibly governed by the frequency of
intermittent UV light exposure, was regulating the overall inactivation
kinetics of the trials.
05•02187 Photocatalytic water treatment: solar energy
applications
B a h n e m a n n , D. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 77, (5), 445 459.
D u r i n g the past 20 years research and d e v e l o p m e n t in the area of
photocatalysis have been tremendous. One of the major applications of
this technology is the d e g r a d a t i o n of organic pollutants in water and air
streams which is considered as one of the so-called advanced oxidation
processes. This overview briefly describes the basic principles of
photocatalysis, focusing in particular on i m p o r t a n t mechanistic and

kinetic aspects as well as on some requirements for efficient
photocatalysts. Since the comparatively high costs associated with the
generation of light from electricity constitute one of the major
drawbacks particularly for the rapid commercialization of photocata-
lytic water treatment units, solar photons have been utilized here with
great success for many years now. Various solar reactors for the
photocatalytic water treatment are described in detail in the main part
of this review including the comparison of their overall performance.
05•02188 Photovoltaic cell characteristics for high-
intensity laser light
Miyakawa, H. eta[. Solar Energy 3laterials and Solar Cells, 2005, 86,
(27, 253 267.
The series resistance value of a photovoltaic (PV) cell required for
high-intensity light and the effects of both the a parameter (the ratio of
the open-circuit voltage to the bandgap) and temperature on conver-
sion efficiency are investigated by a calculation method derived from
the fundamental characteristics of PV cell. The PV cell characteristics
for high-intensity laser light, including Si, GaAs, InGaAs PV cells and
InGaAs uni-traveling-carrier photodiode (UTC-PD), are experimen-
tally investigated. The small series resistance as large as 20 30 mf~ cm 2
and the suppression of recombination are important for obtaining
higher conversion efficiency, especially for high-intensity laser light.
05•02189 Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewater
(OMW) by solar TiO2 photocatalysis and solar photo-Fenton
Gernjak, W. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 77, (57, 567 572.
Olive mill wastewater (OMW), a highly polluted wastewater from the
olive oil industry, was treated by solar photocatalysis and solar photo-
Fenton. Among the tested systems the application of titanium dioxide
alone was not successful. The addition of peroxydisulphate as an
electron acceptor had only limited effect on degradation performance
and led to high salt concentrations (30 g/1 sulphate generated) and a
pH value near zero. The photo-Fenton method successfully removed
up to 85% COD and up to 100% of phenol index of OMW with
different initial concentrations and from different sources. Two solar
photocatalytic pilot-plant reactors were used; one of conventional CPC
type and an open non-concentrating Falling Film Reactor. The latter,
newly designed reactor worked properly and yielded comparable
results to the CPC in terms of degradation rate referred to incident
UV radiation energy per solution volume. The suspended solids in the
OMW hinder light from entering the reactor. Therefore, flocculation
induced by a commercial flocculation agent was successfully applied to
remove suspended solids. Application of this pre-treatment led to
considerable increase of degradation rates and decrease of hydrogen
peroxide consumption.
05•02190 Processing step-related upgrading of silicon-
based solar cells detected by photoluminescence
spectroscopy
Binetti, S. eta[. Solar Energy 3laterials and Solar Cells, 2005, 86, (17,
11 18.
The aim of this work was to study the effect of solar cell processing
steps on the electrical quality of the material, using photoluminescence
spectroscopy as a non-contact technique. It was confirmed that
consecutive steps in solar cell processing not only lead to electronic
quality upgrading in Ribbon and multi-crystalline silicon wafers, but
also to the introduction of recombining defects. Furthermore, the
importance and usefulness of photoluminescence technique on the
overall improvement of the substrate material is discussed.
05•02191 PV in the UK: Early results from the UK
photovoltaics field trial
Cowlin, F. Refocus, 2005, 6, (17, 36 37.
The technology to generate power directly from solar energy has been
available for many years, however it remains largely underused by the
UK building sector. To provide the UK's construction industry with
more information on the technology, the Department of Trade and
Industry has funded a six-year field trial that studies the design,
installation and performance of PV in domestic housing. This article
looks at the initial findings.
05•02192 Sizing and applicability considerations of solar
combisystems
Lurid, P. D. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 78, (1), 59 71.
Sizing and applicability of solar combisystems providing both space
heating and domestic hot water are investigated in this paper. The
analysis is based on an analytical daily model to predict the average
yearly system performance. The study indicates that increasing the
collector area in a solar combisystem for higher solar fractions could be
economically justified in average or older building stock in northern
and central Europe but not yet in low energy or very energy efficient
buildings nor in a more southern climate. Increasing the size of the
heat storage much beyond the daily capacity proved not to be well
justified in solar combisystems.
07 Altemative energy sources (solar energy)
05•02193 Sol-gel derived nanocrystalline CeO2-TiO2
coatings for electrochromic windows
Verma, A. et al. Solar Energy 3laterials and Solar Cells, 2005, 86, (17,
85 103.
Mixed CeO2 TiO2 coatings synthesized by sol gel spin coating process
using mixed organic inorganic Ti(OC3Hv)4 and CeC13.7HzO precur-
sors with different Ce/Ti mole ratios were investigated by a wide range
of characterization techniques. The attempts were directed towards
achieving coatings with high transparency in the visible region and
good electrochemical properties. Elucidation of the structural and
optical features of the films yielded information on the aspects relevant
to their usage in transmissive electrochromic devices. The films have
been found to exhibit properties for counter electrode in electro-
chromic smart windows in which they are able to retain their
transparency under charge insertion, high enough for practical uses.
The high optical modulation and fastest switching for WO3 film in the
device configuration with the Ce/Ti (1:1) film is interpreted in terms of
conducive microstructural changes induced by addition of TiO2 in an
amount equivalent to CeO2.
05•02194 Solar cookers-part-II-cooking vessel with central
annular cavity
Rao, A. V. N. and Subramanyam, S. Solar Energy, 2005, 78, (1), 19 22.
Cooking vessels used in a solar cooker must be able to transfer the heat
trapped in the cooker effectively to the food material. In the preceding
paper (Part-I) the advantage of keeping the vessel on lugs was
discussed. In the current paper the performance of a cooking vessel
with a central annular cavity kept on lugs is discussed. The experiments
were conducted for several days using water and thermic fluid as
working medium. The studies indicated that the cooking vessel with
central annular cavity on lugs performs much better than the
conventional vessel kept on the floor of the cooker. The conventional
vessel is considered to be the benchmark for the purposes of
comparison.
05•02195 Solar disinfection of contaminated water: a
comparison of three small-scale reactors
McLoughlin, O. A. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 77, (5), 657 664.
This paper compares three different collector shapes for the disinfec-
tion of water heavily contaminated with Escherichia coli (K-127. Tests
were carried out in real sunlight using laboratory scale reactors to
determine the performance of different reflector profiles. The reactors
were constructed using Pyrex tubing and aluminium reflectors of
compound parabolic, parabolic and V-groove profiles. Results have
shown that the compound parabolic reflector promoted a more
successful inactivation of E. coli than the parabolic and V-groove
profiles. Tests were also carried out to assess the improvement to
disinfection which could be achieved using TiO2 coated Pyrex rods
fixed within the reactors. This technique, however, yielded a slight
enhancement in the compound parabolic reactor but no benefit to
overall disinfection performance in either the parabolic or V-groove
reactors. These results show that the use of UV sunlight to disinfect
contaminated drinking water in a full-scale continuous flow solar
reactor is both promising and an appropriate technology for develop-
ing countries but that the inclusion of a fixed photocatalyst within the
reactor tubes has yet to prove any significant improvement.
05•02196 Solar photoreactors comparison based on oxalic
acid photocatalytic degradation
Bandala, E. R. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 77, (5), 503 512.
Solar heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of oxalic acid in water
is carried out in four different solar photoreactors: a parabolic trough
concentrator (PC), a tubular collector (TC), a compound parabolic
collector (CPC), and a V-trough collector (VC). The reactors operate
under equal conditions of solar irradiance, collection surface and fluid
flow rate to ensure a better comparison between the systems. The
effects of TiO2 catalyst concentration and radiation incidence angle on
the degradation are studied. Oxalic acid degrades without appreciable
generation of intermediates, and a simple kinetic model is proposed to
describe the process. There are differences in the degradation rates
depending on the collector geometry. The CPC shows the best overall
performance in terms of accumulated energy, followed closely by the
VC. Incidence angle affects the total amount of energy collected but
does not reduce very much the efficiency of the reactors to use this
energy in the photocatalytic process.
05•02197 Solar thermal power cycle with integration of
methanol decomposition and middle-temperature solar
thermal energy
Hong, H. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 78, (17, 49 58.
This study has proposed a new solar thermal power cycle which
integrates methanol decomposition and middle-temperature solar
thermal energy, and investigated its features based on the principle
of the cascade utilization of chemical exergy. Also, the methanol
decomposition with a catalyst was experimentally studied at tempera-
Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2005 321