A Study on Bentonite and Kenaf Properties for

Grounding Purposes
W. F. H. Wan Ahmad
Centre for Electromagnetic and Lightning
Protection Research (CELP),
Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
wfwanahmad@upm.edu.my
N. H. Hamzah
Centre for Electromagnetic and Lightning
Protection Research (CELP),
Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
haziqahhamzah@riamtec.edu.my
J. Jasni
Centre for Electromagnetic and Lightning
Protection Research (CELP),
Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
jas@upm.edu.my

M. Z. A. Ab-Kadir
Centre for Electromagnetic and Lightning
Protection Research (CELP),
Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
mzk@upm.edu.my
C. Gomes
Centre for Electromagnetic and Lightning
Protection Research (CELP),
Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
chandima@upm.edu.my

Abstract—There are many methods that can be used in order
to increase the performance of a grounding system meant for
power system protection, i.e. by lowering its earth resistance
values, which one of them is where soil could be treated using
chemical or natural enhancement materials. This technique is one
of the effective ways to improve the performance of a grounding
system in which this work employed 15 kg Bentonite, and 3 kg
Kenaf in powder and fibre forms as the natural enhancement
materials for grounding systems at which they were either mixed
or layered. The main purpose of conduction this work is to
compare the performance of natural enhancement material
mixture grounding systems to a Reference grounding system,
which is without any enhancement material in the vicinity of the
ground conductor. Fall-of-potential method was employed to
measure earth resistance for the performances of the four
grounding systems to be compared. After 60 days, their
performances in descending order were Bentonite and Kenaf
powder layered, Bentonite and Kenaf powder mixed, Bentonite
and Kenaf fibre layered and Reference grounding systems. Hence,
the grounding system with Bentonite and Kenaf powder layered is
proposed to be the best to be used in order to reduce the earth
resistance as it has the lowest earth resistance and able to stabilize
faster compared to the other three grounding systems.
Keywords—Grounding System, Bentonite, Kenaf, Natural
Enhancement Material
I. INTRODUCTION
Grounding system plays an important role in protection of
electrical system. It is needed to be able to operate effectively at
all times in electrical system protection, during both normal and
fault conditions. Grounding system involves connecting
electrical equipment and wiring system to the earth by a wire or
other conductor. A good grounding would be able to create a
safe return path to carry the electric current into the earth both
under normal and fault conditions, without effecting any other
services and exceeding any operating and equipment limits. It is
also to assure a person in the facilities area will not be exposed
to any risk of critical electric shock which may cause death [1-
12].
In order to maximize the performance of the grounding system,
it must the able to provide the lowest impedance path to the
ground. This is to ensure all the fault currents to choose that path
in order to provide safety for every personnel and equipment in
its vicinity. Also, electric current has to disperse into the earth at
the shortest time possible [2-12].
There are a few ways to achieve a better grounding system, i.e.
by adding more parallel connected ground rods, or using a longer
ground rod, or soil treatment in which the enhancement
materials used are meant to provide better grounding for the
system [9-12]. Note that in this work, the soil is treated in order
to improve the performance of the grounding system, with single
ground conductor installed vertically in the soil. Enhancement
material used for soil treatment can be divided into two
categories, which are chemical enhancement material (CEM)
and natural enhancement material (NEM). The enhancement
material would leech into the soil to reduce the soil resistivity as
the materials could help in increasing the soil ability to absorb
the moisture from the surrounding soil and able to retain the
moisture within its structure [9-12]. Note that only NEM is
considered in this work with Bentonite and Kenaf were utilized
in the installed grounding systems.
When designing an electrical installation for a building, one of
the important things to be considered is the grounding system.
Grounding is frequently used to mean an intentional connection
to earth of conductive materials in the electrical industry either

This project was funded using Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Ministry
of Higher Education, MALAYSIA.
978-1-5386-6635-7/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

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solidly or through impedance. Grounding system is defined by
the National Electrical Code (NEC) [13] as a connection to
ground from one of the current carrying conductors of an
electrical power system or of an interior wiring system. The
IEEE Standard 100-1992 [14] defined grounding as a
conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, by
which an electric circuit or equipment is connected to earth. It
is used for establishing and maintaining the potential of the
earth (or of the conducting body) or approximately that
potential, on conductors connected to it and for conducting
ground current to and from the earth (or the conducting body).
According to IEC Standards [15], grounding is defined as the
act of connecting exposed conductive parts of apparatus,
systems or installation to the earth conductor or other elements
of the grounding system. The term grounding itself is synonym
with earthing or connecting the circuit to the earth. Also, it
could be described as the act of connecting the circuit to a
common point of reference which is the earth. On the other
hand, the connection to ground which is also known as the
equipment ground is a connection from one or more of the non
current carrying metal parts of a wiring system or equipment
connected to the system.
Vijayaraghavan et al. [16] stated that the principal purpose of a Figure 1: Ground conductor imbedded in the earth
grounding system is mainly to provide an electrical supply
system with an electrical reference to the ground mass. It is to II. GROUNDING SYSTEM INSTALLATIONS
ensure that any point of the system stays at certain potential
with reference to the ground when particular point of the supply Four grounding systems were installed in Faculty of
source is connected to the ground. Besides, it is also to ensure Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,
that a metallic surface of the enclosure of an electrical system Malaysia which were Reference, Bentonite with Kenaf powder
always stays at ground potential and thus remains safe to person layered, Bentonite with Kenaf powder mixed, and Bentonite
who may come into contact with it. Thirdly, grounding system with Kenaf fibre layered. Note that, Reference grounding system
could provide a low-impedance path for accumulated static was installed without any NEM in the vicinity of the ground
charges and surges caused by atmospheric or electrical conductor. Such location was chosen because it is the largest
phenomenon to the ground thus ensuring that no damage is area inside the Faculty of Engineering to provide a large space
caused to sensitive equipment and personnel. for the earth resistance measurements. Besides, since vehicles
would not easily pass by the area and disturbing the ongoing
In NFPA 70: National Electrical Code (NEC) [13], the purpose experiments, it is for safety purposes as well. The earth
of grounding the electrical system is to limit the voltage imposed resistance measurements took place from 8th April 2015 to
by lightning, line surges, or unintentional contact with higher- 7th June 2015.
voltage lines that will stabilize the voltage to earth during normal
operation. Basically, grounding system involve processes at Grounding conductors made up of copper with the length of
where the earth absorbs the overcurrent or short circuit 1.5m and diameter of 0.13m were chosen following previous
harmlessly and having done so, eliminates the threat to anyone studies by Wan Ahmad et al. [9-11, 17], Buba [12], and Jasni et
that may have otherwise been the ground path. It is known that al. [18]. Four conductors were used including one as a Reference
it is important to have a lower resistance for better grounding as grounding system where there is no enhancement material in the
well as to ensure fault currents to be easily dissipated into the vicinity of the ground conductor. The dimensions of cylindrical
soil. The lower the earth resistivity, the easier the current will be pits that were employed in this study are as shown in Fig. 2 to 5
dissipated and distributed into the soil. The ground conductor is for Bentonite with Kenaf powder layered, Bentonite with Kenaf
a connection path from the equipment to the earth such shown powder mixed, Bentonite with Kenaf fibre layered, and
in Fig. 1. The resistance of the grounding, measured in ohms, Reference grounding systems, respectively. While typical
determines how quickly and at what potential energy is process of the installation as illustrated in Fig. 6 and 7.
equalized. Thus, the resistance of the grounding plays an Note that the distance of each grounding system from each other
important part in the system. The resistance of the grounding is is at least 3m as the spacing should be at least of twice the length
made up of three components, which the resistance of the ground of the ground conductor used [9-12]. Also, this is referred to
conductor and that of the connection to it, the contact resistance IEEE 142-1991 [19] which stated that to reduce the overlap
of the surrounding earth to the ground conductor, and the interference in earth resistance measurements, each ground
resistance of the earth that surrounds the ground rod, or conductor should be spaced in twice its length, i.e. 3m.
resistivity of earth [9-12].

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 Figure 2: Side view of a typical Bentonite and Kenaf powder layered
grounding system

Figure 6: Bentonite and Kenaf were carefully weighted

Figure 3: Side view of a typical Bentonite and Kenaf powder mixed

grounding system

Figure 4: Side view of a typical Bentonite and Kenaf fibre layered

grounding system

Figure 7: NEM mixture was compacted into the cylindrical pit during each
grounding system installation

Figure 5 : Side view of a typical Reference grounding system

The density of Bentonite in compact condition is considered to

be 2.65 g/cm3 [10]. Thus, after considering the shape of the
cylindrical pit in this work, which is a cylinder with volume
of 0.02651 m3, 70kg of Bentonite must be used. However, it is
impossible to compact that kind of amount without any
availability of machine. Hence, following Wan Ahmad et al. [10,
11], and Buba [12] where only 20 kg of Bentonite was
compacted in the cylindrical pit previously, 15 kg Bentonite was
used in this work instead, with 3 kg Kenaf in the form of powder
or fiber, and were either mixed or layered for the three NEM
mixture grounding systems.
Figure 8: Marking of point for probes P and C for earth resistance
measurements

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Figure 9: The features on Megger DET3TCR2
III. EARTH RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
Fall-of-Potential technique was employed in the daily earth
resistance measurements and can be carried out in a way of
applying current and voltage probes with angle 90o, 45o, and 30o
or in straight line with 0o during ground measurements.
However, Wan Ahmad et al. [9-11] stated measured earth
resistance values will slightly reduce, with an increment of the
separation angle between the current and potential probes. Since
the differences is very small compared, it can be said to be
negligible [12]. Hence, the earth resistance measurements that
were carried out for this work only consider 0 o angle of
separation, for simplicity and earth resistance accuracy
purposes. Moreover, measuring earth resistance at 0o angle of
separation is very common and more practical compared to the
other separation angles.
Megger DET4TCR2 earth tester was used with its current probe
C cable length was 10m. Therefore, the position of its potential
probe P was gradually increased from 0 to 10m in the intervals
of 1m ensuring the most accurate earth resistance could be
measured. Distance between probe P and ground conductor
under test used in this work, employing 62% rule, was marked
to be 6.2m, following Wan Ahmad et al. [9-11], and Buba [12].
The marking of points for probes P and C were done as in Fig.
8 for each grounding system installation.
Figure 9 shows the features of the LCD display in Megger
DET4TCR2 earth tester. According to practical guide of
Megger DET3TCR [20], the equipment operates in such way
that it generated an AC signal which was fed into the ground
conductor under test. When the measurement started, the status
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of the circuit connection and noise is checked by the tester. If
the ground noise indicator shown “Not OK”, the circuit
connection had to be checked. If the current probe resistance
indicator of potential resistance indicator were shown “Not
OK”, the current probe and potential probe need to be deepened
or changed to another point not too far from the marked point.
The ground noise voltage indicator will show “OK” if there is
no problem with the connection. This, finally, before the button
“TEST” is pressed, the selector switch should be pointed at ‘3P’
to indicate that 3-pole mode earth tester in used. The LCD
display will display the system resistance.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Variations of measured earth resistance for all the four
grounding systems considered in this work is as shown in
Fig. 10, where the measurements were taken for 60 days, i.e.
from 8th April 2015 to 7th June 2015. Based on that figure, it can
be seen that the Reference grounding system showed an
unstable and obviously the highest resistance compared to the
other three grounding systems. This followed by Bentonite with
Kenaf fibre layered, Bentonite with Kenaf powder mixed and
Bentonite with Kenaf powder layered grounding systems.
Therefore, it is demonstrated that grounding system with
Bentonite and Kenaf powder layered performed the best in
terms of reducing the earth resistance to the lowest among the
other grounding systems as well as having a stable measured
value.
Also, it is shown in the graph, earth resistance values fluctuated
for a few days after the installation. It is shown that the use of
NEM have stabilized the earth resistance when compare to the
Reference grounding system at which there is no NEM in the
vicinity of the ground conductor. The grounding systems with
NEM surprisingly showing similar shape of graph indicate that
it can be assumed that they started to stabilize on the same day,
i.e. day-5. This matched the result by Wan Ahmad et al. [10,
11], and Buba [12] at which Kenaf and Bentonite helped to
stabilize the earth resistance values faster compared to CEM.
This is may be due to the reason that Bentonite has a
considerable moisture retention capability. Thus, it would be
able to absorb the surrounding soil moisture and maintain its
consistency within the ground conductor. Also, as Bentonite is
directly in contact with the ground conductor, high
conductivity, i.e. less resistivity is available to allow the fault
current to flow in a shortest time possible. The properties of
Kenaf as a good water absorber also contributed to the
stabilization of the earth resistance of the grounding systems.
The pores of Kenaf are said to be the place of which the water
molecules will prone to fill. Thus, resulting in high water
absorption ability of Kenaf. As a result, the grounding systems
were able to stabilize faster when Bentonite and Kenaf were
added to.
Grounding system with Bentonite with Kenaf fibre layered
demonstrated to have a higher earth resistance values compared
to the other grounding systems with NEM for the whole two
months. This might be due to the reason that Kenaf fibre has
created voids in the grounding system which eventually
prevented moisture to be kept around the soil, resulted a higher
earth resistance. Grounding system with Bentonite and Kenaf
powder layered showed a slightly better performance than that
of both materials mixed. This might be due to the reason that
when two different NEMs are mixed, different sizes of particles
between Bentonite and Kenaf powder might as well created
voids between then and the ground conductor. Generally, it can
be seen that the earth resistance values for grounding systems
with NEM kept reduced until day-21 and slightly increase
afterwards. This is due to the reason that those are rainy days
for the first three weeks. Thus, indirectly reduce the earth
resistance steadily. However, Reference grounding system has
shown a fluctuated measured earth resistance during this period.
The highest and the lowest earth resistances of each grounding
system throughout the work were as tabulated in Table I. The
earth resistance on day-0 was included in Table I as well. As
shown from the table, on day-0 of the measurement, Reference
grounding system demonstrated the highest earth resistance
among the four grounding systems with 62.10Ω. Bentonite with
Kenaf fibre layered grounding system was the second highest
with 31.00Ω, followed by Bentonite with Kenaf powder layered
grounding system with 26.20Ω. And, the lowest earth resistance
on day-0 was Bentonite and Kenaf powder mixed grounding
system with 25.60Ω. Throughout this work, Reference
grounding reached the highest earth resistance of 71.10Ω on
day-52. It was recorded that the earth resistance of Reference
grounding system showed a significant difference between day-
0 and day-52 due to the dry condition of soil after day-36, i.e.
less raining occurred. As a result, the moisture content of the
soil is low thus increasing the earth resistance. Without the
presence of soil moisture to conduct the test current will result
in disability of test current to flow more disperse into the soil.
Meanwhile the lowest earth resistance was recorded to be
24.40Ω on day-36, performed by Bentonite with Kenaf powder
layered grounding system. This was due to the reason that
Bentonite and Kenaf powder layered grounding system has not
just stabilized but also able to function better as water absorber
and moisture retainer than that of both materials mixed.
In order to calculate the percentage of earth resistance value of
day-0 of each NEM grounding system with Reference
grounding system, equation (1) was used with Rn indicates earth
resistance for NEM grounding system and RR indicates earth
resistance for Reference grounding system. Note that, the lower
the percentage, the higher the reduction of the earth resistance,
compared to the Reference grounding system.
𝑅𝑛
𝑥 100% (1)
𝑅𝑅
Table II tabulated the percentage of the measured earth
resistance for each NEM grounding system with Reference
grounding system. It was observed that on day-0 itself, the earth
resistance has shown a significant low percentage of the earth
resistance of NEMs grounding systems with Reference
grounding system. Bentonite with Kenaf powder layered
grounding system had shown the lowest percentage, followed
by Bentonite and Kenaf powder mixed and Bentonite and Kenaf
fibre layered grounding systems, where the percentages of
41.22%, 42.19% and 49.90% were obtained, respectively. This
showed that NEM had started to penetrate into the soil in order
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to reduce the soil resistivity, hence, the low percentage of earth
resistance values. Both Bentonite and Kenaf powder grounding
systems recorded similar percentage of earth resistance,
however, Bentonite with Kenaf fibre grounding system
recorded the highest percentage indicating that fibre form
would take longer time to penetrate into the soil.
In order to calculate the percentage of earth resistance of each
15 days with the measurements of day-0, equation (2) was used
with Rn indicates earth resistance for day-n and R0 indicates
earth resistance for day-0. Note that, higher percentage
indicates a stable reduction of the earth resistance compared to
the Reference grounding system.
𝑅𝑛
𝑥 100% (2)
𝑅0
Table III tabulated the percentage of earth resistance of each 15
days with the measurement of day-0 of each grounding system.
Based on Table III, Bentonite with Kenaf fibre grounding
system achieved the lowest percentage of 92.58% of earth
resistance on day-15, compared to its value on day-0. This
followed by Bentonite with Kenaf powder layered grounding
system and Reference grounding system with 96.95% and
98.87%, respectively. Bentonite and Kenaf powder mixed
grounding system surprisingly showing a percentage of more
than 100%. Hence, it shows an increment after 15 days,
compared to its measured value on day-0. Even though
Bentonite with Kenaf fibre layered grounding system has
shown the lowest percentage, the earth resistance is still higher
than the other two NEMs grounding systems. Reference
grounding system showed a percentage of earth resistance
around 100% of each 15 days with day-0, this showed that the
earth resistance of a grounding system without any NEM will
not decrease significantly. Throughout the measurements, it is
demonstrated that Bentonite with Kenaf powder layered
grounding system has showed a steady reduction on days-15, -
30, -45 and -60 with 96.95%, 96.18%, 96.56%, and 96.54%,
respectively, when compared to its values on day-0. This
showed that these grounding systems have achieved stability.
Also, this showed that Bentonite with Kenaf powder layered
grounding system may function as the best formation when
compared to the other two NEM grounding systems, displaying
steadily lowest earth resistance throughout the two months.
Meanwhile, grounding system with Bentonite with Kenaf
powder mixed showed that the percentage of more than 100%,
demonstrating that Bentonite with Kenaf powder mixed has the
tendency to increase the earth resistance value from time to
time. However, the overall earth resistance is reduced despite
the instability.
Table IV details the percentage differences between the NEM
grounding systems and Reference grounding system on days-
15, -30, -45 and -60. As exhibited in the table, grounding system
with Bentonite with Kenaf powder layered showed the lowest
percentage of earth resistance of itself with the Reference
grounding system compared to the other grounding systems,
with 39.29%. This demonstrated that Bentonite with Kenaf
powder layered was the best NEM to be used in treating soil in
 Figure 10: Earth Resistance Measurements for NEM Mixture Grounding System for 60 days

TABLE I: MEASURED EARTH RESISTANCE VALUE TABLE II: PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE OF THE MEASURED
THROUGHOUT THE WORK EARTH RESISTANCE FOR EACH NEM GROUNDING SYSTEM
WITH REFERENCE GROUNDING SYSTEM ON DAY-0
Highest Earth Lowest Earth
Day-0
Resistance Resistance Percentage of
Grounding Earth
Earth Earth Day-0 Earth
System Resistance Day- Day-
resistance resistance Day-0 Resistance of NEM
(Ω) n n Grounding
(Ω) (Ω) Earth Grounding Systems
System
Bentonite Resistance (Ω) with Reference
+ Kenaf Grounding System
26.20 27.50 1 24.50 36 (%)
Powder
Layered Bentonite +
Bentonite Kenaf Powder 26.20 42.19
+ Kenaf Layered
25.60 28.70 52 25.10 21
Powder Bentonite +
Mixed Kenaf Powder 25.60 41.22
Bentonite Mixed
+ Kenaf Bentonite +
31.00 32.40 2 27.40 36 Kenaf Fibre 31.00 49.90
Fibre
Layered Layered
Reference 62.10 71.10 52 58.80 27

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 TABLE III: PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE OF THE MEASURED
EARTH RESISTANCE FOR DAY-N AND DAY-0 FOR EACH
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Percentage Difference of Measured Earth
Grounding
Resistances of Day-n with Day-0 (%)
System
n = 15 n =30 n = 45 n = 60
Bentonite +
Kenaf Powder 96.95 96.18 96.56
Layered
Bentonite +
Kenaf Powder 101.56 100.00 102.34
Mixed
Bentonite +
Kenaf Fibre 92.58 90.65 93.22
Layered
Reference 98.87 99.03 103.38
order to reduce the earth resistance. This may be due to the
reasons that Bentonite and Kenaf are good water absorbers and
moisture retainers, thus, they are able to provide a current for test
current to flow. However, all three grounding systems showed
percentage of less than 35% which is given by meaning that each
of the earth resistance of the grounding systems are reduced
significantly in this work.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, there were four grounding systems where three of
them were installed with the mixture of Bentonite and Kenaf,
while the fourth was a Reference grounding system without any
NEM in the vicinity of the ground conductor, meant for
comparison purposes. The NEM mixture grounding systems
were Bentonite and Kenaf powder layered, Bentonite and Kenaf
powder mixed, and Bentonite and Kenaf fibre layered grounding
systems. This work was carried out in Faculty Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia for the
duration of 60 days, i.e. from 8th April 2015 until 7th June 2015.
From the result obtained, where Fall-of-Potential earth
measurement method was employed with 0o separation angle
between current and voltage probes, Bentonite and Kenaf
powder layered grounding system has shown the most reduction
in its earth resistance values. This was then followed by
Bentonite and Kenaf powder mixed and Bentonite and Kenaf
fibre layered grounding systems, with Reference grounding
system demonstrated the highest earth resistance. It was also
found that, ambient temperature does not affect much on the
reduction of earth resistance of grounding system. Also, the use
of Bentonite and Kenaf as NEM showed no hazardous effect to
the surrounding of the grounding system. All in all, grounding
system with Bentonite and Kenaf powder layered is proposed to
be an effective method in soil treatment for grounding purposes.
Therefore, it is suggested that various mixtures of Bentonite and
Kenaf should be tested further for an optimum ratio between
these two NEMs to be found for grounding installation purposes.
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TABLE IV: PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE OF THE MEASURED
EARTH RESISTANCE WITH REFERENCE GROUNDING
SYSTEM ON DAY-N (%)
Percentage Difference of Measured Earth
Grounding
Resistances with Reference on Day-n (%)
System
n = 15 n =30 n = 45 n = 60
Bentonite +
96.56 Kenaf Powder 41.36 40.97 39.40 39.29
Layered
Bentonite +
101.56 Kenaf Powder 42.34 41.62 40.80 40.37
Mixed
Bentonite +
95.48 Kenaf Fibre 41.80 45.69 45.01 45.96
Layered
103.70
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